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新编英语语法教程主要章节语法术语

新编英语语法教程主要章节语法术语
新编英语语法教程主要章节语法术语

《新编英语语法教程》主要章节语法术语Introduction: Grammatical Hierarchy (导论—语法层次)

2. Parts of speech (word class)

3. Phrases

词组

4. Clause

分句

5. Sentence

句子

1. Morpheme

词素

Free morpheme 自由词素

Bound morpheme 粘附词素

Allomorph 词素变体

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Adjective phrase

Adverb phrase

Preposition phrase

Conjunction

Lecture 1 Sentence Structure(L1)Sentence elements:

S (subject) 主语V (predicate verb)

谓语动词

O (object)

宾语

C (complement)

补足语

A (Adverbial)

状语

1. Two ways of sentence analysis

1) SVO

Sentence

Clause

NP VP NP

Subject Predicate verb Object

All the man have done their best.

Sentence = Subject + Predicate (Predicate Verb + Object, Complement, Adverbial, etc.)

●句子由主语和谓语构成,进一步把谓语剖析为谓语动词、宾语、补语、状语等。

2) Subject + Predicate (= operator + predication)

Sentence

Clause

Subject Predicate

Operator Predication

All the man have done their best.

●句子由主语和谓语构成,进一步把谓语剖析为操作词(operator)和述谓成分(predication)。

2. Basic clause types

SVC, SV, SV A, SVO, SVOA, SVOC, SV oO

Lecture 2 Subject-Verb Concord (L2-3)

Guiding principles:

Grammatical Concord Notional Concord Principle of Proximity

语法一致原则意义一致原则就近原则

Nominal clause Non-finite clause Relative clause Cleft sentence Existential clause 名词性分句非限定分句关系分句分裂句存在句Lecture 3 Noun and Noun Phrase(L4-5)

1. Classification of nouns

Partitive (Unit Noun) 单位词

2. Cases of Nouns

Nominative case / Subjective case(主格)Accusative case / Objective case(宾格)Genitive case(属格)/ Possessive case(所有格)Dative case (受事格/与格)

Genitive case

Genitive cases specifying the reference of the noun phrase.

Specific reference (特指) Generic reference(类指)Indefinite genitive phrase(非确定特指)

Lecture 4 Determiner(L6-7)

1.Definition

Determiners are function words which are used to determine or fix the reference of a noun.

2.Classification

Independent Genitive

Double Genitive

3.Articles

Article is a major group of determiners used to delimit the scope of reference of nouns (主要用來限定名词的指称范围).

Lecture 5 Pronoun(L8-9)

1. Classification

Antecedent 先行词

2. The use of reflexive pronoun (-self)

3. Pronoun reference (代词照应)

前照应(Anaphoric reference)、后照应(Cataphoric reference)、语境照应(Situational reference)、人称照应(Personal reference)、指示照应(Demonstrative reference)

Lecture 6 Verb and Verb Phrase(L10-22)

1. Classification of verbs

动词分类的标准有很多种,如上图所示,记住基本的术语和其用法就是。比如及物动词、不及物动词、联系动词、助动词、动态动词、静态动词、词组动词、限定动词、非限定动词、不定式,不带to不定式(bare infinitive)等等,还有副词小品词(adverb particle)。

?Transitive Verbs:followed by objects.

?Intransitive verbs:do not require an object.

?Linking verbs:followed by subject compliments.

?SVO主—动—宾(Transitive verb)

?SV oO主—动—宾—宾(Ditransitive verb)【双宾语动词】

?SVOC主—动—宾—补(Monotransitive verb)【单宾语动词】

?SV主—动(Intransitive verb)

?SVC主—动—补(Linking verb)

?This aspect is of essential importance because the verb type here determines the basic sentence structure of your sentence and how you can expand your sentence.

2. Tense and aspects

Tense

Simple present Simple past Simple future Past future Aspect

progressive 现在进行体过去进行体将来进行体过去将来进行体perfective 现在完成体过去完成体将来完成体过去将来完成体

Perfective

现在完成进行体过去完成进行体将来完成进行体过去将来完成进行体progressive

4.Mood

陈述式(Indicative mood)、祈使式(Imperative mood)、虚拟式(Subjunctive mood)

5.Non-finite verbs

pp. 230-1 动态形容词(Dynamic Adjective)、静态形容词(Stative Adjective)

p.251 前置修饰语(Premodifier)、p.256 悬垂分词(Dangling Participle)/无依着分词(Unattached participle)、依着法则(Attachment rule)

Lecture 7 Adjective and Adverb(L23-24)

1.1 Adjective & Adjective Phrase

1.2 Adjective form

1.3 Adjective meaning

动态形容词、静态形容词、等级形容词、非等级形容词

2.1 Adverb & Adverb Phrase (Adv P)

2.2Adv form

2.3 Adv Meaning

p.274 修饰性状语(Adjunct)、评注性状语(Disjunct)、连接性状语(Conjunct)Lecture 8 Degree & Comparative Construction(L25)(比较等级和比较结构)

1. Degree forms

Regular degree forms of Adj & Adv

Positive/absolute 原级Comparative

比较级

Superlative

最高级

Monosyllabic

(单音节) Adj & Adv Synthetic

(inflectional)

综合(屈折)形式

Adj-/Adv-er Adj/Adv-est

Polysyllabic

(多音节) Adj & Adv Analytic (phrasal)

分析(词组)形式

more Adj/Adv most Adj/Adv

Disyllabic

(双音节) Adj & Adv Synthetic or Analytic Adj-/Adv-er

more Adj/Adv

Adj/Adv-est

most Adj/Adv

Notes:

(1) -ing and -ed participial Adj takes more ~ & most ~

(2) Some irregular forms, e.g., far, good

(3) Gradable indefinite Det & Prons: many/much, few, little

2. Comparative construction

3. General structure of Comparative construction

Notes:

(1) More (less, fewer) can be Det or Pron:

Model 2 accounted for more variance … than did Model 1. (Det)

It appeared in more than 50% of the request e-mails. (Pron) (2) As & than are Conj or rarely Prep:

John is taller than she (is). / John is taller than her.

E.g. Apple is as tasty as tomato.

Lecture 9 Statement, Question, Command & Exclamation (L27) (陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句)

Sentence types 句子

1. Statements

2. Questions (Interrogative sentences): General (yes-no) questions, Special (Wh-) questions, Alternative questions, Tag questions (附加疑问句), Rhetorical questions (修辞疑问句)

3. Commands and Exclamations

4. Tag questions (pp.316-9) Transferred negation (否定转移)

Lecture 10 Existential Sentence & It-Patterns (L28-29) (存在句和It-句型)

1. Existential sentence

存在句、实义主语(Notional Subject )、真主语(Real subject )、地点状语(Locative adverbial )、时间状语(Temporal adverbial )

*p.326, 提及的非确定特指,冠词、数词等限定词,见限定词(Determiner )一讲。前置修饰语(premodifier )、后置修饰语(postmodifier )、操作词(Operator )

*p.328, 存在句的非限定形式(Non-finite existential clauses ):there to be / there being (there having been)的用法区别。 2. It-Patterns

(1) S imple sentence, Compound sentence, Complex sentence & Compound complex sentence 简单句、并列句、复杂句、并列复杂句 (According grammatical structure)

(2) D eclarative sentence, imperative sentence, interrogative sentence, Exclamatory sentence 陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句 (According to communicative function)

*pp. 331-5 虚义it (Empty it )、先行it (Anticipatory it )、分裂句(Cleft sentence )假分裂句(Pseudo-cleft sentence )

Lecture 11 Coordination 并列结构(L30)

并列结构(Coordinate construction )、并列连词(Coordinator )

Lecture 12 Subordination 从属结构(L31-34)

1. 从属连词(Subordinator ):简单从属连词、复杂从属连词、关联从属连词、边际从属连词(simple subordinator,

complex subordinator, correlative subordinator, marginal subordinator ) 2. 从属结构(Subordinate construction ):限定从属分句(Finite subordinate clause )、非限定从属分句(Non-finite

subordinate clause )、限定分句、非限定分句、无动词分句 3. Finite subordinate clause

Finite subordinate clause

表语从句:Predicative clause

4. Non-finite clause& Verbless clause (L32)

Lecture 13 Direct Speech & Indirect Speech (L35)

直接引语(Direct speech)、间接引语(Indirect / reported speech)

Lecture 14 Modification 修饰(L36)

1. 前置修饰语(premodidier)、后置修饰语(postmodifier)、限定词(determiner)、限制性修饰语(Restrictive

modifier)非限制性修饰语(Non-restrictive modifier)、分隔修饰(discontinuous modification)

2. 作为名词词组的同位语,也是一种后置修饰语。

同位语(appositive)、限制性同位语(Restrictive appositive)、非限制性同位语(Non-restrictive appositive)3. 广义上说,状语(Adverbial)也是一种修饰语。状语分为修饰性状语(Adjunct)、评注性状语(Disjunct)

和连接性状语(Conjunct)。状语作为一种句子成分,主要指第一种,修饰性状语(Adjunct)。

修饰性状语按其内容,可表示时间、地点、方式、目的、原因、结果、条件、让步、伴随状况等意义。Lecture 15 Substitution 替代(L37)

替代有三种现象:名词性替代(nominal substitution),动词性替代(verbal substitution)和分句性替代(clausal substitution),也有三种替代词:名词替代词(nominal substitute),动词替代词(verbal substitute)和分句替代词(clausal substitute)。

Lecture 16 Ellipsis 省略(L38)

Ellipsis:(1) in coordinate constructions; (2) in compound sentences; (3) in noun phrases; (4) in prepositional phrases;

(5) in complex sentences; (6) in adverbial clauses; (7) in nominal wh-clauses

Lecture 17 Postponement, Fronting, and Inversion (L38)

后置、前置、倒装

后置(Postponement)、前置(Fronting)、倒装(Inversion)

句尾焦点(End focus)、句尾重心(End weight)、已知信息(Given / known information)全部倒装(Full inversion)、局部倒装(Partial inversion)

Lecture 18 From Sentence to Text 从句到篇(L38)

语篇(text / connected discourse)、结构上的粘着性(Cohesion)、意义上的连贯性(Coherence)、交际功能(Communicative function)句子结构的正确性(Correctness)和适合性(Appropriacy)

过渡词(Transitional words / phrases)、逻辑纽带(Logical connectors)、语法纽带(grammatical connectors)、照应(Reference)

照应涉及的范围很广:

(1)冠词有前照应、后照应、语境照应;代词除了有前照应、后照应、语境照应以外,还有人称照应和指示照应;

(2)另外,Reference一词除了含“照应”之意之外,也含指称意义。比如冠词和代词的类指、特指、确定特指、非确定特指等。

比较照应(Comparative reference, p.460)通过adj和adv的比较等级以及其他比较事物的异同或质量优劣等词语所表示的照应关系。

平行结构(Parallel construction)、累赘(Redundancy)、同义词(Synonym)、近义词(Near-synonym)、语段(sentence group / sentence cluster)、段落(Paragraph)、语篇的统一性(Unity)、连贯性(Coherence)和粘着性(Cohesion)、主题句(Topic sentence)、语篇修辞(Textual Rhetoric)、层进法(Climax)、偏斜修饰语(Squinting modifier)、简练(Conciseness)、拖沓句(Trailing sentence)

新编英语语法教程(第6版)练习参考答案

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六种常见国际贸易术语汇总

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3.船货衔接问题。 4.装船费用问题(FOB变形)。按FOB术语成交,可以选用适当的FOB 术语变形,即FOB术语之后加列各种附加条件,用以明确有关装船费用的负担。常用的FOB变形有以下几种: (1)FOB Liner Terms-FOB班轮条件,指有关装船费用按班轮条件办理,即由负责签订运输合同的一方当事人(即买方)支付。 (2)FOB Under Tackle-FOB吊钩下交货,指卖方仅负责将货物交到买方指定船只的吊钩所及之处,有关装船的各项费用均由买方负责。 (3)FOBS(FOB Stowed)一FOB包括理舱,指卖方负责将货物装人船舱支付包括理舱费在内的装船费用。 (4)FOBT(-FOB Trimmed)一FOB包括平舱,指卖方负责将货物装入船舱,并支付包括平船费在内的装船费用。 (5)FOBST(FOB Stowed andTrimmed )-FOB包括理舱、平舱,指卖方负责将货物装上船,并支付包括理既费和平舱费在内的装船费用。 FOB变形不改变交货地点和买卖双方划分风险的界限。 5.应当注意《2000年通则》与《1 941年美国对外贸易定义修订本》对FOB贸易术语的不同解释。 二、CFR Cost and Fright(…named port of destination)--成本加运费(……指定目的港),是指卖方必须支付成本费和将货物运至指定的目的港所需的运费,但货物灭失或损坏的风险以及货物装船后发生事件所产生的任何额外费用,自货物于装运港越过船舷时起即从卖方转由买方承担。 按照《2000年通则》,CFR合同买卖双方的主要义务如下: 卖方主要义务: 1.负责在合同规定的日期或期间内,在装运港将符合合同的货物交至运往指定目的港的船上,并给予买方充分的通知。 2.负责办理货物出口手续,取得出口许可证或其他核准书。 3、负责租船定舱,并支付至目的港的正常运费。 4.负担货物在装运港越过船舷为止的一切费用和风险。

新编英语语法教程

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第3讲主谓一致(二) 3.1 以并列结构作主语的主谓一致问题 1)由and/both... And 连接的并列主语 2)由or/nor/either...or 等连接的并列主语 3)主语+as much as 等 4)主语+as well as 等 3.2 以表示数量概念的名词词组作主语的主谓一直问题1)以表示确定数量的名词词组作主语 2) 以表示非确定数量的名词词组作主语 3.3 其他方面的主谓一致问题 1)以名词性分句作主语的主谓一致问题 2)以非限定分句作主语的主谓一致问题 3)关系分句中的主谓一致问题 4)分裂句中的主谓一致问题 5)存在句中的主谓一致问题 第4讲 4.1 名词分类和名词词组的句法功能 1)名词分类 2)名词词组的句法功能 4.2 名词的数 1)规则复数和不规则复数 2)集体名词、物质名词、抽象名词、专有名词的数4.3 单位词 1)一般表示个数的单位词 2)表示形状的单位词 3)表示容积的单位词 4)表示动作状态的单位词 5)表示成双、成对、成群的单位词 第5讲 5.1 名词属格的构成、意义和用法 1)名词属格的构成 2)名词属格的意义 3)名词属格的用法 5.2 独立属格和双重属格 1)独立属格 2)双重属格 第6讲限定词(一) 6.1限定词与三类名词的搭配关系 1)能与三类名词搭配的限定词 2)只能与单数名词搭配的限定词 3)只能与复数名词搭配的限定词

新编英语语法教程第六版练习参考答案

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3、FAS (1)卖方应及时给买方发出装货通知,以便及时对装上船后的风险购买保险5、CFR (1)卖方应及时给买方发出装货通知,以便及时对装上船后的风险购买保险6、CIF (1)对投保险种无约定时,仅需要投最低险别 7、CPT 8、CIP 11、DAT

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