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对冲基金多头-空头策略实例 An Example of Long-short Strategy

对冲基金多头-空头策略实例 An Example of Long-short Strategy
对冲基金多头-空头策略实例 An Example of Long-short Strategy

Part1. The main advantages and disadvantages of a long/short strategy

A long/short equity strategy combines buying an undervalued stock and short selling an overvalued stock. When the long position outperforms the short positions, total return of this strategy is positive. The concept of long/short strategy could date back to 1949, when the world's first hedge fund was established. And at present, long/short strategy is among the most prevalent strategies in this field.

According to the way they hedge downside risk, long/short strategies could be grouped into three categories, and I would like to discuss main advantages and disadvantages of each category.

1.Make long and short direction bets based on fundamental researches.

Buying securities which are supposed to rise in price while short-selling those that are supposed to decline in price. Basically, short position is used to generate additional returns. In practice, hedge fund managers use a variety of financial instrument such as index options, futures and ETFs to hedge downside risk, preventing the net exposure is too high.

Main advantages

Compared with long-only investment, long/short strategy take advantage of those unattractive securities. Provided expected security returns are symmetrically distributed around the market return, long/short takes full advantage of this spread of returns (Jacobs and Levy, 1996). Total excess return of a long/short equity portfolio comes from the long position and short position. Once the price of the short equity declined, the short position contributes a part of profit to the portfolio.

In addition, by using long/short strategies, portfolio managers are able to neutralize underlying market risk. Experienced hedge fund managers tend to consider long and short position integrally, because integrated optimization allows the portfolio to control risks more efficiently. For instance, the renewable energy stocks’ performance s are negative correlated to the traditional coal and oil stocks’. By longing one sector while short-selling another, at a limited risk level, investors can pursue higher returns.

Main disadvantages

If the manager wrongly predict directions, the losses could possibly be significant. Risk from long position is limited since the stock prices cannot be under zero; however, risk from short position is sometimes uncontrollable. When losses from short position offset profit from long position, the strategy fails.

Considering the efficiency of market, influence of investors’ behaviours, barriers and conflictions, the real securities prices are quite hard to predict. Stock markets tend to overreact and winner-loser effect widely exists (Debondt and Thaler, 1985). And if a manager predicts and bets long/short directions based on an important event, the portfolio might lose money due to overreaction. If a manager predicts based on current price trend, the portfolio may also lose money in long run due to winner-loser effects.

In conclusion, the performance of the first category long/short strategy heavily depend on the selection of stocks and hence the capability of portfolio managers.

2.Simply hedge long positions with ETFs or derivatives to reduce market risk.

Managers selects a diversified portfolio of long stocks via fundamental analysis, and then hedge market risk with a synthetic short position, for example long put plus short call (relating stock index options).

Main advantages

When the short opportunities are limited or short selling is restricted, this technique enables hedge fund manager to construct long/short portfolio. In practice, borrowing certain amount of one specific stock from brokers might be hard and expensive; moreover, in several financial markets (for example China) short-selling is heavily restricted. Given these facts, this strategy exhibits its great advantage that it’s practicable. And the initial investments of constructing short positions are comparatively low (differences of option premiums).

In addition, to hedge out market risk, the direct and efficient way is constructing short position using index options. When the options are in-the-money, the profit from short position is linear to index changes.

Main disadvantages

The short position may involve derivatives, which means the potential loss can be high. Portfolio managers have to control the amount of leverage in the long/short portfolio.

Long put plus short call equals to short forwards. When the index rises significantly, considering the leverage, losses from short position is great, which might offset the profit from long position.

3.Apply option-writing strategies, and sometimes may not even select stocks.

For instance:

Long position--holding a full diversified stocks portfolio, or index fund shares;

Short position--selling index call options to make profit from the fluctuations in the market; meanwhile, long index put option to hedge the downside risks of market.

Main advantages

This strategy does not require much effort in selecting stocks, and it generates relatively stable profits because much of the profits of this category are gained by collecting option premiums. (Initial investment of the short position above is the put premium mines call premium, which is likely to be greater than zero.)

It avoids or significantly reduces the risk of managers’ misjudgements.

Main disadvantages

The returns of these strategies distribute in a narrow spectrum, and the return level is relatively low. Because when the index goes up, parts of profit from stock market are necessarily offset by loss from option market, and the same scene with the opposite direction.

Part2. The process of selecting stocks

In practice, hedge funds long/short managers have distinct stock selecting strategies. Some focus on specific geographic markets; others focus on several sectors they are familiar with. In this coursework, I select my long/short equities according to my analysis on sectors.

I select long position stocks from Chinese Health Care Sector and select short stocks from U.S. Bank Sector. Then I would like to discuss the two sectors in detail.

1.Chinese Health Care Sector

In a global scale, health care sector has great value. As the material living standard improving, people have more disposable income and care more about health care services. In recent decades, pharmaceutical companies and medical equipment manufacturers around the world have been earning good profits. Meanwhile, in financial market, health care sector has good performances even in the crisis (betas usually less than 1). Especially, Chinese health care sector exhibits bright perspectives.

The reasons are as follows:

?In China, health care expenditure counted around 4% of GDP, which is far less than 20% in US and other developed countries;

?Facing serious population aging trend and the influence of one-child policy, China’s health care expenditure is likely to increase significantly in the next one or two decades; ?Government has been making great efforts to promote health care services in vast rural area; ?In urban area, policies about health care insurance have been refined, which is good news for pharmaceutical companies;

?Chinese people firmly believe in Chinese traditional herb medicines;

?Often several generations of a family have good impression on the leading pharmaceutical companies that hold precious traditional prescriptions;

?Threatened by a worldwide outbreak of bird flu, Chinese health care companies are making breakthroughs in vaccine developing and researches;

?Free cash flows in Chinese health care industry are adequate, and dividends are relatively high;

Given these facts, it’s reasonable to inves t in Chinese health care sector.

2.U.S. Bank Sector

American bank system is highly sophisticated. Top bank corporates have good reputation and global influence. However, some bank corporates’ performances have long been disappointing. I would like to choose several U.S. banks with poor perspectives to construct my short position. The reasons I short them are as follows:

?Since the 1970s, business environment of U.S. bank corporates has deteriorated; ?Because of interest rates liberalization, traditional retail bank business has become less profitable;

?With the development of financial market, total value of bond market has exceeded that of bank loan;

?The major clients of U.S. banks have been small enterprises or individuals; ?Unsuccessful operating strategies could lead to long-term decline in profit, which leads to

shrink in stock price and hence market value;

?Under this circumstance, U.S. bank corporates tend to seek for opportunities in highly risky fields, such as asset securitization and interest rate related derivatives, and external financial liberalization distributed the risks in a worldwide scale;

?As a result, some U.S. bank corporates with poor risk management systems suffer from great losses from off balance sheet business;

Based on what I listed above, it’s rational to short some U.S. bank stocks with unsatisfied performances.

3.Stock Selection with Bloomberg's equity screening tool

Basic steps: Login Bloomberg→【EQS】→ Add criteria→ Generate results→output--Excel.

There are 12 stocks that satisfy all the criteria; consider the se corporates’ reputation and influence, finally I selected 7 of them to construct long position.

There are 17 stocks that satisfy all the criteria; comparing these corporates’ key financial ratios and searching relative news, I decided 3 of them to construct short position.

Part3. Fundamental analysis of long/short stocks

1.Long stocks

Firstly, I collect fundamental data of 16 health care companies (including some of long companies) whose industrial positions and market capitals are similar to the selected long stocks and construct Health Care Industrial Index as a benchmark1. In fundamental analysis part, I will compare the financial data of long stocks with industrial data which is from comprehensive calculation the 16 companies.

000538 CH Equity YUNNAN BAIYAO-A

Yunnan Baiyao started from a Chinese herb medicine store with more than 150 years history. Main products are a series of Y unnan Baiyao powders, capsules, plasters, and aerosols, which are incredible cures to injuries and wounds. Enjoying a great reputation, the prescription of Yunnan

1Constituent stocks of this self-constructed Health Care Industrial Index: 600196 600664 600267 600276 600812 000999 600062 600623 600380 600518 000650 600129 600867 600216 600252 600329.

Baiyao is a top secret in the industry and is highly protected by the government. In recent years, the YB engages in developing health products consisting of toothpastes, itching-relieving etc., which have become a new profit booster.

Liquidity and leverage ratio of YB

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

QUICK_RATIO 0.93 0.94 0.88 0.93 0.83 1.05 1.41 1.11 0.98 1.05 1.11 CUR_RATIO 1.73 1.78 1.79 1.77 1.72 1.97 2.24 2.14 2.07 2.30 2.33 TOT_DEBT/TOT_CAP 13.58 13.88 16.96 21.96 19.06 14.01 10.14 7.80 8.12 7.38 6.59

Around 2009, liquidity indices and leverage have obvious changes. Since 2010, cash ratio and quick ratio have reduced, whereas current ratio has risen, which is caused by the rise of inventory. Furthermore, total debt/total capital significantly fell in 2009. Company decided to lower its leverage, which is a reaction to the impact of financial crisis.

Industrial liquidity ratio

After financial crisis, health care companies commonly chose to keep more cash, which we can figure out from table. Liquidity indices in this industry climbed from 2009 and slightly fell in 2012.

Compared with industrial data from 2007 to 2012, current ratio of Yunnan Baiyao is much higher, while cash ratio and quick ratio are lower which is also contributed by inventory rises. In medical industry, inventory is an important signal for risk-resistance and companies’ future development.

Profitability and Growth

With Y unnan Baiyao launching a series of household care products such as Baiyao toothpaste which is proven to be highly popular, sales growth and net income growth improved significantly in 2003. From 2004 to 2012, sales performances fluctuated,

and net income growth exhibited three cycles.

ROE and EBIT of YB

CQ4 2006 CQ4 2007 CQ4 2008 CQ4 2009 CQ4 2010 CQ4 2011 CQ4 2012

EBIT_MARGIN 10.62 10.60 9.43 9.22 10.21 11.88 13.11

industrial net profit, it shows that the company faces relatively heavy tax burden and interest burden.

Quality of Profit

The cash flow statements also present there are three business cycles in the recent ten years. 2009 is a special year, and except for

this year, the quality of income is high.

CQ4 2005 CQ4

2006

CQ4

2007

CQ4

2008

CQ4

2009

CQ4

2010

CQ4

2011

CQ4

2012

CASH_FLOW_TO_NET_INC 2.40 2.14(0.58) 4.28(3.04) 3.06(0.22)0.76

600594 CH Equity GUIZHOU YIBAI-A

GuiZhou YiBai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. was founded in 1995. Its products, including Anshen syrup, Antelope cold capsules etc., are widely used in healing colds and coughs, dizziness, fever, and sore throat. In addition, it is involved in the manufacture and distribution of raw drug materials. Recently, the company makes effort to explore mechanical products, medical services and capital market investment.

Industrial Leverage ratio

Leverage of GY

GuiZhou YiBai has very low leverage, and hence financial risk is relatively low. After the crisis, the leverage of health care industry fluctuates in a narrow range, from 0.40 to 0.44. And GY’s leverage ranges from 0.13 to 0.20.

CQ4 CQ4 CQ4 CQ4 CQ4 CQ4 CQ4 CQ4

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

TOT_DEBT_TO_TOT_ASSET 26.94 35.32 27.41 20.98 20.34 19.21 13.85 13.48

Sales and Profitability of GY

In 2006 and 2007, there is a dramatic rocket in net income growth which is not supported by great changes in sales. This abnormal jump comes from M&A. Starting from 2006, GY conducted a series of M&A most of which proven unsuccessful in later year. Experience low tide period in 2008 and 2009, GY’s sales performance has been flat in the recent five years. Fluctuations of net income usually are caused by the poor operations of its sub companies.

Profitability and Burden

CQ4 2006 CQ4 2007 CQ4 2008 CQ4 2009 CQ4 2010 CQ4 2011 CQ4 2012

TAX_BURDEN 100.31 84.71 84.18 84.10 92.64 81.67 82.51 INT_BURDEN 109.34 99.46 76.61 84.82 87.86 96.68 99.61 EBIT_MARGIN (17.16)11.07 13.35 13.22 16.58 17.90 18.26 Except for 2006, ROE of GY is above industrial level, and EBIT margin is comparatively high, which contributed by the profit generated from investing activities. Tax burden is on an average level while interest burden is not very high.

Quality of Profit

CQ4 2004 CQ4

2005

CQ4

2006

CQ4

2007

CQ4

2008

CQ4

2009

CQ4

2010

CQ4

2011

CQ4

2012

CF _INV_ACT (13.14)(8.10)(8.26)(10.60)(39.46)(11.90)(3.03)(65.04)(546.7) CF _FNC_ACT (3.57)101.17 (94.03)(6.11)71.64 (63.25)(53.75)(35.55)74.89 Free Cash Flow (27.05)(48.72)0.82 36.60 26.17 31.09 10.13 44.74 (95.75)

Annual cash flow statements report positive cash flow in most years. But when closely examined quarter financial reports, I find that usually cash flows from operation are negative. There is a probability that GY uses various methods to adjust its cash flow before the disclosure of annual reports. The data of free cash flow is also not convincing.

In conclusion, GY is not an ideal company to invest in long-term. Growth of sales and net income are not robust; high ROE and EBIT are driven by M&A and investment activities rather than operating activities; cash flow is not reliable and thus the quality of earning is questionable.

002038 CH Equity BEIJING SL-A

Beijing SL Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. develops, manufactures and markets genetic engineering drugs, biological drugs, chemical drugs and medicine preparations.

Growth of Sales and Net Income Beijing SL

ROA and ROE of Beijing SL

Q4 2006 Q4 2007 Q4 2008 Q4 2009 Q4 2010 Q4 2011 Q4 2012

RETURN_COM_EQY 11.21 8.67 6.28 4.87 3.95 2.84 2.27

?2006-2010, sales and net profit increased consistently;

?2010-2012, sales boosted sharply while net income fell slightly;

?During the past seven years, ROA and ROE kept declining;

?ROA and ROE are significantly below the industrial average;

?Leverage of Beijing SL is very low (values of ROA is very slightly less than values of ROE). Analysis of financial conditions shows that SL has applied good strategies in operation, which lead to an upward trend in business performance; however, sub companies have disappointing performances in recent years, which is the main cause of the decline in ROA and ROE.

600276 CH Equity JIANGSU HENGRU-A

JH attracts attention in the past a few years because of its global strategy and anti-cancer research.

Main Financial Data of JH

CQ4 2003 CQ4

2004

CQ4

2005

CQ4

2006

CQ4

2007

CQ4

2008

CQ4

2009

CQ4

2010

CQ4

2011

CQ4

2012

NET_INC_GROWTH 94.23 (3.33) 1.26 56.55 226.52 (10.22)30.00 (16.60)27.34 33.27 RETURN_COM_EQY 12.69 16.07 N/A 28.77 23.29 28.93 24.16 23.03 22.83 N/A EBIT_MARGIN N/A N/A N/A 18.49 26.06 23.07 22.68 22.69 24.04 N/A DEBT_TO _ASSET 28.16 7.56 3.84 3.29 5.51 0.34 0.33 0.51 0.42 0.17 CF_CASH_FROM_OPER N/A N/A N/A 75.80 (63.75)23.63 61.20 115.46 94.56 280.70

?Sales and net income growth fluctuated intensively compared with the industrial average; ?ROA and ROE continuously creep up since 2003;

?ROE and EBIT after 2007 are largely higher than the industrial level;

?Leverage of JH has been going down steadily from 2003 to 2012;

?Debt to Asset ratio largely decreased in 2008;

?Cash flow from operating activities and free cash flow have been sufficient since 2008;

In conclusion, JH is a valuable company with good fundamental. It’s rational to hold it when the P/E ratio is relatively low.

600196 CH Equity SHANGHAI FOSUN-A

Main Financial Data of SF

CQ4 2003 CQ4

2004

CQ4

2005

CQ4

2006

CQ4

2007

CQ4

2008

CQ4

2009

CQ4

2010

CQ4

2011

CQ4

2012

NET_INC_GROWTH (67.83)175.01 N/A N/A 387.54 (76.08)243.41 (55.29)(21.95)380.00 DEBT_TO_ASSET 35.78 29.10 32.85 32.34 32.14 22.86 25.16 27.86 28.20 20.71 CF_ OPER (103.40)71.80 67.74 160.78 32.79 206.63 238.64 142.76 111.04 17.66

?Growth of sales and net income fluctuates intensively in the observation period;

?Since Q3 2009 sales growth are positive;

?Net income Growth exhibits highly instability;

?Debt to asset ratio of SF is very high;

?Cash flows from operating activities are adequate, whereas cash flows from financing are usually negative, which lead to a tight free cash flow;

?In certain degree, SF can be regarded as a financial constrained company.

ROE, EBIT and Interest Burden of SF

ROE increases continuously and is approaching the industrial average; EBITs are far behind the industrial level, and interest

burden is abnormally heavy, which lead to a low net income level.

CQ4 2003 CQ3

2005

CQ4

2005

CQ1

2006

CQ2

2006

CQ3

2006

CQ4

2006

CQ1

2007

CQ4

2010

CQ4

2011

CQ4

2012

CQ1

2013

CQ2

2013

CQ3

2013

INT_BURDEN 531.90 183.14 186.18 173.51 221.94 320.38 352.05 398.48 N/A N/A N/A N/A 347.79 309.37

According to financial statements analysis, fundamental of SF is not very satisfying. Expected P/E ratio should not be too high although SF is always popular in stock market.

600518 CH Equity KANGMEI PHARMA-A

In past five year, KP actively promotes the hospital pharmacy trust business, which is financially safe and stably profitable. Additionally, KP invests large amount of fund in the construction of medicine basements. Its perspective heavily depends on profitability of the news medical services business and new basements in northern China.

Growth and Profitability of KP

CQ4 2003 CQ4

2004

CQ4

2005

CQ4

2006

CQ4

2007

CQ4

2008

CQ4

2009

CQ4

2010

CQ4

2011

CQ4

2012

NET_INC_GROWTH 116.13 28.34 (6.01)31.58 213.86 41.63 61.39 35.07 49.27 19.39

?Sales have been growing dramatically since 2008, and accordingly, net income growth rates are very high;

?Gross margins are slightly below the industrial level;

?From 2007 to 2012, EBITs are around 20%, which are relatively high in the industry;

Debt and Interest Burden of KP

Debt to asset ratio is significantly above the industrial level

CQ3 2003 CQ3

2004

CQ3

2005

CQ4

2006

CQ4

2007

CQ4

2008

CQ4

2009

CQ4

2010

CQ4

2011

CQ4

2012

INT_BURDEN N/A N/A N/A N/A 104.75 101.59 97.15 97.62 91.04 86.24

Cash Flows of KP

Cash flows from operating activities are sufficient; however because of the large amount of investment, free cash flows are

basically negative.

CQ4 2007 CQ4 2008 CQ4 2009 CQ4 2010 CQ4 2011 CQ4 2012

CASH_FLOW_TO_NET_INC 1.25 (0.89)0.03 1.11 0.77 (0.43)

A good portion of KP's shares are held by Treasury Social Insurance Fund. From the fundamental data, we can see its value in the next a few years.

600216 CH Equity ZHEJIANG MEDI-A

During 2011 to 2013, operating performances of ZM are not very satisfying. Due to decline in the price of vitamin and VE, profitability of ZM has been consistently falling. But the strategy that participating in bio-pharmacy manufacture is a hope for the company's booming.

?Net income growth bias intensively in the past ten years;

?In the past five years, net income growth is usually negative;

?From 2008 to 2011, ROE are greatly higher than industrial level, and then profitability continuously fell down after 2011;

?Before 2009, debt to asset ratio is abnormally high (over 50%);

?Cash flow from operating activities gradually grows to be adequate since 2008.

2.Short stocks

CZBS US Equity, HWBK US Equity and WVFC US Equity share some common features in internal financial condition:

?Revenue Growth keeps negative, intensive bias in net income growth;

?Asset, loans and deposit usually present negative growth;

?Cash flow growths in recent several years are negative.

These features represent that profitability of the three bank corporates are instable, which has a negative impact on their basic value.

Part4. Portfolio evaluation

Based on fundamental analysis from 2003 to 2013, I construct long/short equity portfolio in three time period. In the beginning of each period, I decide the weight of each stock and the net exposure.

Assumptions:

?Max initial investment in Chinese market is 1,000,000 CNY;

?Initial investment in US market is zero—borrowing stocks from brokers;

?Annual interest rate of borrowing stocks is 10% of the stock’s initial market value; ?Transaction cost and portfolio management fee is 5% of the total profit.

1.Portfolio A--01/01/2007 to31/12/2008

Profit / loss from long position (USD)=(1264265/6.8345)-(691480/7.8075)= 96,416.68

Profit / loss from short position (USD) =207153.5-137380.00= 69,773.50

Interest of borrowing stocks= 207153.5*10%*2=41,430.7

Total profit=96,416.68+69,773.50-41,430.7= 124,759.48

Return of portfolio (annual) = 124,759.48*(1-5%)/ (691480/7.8075)]/2= 66.91%

2.Portfolio B—01/01/2009 to 30/12/2011

Profit / loss from long position (USD) =135174.0046

Profit / loss from short position (USD) = 4018.2

Interest of borrowing stocks=13183.5

Total profit=126008.7046

Return of portfolio (annual) =36.20%

Part5. Summery and discussion

To conduct successful long/short strategy, it’s essential to collect information from all aspects. Macro-economy, industrial financial conditions and specific events all have great impacts on the performance of long/short strategy. Stock selecting and fundamental analysis are important. According to the changes of economic climate and other factors, long/short portfolios have to be rebalanced dynamically, which will lead to extra transaction costs. Hedge fund managers should consider the behaviours of investors and frictions in the highly complicated financial market.

c15033对冲基金策略文档答案 100分

一、单项选择题 1. 抵押支持证券套利的复杂性是指: A. 是新基金经理的培训阶段 B. 有资质的专家相对较少 C. 市场比较高效 D. 几乎没有人使用 您的答案:B 题目分数:10 此题得分:10.0 2. 杠杆: A. 很少用于固定收益套利 B. 始终有风险 C. 可以是固定收益套利基金的良好策略,因为债券价格差异一般较小 D. 被商品期货交易委员会禁止 您的答案:C 题目分数:10 此题得分:10.0 3. 以下关于套利策略的描述哪些是正确的?(1)它们以“均值回归”理论为基础;(2)它们通 常被称为“市场中性”策略;(3)它们的假设基础是出现极端估值变化的市场最终会朝着历史均值的方向变动。 A. 以上都不是 B. 只有1和2 C. 只有2和3 D. 以上都是 您的答案:D 题目分数:10 此题得分:10.0 4. 套利策略: A. 不被广泛讨论 B. 基于“均值回归”概念 C. 基于市场不断扩张的假设 D. 一般被称为“市场侧重” 您的答案:B

题目分数:10 此题得分:10.0 5. “统计”与“固定收益”是两种 A. 方向性策略 B. 套利策略 C. 计算投资者风险容忍度的方法 D. 业绩费用选择 您的答案:B 题目分数:10 此题得分:10.0 6. 地区、行业基金与证券交易属于 A. 多头/空头证券 B. 全球宏观 C. 风险套利 D. 管理期货 您的答案:A 题目分数:10 此题得分:10.0 7. 证券交易基金: A. 可以没有规模能力限制 B. 是稳定的长期投资 C. 可以迅速从净多头转换为净空头暴露 D. 投资组合转换率低 您的答案:C 题目分数:10 此题得分:10.0 8. 事件驱动策略一般涉及: A. 并购、重组与破产 B. 方向性赌注 C. 使用期货 D. 在现有投资趋势上累加 您的答案:A 题目分数:10 此题得分:10.0

常用的对冲套利策略

常用的对冲套利策略 总体而言,对冲基金投资策略的思想分为以下几大类:多 /空策略、套利策略、事件驱动策略以及走势策略。分别介绍如下: (一)多 / 空策略 多/空策略来源于对冲基金创始人 AlfredWinslowJones 。尽管它年代久远,却还是今天应用最广泛的对冲基金投资策略之一。而且,它还可衍生出更为专业化的对冲基金投资策略,例如它是套利策略的基础。 多/空策略的基本思想是将基金部分资产买入股票,部分资产卖空股票。买入股票的多头资产金额经其 b 系数(衡量股票与市场相关度的系数)调整后形成多头头寸,卖空股票的空头资产金额经其 b 系数调整后形成空头头寸,多头头寸与空头头寸的差形成全体基金资产的市场头寸。该市场头寸可为多头、空头或是零,从而调节基金面临的市场风险。当市场头寸为零时,多/空策略成为市场中立策略,此时基金的收益与市场波动完全无关。通过调整市场头寸,或进一步调整组合中股票的种类,可以调节组合所面临的风险程度以及风险种类。 需要注意,简单的资产对冲并不能消除市场风险。例如,如果我们买多房地产股票并卖空同样资金的医药股票,该组合的市场头寸并非为零,其收益率将同时受房地产板块和医药坂块的影响,由于这两个板块与市场的相关度不一样,其对冲结果将不能使组合消除市场风险。在计算组合的市场头寸时,一定要注意资产与市场的关系即 b 系数。只有当组合的综合 b 系数为零时,组合才是市场中立。此外,由于股票的b 系数是不断变化的,要维持组合的 b 系数不变需要不断监测市场并对组合进行动态调整。 对冲是一把双刃剑。当基金面临的市场风险减小时,基金所能享受的股票市场长期向上趋势所带来的增值潜力也减小了。除了对冲掉市场风险,我们还可以将基金的其他风险对冲掉,例如基金面临的汇率风险、利率风险、某一行业风险等。每当一种风险被对冲掉时,基金经理利用该风险因素来为基金增值的可能性也没有了。理论上讲,一个完全对冲的基金的收益率应该是无风险收益率减去交易成本。因此,在实践中,基金经理不会把基金的所有风险因素都对冲掉,而只是将自己不能把握的风险因素对冲掉,而留下自己有把握的风险因素,在这些风险因素上进行投资决策以获取超额收益。例如,多 /空策略就是将基金经理认为自己不能把握的市场时机风险对冲掉,而只留下基金经理有把握的股票筛选风险来为基金增值。经典的“pairtrading,即在同一市场、同一行业中选择两支产品、管理、股本结构等各方面都非常近似的股票,在买多一支股票的同时卖空另一支股票,这样的组合将市场风险、行业风险都对冲掉, 只留下两支股票的个股风险。 在交易方面,多 /空策略的交易头寸比单纯的买多、卖空策略要大,因而会带来更大的交易费用。尤其是,多 /空头寸会随着其股价涨跌而不断变化,多 /空头寸的 b 系数也不断变化, 从而需要不断动态调整以维持基金的市场头寸, 这会带来持续不断的交易成本, 而且在市场剧变时还有可能因为交易无法及时进行而使基金的市场头寸与预期产生较大的偏差,从而带来额外的损失。 (二)套利策略 在对冲基金中, “套利”指对两类相关资产同时进行买入、卖出的反向交易以获取价差, 在交易中一些风险因素被对冲掉, 留下的风险因素则是基金超额收益的来源。如果看错了这些风险因素的走向,就可能给基金带来损失。一些常用的对冲基金套利

C15034 对冲基金投资课后测试满分答案

、单项选择题 1. 对冲基金投资者大多数是: A. 捐赠基金、基金会与养老金 B. 高净值投资者 C. 私有企业 D. 海外投资者 您的答案:A 题目分数:10 此题得分:10.0 批注: 2. 定量尽职调查流程包括: A. 设定业绩目标 B. 筛选回报数据 C. 评估相关度 D. 以上所有 您的答案:D 题目分数:10 此题得分:10.0 批注: 3. 定量分析 A. 一般只是初步筛选流程 B. 是法律规定 C. 是流程的最后一步 D. 只是记录最近的历史业绩 您的答案:A 题目分数:10 此题得分:10.0 批注: 4. “过去的业绩不保证未来的回报”是: A. 对冲基金业最主要的箴言 B. 美联储要求所有对冲基金在文件中标注的免责条款 C. 应该记住的 D. )很明显的,因此人人都能理解 您的答案:B 题目分数:10 此题得分:10.0 批注:

5. 突然的优异业绩应该被质疑,如果 A. 这与基金经理的alpha不符 B. 你怀疑可能有非法交易 C. 你怀疑存在风格变化 D. 一发现就应该质疑 您的答案:D 题目分数:10 此题得分:10.0 批注: 6. 对冲基金通过下列方法分散风险: A. 将资金分散投资于多支对冲基金 B. 买入共同基金 C. 跟随最喜欢的基金经理从一支基金转移到另一支基金 D. 将少于100%的可用资金投资于对冲基金 您的答案:A 题目分数:10 此题得分:10.0 批注: 7. 投资者构建对冲基金投资组合的基本原则: A. 与投资组合原则不同 B. 是风险、回报与相关度 C. 对于个人与机构不同 D. 对冲基金不同,原则也不同 您的答案:B 题目分数:10 此题得分:10.0 批注: 8. 有的投资者将基金业绩与各类对冲基金指数进行比较。但这种比较仅适用于下列情况: A. 牛市 B. 熊市 C. 同业风格与投资参数相似 D. 同业在同一投资组合中 您的答案:C 题目分数:10 此题得分:10.0 批注: 9. 定性尽职调查核对项目包括:

多头 空头 概念解释

我们都知道只要有市场存在,就一定会有买方和卖方,市场走向就是这两股力量博弈后的结果。股市同样有买方和卖方,只不过曾几何时被冠以美名“多头”和“空头”。 多头通常是指在股票操作中以买入为主的人的总称;空头与其相反,指的是以卖出股票为主的人的总称。从这个意义上讲它只是代表了一种实际操盘方向,并非指特定的人群,辟如说大盘现在涨了上来,你看好后市并买进股票,然后等它上涨就定义你是多头,或者你把手中个股卖出就定义你是空头,这些说法都太过片面而且不合情理。因为股市是复杂多变的,每次上涨或下跌不可能在短期内一蹴而就,相信当中绝大多数人都曾做过买入和卖出的行为(也不可能是只买不卖或只卖不买的吧),也就是说都做过多头和空头,在这一点上你又如何能分得清是多还是空?这归根结底是你的思维和判断决定了你的实际操作方向,此其一。其二,正因为股市的反复无常,也会使你的操作方向不断发生变化,辟如说买入后股价涨高了,你就会把它卖出;或者卖出后等股价回落到入货点再把它买进来,即做多做空并非一成不变,它会随着时间和环境的改变而出现转变,关键在于你如何把握行情,及时调整思路顺势而为,最终能够达 头寸是金融行业常用到的一个词,在金融、证券、股票、期货交易中经常用到。比如在期货交易中建仓时,买入期货合约后所持有的头寸叫多头头寸,简称多头; 卖出期货合约后所持有的头寸叫空头头寸,简称空头。商品未平仓多头合约与未平仓空头合约之间的差额就叫做净头寸。只是在期货交易中有这种做法,在现货交易中还没有这种做法。在外币交易中,“ 建立头寸”是开盘的意思。开盘也叫敞口,就是买进一种货币,同时卖出另一种货币的行为。开盘之后,长了(多头)一种货币,短了(空头)另一种货币。选择适当的汇率水平以及时机建立头寸是盈利的前提。如果入市时机较好,获利的机会就大;相反,如果入市的时机不当,就容易发生亏损。净头寸就是指开盘后获取的一种货币与另一种货币之间的交易差额。另外在金融同业中还有扎平头寸、头寸拆借等说法。 头寸(position)也称为"头衬"就是款项的意思,是金融界及商业界的流行用语。如果银行在当日的全部收付款中收入大于支出款项,就称为"多头寸",如果付出款项大于收入款项,就称为"缺头寸"。对预计这一类头寸的多与少的行为称为"轧头寸"。到处想方设法调进款项的行为称为"调头寸"。如果暂时未用的款项大于需用量时称为"头寸松",如果资金需求量大于闲置量时就称为"头寸紧"。 头寸有两种含义1.[money market]∶中国旧时指银行钱庄等所拥有的款项。收多付少叫头寸多,收少付多叫头寸缺,结算收付差额叫轧(ga)头寸,借款弥补差额 叫拆头寸2.[cash]∶指市场上货币流通数量,即银根。如银根松说头寸松,银根紧也说头寸紧通常所说的是指第二种,即现金的量. 升水与贴水:远期汇率与即期汇率的差额用升水、贴水和平价来表示。升水意味着远期汇率比即期的要高,贴水则反之。一般情况下,利息率较高的货币远期汇率大多呈贴水,利息率较低的货币远期汇率大多呈升水。

财务案例-安然事件

财务案例--美国安然事件 超高增长的阴暗秘密——制造概念吸引投资者,通过关联企业间的“对倒”交易不断创造出超常的利润,巨额债务和风险却隐而不彰——一部财务报表操纵大全。 ——安然公司是一个典型的“金字塔”式关联企业集团,共包含3000多家关联企业。 这在美国巨型公司中并不鲜见。促使安然崩溃原因的关键,在于安然与这些关联企业的关联交易及相关信息披露上均出现极大问题。 第一,安然关联企业及信托基金以安然的不动产(水厂、生产设施等)作抵押,向外发行流通性证券或债券。但 在这些复杂的合同关系中,通常包括一些在特定情况下安然必须以现金购回这些债券或证券的条款。不幸的是,在 美国加利福尼亚州2000年以来延绵不绝的电力供应危机及其给能源市场带来的震荡中,这些条款达到了“触发”的门槛,安然的现金情况于是急剧恶化。 第二,安然将许多与关联企业签署的合同保为秘密,把大量债务通过关联企业隐藏起来,运用关联交易大规模 操纵收入和利润额,采用模糊会计手法申报财务报表。这些欺诈、误导股东的手法于2001年11月被披露后,市场对安然完全丧失信心,投资者将安然股价推到低于1美元的水平。这是受害者给施害者的惩罚,也是最终埋葬安然的主因。 安然的扩张融资与企业结构策略、不同关联企业的目的以及最终安然破产的几个主要关联交易细节,值得仔细解析。当能源市场管制解除之后,面对市场剧变,安然采取的策略之一,便是利用关联企业结构,并“革新性”地使用财务手段来避免直接的企业负担,同时灵活地扩大企业规模/ 为一家专业石油天然气传输和交易公司,安然与业内的大多数公司一样,有着较高的负债率。正因为如此.这类公司不能无限制地增加债务规模,因为债券评级公司如标准普尔和穆迪会因此而调低该公司的评级。这对有大量债务且依靠未来发行债券融资的公司来说是极危险的,它将立即导致其借债成本迅速上升,许多时候甚至会直接导致出现现金流危机。 在20世纪80年代中期以前,美国联邦能源监管委员会对能源市场进行严格的价格和竞争地域监管。尽管安然公司的负债率较高,由于公司受到能源管制政策的保护,利润相当稳定,它的债券一直属于“投资级”,是非常有信誉、低成本的债券。债券投资者和评级公司认为,即使公司的经营环境恶化(如需求降低等),政府会允许安然对其占据垄断地位的地区能源提价,从而保证利润。 从1985到1986年,美国联邦能源监管委员会开始进行解除监管的改革,不但放开价格管制,而且允许能源用户可以签订长期能源供应合同。这些措施大大加剧了美国能源市场的竞争局面。1989年,价格改革覆盖了石油开采和提炼的每一个环节。随着盈利波动性的上升,安然的债券一度被降为“垃圾债券”。 ——在市场剧变之际,安然公司面临的挑战包括: ——如何寻找业务增长点来扩大规模,并保持利润增长的稳定性? ——如何维持稳定的现金流以巩固偿债能力? ——如何寻找一个健康的财务杠杆率,既有利于融资需要,又能保持管理层对投资项目的稳定控制? ——安然采取的策略之一,便是利用关联企业结构,并“革新性”地使用财务手段来避免直接的企业负担,同时灵活地扩大企业规模。其进行扩张的手法和对关联企业的运用,随着安然倒闭,正逐步为人所知。 财务游戏 LJM二号与安然之间的协议金额面值高达21亿美元。在IT业及通信业持续不振的情况下,安然在2000年至少从互换协议中“受益”5亿美元,2001年“受益”4.5亿美元。这些收益其实正好对应于其相应的宽带资产贬值。但安然只将合约对自己有利的部分计入财务报表,并把这些受益算作收入——这其实不是什么收益,只是一个财务游戏安然旗下除了众多能源和宽带通信企业,还有一些基金管理公司,为安然提供所需的融资、套期保值或风险控制手段。正是与这些关联企业的背后交易,使安然最后破产。 最典型的案例是LJM资本管理公司(LJM Capital Management)。这家安然关联企业由当时安然的财务总监安德鲁?法斯托牵头建立并自任总经理,主要业务是投资管理,LJM的名称即以其三个孩子姓名的第一个字母组合而来,发行的基金包括LJM一号、LJM二号、LJM(开曼群岛)等,其中,规模最大的LJM二号基金的投资者包括第一波士顿、Wachovia(美国最大的地方商业银行之一)、通用电气和阿肯色州教师基金等信誉卓著的机构投资者。这种合伙是在美国越来越流行的投资者联合进行投资的工具。安然在LJM一号和LJM二号基金中分别投入了1600万美元和3.94亿美元的资本。 2000年中开始,安然最新重大项目宽带公司的前景日益暗淡,安然公司管理层甚为担心。此时,安然财务总监法斯托建议,要求关联企业LJM二号为其宽带业务等资产的价值提供担保。于是,安然与LJM二号签订交换合同,条件

十大对冲基金测试答案

试题 一、单项选择题 1. Simons成立的大奖章基金最初主要涉及()。 A. 股票多空仓策略 B. 并购基金 C. 事件套利 D. 期货交易 您的答案:B 题目分数:10 此题得分:0.0 批注: 2. 鲍波斯特(The Baupost Group)的关键策略是()。 A. 逆向投资策略 B. 事件驱动策略 C. 股票市场中性策略 D. 可转移阿尔法策略 您的答案:B 题目分数:10 此题得分:10.0 批注: 二、多项选择题 3. 奥奇-齐夫资本Och-Ziff Capital Management Group的投资策略包括()等。 A. 股票多空仓策略 B. 不良资产投资(逆向投资) C. 事件驱动套利(公司合并套利) D. 可转债套利 您的答案:C,D,A,B 题目分数:10

此题得分:10.0 批注: 4. 从CreditMetrics模型技术框架看,该模型主要包括如下()几个关键环节。 A. 敞口或内部头寸 B. 市场风险所导致的单个敞口价值波动 C. 不同信贷资产彼此变化的相关性 D. 信用事件所导致的单个敞口的价值波动 您的答案:A,B,C,D 题目分数:10 此题得分:0.0 批注: 5. 桥水联合基金Bridgewater实现风险平价的理念,构建最优组合通常需要以下()几个步骤。 A. 通过使用杠杆降低使每个资产都拥有相近的预期收益和风险 B. 借款购买更多的低风险/低收益资产,如债券 C. 通过去杠杆化降低高风险/高收益的投资品种(如股票) D. 从以上的投资收益流中选出投资组合,使其在任何经济环境下都不会与预期收益出现偏差 您的答案:A,C,D,B 题目分数:10 此题得分:10.0 批注: 三、判断题 6. 黑曜石基金是单一的绝对价值固定收益对冲基金。() 您的答案:错误 题目分数:10 此题得分:10.0 批注: 7. 在可转移Alpha策略下,Alpha收益与Beta收益是完全分离的()。 您的答案:错误 题目分数:10 此题得分:0.0 批注: 8. 鲍波斯特(The Baupost Group)的投资组合中从不使用杠杆。()

对冲基金多头-空头策略实例 An Example of Long-short Strategy

Part1. The main advantages and disadvantages of a long/short strategy A long/short equity strategy combines buying an undervalued stock and short selling an overvalued stock. When the long position outperforms the short positions, total return of this strategy is positive. The concept of long/short strategy could date back to 1949, when the world's first hedge fund was established. And at present, long/short strategy is among the most prevalent strategies in this field. According to the way they hedge downside risk, long/short strategies could be grouped into three categories, and I would like to discuss main advantages and disadvantages of each category. 1.Make long and short direction bets based on fundamental researches. Buying securities which are supposed to rise in price while short-selling those that are supposed to decline in price. Basically, short position is used to generate additional returns. In practice, hedge fund managers use a variety of financial instrument such as index options, futures and ETFs to hedge downside risk, preventing the net exposure is too high. Main advantages Compared with long-only investment, long/short strategy take advantage of those unattractive securities. Provided expected security returns are symmetrically distributed around the market return, long/short takes full advantage of this spread of returns (Jacobs and Levy, 1996). Total excess return of a long/short equity portfolio comes from the long position and short position. Once the price of the short equity declined, the short position contributes a part of profit to the portfolio. In addition, by using long/short strategies, portfolio managers are able to neutralize underlying market risk. Experienced hedge fund managers tend to consider long and short position integrally, because integrated optimization allows the portfolio to control risks more efficiently. For instance, the renewable energy stocks’ performance s are negative correlated to the traditional coal and oil stocks’. By longing one sector while short-selling another, at a limited risk level, investors can pursue higher returns. Main disadvantages If the manager wrongly predict directions, the losses could possibly be significant. Risk from long position is limited since the stock prices cannot be under zero; however, risk from short position is sometimes uncontrollable. When losses from short position offset profit from long position, the strategy fails. Considering the efficiency of market, influence of investors’ behaviours, barriers and conflictions, the real securities prices are quite hard to predict. Stock markets tend to overreact and winner-loser effect widely exists (Debondt and Thaler, 1985). And if a manager predicts and bets long/short directions based on an important event, the portfolio might lose money due to overreaction. If a manager predicts based on current price trend, the portfolio may also lose money in long run due to winner-loser effects. In conclusion, the performance of the first category long/short strategy heavily depend on the selection of stocks and hence the capability of portfolio managers.

一些常用的对冲套利策略

一些常用的对冲套利策略 总体而言,对冲基金投资策略的思想分为以下几大类:多/空策略、套利策略、事件驱动策略以及走势策略。分别介绍如下: (一)多/空策略 多/空策略来源于对冲基金创始人AlfredWinslowJones。尽管它年代久远,却还是今天应用最广泛的对冲基金投资策略之一。而且,它还可衍生出更为专业化的对冲基金投资策略,例如它是套利策略的基础。 多/空策略的基本思想是将基金部分资产买入股票,部分资产卖空股票。买入股票的多头资产金额经其b系数(衡量股票与市场相关度的系数)调整后形成多头头寸,卖空股票的空头资产金额经其b系数调整后形成空头头寸,多头头寸与空头头寸的差形成全体基金资产的市场头寸。该市场头寸可为多头、空头或是零,从而调节基金面临的市场风险。当市场头寸为零时,多/空策略成为市场中立策略,此时基金的收益与市场波动完全无关。通过调整市场头寸,或进一步调整组合中股票的种类,可以调节组合所面临的风险程度以及风险种类。 需要注意,简单的资产对冲并不能消除市场风险。例如,如果我们买多房地产股票并卖空同样资金的医药股票,该组合的市场头寸并非为零,其收益率将同时受房地产板块和医药坂块的影响,由于这两个板块与市场的相关度不一样,其对冲结果将不能使组合消除市场风险。在计算组合的市场头寸时,一定要注意资产与市场的关系即b系数。只有当组合的综合b系数为零时,组合才是市场中立。此外,由于股票的b系数是不断变化的,要维持组合的b系数不变需要不断监测市场并对组合进行动态调整。 对冲是一把双刃剑。当基金面临的市场风险减小时,基金所能享受的股票市场长期向上趋势所带来的增值潜力也减小了。除了对冲掉市场风险,我们还可以将基金的其他风险对冲掉,例如基金面临的汇率风险、利率风险、某一行业风险等。每当一种风险被对冲掉时,基金经理利用该风险因素来为基金增值的可能性也没有了。理论上讲,一个完全对冲的基金的收益率应该是无风险收益率减去交易成本。因此,在实践中,基金经理不会把基金的所有风险因素都对冲掉,而只是将自己不能把握的风险因素对冲掉,而留下自己有把握的风险因素,在这些风险因素上进行投资决策以获取超额收益。例如,多/空策略就是将基金经理认为自己不能把握的市场时机风险对冲掉,而只留下基金经理有把握的股票筛选风险来为基金增值。经典的“pairtrading”,即在同一市场、同一行业中选择两支产品、管理、股本结构等各方面都非常近似的股票,在买多一支股票的同时卖空另一支股票,这样的组合将市场风险、行业风险都对冲掉,只留下两支股票的个股风险。 在交易方面,多/空策略的交易头寸比单纯的买多、卖空策略要大,因而会带来更大的交易费用。尤其是,多/空头寸会随着其股价涨跌而不断变化,多/空头寸的b系数也不断变化,从而需要不断动态调整以维持基金的市场头寸,这会带来持续不断的交易成本,而且在市场剧变时还有可能因为交易无法及时进行而使基金的市场头寸与预期产生较大的偏差,从而带来额外的损失。 (二)套利策略 在对冲基金中,“套利”指对两类相关资产同时进行买入、卖出的反向交易以获取价差,在交易中一些风险因素被对冲掉,留下的风险因素则是基金超额收益

十大对冲基金案例-答案

一、单项选择题 1. 2012年管理资产规模前十位的对冲基金管理公司的注册地超过半数位于()。 A. 纽约 B. 波士顿 C. 旧金山 D. 芝加哥 您的答案:A 题目分数:10 此题得分:10.0 批注: 2. 信用计量模型(CreditMetrics)是()推出的风险管理产品,是当今风险管理领域在信用风险量化管理方面迈出的重要一步。 A. Bridgewater B. Renaissance Technology C. BlackRock D. J.P. Morgann 您的答案:D 题目分数:10 此题得分:10.0 批注: 二、多项选择题 3. 文艺复兴科技的高频交易策略主要包括()。 A. 流动性回扣 B. 投资企业配股 C. 猎物追踪算法 D. 自动做市商 您的答案:A,C,D 题目分数:10 此题得分:10.0 批注: 4. 全球提升基金Global Ascent Fund主要策略包括()几大类。 A. 逆向投资 B. 基础价值 C. 经济环境 D. 市场情绪 您的答案:B,D,C 题目分数:10 此题得分:10.0 批注: 5. 关于全球著名的对冲基金管理公司运用的策略,下列说法正确的是()。

A. 相对价值策略属于风险较低、收益较低、容量较大的策略 B. 齐夫资本、保尔森均善于运用宏观因素策略 C. 事件驱动策略属于风险较低、收益较高、容量较小的策略,运用该策略的公司不在少数 D. 相较于相对价值策略和事件驱动策略,宏观因素策略的风险更低 您的答案:A,C 题目分数:10 此题得分:10.0 批注: 三、判断题 6. 宏观因素策略是安祖高顿所采取的最重要的投资策略。() 您的答案:错误 题目分数:10 此题得分:10.0 批注: 7. 对冲基金是以私人合伙或者离岸有限责任公司组成的投资工具,以获得绝对收益为目标。() 您的答案:正确 题目分数:10 此题得分:10.0 批注: 8. 在海外成熟市场,可转债套利的基本思路是“做空可转债,做多对应股票”。() 您的答案:错误 题目分数:10 此题得分:10.0 批注: 9. 可转移阿尔法是指零市场风险(贝塔为0)的投资组合的收益。() 您的答案:正确 题目分数:10 此题得分:10.0 批注: 10. 桥水联合基金Bridgewater的全天候对冲基金The All Weather Fund的核心理念是风险平价。() 您的答案:正确 题目分数:10 此题得分:10.0

对冲基金的常用投资策略(一)

对冲基金的常用投资策略(一) 总体而言,对冲基金投资策略的思想分为以下几大类:多/空策略、套利策略、事件驱动策略以及走势策略。分别介绍如下: (一)多/空策略 多/空策略来源于对冲基金创始人AlfredWinslowJones。尽管它年代久远,却还是今天应用最广泛的对冲基金投资策略之一。而且,它还可衍生出更为专业化的对冲基金投资策略,例如它是套利策略的基础。 多/空策略的基本思想是将基金部分资产买入股票,部分资产卖空股票。买入股票的多头资产金额经其b系数(衡量股票与市场相关度的系数)调整后形成多头头寸,卖空股票的空头资产金额经其b系数调整后形成空头头寸,多头头寸与空头头寸的差形成全体基金资产的市场头寸。该市场头寸可为多头、空头或是零,从而调节基金面临的市场风险。当市场头寸为零时,多/空策略成为市场中立策略,此时基金的收益与市场波动完全无关。通过调整市场头寸,或进一步调整组合中股票的种类,可以调节组合所面临的风险程度以及风险种类。

需要注意,简单的资产对冲并不能消除市场风险。例如,如果我们买多房地产股票并卖空同样资金的医药股票,该组合的市场头寸并非为零,其收益率将同时受房地产板块和医药坂块的影响,由于这两个板块与市场的相关度不一样,其对冲结果将不能使组合消除市场风险。在计算组合的市场头寸时,一定要注意资产与市场的关系即b系数。只有当组合的综合b系数为零时,组合才是市场中立。此外,由于股票的b系数是不断变化的,要维持组合的b系数不变需要不断监测市场并对组合进行动态调整。 对冲是一把双刃剑。当基金面临的市场风险减小时,基金所能享受的股票市场长期向上趋势所带来的增值潜力也减小了。除了对冲掉市场风险,我们还可以将基金的其他风险对冲掉,例如基金面临的汇率风险、利率风险、某一行业风险等。每当一种风险被对冲掉时,基金经理利用该风险因素来为基金增值的可能性也没有了。理论上讲,一个完全对冲的基金的收益率应该是无风险收益率减去交易成本。因此,在实践中,基金经理不会把基金的所有风险因素都对冲掉,而只是将自己不能把握的风险因素对冲掉,而留下自己有把握的风险因素,在这些风险因素上进行投资决策以获取超额收益。例如,多/空策略就是将基金经理认为

风险管理与金融机构课后附加题参考答案(中文版)

风险管理与金融机构第四版 约翰·C·赫尔 附加问题(Further Problems)的答案

第一章:导论 . 假设一项投资的平均回报率为8%,标准差为14%。另一项投资的平均回报率为12%,标准差为20%。收益率之间的相关性为。制作一张类似于图的图表,显示两项投资的其他风险回报组合。 答:第一次投资w1和第二次投资w2=1-w1的影响见下表。可能的风险回报权衡范围如下图所示。 .

市场预期收益率为12%,无风险收益率为7%。市场收益率的标准差为15%。一个投资者在有效前沿创建一个投资组合,预期回报率为10%。另一个是在有效边界上创建一个投资组合,预期回报率为20%。两个投资组合的回报率的标准差是多少 答:在这种情况下,有效边界如下图所示。预期回报率为10%时,回报率的标准差为9%。与20%的预期回报率相对应的回报率标准差为39%。 . 一家银行估计, 其明年利润正态分布, 平均为资产的%,标准差为资产的2%。公司需要多少股本(占资产的百分比):(a)99%确定其在年底拥有正股本;(b)%确定其在年底拥有正股本忽略税收。 答: (一)银行可以99%确定利润将优于资产的或%。因此,它需要相当于资产%的权益,才能99%确定它在年底的权益为正。 (二)银行可以%确定利润将大于资产的或%。因此,它需要权益等于资产的%,才能%确定它在年底将拥有正权益。 . 投资组合经理维持了一个积极管理的投资组合,beta值为。去年,无风险利率为5%,主要股票指数表现非常糟糕,回报率约为-30%。投资组合经理产生了-10%的回报,并声称在这种情况下是好的。讨论这个表述。

案例38 多头陷阱与空头陷阱

案例38 多头陷阱与空头陷阱 [概要] 相信技术分析的投资者往往按技术指标和技术图形发出的买卖信号进行操作,于是一些主力机构便利用投资大众对技术分析的迷信,通过操纵价格来改变技术图形和技术指标,使之发生虚假的买入或卖出信号以达到出货或吸货的目的。 [案例介绍] 一、多头陷阱与空头陷阱 “陷阱”,《现代汉语词典》的解释是:“为捉野兽或敌人而挖的坑,上面覆盖伪装的东西,踩在上面就掉到坑里,比喻害人的圈套”。股市里的陷阱是指庄家为对付散户而专门设置的圈套。多头陷阱是指庄家为诱引散户做多,以达到出货目的所设的圈套;空头陷阱是指庄家为获取更多廉价筹码、清洗浮筹或减轻上拉压力,诱引散户恐慌杀跌所设的圈套。无论是多头陷阱,还是空头陷阱,庄家的着眼点都在图形和技术指标上。只不过多头陷阱是庄家利用刻意造出的漂亮图形和技术指标来诱引散户入局,而空头陷阱则是庄家利用故意破坏的图形和技术指标来吓唬意志不坚定的散户斩仓出局而已。因此,要识别多头陷阱与空头陷阱,必须识别二者图形和技术指标之间的细微差别。 二、举例说明 空头陷阱(见图一)从深锦兴A(已改名亿安科技)的日K线图上,我们可以清晰地看到,在横盘两个多月后,1998年12月17日、18日、21日三个交易日,该股突然出人意料地放量破位下行,大幅下挫之后,又出人意料地快速反弹,并很快站回原先构筑的平台上。其后经过三周的整理,待抛盘衰竭、能量积蓄充分后,终于一举向上突破,并屡创一年来的新高。从该股的走势上可以看出,1998年12月17日、18日、21日、三个交易日的破位下行,显然属于庄家洗盘的空头陷阱。 多头陷阱(见图二)从内江峨柴的日K线图上,我们不难发现,该股曾在17元到18元之间构筑了一个多月的平台。其间虽然大盘屡创新低,但该股极为抗跌,似乎显示出庄家护盘的坚决。随着5日、10日、30日均线的逐步粘连,该股也终于到了该选择突破方向的时候了。这时,我们看到,1999年1月22日,该股拉出一根小阳线,并在跌破30日均线较长时间后再次重返30日均线之上。

对冲基金投资策略

对冲基金策略
Dr. Ouyang, CFA Peking University
Dr.Ouyang
1

对冲基金简介
? 定义(SEC)
– "Hedge fund" is a general, non-legal term that was originally used to describe a type of private and unregistered investment pool that employed sophisticated hedging and arbitrage techniques to trade in the corporate equity markets. markets
? 特点
– – – – – 可以采用杠杆、卖空及衍生品等多种策略; 资金来自于长期投资者,但通常采取短期策略; 收益目标为绝对收益而非Benchmark; 基金管理人的主要收入来自于管理分红(Carry); 基金管理人在基金财产中占有相当比例的份额。

对冲基金筹资来源
组合基金, 24% 个人投资者, 44%
慈善及捐赠基金, 8%
公司及政府机构, 9% 养老基金, 15%
Source: Financial Services Authority, 2004
Dr.Ouyang
3

对冲基金大事记
1949年 1969年 1980年 1992年 1994年 1997年 1998年 2000年 2006年 2007年 Alf d J Alfred Jones创立第一只对冲基金 George Soros创立双鹰(量子)基金 Julian Robertson创立老虎基金 英镑危机确立对冲基金行业的市场地位 美联储调息导致多家基金出现危机 对冲基金联手导演引发东南亚金融危机 长期资本基金陷入危机,俄罗斯国债违约 网络泡沫达到顶峰,量子及老虎基金相继清盘 能源基金Amaranth A h亏损高达60亿美元 次贷危机导致多家对冲基金清盘

对冲基金套利策略

金斧子财富:https://www.sodocs.net/doc/461674475.html, 是指利用不同资产或不同市场之间不合理的价格关系,通过买进低估资产,卖出高估的商品,在未来价格重新回归合理过程中获取价差收益的交易策略。套利策略针对目标是定价偏差,无论市场处于何种状态均可运用,其收益与市场相关性较低。 套利何时会触发? ?同一种资产在不同市场上价格差异过大,即违背一价定律。 ?具有相同或相近价值的两种资产定价差异过大(如大豆与豆油、不同期限的股指期货合约)。 ?一种已知未来价格的资产当前的价格与其根据无风险利率折现的价格差距过大(期货与现货)。 套利示意图 期现套利原理示意图 期现套利 股指期货和股指现货间的套利,是利用股指期货合约与其对应的现货指数之间的定价偏差进行的套利交易。

金斧子财富:https://www.sodocs.net/doc/461674475.html, 跨现套利原理示意图 跨期套利 利用两个交割月份不同的股指期货合约间的价差进行的套利交易,属于无风险套利。由于不同月份交割的股指期货合约基于同一标的指数,故在市场预期相对稳定的情况下,不同交割月股指期货合约应保持稳定的价差,一旦价差变化,就会产生跨期套利机会。 套利基金有哪些风险 跟踪误差在构造沪深300指数现货组合进行套利时,会由于最低购买份额限制、股指权重调整、无法同时买卖众多股票等原因,造成现货组合和标的股指存在偏差。 冲击成本冲击成本是指在套利交易中需要迅速,且大规模地买卖证券,却未能按照预定 价位成交,从而多支付的成本。 流动性风险在买卖现货股票组合时遭遇股票停牌、涨跌停板而无法交易的风险。

金斧子财富:https://www.sodocs.net/doc/461674475.html, 故需选择高效、稳定的交易系统。 策略容量风险如套利资金量过大,会因交易所对下单手数和持仓量的限制,致使套利策略的效果大打折扣。 套利基金——如何挑选 市场套利机会转瞬即逝,快速的扑捉到套利机会需要高速的计算机软、硬件支持,即使遇见停电等突发性事件也要能保证套利设备的正常运转。因此选择硬件条件较好的管理人为妥。如果套利资金超过了该基金策略的容量,套利效率会大大降低。因此投资者应该避免选择套利产品规模过大的产品。 观察产品历史业绩是否稳定向上,避免业绩走势波动剧烈的产品。国内多空仓策略的长与短。 如需投资对冲套利策略基金,可预约金斧子理财师,【金斧子】持第三方基金销售牌照,国际风投红杉资本和大型央企的招商局创投实力注资,致力于打造中国领先私募发行与服务平台,提供阳光私募、私募股权、固收产品、债券私募、海外配置等产品,方便的网上路演平台,免费预约理财师,用科技创新提升投资品质!

股票多头蜡烛图组合和空头蜡烛图组合

网络收集,整理by ck 注意:以下线形如果结合常用技术指标macd,kdj以及波浪位置,成交量的确认,成功率将大大提高 多头线型 一柱擎天,翻多起涨翻多第一招 ________________________________________ 在下跌的趋势中股价急跌重挫,K线为连续跳空缺口,连日跳空下杀后出现多方强力反扑的

长红K线,不仅将当日缺口回补,甚至一举越过前两日收盘价。此吞噬型态的长红K即为一柱擎天格局,其落底反弹讯号相当强烈,此型态至少短期有小波段弹升,若于下跌波段满足区出现时则有可能形成波段的起涨点。但要注意的是,他与「一泄千里」的长红K相当类似,须仔细分辩以免混淆,其不同之处为一柱擎天后易出现上涨型态的K线,迅速脱离长红K 的收盘高点区,但在一泄千里的长红K后通常是多空拉锯的缓盘格局,若于3~4日内空方反扑贯穿跌破该长红K的低点,则走跌趋势在所难免。 一星二阳,中气十足翻多第二招 ________________________________________ 在两根红K线之间夹带一根变盘线(十字线、电阻线)、第三根为红K线,其低点与第一根

红K线高点相近或较高,而此变盘线位置就在两根红K的高点和低点之间,就是所谓的一星二阳型态。这是一个常见的中继讯号,即涨势仍将续涨不变,逢响应顺势介入积极找买点作多。 要特别注意的是在一星二阳之后,如果出现下跌的反噬K线,跌破第三根红K的低点,则为一星二阳的破局,介入宜仅慎小心。 上升三法,三明夹心翻多第三招 ________________ ________________________ 在两根长红K线中间夹带若干个弱势小红或小黑K,这些小红或小黑K的低点在第一个长红

十大对冲基金测试答案

试题、单项选择题 1. Simons 成立的大奖章基金最初主要涉及()。 A. 股票多空xx策略 B. 并购基金 C. 事件套利 D. 期货交易 您的 答案:B 题目分数:10 此题得分: 0.0 批注: 2?鲍波斯特(The Baupost Group的关键策略是() A. 逆向投资策略 B. 事件驱动策略 C. 股票市场中性策略 D. 可转移xx策略 您的 答案:B题目分数:10 此题得分: 10.0

批注: 二、多项选择题 3?奥奇-齐夫资本Och-Ziff Capital Management Group的投资策略包括()等。 A. 股票多空xx策略 B. 不良资产投资(逆向投资) C. 事件驱动套利(公司合并套利) D. 可转债套利 您的 答案: C,D,A,B 题目分数:10 此题得分: 10.0 批注: 4. 从CreditMetrics 模型技术框架看,该模型主要包括如下()几个关键环节。 A. 敞口或内部头寸 B. 市场风险所导致的单个敞口价值波动 C. 不同信贷资产彼此变化的相关性 D. 信用事件所导致的单个敞口的价值波动 您的 答案: A, B,C,D

题目分数:10 此题得分: 0.0 批注: 5. 桥水联合基金Bridgewater 实现风险平价的理念,构建最优组合通常需要以下()几个步骤。 A. 通过使用杠杆降低使每个资产都拥有相近的预期收益和风险 B. 借款购买更多的低风险/低收益资产,如债券 C. 通过去杠杆化降低咼风险/咼收益的投资品种(如股票) D. 从以上的投资收益流中选出投资组合,使其在任何经济环境下都不会与预期收益出现偏差您的 答案: A, C,D,B 题目分数:10 此题得分: 10.0 批注: 三、判断题 6. 黑曜石基金是单一的绝对价值固定收益对冲基金。()您的 答案: 错误 题目分数:10

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