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英语语法-句子结构

英语语法-句子结构
英语语法-句子结构

语法是一个民族运用一种语言时句子层面所遵循的规则,也就是说,是大家造句或理解句子所遵循的规则。语法不是语言学家规定的,我们也不是为学语法而学语法。语法是对现成语言中规则的归纳和总结,以便学习者更快模仿掌握一门外语。所以语法知识很重要,你不能用汉语的语法规则来造英语的句子,那样懂英语的人读不懂,同样不懂英语的语法规则也绝对读不懂英语短文。所幸的是,英语的规则既严格又简单明确,随意性不大。因此被列为世界上最好学的语言之一,它实际上已经取代了世界语的地位。

第一讲简单句的构成

简单句的构成是英语句子结构知识的基础,不论多么长多么复杂的句子都是简单句演变来的,所以简单句的相关知识是非常重要和基本的。

一.词性 (词类) part of speech

学习英语,有两个概念一定要搞清楚,一是词性,一是句子成分。

为什么要学习词性呢?词性是一个单词在句子中使用的标签。一个词性对应一个或几个句子成分;一个句子成分对应一个或几个词性。张道真在《实用英语语法》中讲到词性时说:要学好英语,第一件事就是分清词类。每学一个词都要知道它属于哪个词类。可见它的重要性。

大家知道英语有十种词性: 名词,代词,数词,形容词,动词,副词,冠词,介词,连词,感叹词,我们需着重学习其中五类的用法:

二. 句子成分,五种句型

一个句子有哪些成分,这与句子结构有关,或者说与它是哪种句型有关。

1. 五种基本句型, 主要句子成分

句型一:主语+系动词+表语 (表语可以是名词,形容词或介词短语)

That girl was my fiancée. 那个女孩是我未婚妻。

The story is about my son. 这个故事是关于我儿子的。

The flower is red.

除了be动词,还有一些表示状态,变化的词,如feel, look, smell, taste, sound, seem, appear, become, get, grow, turn, go, come, ran, fall, prove, remain, stay, keep等,也可作系动词用,如:

She felt a bit dizzy. 她感到有点头晕。

You are not looking very well. (well 除了作“身体健康”解时作形容词,其他

情况作副词, 如:He performs well in school.) The dish smells good. 这盘菜闻起来不错。

The medicine tastes awful. 这药吃起来糟透了。

The report sounds true. 这报道听起来是真实的。

He seemed quite normal. 他看起来很正常。

She appeared calm. 她显得很镇静。

His advice proved sound. 他的建议证明是合理的。

She remained calm. 她保持平静。

They stayed awake to see the eclipse. 他们熬夜看月蚀。

He looked in splendid health. 他看起来健康状况极好。

句型二:主语+不及物动词

The sun is rising. 太阳正在升起。

Tim is sleeping. 蒂姆正在睡觉。

The accident occurred suddenly. 事故突然发生了。

It is snowing. 天在下雪。

The train is arriving. 火车要到站了。

We waited and waited. 我们等了又等。

He danced for joy. 她高兴地跳起舞来。

She often dreams. 她常常做梦。

She trembled all over. 她浑身发抖。

句型三:主语+及物动词+宾语

He loved poetry. 他热爱诗歌。

Have you ordered your meal? 你点了菜了吗?

Silence means consent. 沉默意味着默许。

He left school in 1998. 他1998年离校。

What did he say? 他说的什么?

句型四:主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语

He showed me the way. 他给我指了路。

She gave me her telephone number. 他给了我电话号码。

He handed me the letter. 他把信递给了我。

Please throw me the key. 请把钥匙扔给我。

They awarded her a special scholarship. 他们颁发她一项特别奖学金。

They never denied us assistance. 他们从不拒绝给我们帮助。

He assigned the students a few books to read. 他指定了几本书给学生读。

Can you lend us your car? 你能把车借给我吗?

I owned him $50. 我欠他五十美元。

They appointed him commander. 他们任命他总指挥。

She sang us a folk song. 她给我们唱了首民歌。

She found you a position. 她给你找了个职位。

He bought himself a new suit. 他给自己买了套新衣服。

She cooked us a delicious meal. 她给我们做了一顿美味的饭菜。

Could you fetch me the evening paper? 你能否给我把晚报拿来?

That’ll save us a lot of trouble. 那会省去我们不少麻烦。

They fined her $200. 他们罚了她二百美元的款。

Careless driving cost him his life. 开车马虎使他陪了命。

They forgave him his crimes. 他们宽恕了他的罪行。

句型五:主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语(形容词,名词,介短可充当宾补)

He found his new job rather boring. 他发现他的新工作相当乏味。

Sit down and make yourself comfortable. 坐下来,坐舒服。

He got his clothes wet. 他把衣服弄湿了。

Good food keeps you healthy. 良好的饮食使人健康。

I’ll have my hair cut this evening. 今晚我要把头发剪了。

The noise was driving him mad. 噪音快让我疯了。

I like my tea very strong. 我喜欢喝浓点的茶。

Facts have proved these worries groundless. 事实证实这些忧虑毫无根据。

Finally they set him free. 最后他们把他放了。

~They call their daughter Mary. 他们叫女儿玛丽。

They name the city Leningrad. 他们把这座城市命名为列宁格勒。

We elected Smith our chairman. 我们选史密斯为主席。

All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. 只工作不玩耍,聪明小孩也变傻。

The appointed him chairman of the committee. 他们任命他为主任委员

We all consider the book a master piece. 我们都认为这本书是杰作。

The doctor thought that a good sign. 医生认为这是一个好迹象。

They kept their marriage a secret. 他们对结婚保密。

Shelley counted this experience a part of his education. 雪莱把这段经历看

作是他经受的一段教育。

~I found her in better spirits when we met again. 再次见面时我发现她精神好些了。

This placed her in a very difficult position. 这使她处境很困难。

They soon got the fire under control. 他们不久就控制了火势。

This will bring us all into harmony. 这回会使我们和睦起来。下面这些意义的正确表达就关系到动词的正确用法。

*计算机给我们带来了方便. bring us convenient

*我们的世界变得越来越现代化. change modern

*这些现代设施使我们生活不那么悲惨. make our life was not miserable

*以前我们用蜡烛照明. we light use candle

*象这样的例子有很多. As this example is a lot.

注意:a.“及物动词+双宾”与“及物动词+复合宾语”的区别:“及物动词+双宾”句型中两个宾语都是名词,都是这个及物动词的宾语;而在“及物动词+复合宾语”句型中,宾补可以不是名词,宾语和宾补之间有逻辑上的主谓关系。如:He teaches me English. 就是“及物动词+双宾”结构;He called me Jean. 就是“及物动词+复合宾语”结构。

b.除以上五种句型外,还有一种特殊的表示客观存在的there be 句型。

c. 每一个陈述句都有否定和疑问形式,注意各种时态的形式变化。

d. 当表示命令或乞求时,不用陈述句形式,而用祁使句形式,即无主语,用动词原形开头。

2. 次要成分

大家看到各种句型的句子分别有哪些句子成分了。以上这些成分都是必要成分,也就是说,某种句型的句子必须要具备其完整的句子成分。具体用哪个句型与你表达的意义有关,与你选用的动词也有关。比如说,你要表达“他找到了一个新工作”就可用句型3:主语+及物动词+宾语,He found a new job;而要表达“他发现他的新工作相当乏味。”则用句型5:主语+及物动词+宾语+宾补, He found his new job rather boring。有的动词可以有多种用法,用于多个句型。有的动词用在不同句型中时意义不同,如He found a new job和 He found his new job rather boring 中的find, 因为动词的用法和它的意义是相应的。但是我们看到的英语句子为什么经常不象我们上面说的那样简单呢?原因之一就是除了以上必要成分,还有两种次要成分:定语和状语。之所以叫次要成分是因为一个句子没有定语状语也是成立的。如:The hospital is big. Everyone works.

He loved poetry. They awarded her a scholarship。但事实上很少有有这样简单的句子。它们的信息量太少了,句意不明确。所以虽然叫次要成分其实是非常重要,非常常见的的成分。定语是修饰名词的,状语是修饰动词,形容词,副词或整个句子的。一个名词可以有多个定语从不同角度修饰它,一个动词也可以有多个状语。如:The hospital run by my father was big enough to hold 1000 patient during the anti-Japanese war period.

A beautiful flower comes out in the garden. summer vacation

The flower in the vase is expensive. Childhood friend

I have something important to do. Greenhouse effect

状语:句中修饰动词,形容词或整个句子的成分,可以由副词,或介词短语充当。

Listen attentively attentively 是状语,修饰动词listen;

He said in contempt. in contempt 是状语,修饰动词 said;

live a comparatively wealthy life comparatively 是状语,修饰形容词 wealthy;

Summer reading was not the innocent entertainment I had assumed it to be, not a light-hearted, instantly forgettable escape in a hammock.

instantly 是状语,修饰形容词 forgettable

3.句子的种类

在英语中,一个句号标志着一个句子的结束。英语的句号和汉语的句号作用不一样,汉语的句号表示一个意思表达完了,起意义辅助作用;英语表示一个句子结构完整了,起语法辅助作用。

英语的句子种类有三种:

简单句,只有一套主谓结构;只能是我们前面讲的五种句型或there be 句型中的一种。

并列句,由并列连词and, but, or, for 等将两个或多个结构完整的简单句连接在一起形成的更高级更复杂的句子。

复合句,当一个句子的某个成分由一个句子充当时,这个句子就是复合句。

第二讲复杂句子的理解与造句

在实际生活中,由于表达的需要,我们不仅需要一个词的概念作一个句子成分,还可能需要一个动作的概念甚至一个句子的概念来作句子成分,比如:我们可能会说:药能帮助你退烧,Medicine can help you relieve the fever; 也可能会说:洗个凉水澡能帮助你退烧, having a cool shower can help you relieve the fever.

我们可能会说:新鲜的鸡蛋非常有营养,fresh eggs can be very nutritious; 也可能会说:煮的半生的鸡蛋非常有营养,half-done eggs can be very nutritious; 也可能说,曾被科考队带到南极去的鸡蛋非常有营养,the eggs that had been taken to the south pole by the scientific expedition are very nutritious; 还可以说:科学家们去年培育的新品种的鸡产的蛋非常有营养,the eggs produced by the new breed of hens the scientists produced last year are very nutritious。

可见除了词类可直接作句子成分,非谓语形式和从句也是构成句子成分的重要内容。但要正确理解全句的关键是抓住句子的主干,即全句的主语和谓语。那么怎么抓全句的主谓成分呢?分清英语动词的谓语形式和非谓语形式就显得至关重要。

一.动词的谓语形式和非谓语形式

谓语形式又叫限定形式。什么意思呢?就是说,作谓语这个动词的形式受时态和主语人称限制,作相应的形式变化,不能是原形,或非谓语形式。所以任何一个句子的谓语都有时态变化和人称变化,如:

She bought chicken and turkey.

This is a strong wine.

I walk for two hours every day.

He walks for two hours every day.

但是,句子不可能都这样简短,这样信息量太少。一个句子中动词常常不止一个,那么除了谓语动词,其它动词只能用非谓语形式,作非谓语成分,如主语,宾语,宾补,定语,状语。

非谓语形式又叫非限定形式,即不受句子时态人称限制。如:I want to buy a book.。 I wanted to buy a book.。

非谓语动词有三种形式:不定式 to do,分词形式doing, done,动名词形式doing。

非谓语动词在句中可以充当除了谓语之外的任何成分,具体如下:

不定式的用法

1.作主语

To compromise appears advisable.

To ignore this might have serious consequences.

To stop the work now seems impossible.

但这种情况下往往用it作形式主语,而把不定式真正主语放到后面去,避免主语太长出现头重脚轻的现象。

To say which is better is difficult. → It is difficult to say which is better.

To know all these facts is essential. → It is essential to know all these facts.

It’s an honour to meet you.

It’s a pity to waste so much money.

2.作表语

His ambition was to be a film star.

His goal is to be a scientist.

This wall is to keep people out of the garden.

3.作宾语

有些动词的承受者不一定是have a good idea, steal money 这样的名词概念,也可能是个动作,如“同意做某事,拒绝投降,停止抱怨,他承认犯了个错误”等。那么用英语怎么表达呢?在英语中这个动词后的动词就不可能是谓语形式,而只能是非谓语形式了。至于用哪种非谓形式,就看前面那个主要动词的要求了。如:同意agree to do sth;拒绝refuse to surrender;停止stop complaining;承认he admitted making a mistake。哪些动词后面要求不定式,哪些要求动名词,大家要记一记。但也不完全是死记,一般说来,不定式表示即将发出的动作,动名词表示整个动作。

要求不定式作宾语的动词有:

afford v.(供的起,出得起,买的起) I can’t afford to buy you a car, darling!

其它用法:I can’t afford your tuition.

agree v. (同意,答应,一致) He agreed to pay $4,ooo for the car.

aim v.(目标是,旨在) Harry aims to become a doctor.

attempt v. (试图,企图) They were caught when they were attempting to flee.

begin (开始) He began to prepare for the dinner.

bother(麻烦,take trouble) Don’t bother to answer the letter personally.

我们把某些形容词后带的不定式也叫定语,如:

She was eager to see her friends.

I am afraid to tell her.

I was sorry to hear that you were ill.

Helen was pleased to see him.

I’m proud to be a Chinese.

She was surprised to see George walk in.

4.作宾补

advise (建议) the doctor advised me to rest for a week.

allow (允许) please allow me to introduce myself.

ask (请求…做…;叫…做…) I asked Gorge to convey my best wishes to his mother.

beg (乞求) He begged her to forgive him.

cause (致使,导致) what has caused the plants to die?

challenge (挑战) he challenged me to fight.

command (命令) the officer commanded his man to fire.

但在某些感观动词(see, watch, hear, feel)使动词(have, make let) 及notice后的不定

式须省略to.如:

Did you see anyone enter the house?

I heard her lock the door.

She won’t let me do it.

Did you notice a man came in?

I won’t have him cheat me like that.

5.作定语

We have a lot of things to do today.

This is not the right attitude to take.

He was the second man to hear the news.

He was the only one to survive the crash.

6.作状语

不定式主要作目的状语,如:

We slept together to keep warm.

To do good work, one must have the proper tools.

作结果状语主要用于only to 结构中表一种出乎意料的情况,如:

He hurried to the place only to find the house empty.

If you arrive so late at the airport to find the guest has gone already, what’s the use of your going there?

不定式的逻辑主语

It won’t be easy to find a new job. → It won’t be easy for you to find a new job. It isn’t right to marry f or money. → I t isn’t right for people to marry for money. To run fast is dangerous. → for an old man to run fast is dangerous.

There’s no reason to doubt his words. → There’s no reason for us to doubt his words.动名词

我们在前面说了,由于表达的需要,主语,宾语,表语不一定是个名词概念,可能是个动词或动词短语,如:现在找工作不容易;散步是我唯一的运动。这里的“找工作”和“散步”既是动词(动词短语),又要作主语,就只能用动名词(finding a job, walking)了。

动名词实际上就是动词或动词短语加上ing 后,句法作用变成了名词。所以名词在句中有什么功能,动名词在句中就有什么功能,也就是说,名词在句中可作主语,宾语(介词宾语),表语,宾补,动名词也可作这些成分。

Her hobby is collecting stamps. (表语) ①

Growing rose is her hobby. (主语)②

Gambling is forbidden in our country. (主语)③

There pastime is going to movies. (表语) ④

Please stop talking. (宾语)

He was arrested for smuggling.(介词宾语)

不定式在句中大致也能作这些成分,那么他们的区别是什么呢?要抓住不定式和动名词的基本意义:不定式表示一个动作即将发出,而动名词表示这个动作的概念。

以上①②③④四个例句中的动名词换成不定式显然就不合适了。

再如To compromise appears advisable.

To stop the work now seems impossible.

不定式和动名词作宾语的区别也基于两者基本意义的差异,为了保险起见,大家最好记住接不定式作宾语和动名词作宾语的动词,以便自动使用。

I suggested bring the meeting to an end.

He admitted taking the money.

Do you enjoy teaching?

Avoid over-eating.

I couldn’t help laughing.

He considered going to see Paul in person.

He loves playing the piano.

I hate lying and cheating.

He kept complaining.

I couldn’t risk missing the train.

They’re practicing singing the new song.

He denied making any statement to that effect.

So you prefer living abroad?

Would you mind moving your car?

He didn’t recall saying it.

Your coat wants brushing.

动名词的逻辑主语

Their coming up to help was a great encouragement to us.

Mary’s grumbling annoyed him.

动名词还有一个重要的功能,就是作定语:

swimming pool swimming suit speaking contest sleeping pill drawing pin writing paper diving board filling station watering can drinking water

waiting room walking stick parking lot sewing machine hearing aid operating table fishing line sleeping bag writing desk

分词

分词在句中的主要作用是作定语和状语,它的基本意义大家可以通过下面几个例句来理解:现在分词

The manager approached us smiling

He rode away whistling.

Who is the woman talking to Jim?

There were 220 children studying in the art school.

The girl sitting next to me was my cousin.

通过分析以上例句,可见现在分词的逻辑主语是句子的主语,为了避免再用一套主谓结构,英语采用了分词形式。

过去分词

What is the language spoken in that country?

In the end the program offered by Wilson was adopted.

The experience gained will be of great value to us.

Seen from the hill, the city looks magnificent.

Judged by ordinary standards, he was reliable.

They came in, followed by their wives.

可见,现在分词和过去分词的作用是一样的,只是现在分词和句子主语之间是一种主谓关系,而过去分词和句子主语之间是一种动宾关系。

从句

从句共分三类:名词性从句,形容词性从句,状语性从句

1.名词性从句(主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,同位语从句)

名词性从句有三种类型:

1.That 引导的

That prices will go up is certain. → it is certain that prices will go up.

It’s a shame that you’re sick.

It’s said that there has been an earthquake in India.

I’ll call Betty and remind her that we are meeting at 8.

She informed me that she was to send for it the next day.

He assured the passengers that there was no danger.

2.由连接代(副)词引导的

When he’ll be back depends much on the weather.

Whether the game will be held is uncertain. → it’s uncertain whether we’ll be able to come.

It was not clear to me why he behaved like that.

How the burglars got in was a mystery. → It was a mystery how the burglars got in.

It’s a puzzle how life began.

3.由关系代词what 或whatever 引导的

What follows is the narrative of his experiences.

What he saw made him tremble.

They are not affected by what he said.

Give it to whoever you like.

2.定语从句

The man (who robbed him) has been arrested.

The friend (with whom I was traveling) spoke French.

The film is about a spy (whose wife betrays him).

The car (which I hired) broke down.

At the time (when I saw him), he was quite strong.

This is the village (where I was born).

3.状语从句

有些副词,如directly和immediately亦可引导时间状语从句,其意义相当于as soon as, 如:

(1) I will come directly I have finished.

(2) Immediately he arrived, he started telling me what to do.

下句中hardly (scarcely)…when…与 no sooner… than…的意义也相当于as soon as

(3) Hardly (scarcely) had he gone when she appeared. 他一走,她就出现了。

(4) No sooner had I gone outside than the phone rang. 我刚出屋电话铃就响了。

有些表时间的短语亦可引导时间状语从句,如the instance, the minute, the moment, the day, every time, each time, by the time, next time, the first (second, third) time, etc.

(5) Next time you come, please bring you composition.

(6) the minute he saw her he fell in love.

有些短语亦可引导原因状语从句,如by reason that, for fear that, now that, on the ground that , seeing that, in case, etc.

(7) He took an umbrella with him, for fear it might rain.

(8) I do remember, now (that) you mentioned it.

(9) he resigned on the ground hta his health was failing.

(10) I’ll take my raincoat in case it rains.

原因状语从句也可由because of, by virtue of, in the light of, in view of, on account of, owing to, due to, etc. +the fact that 构成。

从属连词(that)有时亦有的含义,尤其在与此同时连用的情况下:

(11) If you don’t pay us, we could take you to court--- not that we would do such a thing.

(12) Not that I dislike the work, but that I have no time.

目的状语从句中常用may (might); shall (should): will (would); can (could) 等情态动词:

(13)Speak clearly so that they may understand you.

Lest, in case 也可以引导目的状语从句,地但是是否定的意思,意为,“以免”“以防”。

lest引导的常用should, would, could等虚拟式, 常用于书面形式,in case 引导的则不用:

(14) take your umbrella in case it rains.

(15) Take your umbrella with you lest it should rain.

结果状语从句由 that, so that, such that, with the result that 等引导:

(16)Are you starving that you must steal?

(10)Have you another sweetheart hidden somewhere that you leave me in the cold?

(11)I was in the bath, with the result that I didn’t hear the telephone.

(12)It’s such a good chance that we mustn’t miss it. (也可看成程度状语从句)

程度状语从句由so that, such that, to the degree that, as far as, as long as 等引导:

(13)He was so angry that he could not speak.

(14)His anger was such that he could not speak. ( 较上句正式)

条件状语从句的关联词有, if, unless. Suppose, supposing, assuming, providing, provided, in the event, given, in case, on condition, as (so) long as:

(15)you’ll be late unless you hurry.

(16)Suppose we are late, what will he say?

(17)Supposing it rains, shall we go?

(18)Providing you promise not to tell anyone else, I’ll explain the secret.

(19) Assuming that you are right, we’ll make a great deal of money out of the

project.

(20)He’ll do anything as long as it is interesting.

让步状语从句的关联词有though, although, even though, if, even if, for all that, in spite of the fact:

(21)they are good people, for all that their ways are not the same as ours.

由疑问词+ever 构成的复合词也可引导让步状语从句,不论或不管的意思:

(24)you can’t come in, whoever you are.

(25) whichever method you use, the result is much the same.

上述结构的复合词在口语中可由no matter+疑问词构成:

从属连词whether… or…, no matter whether … or 也可引导让步状语从句:

(26) I’m going whether it is raining or not.

(27) I’ll go whether you come with me or stay at home.

方式状语从句由 as, as if, as though, the way, how 等引导:

(1)He looks as if he is tired.

(2)Do it the way you were taught.

(3)Do it how you can.

在非正式英语中,亦可用作关连词引导方式状语从句:

(30)Birds don’t have feelings like we do.

句子是按照一定的语法规律组成的,表达一个完整的意义。一个句子一般由两部分构成,即主语部分和谓语部分,这两部分也叫做句子的主要成分。句子的次要成分包括宾语,定语,状语,表语等。

句子成分是句子中起一定功用的组成部分。

1)主语:是一句的主体,是全句述说的对象,常用名词,数词或代词担任,一般放于句首。如:Students study. (学生学习。)

We are friends.(我们是朋友)

这两句话中单词students是个名词,we是代词,它们在句中做主语。

2)谓语:是对主语加以陈述,表示主语的行为或状态,常用动词或者动词词组担任,放在主语的后面。如:

Students study. (学生学习。)

We are friends. (我们是朋友)

这两句话中单词study和are都是动词,study叫做实意动词,are叫做be动词,它们在句中作谓语。

3)宾语:表示行为的对象,常由名词或者代词担任。放在及物动词或者介词之后。如:

They are teachers. ( 他们是老师。)

I play with him. (我和他一起玩。)

这两句话中单词teachers是名词,单词him是带词,它们在句中作宾语。

4)定语:是用来说明或者限制名词的成分,常用形容词或者相当于形容词的短语或从句担任。形容词放在名词之前,相当于形容词的短语或从句放在名词的后面。如:

This is a red sun.(这是个红太阳.)

He is a tall boy.(他是个高个子男孩。)

这两句话中单词red和 tall都是形容词,它们作定语。

5)状语是用来说明动词,形容词,副词或整个句子的成分。常由副词担任。修饰动词时可以放在动词之前,也可以放在动词之后;修饰形容词或副词时放在它们之前。如:

The students study hard. (这些学生学习努力。)

I often write to him. (我常给他写信。)

The bag is too heavy. (这个书包太重了。)

这三句话中单词hard 和often修饰的都是动词,第三句话中单词too修饰的是形容词,它们都作状语。

6)表语:用来说明主语的性质或状态。一般由名词或者形容词担任。如:This table is long. (这个桌子是长的。)

通常情况下,主语和宾语前的成分是定语,谓语前的成分是状语,时间词作状语放在句子后面。句子的成分分布如下:

(定语)主语(状语)谓语(定语)宾语(状语)

如:(The tall) boy (often) go (to the big) zoo.

(The happy) child --- went (his) home yesterday.

请分析下面句子的结构说出各个成分

1)I have two elder sisters. (我有两个姐姐。)

2) They don't swim very well.(他们游泳不太好。)

3) Do you go to school every day? (你每天去上学吗?)

4) I really want a cup of tea.(我真的想要一杯茶。)

5) Miss Smith teaches English very well.(史密斯先生教英语非常好。)

语法其实并没有一些人想象的那么可怕,其实里面有很多趣味。

第二讲英语句子成分

WARM-UP:1)The teacher in the classroom. 2)Sang many songs and danced happily. 3)She attracts. 4)Many people living in the country. 5)All the books on the desk over there.以上这些形式都不能构成英语句子。

英语句子(sentence)=主语+谓语(核心:主动词)

英语句子成分歌

英语句子八呀八大块,主谓宾表真呀真实在;

补语跟着宾语表语跑,定语同位(语)专把名词踹。

状语的位置它自由自在,忽右忽左随心所欲摆。

浑身的毛病真呀真不少,前后乱窜它还会加塞。(RAP)

I.八大成分的概念和构成

1.主语(名词代词形):句子的主体,是谓语陈述,说明的对象。

If you want the rainbow you have to put up with the rain.

不经历风雨,怎么见彩虹。

The secret of success is to start from scratch and keep on scratching.

成功的秘诀在于从磨练开始,并要坚持不断磨练。

充当主语的形式:1)名词2)代词3)名词短语4)名词从句5)数词6)不定式7)-ing形式8)介词短语(少见)

形式主语(名词从句,不定式,动名词)(见第六讲主语和宾语)

2.谓语:表示主语的行为或进行的活动。

I have a dream.

You don’t always want what you need, or need what y ou want.

所需之物未必皆所欲,所欲未必皆所需。

谓语形式:动词(英语句子的灵魂)

3.宾语:行为或活动的对象,接受者或受影响者。

You don’t find opportunities…you make them.

你找不到机会。你得去创造机会。

You probably won’t hear opportunity knock if your television is always on.

如果你常开着电视,你就可能听不到机会的敲门声。

充当宾语形式:1)名词2)代词3)名词短语4)名词从句5)数词6)不定式7)-ing形式

形式宾语(名词从句,不定式,动名词)(见第六讲主语和宾语)

4.表语:说明主语的身份和情况。(跟在系动词后)

Time is money.

Three o’clock is always too late or too early for anything you want to do.

你想做什么事,三点钟总是太早或太迟。

构成形式:1)名词2)形容词3)代词4)数词5)不定式6)ing形式7)过去分词8)副词9)介词短语10)小品词11)名词从句

5.补语:补充说明。(由动词类别来决定)

构成形式:1)名词2)代词3)形容词4)数词5)不定式6)-ing形式7)过去分词8)介词短语9)副词小品词10)名词从句

主语补语

Tom was made monitor.

宾语补语

I made Tom monitor.

表语补语

I am sure to succeed.

6. 定语:对名词性形式进行范围限定。

7. This is beautiful music.

There are only two kinds of music…good and bad.

自古音乐分两种,好的和坏的。

构成形式:1)限定词2)形容词3)名词4)数词5)不定式6)-ing形式7)过去分词8)介词短语9)副词10)关系从句

8. 同位语:对被修饰对象进行补充说明或进一步解释。

Puff, the magic dragon, lived by the sea.

构成形式:1)名词2)代词3)名词短语4)数词5)不定式6)-ing形式7)名词从句

9. 状语:修饰词,短语,从句和整句。位置:自由自在。

1)修饰性状语:修饰动词,形容词,副词等(时间,地点,肯定,否定,程度,频度,方式,伴随,原因,目的,比较等)。

Can you feel the love tonight?

Home never looks so good as when you come back from getting away from it.

只有出走又回家时,家才最感亲切。

2)连接性状语:连接上下文(顺序,递进,转折,让步,结果,推论,比较)。

First comes spring, then summer.

I’ve never been to America, therefore I don’t know much about it.

3)评述性状语:修饰整个句子,表示说话人的看法或态度。

Frankly speaking, the food is not very good.

II.成分关系

1.补语跟着宾语表语跑:

补语跟在宾语和表语的后面构成宾补和表补。把有宾补的句子变成被动语态,则宾补就变成了主补。To love others makes us happy…to love ourselve s makes us lonely.(宾补)

We are made happy to love others…we are made lonely to love ourselves.(主补)

爱他人使我们幸福,在自己使我们孤单。

2.定语,同位(语)专把名词踹:

定语,同位语修饰名词性形式

Experience is the best teacher.(被定语所修饰的形式为名词)

They are going to Melbourne, the beautiful city in southern Australia.(同位语所修饰的形式为名词)

3.谓语动词由状语修饰

When you reach for the stars, you may not quite get one, but you won’t come up with a handful of sand either.

你想摘下天上的星星,可能一个也摘不下;但也不会一无所获。

1、主语:

(1)由名词、代词(人称代词用主格)、动词不定式、动名词等充当,说明动作是“谁”发出的。如:The painter painted a very nice picture. (画家画了一幅漂亮的画。) / They fought against SARS bravely. (他们勇敢地与非典搏斗。) / To see is to believe. (耳听为虚眼见为实). / Helping animals is to help people. (帮助动物就是帮助人类。)

(2)动词不定式或动名词做主语时可用it代替,而不定式或动名词移至表语或宾语之后。如:It is very comfortable to have a Class A seat during the long journey. (在长途旅行中能有个甲等座位简直太舒服了。) / Eating too much is bad for your health.(=It is bad for your health eating too much.) (吃得太多对你的身体不利。)

(3)口语中常见主语或“主--系”省略:(It is) nothing. ((那)没有什么。)/ (It) doesn’t matter. ((那)没有关系。) / (I) thank you. ((我)谢谢你。)

(4)反意问句的附加问句,主语必须是代词:The man looks worried,doesn’t he? (这个人看上去很着急不是吗?) / Tigers are dangerous animals, aren’t they? (老虎是危险的动物不是吗?)

(5)祈使句一般省略主语。加主语时往往用来指定某个人。Keep the keyboards clean, children. (孩子们请保持键盘的清洁。) (省略了主语) / You go there and fetch me a glass of water. (你去给我弄一杯水来。)

(6)主语一般在句首,但在问句中会处于第二位和句尾;倒装句及there be句型主语在动词之后。

如:Computers are made in this factory. (计算机生产于这家工厂。) / Where are they? (他们在哪儿?) / Does the boy like staying home? (这个男孩喜欢呆在家里吗?)

(7)主语与谓语必须保持单、复数的一致, 而谓语与表语或宾语之间没有这一要求。Neither Jim nor Rose has passed the exam. (Jim和Rose都没有通过考试。) / The Chinese people are a hardworking and brave people. (中华民族是一个勤劳勇敢的民族。)

(8)主语可以由从句充当,详见“主语从句”。

2、谓语:

(1)由“不及物动词”、“及物动词+宾语”或“系动词+表语”等构成,说明主语所表示的人物“干什么”或“怎么样”。如:

He travelled in space for the first time.(他首次在太空旅行。) / Who teaches you English this year?(今年谁教你们的英语?) / The pizza has gone bad. (那块烤馅饼已经变坏。) /

(2)谓语动词必须反映出人称、单复数、时态等信息,谓语动词往往由下列词语依序排列构成:[情态动词]+[时态助动词]+[语态助动词]+[主要动词](不一定全部出现)。(见动词的时态和语态构成表) 记住:谓语部分第一个动词往往是变形动词。如:

I am sorry I am making so much noise but I have to. (对不起我发出了太大的声音但是只能这样。) / He can’t have finished reading the 800-page-long novel. (他不可能读完了那本长达800页的小说。) / Something must be done to stop the fowl flu from spreading out. (该采取措施防止禽流感蔓延。)

(3)谓语动词切忌用“行为动词1 + 原形动词”、“be + 原形动词”。

记住使用下列正确形式:

①情态动词+原形动词。如:You’d better go over the lesson.(你最好复习这一课。)

②shall/ will/ would+原形动词。如:They should have been there once.(他们应该去过那儿。)

③be+现在分词或者过去分词。如:What are you doing this evening?(今晚你打算做什么?)/ Many trees have been cut down since 1970s.(自从20世纪70年代大批树木被砍伐。)

④have+过去分词。如:Many trees have been cut down since 1970s.(意思同上)

⑤一般时问句和否定句中:do/does/did+原形动词。如:He does not enjoy himself very much.(他日子过的不好。)/ Did any of you see dinosaur eggs?(你们当中有谁见过恐龙蛋吗?)⑥行为动词1+行为动词2 (不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词等形式)。如:He made up his mind to be a vet.(他拿定主意要做个兽医。)/ Feeling good about yourself is essential to feeling good about life.(自尊自爱是享受生活的根本。)/ They wake up the other family members, calling,“Merry Christmas!”(他们叫醒家庭的其他成员,呼喊着:圣诞快乐!)/ The kings of ancient Egypt had strong tombs built for themselves.(古代的埃及国王让人给他们自己修建坚固的坟墓。)

(4)不可用形容词、名词、代词、副词、介词短语等独立作谓语,必须在此之前加连系动词。

(5)谓语动词单复数形式:单数形式的动词有:is,was,has,does以及“动词+s”;复数形式的动词有:are,were,have以及动词原形。其他动词不分单、复数。

谓语部分第一个动词的形式

单数形式

复数形式

一般现在时be(是)动词;

现在某些时态和语态的助动词be

am (单一); are (单二); is (单三);

are

一般过去时be(是)动词;

过去某些时态和语态的助动词be

was (单一); were (单二); was;(单三)

were

一般现在时have(有)动词;

现在完成时态的助动词have

have (单一); have (单二); has (单三);

have

一般现在时行为动词和助动词do

do (单一、单二); does (单三)

do

实意动词和连系动词的一般现在时动词(否定和疑问句除外)

原形动词(单一、单二); 动词+s /es (单三)

原形动词

其他各时态语态的谓语动词

单复数形式相同

记住:主语、谓语单复数必须保持一致。(参见“4、名词或代词作主语时和谓语之间的单复数的一致问题:”) Air and water is necessary to us all.(空气和水对于我们大家是必不可少的。)

(6)一般问句和反意问句的回答不使用行为动词,应该使用“是”动词、情态动词、助动词(be,will,have,do以及变形)。如:The Olympic Games is held every other year, isn’t it? ----Yes, it is.(奥运会每两年举办一次,是吗?----是的。)

3、宾语:

(1) 由名词、代词(人称代词要用宾格)、不定式、动名词、(宾语)从句充当,表示动作的承受者是“谁”或者是“何物”。如: The angel also came to Joseph and told him the same thing.(那个天使同样来到约瑟夫面前并且告诉他同样的事情。)(代词和名词充当两个宾语) / He told me that the company could not afford to pay him so much money.(他告诉我说公司付不起他那么多的钱。)(不定式作宾语) / They enjoy watching football games so much that they often forget their lessons.(他们如此喜爱看足球以至于常常忘记了他们的功课。)(动名词作宾语) / I think to be a children’s doctor is very rewarding.(我认为当个儿童医生是很值得的。)(从句作宾语)

(2) 只有及物动词或介词才有宾语,不及物动词没有宾语,如果涉及到事物,则必须在不及物动词后面加合适的介词。Listen to the radio. (listen不是及物动词,故加to。) / Can you hear anything exciting?(你能听到什么令人兴奋的消息吗?)

(3) 宾语一般放在及物动词或介词的后面,但是在疑问句中,如果宾语是疑问词,则宾语要放在句首。介词的宾语如果是疑问词,则可以放在介词后或句首。如:What did he see? (他看见了什么?) / What does he write a letter with? (他用什么写的信?) / With what does he write a letter? (他用什么写的信?)

(4)“动词+副词+宾语”结构中,如果宾语是代词,则代词必须放在“动”“副”之间。如:Please put the shoes away. (请把鞋子收起来。) / Please put away the shoes. (请把鞋子收起来。) / Please put them away. (请把它们收起来。)

(5) 动词后面跟双宾语时可以采用两种结构:

①动词+间接宾语(人)+直接宾语(物)。如:He often gives me some help. (他常常帮我。)

②动词+直接宾语+介词+间接宾语。注意,一般情况介词用to,但动词是make, buy, borrow时,介词用for.如: Please make me a kite. (请给我做个风筝。)或Please make a kite for me.

(6) 在“动词+宾语+宾补”结构中,如果宾语是不定式、动名词、宾语从句,则常用it做形式宾语,而将实际的宾语移到补语后面去。如:I found the job rather difficult. (我发觉这个工作相当难做。) / I found it rather difficult to do the job.

(7) 宾语可以由从句充当,详见“宾语从句”。

4、表语:

(1) 说明主语的身份、性质、状况等含义的成分,通常由形容词、副词、介词短语、名词、代词等充当。如:He became a doctor after he left high school.(高中毕业他当上了医生。) / The rubber wheels are over there.(橡胶轮子在那边。) / He does not feel like eating anything today because he has caught a bad cold.(他今天不想吃任何东西因为他得了重感冒。) / Who is it?(谁呀?)

(2) 表语只能放在连系动词(如:be,look,become,turn get,grow,feel,seem) 之后,对表语进行提问的句子除外。

(3) 代词做表语一般用主格,口语中常用宾。如:It’s I. (It’s me.)是我。

(4) 只能作表语的形容词有:sorry,afraid,alone,asleep,awake,ill,well,sure,interested等等。He was terribly sorry for his carelessness.(他很为他的粗心而歉疚。) / Please make no noise here; the baby is asleep.(请不要发出响动,婴儿正熟睡呢。) / I am only interested in sitting in a boat and doing nothing at all!(我只是对独坐孤舟无所事事感兴趣。) / I am not alone in thinking so.(并非只有我才这样想的。)

(5) 表语也可以由从句充当,详见“表语从句”。

5、定语:

(1) 修饰名词或代词的成分,常由形容词、名词(含所有格)、代词(物主、指示、疑问、不定)、介词短语、不定式(短语)充当,在初三阶段还学习了定语从句做定语的知识。如:Put it in the top drawer.(把它放在最上层的抽屉里。) / France and Switzerland are European countries. (法国和瑞士是欧洲国家。) / His mother and father are both college teachers.(他的父母都是大学教师。) / This is the day that I can never forget in my life.(这是我一辈子难忘的日子。)

(2) 单词做定语时一般放在被修饰的名词前面,而且有一定的次序:

冠词/

物代/

年龄/形状/

大小/温度

色彩

来源

质地/

材料

目的/

用途

被修饰的名词(中心词)

a

the

my

his

old,young,…

red,

yellow,

blue,

Chinese,

English,

American,

wooden,

woolen,

glass,

silk,

paper

meeting,

tennis,

sports,

reading,

swimming,

box,

shoes,

room,

pig

long,short,

round, square…

big, large,

small, little…

hot, cold,

warm, cool…

(3) 时间副词(now,then,today,yesterday,...)、地点副词(here,there,back,in,out,home,...作定语时放在被修饰的名词后面。如:I could not find my way out, so I stayed there all along. (我找不到出去的路,所以就一直呆在那儿。)

(4) 介词短语修饰名词时只能放在名词的后面:The monkey in the cage was caught yesterday. (笼子里的猴子是昨天逮着的。)

(5) 形容词修饰复合不定代词时,往往后置。如:He remembered everything unusual. (他记得所有不寻常的事情。)

(6) 定语还可以用从句充当,详见定语从句。

(7) 注意:由于定语属于修饰性的成分,因此它常归入主语、宾语、表语之中,不作为句子的主要成分。

6、状语:

(1) 说明动作“何时”、“何地”、“如何”发生,或者说明形容词或副词的程度,一般由副词、介词短语、不定式、状语从句等充当。如:I was not born yesterday.(我又不是昨天才出世的娃娃。)/ For many of these families a college education was something new.(对其中的许多家庭来说,大学教育是件新事物。)/ He woke up to find his house on fire.(他醒来发现房子着火了。) / You cannot leave until your work is finished.(在你的工作被完成以前你不能离开)

(2) 副词作状语位置较为灵活;介词短语作状语,位置基本固定;不定式作状语,一般表示目的、结果;从句作状语.

(3) 多个状语相连时,一般先单词、后短语,先地点、后时间,先小概念、后大概念。如:He went ouf of the room at a quarter to 23:00 last night and then disappeared into the dark.(他昨夜22点3刻从房间里出来,然后消失在黑暗之中。) /

(4) 状语还可以用从句来充当,有时间状语从句、地点状语从句、原因状语从句、目的状语从句、结果状语从句、比较状语从句、让步状语从句、条件状语从句等。详见“状语从句”。

(5) 注意:由于状语属于修饰性的成分,常归入谓语,因此不作为句子的主要成分。

7、宾语补足语:

(1) 补充说明宾语的动作、状态的成分为宾语补足语,常由名词、形容词、动词非谓语形式(不定式、现在分词、过去分词等)、介词短语等充当。如:Call him Jim, please. (请叫他Jim。) / I tried my best to make him happy. (我竭尽所能让他开心。) / Ask her to come to dinner tomorrow. (请他明天来。) / He let the smaller animals bring food to him. (他让小动物们给他带食物来。)

(2) 部分表示位置、方向的副词也可以作宾语补足语。如:Let him in, I tell you! (我跟你说,让他进来!)/ Please put it away. (请把它收起来。)

(3) 不定式或分词作宾语补足语

语法缩略语

英文语法名称缩略1 语法成分:grammatical elements 1.1词素:morpheme 1.2.词:word 1.3.短语:phrase 1.4.分句:clause 1.5.句子:sentence 2.动词的种类:type of verb 2.1.动词的特征: 2.1.1时态的变化tense, 2.1.2.语态的变化voice,语态voice:分为主动语态action voice和被动语态passive voice 2.1.3语气的变化mood.大致分为三类: 2.1. 3.1.陈诉语气indicative mood 2.1. 3.2.祈使语气imperative mood 2.1. 3.3.虚拟语气subjunctive mood. 2.2动词的分类 2.2.1.限定动词finite verb和非限定动词non-finite verb 2.2.1. 1.限定动词有时态的变化,并且要在人称和数上与主语保持一致。

2.2.1.2.非限定动词指-ing分词(-ing participle,-ing分词分为动名词gerund 和现在分词present participle)、-ed分词(-ed participle)和动词不定式(infinitive),它们不受时态、人称、数和语气的影响。 2.2.2.主动词main verb(也称实义动词lexical verb/notional verb)和助动词auxiliary verb(又可以分为基本助动词primary auxiliary;情态助动词modal auxiliary) (情态动词modal verb属于助动词。) 2.2. 3.连系动词linking verb和及物动词transitive verb和不及物动词intransitive verb 2.2.4.状态动词stative verb和动态动词dynamic verb 2.3.动词的基本句型(有五种) SVCs:主语+连系动词+主语补足语 SV:主语+不及物动词

初二英语语法总结

初二英语语法总结 1) leave的用法 1.“leave+地点”表示“离开某地”。例如: When did you leave Shanghai? 你什么时候离开上海的? 2.“leave for+地点”表示“动身去某地”。例如: Next Friday, Alice is leaving for London. 下周五,爱丽斯要去伦敦了。 3.“leave+地点+for+地点”表示“离开某地去某地”。例如: Why are you leaving Shanghai for Beijing? 你为什么要离开上海去北京? 2) 情态动词should“应该”学会使用 should作为情态动词用,常常表示意外、惊奇、不能理解等,有“竟会”的意思,例如:How should I know? 我怎么知道? Why should you be so late today? 你今天为什么来得这么晚? should有时表示应当做或发生的事,例如: We should help each other.我们应当互相帮助。 我们在使用时要注意以下几点: 1. 用于表示“应该”或“不应该”的概念。此时常指长辈教导或责备晚辈。例如: You should be here with clean hands. 你应该把手洗干净了再来。 2. 用于提出意见劝导别人。例如: You should go to the doctor if you feel ill. 如果你感觉不舒服,你最好去看医生。 3. 用于表示可能性。should的这一用法是考试中常常出现的考点之一。例如: We should arrive by supper time. 我们在晚饭前就能到了。 She should be here any moment. 她随时都可能来。 3) What...? 与 Which...? 1. what 与 which 都是疑问代词,都可以指人或事物,但是what仅用来询问职业。如:What is your father? 你父亲是干什么的? 该句相当于: What does your father do?

英语语法、句式、简单句子结构(透彻分析)

LESSON ONE 句子的三种模式 导言本课的重点是掌握英语的三种基本句型,注意词性和词序,以及定语的位置,同时注意中英文表达上的相同和不相同的地方。三种基本句型虽然简单,但至关重要。掌握好它们,在今后的学习中有一通百通之效。 其实英语只有三种基本句型 ▲主+系动词+表 词序 1 主语 2 系动词 3 表语 即句子的用于连接主语表示主语身份、状态以及主体和表语所处的位置 词性* 名词 代词 Be (is, am, are) * 名词形容词 介词+* 名词(介词短语) 注:*注意该结构中的名词,它们能被定语修饰。 1 这个人是一个老师。The man is a teacher. 主语系表语主语系表语(名词) 2 他(是)很忙。He is busy. 主语系表语主语系表语(形容词)▲注意中文中的系动词经常被省略,而英文中绝不能省。

3 她(是)在教室里。She is in the classroom. 主语系表语主语系表语(介词短语) ▲定语只修饰名词,不破坏句子的基本结构。通常由形容词和介词短语充当,形容词放在所修饰的名词之前,而介词短语放在所修饰的名词之后,请注意英语与汉语词序的不同。看懂中文的定语是翻译好定语的关键。 介词短语 4 幸福是太多和太少之间的一站。--- 英国法学家波洛克 介词短语 Happiness i s a station between too much and too little . -----------Pollock, British jurist 形容词介词短语 5 高个子的男人是从英国来的老师。

形容词介词短语 The tall man is a teacher from England. 介词短语形容词 6. 她在二楼的小教室里。 形容词介词短语 She is i n the small classroom on the second floor. The teacher in the classroom is handsome. My book is o n the deskin the classroom. 表语(介词短语)定语(介词短语)She is in the small classroom on t he second floor.

英语语法 句子成分分析

知识精讲 一、整体把握 成分用法说明位置 主语是执行句子的行为或动作的主 体。 陈述句中放在句首或谓语之前;疑问句或倒装句 中放在动词、助动词、情态动词之后;there be结 构中放在be之后;祈使句中常省 谓语对主语加以陈述,说明主语怎 么样或是什么。必须由动词担 任,其人称和数必须和主语一 致。 通常在主语后(疑问句、倒装句除外)。 表语与系动词连用,一起构成复合 谓语,说明主语的性质、特征、 身份、类别、状态等。 常在系动词之后。 宾语表示动作、行为的对象。一般放在及物动词或介词后。间接宾语通常放在直接宾语之前。直接宾语是人称代词,间接宾语是名词或两个宾语都是人称代词时,间接宾语放在直接宾语之后,并在间接宾语前加to或for。 定语用来修饰名词或代词,说明人 或物的状态、品质、数量及所 属等。 单个词常在被修饰的词前,短语或句子在被修饰 的词之后;副词作定语常放在被修饰的伺候;形 容词修饰不定代词放在被修饰的伺候。 状语修饰动词、形容词、副词,表 示动作发生的时间、地点、目 的、方式等。 位置比较灵活。 补语补充说明宾语或主语的成分。宾语补足语通常置于宾语之后,主语补足语通常置于主语和谓语之后。 同位语对句子中某一成分作进一步解 释、说明,与前面的被修辞成 分在语法上处于同等地位。 常常置于被说明的成分之后。有时可以放在句子 的前面(主语之前),尤其是主语为人称代词时, 为平衡句子的节奏,则把同位语放置于此代词前。 独立成分独立成分是指句子里的一个词 或词组与全局没有语法上的联 系,不属于句子的组成部分; 一般由感叹语、呼语或插入语 等担任。 可放在句首、句中或句末。 二、细讲:主语 表现形式例句

大学英语语法结构分析

大学英语第三册语法结构分析 (译部分) 1.发言人明确表示总统在任何情况下都不会取消这次旅行。 The spokesman made it clear that the president would not 主谓语 Cancel (the trip) under any circumstances. 介状 2. 我们相信他所说的,因为他受过良好的教育,出身于受人尊敬的家庭,更重 要的是他为人可靠。 We believ e what he has said , because he is well-educated , comes 主谓主 from a respectable familly and what’s more , he is reliable. 3. 随后后发生的那些事件证明了我的猜疑是对的。 The subsequent events confirmed my suspicions once again. 谓 4. 在赛后举行的记者招待会上,这位足教练因该队表现不佳而向球迷们致歉。 At the press conference held after the game , the football coach apologized to the fans for his team’s poor performance. 5. 令我们吃惊的是,这位常被赞为十分正直的州长竟然是一个贪官。 To our surprise, the governor who had often been praised for his honesty tur ned out to be a corrupt official. 谓语 6. 有少数人得到了提升,在这同时却有数万个人被解雇。 A few workers were promoted , but meanwhile hundreds of workers were dismissed. 7. 如果有机会,约翰也许已成为一位杰出的画家。 Given the chance , John might have become an outstanding painter.

章振邦《英语语法教程》教学大纲

《英语语法》教学大纲 课程编号:2152102 课程类别:专业课 学时:32 学分: 适用专业:英语专业一年级 先修课程:无 一、课程性质、目的和任务 > 《英语语法》为英语专业基础课,英语语法根据英语专业人才培养的要求,旨在对学生进行英语语法基本理论和基本技能的教育和培养。通过本课程的学习,学生应具有基本的理论知识和应用能力,了解英语语法的一些基本知识与概念,了解英语语言的原理、规则与特点,熟练掌握常用的语法知识,语法体系,具备进一步学习英语语言与英语高级语法的基础,并能够在英语口语、阅读、写作、翻译等实际应用中正确使用英语。 课程任务是帮助学生重点掌握英语语法的核心项目,提高学生在上下文中恰当运用英语语法的能力和运用英语的准确性,使学生对英语语法有一个比较系统的了解并借助英语语法知识解决英语学习过程中的有关问题。 二、课程教学内容、要求 1.课程教学内容 语法层次;句子结构;主谓一致;名词和名词词组及属格;限定词;代词;动词和动词词组;动词的时和体;将来时间表示法;被动态;虚拟式;助动词;不定式;分词;独立结构;比较等级和比较结构;并列结构;从属结构;关系分句;倒装;省略;替代;语篇衔接 2. 课程教学要求: 1).精讲多练,注重实践2).以学生为中心组织教学3).注意培养语篇水平上应用语法知识的能力。 导论:语法层次

第1讲:句子结构 第2、3讲:主谓一致 第4、5讲:名词、名词词组和名词属格 第8、9讲:代词

~ 第10讲:动词和动词词组 第11、12讲:动词的时和体 ¥ 第13讲:将来时间表示法 第14、15讲:被动态 ^ 第16讲:虚拟式

英语语法大全 句子成分分析

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英语语法基本句子结构 语法是对现成语言中规则的归纳和总结,以便学习者更快模仿掌握一门外语。所以语法知识很重要,你不能用汉语的语法规则来造英语的句子,那样懂英语的人读不懂,同样不懂英语的语法规则也绝对读不懂英语短文。 不同词类的单词,按照一定的语法规则组合在一起,能够表达一个完整意思的语言单位叫句子,一个句子由各种功能不同的部分组成,这些部分叫做句子成分。 一个句子一般由两部分组成:主语部分和谓语部分。根据各个句子成分在句子中所起得作用,可分为主语、谓语或谓语动词、宾语、表语、定语、补语、状语等。 主语 全句述说的对象,常由名词、代词、名词性短语或分句充当,一般置于句首。下面依次举例: Walls have ears. Football is my favorite. Three plus four equals seven. 谓语或谓语动词 说明主语的动作或状态,主要一般又实义动词或者系动词担任,助动词和情态动词加其他动词的适当形式充当,一般置于主语之后。 They should have finished their work. The chance may never come again.

注意:英语中最基本的原则就是:一句话,只能有一个谓语动词 宾语 宾语表示动作的对象,是动作的承受者。宾语一般放在及物动词之后。英语介词后也会跟宾语。可作宾语的有名词,代词,数词,动名词等,不定时式也可做及物动词的宾语。下面依次举例:She refused to read that terrible book. We haven’t seen her for a long time. He needs a new dictionary. 表语 表述主语的身份、状态、特征,常由名词、代词、形容词、副词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语或分句充当。置于联系动词之后。联系动词一般有be,become,turn,get,grow,seem.,appear,look,sound,smell,feel 等。 My father is a professor. The milk has turned sour. Everything here is dear to her. 定语 是修饰名词或代词的词,短语或从句。作定语的有名词,形容词,数词,分词机器短语,不定式及其短语,介词短语以及定语从句等。下面依次举例:

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