心理学专业英语总结(完整)

随意传阅?顺颂试安 注释：1?“ * ”在书上是黑体字，但感觉不重要背了也没什么卵用

2?“ ”背景色项表示答案恰好有三项，可能出选择

3. 人名已加黑，可能连线或选择

4. 每章节的末尾有方便记忆的单词表(只包括这篇总结中出现的关键单词)

5. 方便理解记忆，已在各项下方注明中文释义

6?“，”大部分都是作为点之间的分割，类似于逗号，前后不连成句子

Chapter 1 ------ P erspectives in psychology 心理学纵览

Section 1: Approaches to psychology 心理学入门

What is psychology? 心理学是什么

Defin iti ons: The scie ntific study of behaviour and men tal processes.

定义：对行为和心理过程的科学研究

Psychology come from: ① philosophy,② biology ③ physics.

心理学来源于：哲学、生物学和医学

When: 1879 as a separate scientific discipline.

形成于：1879年，作为独立学科

History (develop): structuralism, functionalism,

psychoanalysis, behaviourism, cognitive psychology, approach, biological approach.

历史发展：结构主义，机能主义，精神分析，行为主义，认知，人本主义，生理。 The psychoa nalytic approach to psychology

精神分析理论 Origins & history: Sigmund Freud , unconscious mental causes, treat as the causes of mental disorders,

theory. 历史来源：弗洛伊德提出潜意识心理动机，把它视为心理疾病的原因，并建立理论。

Assumpti ons: uncon scious processes, psychic determ ini sm, hydraulic drives, psychody namic con flict,

developme nt.

假设：潜意识过程，精神决定论，驱力(攻击、性)，心理动力冲突，发展阶段

Methods of in vestigati on: case study (method), free associati on (tech), dream an alysis (tech).

研究方法：个案研究方法，自由联想技术，梦的解析技术 *Areas of expla nati on: pers on ality developme nt, moral/ge nder developme nt, aggressi on, abn ormality, memory. 可解释领域：人格发展，道德 /性别发展，攻击性，异常，记忆

*Weaknesses: unrefutable, theoretically unscientific.

缺点：不可被其他事件驳斥，因此理论不具科学性

The behaviourist approach to psychology 行为主义理论

Origins & history: Joh n Wats on , empiricism, lear ning.

历史来源：华生，经验主义，学习

Assumpti ons: behaviour is lear ned from the environment, only observable behaviour should be studied.

心理学专业英语总结

HXY

huma ni stic

built up an stages of

假设：行为来源于环境，研究可观察的行为

*Areas of expla nati on: Ian guage acquisiti on, moral developme nt, attract ion, abno rmality.

可解释领域：语言习得，道德发展，吸引，异常

The huma ni stic approach to psychology 人本主义理论

Origins & history: conscious free will, aimed to investigate all the uniquely human aspects of experienee, Maslow and self- actualise, Carl Rogers and client-centred therapy.

历史来源：自由意志，人类特有的经验，马斯洛的自我实现，罗杰斯的来访者中心疗法

Assumptions: study human not other animal, must be meaningful to human, study internal experience and free will, study the in dividual case, studied in their environmen tal con text.

假设：关于人的观点必须出于对于人的研究，研究应对人类有用，研究内部体验和自由意志，研究个案，研究应在具体环境下

Areas of expla nati on: pers on ality/self ide ntity, motivati on, abno rmality.

可解释领域：人格/自我认同，动机，异常

The cog nitive approach to psychology 认知主义理论

Origi ns and history: computer, i nformati on processors ‘internal men tal processes.

历史来源：计算机，类比人脑为信息加工者，内部心理过程。Jerome Brun er

*Areas: memory, perception, attention, artificial intelligence, social cognition, cognitive development.

可解释领域：记忆，知觉，注意，人工智能，社会认知，认知发展

*Practical applicati ons: memory, educati on, therapy, pers on ality assessme nt.

实践应用：记忆，教育，治疗，人格测评

The biological approach to psychology 生理心理学

Roger Sperry 罗杰?斯佩里

*Areas of expla nati on: gen der developme nt, aggressi on, abno rmality, memory, motivatio n, aware ness.

可解释领域：性别发展，攻击性，异常，记忆，动机，意识

*Practical applicati on: localisati on of function, therapy.

实践应用：功能定位说，治疗

The reducti onism debate in psychology 关于还原论的争论

1. Reductionism 还原论

Assumptions: explaining a phenomenon by breaking it down into its constituent parts and then analysing it. 假设：通过将现象拆分成组成部分并分析的方法解释现象

Again st:① oversimplificati on ② value of expla nati on ③ validity of reducti oni sm.

反对理由：过度简化，解释的价值(细节/有用性)，效度

2. Holism & In teractio nism 整体论(与互动论)

Assumptions: the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. 假设：整体优于部分

*Examples: huma ni stic psychology, social psychology, psychoa nalysis, abno rmal psychology, percepti on.

例子：人本，社会，精神分析，变态，知觉

Again st: practical difficulty, ig nore the huge in flue nce of biology, lack the predictive power.

反对理由：难于实践研究，忽略生理影响，缺乏预测力

The nature-nurture debate in psychology 先后天之争

1. Nature先天遗传决定论

Approach: ①roots of the approach(nativist philosophy, biology, evolutionary theory) 理论根源

②causes of behaviour (gen etic determ inism, in herited in flue nce, maturati onal bluepri nt, n eurochemical

and hormo nal in flue nces, brain activity)(基因、遗传、个体成熟、神经化学与荷尔蒙的影响和大脑活动。)

③methods (ge ne mapp ing, twin/adopti on study, brain sca nning, brain stimulati on /damage study, drug test)

④implicatio ns (behaviour can only be cha nged through physical means) 启示

⑤criticisms (reduct ioni st, n eglect environmen tal in flue nces) 过于简单，忽视环境对人行为的影响

②causes of behaviour (blank slate at birth, experienee, learning from environment) 源于经验和环境学习

③methods (classical and opera nt con diti oning tech niq ues, man ipulati on of social environment)

研究方法(经典条件反射、操作性条件反射，改变社会环境)

④implicatio ns (An ybody could be trained to do anything) 启示

⑤criticisms (reductio nist, neglect inn ate in flue nces) 过于简单，忽视遗传因素在人行为中的作用

3. Both

*Areas of expla nati on: perceptio n, aggressi on, sex-role behaviour, abno rmality, la nguage acquisiti on.

可解释领域：知觉，攻击性，性别角色行为，异常，语言获得

*ln teract ion examples: percepti on, cog nitive developme nt, abno rmality, sex-role behaviour.

交互作用举例：感知觉，认知发展，行为异常，性别角色行为

*The sta nding of the differe nt: biopsychology, psychoa nalysis, cog nitive psychology, huma ni sm, behaviourism.

二者在心理学中作用：生理心理学，精神分析，认知，人本，行为

The freewill vs. Determi nism debate in psychology 自由意志理论与决定论之争

1. Freewill

Assumptions: humans are free to choose their behabiour, self-determining, soft determinism( William James ).

假设：人类可以自由选择行为，人本质上是自我决定的，软决定论

Again st: difficult to defi ne, evide nce is mostly subjective, be in compatible with the determ ini stic assumpti ons of scie nee. 反对理由：很难定义，证据主观，与决定论的科学性不匹配

2. Determinism

Assumpti ons: every physical event is caused, future eve nts are en tirely predictable, emphasis on causal laws. 假设：所有物理事件都是被引起的，未来事件完全可以预测，注重因果法则

Idiographic vs. Nomothetic approaches to psychology 心理学特殊规律与一般规律

1. Nomothetic approach 一般规律研究法

Definitions: The approach of investigating large groups of people to try to find general laws of behaviour that apply to everyone.定义：通过调查大群体的人，试图找到适用于每个人的普遍行为规律的研究方法。

Methods: large scale experime nts 研究方法：大样本实验

2. Idiographic approach 特殊规律研究法

Definitions: The approach of investigating individuals in personal,in-depth,detail to achieve a unique understanding of them.定义：通过对个体进行单个的、深入的、详细的调查，以得出关于他们的独特的理解的研究方法。

Methods: case study method(flexible, long term, detailed procedures) 研究方法：个案研究(灵活，长期，详细程序)

Disadva ntage: cannot gen eralise, un reliable, un scie ntific. 缺点：(不能归纟纳，信度低，不科学)

Section 2: Con troversies in psychology 心理学争论

Psychology and scie nee 心理学与科学 Psychology has come under attack as being a pseudo scienee, ande has been dismissed by some as noting more than com mon sen se. Reas ons:① Everybody is a n atural psychologist themselves. ‘ Oh, I knew that all along ' ② Most complex subject, so many variables.

③ With many philosophical, practical, and ethical problems.

心理学被称伪科学被误解的原因： 1?每个人都是朴素心理学家，当提出观点时，大多数人感觉自己一直都知道

2?学科复杂，变量多

3?由于有哲学、实践和伦理问题而受到围攻

A scienee consists of various components: ① a subject matter ② good theories and hypotheses ③ scientific methodology 科学的构成因素：研究对象、良好的理论和研究假设、科学方法论

The scie ntific method:

Within a paradigm Hypotheses are derived From theories To be tested in scientific ways Against the world/reality To support or refute those theories

科学的研究方法：范式 T 假设推导 T 理论 T 用科学方法检测 T 与事实相比较 T 支持或反驳这理论

Kuhn used paradigm" to describe this shared set of ①assumptions ② methods ③ terminology.

库恩用“范式”来描述：假设、方法和术语

Paradigms go through 3 historical stages: ① pre-scienee ② normal scienee ③ revolution.

范式的三个历史性阶段：前科学时期，常规标准科学，科学革命时期

The theories themselves should provide gen eral laws or prin ciples to fulfill the aims of scie nee:

① understanding ②prediction ③ control

理论本身应当提供一般性的法则或原理，以实现科学的三项目标一一理解、预测和控制

Theories should provide un dersta nding by :① being orderly ② intern ally con siste nt ③ parsi monious ④ ture 理论应当具有可理解性：有序性，内在一致性，简约型，准确性

Gen der bias in psychological theory and research

心理学理论和研究中的性别偏见 Examples: moral developme nt, i nterpers onal relati on ships, childcare, socialisati on

举例：道德发展，人际关系，儿童照料，社会化 Types: theory bias, report ing bias, researcher bias, methodological bias. 种类：理论偏见，报告偏见，研究者偏见，方法论偏见

Theoretical bias: a bias(exaggerate), 3 bias(minimise).

理论偏见：a 偏见夸大了男女差异，B 偏见缩小了男女差异

Reporting bias: interpretation of results, selection of material to be published, use of results.

报告偏见：结果解释，对要发表出版的资料的挑选，对研究结果的应用

Researcher bias: lack of researchers, nature of researchers ① investigate stereotypical differences ② do not investigate importaant issues to women ③ perpetuate biased ideas).

研究者偏见：缺乏研究者，研究者特性(研究刻板模式差异而不是真正差异，

不调查女性重要问题， 永久偏见观) Cultural bias in psychological theory and research 心理学理论和研究中的文化偏见

范式 理论

HYPOTHESIS

THEOPY HYPOTHESIS

1 | HVPQTHESlS TESTING 实际检验

REAUTY

：IENTIHCMETHODOLOG

科学方法论

假设

支持/推翻 FROM WHICH □ATAhS GATHERED

Examples: social in flue nee, in terpers onal relati on ships, help ing behaviours, abno rmality, psychometric test ing.

举例：社会影响，人际交往，助人行为，异常，心理测试

*Types: theory bias, report ing bias, researcher bias, methodological bias.

种类：理论偏见，报告偏见，研究者偏见，方法论偏见（同上）

*Report ing bias: in terpretati on of results, select ion of material to be published, use of results. |

报告偏见：结果解释，对要发表出版的资料的挑选，对研究结果的应用（同上）

*Researcher bias: lack of researchers, n ature of researchers （至U此同上）（① ignore cultural in flue nces and perpetuate the

stereotypes ②cross-cultural differences or similarities）.

研究者偏见：缺乏研究者，研究者特性（研究刻板模式差异而不是真正差异，不调查女性重要问题，永久偏见观）

Con troversial applicati ons of psychology-psychometric test ing 有争议的心理学应用--- 心理测验

Con troversial aspects of psychometric testi ng: 心理测试有争议的方面

①Is the test fairly con ducted? 测试是否公平进行

②Is the test fairly constructed? 测试是否公平建构

（validity, reliability, sta ndardisatio n, discrim in atory power. ）信度，效度，标准化，区分度

③Is the test tech nically sou nd? 测试是否技术合理

④Are the test results properly used and applied? 测试结果是否正确应用

“A nation of morons 'Gould （1982）古尔德 --- "白痴的国家”

*What was wrong with Yerkes 'findings: methodological problems, interpretation of findings errors,negative implications of faulty con clusi ons.

Yerkes哪错了：方法论问题，对结果的错误解释，错误结论的消极含义

Con troversial applicati ons of psychology-advertis ing 有争议的心理学应用--- 广告

Two main routes to persuasi on: the cen tral route, the peripheral route.

说服的两种主要途径：直通途径，边缘途径

Con troversial applicati ons of psychology-the psychology of warfare 有争议的心理学应用---- 战争心理学

Propaga nda is similar to advertis ing in its: 宣传与广告相似处

①use of biased, one-sided communication 对于偏见与片面信息的使用

②objective of changing behaviour and attitudes 目的是改变行为和态度

③use of emotion and occasional disregard for logical analysis | 运用情感和偶然的忽视逻辑分析

Propaga nda is differe nt to advertis ing in its: 宣传与广告不同处

①political ideas and information are what is bought' 政治观点是关于 "购买”的是什么

② a more complete and general behaviour and attitude change is sought 目标：较为完整通用的行为态度转变

③being more socially sanctioned, use more bias and deception 为获得更多社会认可，使用更多的偏见与欺骗