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CQA and biosimilar cases

CQA and biosimilar cases
CQA and biosimilar cases

Short paper

The role of the quality assessment in the determination of overall biosimilarity:A simulated case study exercise

Martin Schiestl a ,*,Jing Li b ,Arpah Abas c ,Antonio Vallin d ,Jennifer Millband e ,Kai Gao f ,Jeewon Joung g ,Stefanie Pluschkell h ,Thomas Go i ,Hye-Na Kang j

a

Sandoz GmbH,Biochemiestrasse 10,6250Kundl,Austria b

Shanghai CP-Guojian Pharmaceutical Co.,Ltd,China c

National Pharmaceutical Control Bureau,Ministry of Health Malaysia,Jalan University,Malaysia d

Centre of Molecular Immunology,Cuba e

Hospira,Australia f

National Institute for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC),China g

Korea Food and Drug Administration,Republic of Korea h

P ?zer Inc.,USA i

Health Products Regulation Group (HPRG),Singapore j

World Health Organization,Switzerland

a r t i c l e i n f o

Article history:

Received 22January 2013Received in revised form 22November 2013

Accepted 25November 2013Keywords:Biosimilar

Similar biotherapeutic products WHO

Xiamen case study Quality assessment

a b s t r a c t

A determination of biosimilarity is based on a thorough characterization and comparison of the quality pro ?les of a similar biotherapeutic product and its reference biotherapeutic product.Although the general principles on the role of the quality assessment in a biosimilar evaluation are widely understood and agreed,detailed discussions have not been published yet.We try to bridge this gap by presenting a case study exercise based on ?ctional but realistic data to highlight key principles of an evaluation to determine the degree of similarity at the quality level.The case study comprises three examples for biosimilar monoclonal antibody candidates.The ?rst describes a highly similar quality pro ?le whereas the second and third show greater differences to the reference biotherapeutic product.The aim is to discuss whether the presented examples can be quali ?ed as similar and which additional studies may be helpful in enabling a ?nal assessment.The case study exercise was performed at the WHO imple-mentation workshop for the WHO guidelines on quality assessment of similar biotherapeutic products held in Xiamen,China,in May 2012.The goal was to illustrate the interpretation of the comparative results at the quality level,the role of the quality assessment in the entire biosimilarity exercise and its in ?uence on the clinical evaluation.This paper re ?ects the outcome of the exercise and discussion from Xiamen.

ó2013The International Alliance for Biological Standardization.Published by Elsevier Ltd.All rights

reserved.

1.Introduction

The comparison of different quality attributes of the similar biotherapeutic product (SBP)candidate and its reference bio-therapeutic product (RBP)plays a pivotal role in the assessment for overall biosimilarity.In essence,the ranges of all quality attributes of the SBP candidate and its RBP need to be compared and any differences identi ?ed should be evaluated for their potential impact on safety and ef ?cacy.Based on the degree of similarity achieved at the quality level,the nonclinical and clinical parts of the

development program can be appropriately designed.While the concept of the comparison at the quality level is well described in the WHO guidelines [1],any evaluation based on detailed analytical results may exhibit its unique challenges.To the knowledge of the authors,no detailed assessment for biosimilarity at the quality level has been published up to now.The examples presented herein demonstrate a comprehensive evaluation of multiple quality at-tributes,which is a typical feature in any evaluation for bio-similarity.This case study exercise was designed to bridge a gap in the literature and to allow a more comprehensive illustration of a biosimilarity assessment.The intention was also to create a training tool which is suitable for newcomers in the ?eld.

The case study data are ?ctional but realistic and represent typical cases which can happen in real life development of a SBP.

*Corresponding author.Tel.:t436648250506.

E-mail address:martin.schiestl@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/427758885.html, (M.

Schiestl).

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Biologicals

journal homepa ge:www.elsevie

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/427758885.html,/locate/biologicals

1045-1056/$36.00ó2013The International Alliance for Biological Standardization.Published by Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.https://www.sodocs.net/doc/427758885.html,/10.1016/j.biologicals.2013.11.009

Biologicals 42(2014)128e 132

They describe three different scenarios of a biosimilar monoclonal antibody (mAb)candidate which are assessed for biosimilarity.

Scientists from various health authorities and industry organi-zations from 19different countries coming from North and South America,Europe,Asia and Australia joined the case study exercise at the WHO workshop in Xiamen.Their expertise covered the quality,nonclinical and clinical parts of the development and regulation of biotherapeutic products.Individuals were assigned to different groups,which separately worked through the case study exercise.Subsequently,the outcome of each group was presented and discussed in the plenum with all participants.2.Case study exercise 2.1.Quality attributes

The case study examples describe the comparative analysis of a biosimilar mAb candidate with its RBP.The development of a bio-similar mAb can easily require the consideration of 50or more quality attributes.In order to keep the case study in a suitable size for the WHO workshop,a subset of 17illustrative quality attributes was chosen (see Figs.1e 3).Table 1summarizes these quality at-tributes and the methods used for their determination.They cover of attributes of glycosylation,physico-chemical modi ?cations and different biological functions.It is well known that the glycosyla-tion of the Fc domain in an IgG1type mAb may have an impact on the Fc functionality and is therefore potentially relevant for mAbs targeting membrane bound targets [2].A prominent example in this context is the correlation between the non-fucosylated G0glycan and the antibody dependent cytotoxicity (ADCC)in some

mAbs [3,4].An example chromatogram of the glycan mapping used for the quantitative determination of the N-glycans is shown in Fig.4and the peak labels are listed in Fig.5accordingly [5].N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NGNA)was selected as an attribute that is considered as a risk factor for immunogenicity [6],although low levels in currently marketed products have been acceptable and not associated with untoward clinical outcome.The predominant sialic acid made by human cells is N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA)whereas mammalian cell lines used for manufacturing synthesize NANA and also some amount of NGNA which is the reason for the discussion of its potential contribution to immunogenicity in humans.In the case study,NGNA content is stated as the relative percentage of NGNA as part of the total sialic acid content,which consists of the sum of NANA,NGNA and other sialic acids.

Deamidation,oxidation,formation of dimers and higher ag-gregates are common degradation pathways [7]which are also assumed for the case study as stability relevant quality attributes under real time storage conditions.The level of deamidation and oxidation is stated as the amount of modi ?ed amino acid most susceptible to deamidation and oxidation and which therefore serves as a sensitive marker for these types of degradation events.

Dimers and aggregates are considered to have a potential to increase the risk of immunogenicity [8]and are typically rated as critical quality attributes which need to be tightly controlled.

The biological function of a mAb is primarily linked with its ability to bind the target with the complementary determining region (CDR).It is important to understand that the biological binding assays described below are very sensitive in comparing biologics (both RBP and SBP candidates as well as pre-and post-manufacturing change products).Clinical trials are much less

Quality attribute Product Min/max ranges Bar diagram

G0F-GlcNac

RBP A

SBP candidate 1

0.05 –0.3 %0.00 –0.2 %

G0 RBP A SBP candidate 1 1.2 –2.1 %

1.5 –

2.0 %G0F RBP A SBP candidate 120.3 –32.1 %25.3 –3

3.0 %Man5RBP A

SBP candidate 10.0 –0.9 %0.2 –0.5 %(1,6)G1F RBP A

SBP candidate 1 2.5 –4.1 %3.0 –3.9 %(1,3)G1F RBP A

SBP candidate 1 1.6 –2.3 %1.7 –2.2 %G2F RBP A

SBP candidate 110.5 –25.7 %11.0 –24.4 %G2FS1RBP A

SBP candidate 135.3 –39.1 %36.2 –38.5 %G2FS2RBP A

SBP candidate 111.4 –13.2 %11.4 –13.0 %NGNA RBP A

SBP candidate 1 3.3 –5.5 %1.1 –2.0 %Deamidation RBP A

SBP candidate 10.9 –2.4 %0.3 –1.5 %Oxidation RBP A

SBP candidate 1 1.2 –4.3 %1.0 –4.1 %Dimer RBP A

SBP candidate 10.0 –2.1 %0.0 –0.8 %Higher

aggregates RBP A

SBP candidate 10.0 –0.8 %0.0 –0.2%Binding assay RBP A

SBP candidate 191 –108 %93 –105 %CDA activity RBP A

SBP candidate 184 –110 %90 –111 %ADCC activity

RBP A

SBP candidate 1

75 –132 %82 –115 %

Fig.1.Quality attribute ranges of SBP candidate 1and RBP A,targeting a cell membrane bound target and where Fc functionality is an important part of the clinical mode of action.The lengths of the bars show the relative widths of the quality attribute ranges.For attributes,showing a black line on the left,this black line represents the point of origin (i.e.0%).

M.Schiestl et al./Biologicals 42(2014)128e 132129

Fig.2.Quality attribute ranges of SBP candidate 2and RBP A,targeting a cell membrane bound target and where Fc functionality is an important part of the clinical mode of action.

Quality attribute Product Min/max ranges Bar diagram

G0F-GlcNac

RBP B

SBP candidate 3

0.05 –0.3 %0.00 –0.2 %

G0 RBP B SBP candidate 3 1.2–2.1 %

1.5 –

2.0 %G0F RBP B SBP candidate 320.3 –32.1 %30.8 –38.9 %Man5RBP B

SBP candidate 30.0 –0.9 %0.2 –0.5 %(1,6)G1F RBP B

SBP candidate 3 2.5 –4.1 %5.2 –7.5 %(1,3)G1F RBP B

SBP candidate 3 1.6 –2.3 %3.0 –3.2 %G2F RBP B

SBP candidate 310.5 –25.7 %5.3 –7.2 %G2FS1RBP B

SBP candidate 335.3–39.1 %32.1 –34.5 %G2FS2RBP B

SBP candidate 311.4 –13.2 %9.7 –11.6 %NGNA RBP B

SBP candidate 3 3.3 –5.5 %3.8 –4.2 %Deamidation RBP B

SBP candidate 30.9 –2.4 %1.1 –1.6 %Oxidation RBP B

SBP candidate 3 1.2 –4.3 %1.0 –4.1 %Dimer RBP B

SBP candidate 30.0–2.1 %0.0 –0.8 %Higher

aggregates RBP B

SBP candidate 30.0 –0.8 %0.0 –0.2%Binding assay

RBP B

SBP candidate 3

91 –108 %93 –105 %

Fig.3.Quality attribute ranges of SBP candidate 3and RBP B,targeting a soluble target and where Fc functionality is believed to be not relevant for the clinical mode of action.

M.Schiestl et al./Biologicals 42(2014)128e 132

130

sensitive to resolve differences seen in binding assays.Documented differences in those assays are therefore better resolved during manufacturing process development of the product.The Fc region may also play an important role in mediating complement

dependent cytotoxicity (CDC)and both CDC and ADCC and can be part of the mode of actions for mAbs targeting cell membrane bound targets [2].

To simplify the case study,other quality attributes not listed above are assumed to be indistinguishable between the SBP candidate and the RBP.For example,the primary structure is identical and higher order structure is considered to be the same as measured by circular dichroism (CD)and nuclear magnetic reso-nance (NMR).The residual amounts of process related impurities such as host cell proteins,DNA,or toxic process reagents were con ?rmed to be compliant to available guidelines and represent low levels typical for today ’s state-of-the-art in manufacturing.2.2.Reference biotherapeutic products (RBPs)

The following assumptions are made for the RBPs used in the case study.

RBP A is a monoclonal IgG1type antibody used for treatment in oncology and autoimmune disorders.The mAb is designed to bind a cell surface receptor and subsequently triggers Fc mediated cell killing via CDC,ADCC and apoptosis.The treatment is highly effective,however,in some indications and patient populations,up to 20%of the patients develop neutralizing antibody against RBP A,resulting in a loss of ef ?cacy for those patients.The etiology or structure function relationships for this immunogenicity are not known.

RBP B is a monoclonal IgG1type antibody used for treatment of autoimmune disorders.

The mAb is designed to bind a soluble target,not found on cell surfaces.The mode of action consists of the binding and subsequent clearance of the soluble target.No Fc functionality has been observed as relevant for the in vivo activity.2.3.Similar biotherapeutic product (SBP)candidates

The case study describes three SBP candidates.Candidates 1and 2were both developed to be similar to RBP A and SBP candidate 3was developed in comparison to RBP B.For this exercise we assumed that the quality attribute ranges were generated from 10RBP and 10SBP candidate batches which were analyzed at various time points within their respective shelf life.2.4.Case study data and discussion

The groups at the WHO workshop evaluated whether the three candidates could be quali ?ed as SBPs at the quality level and how remaining questions could be addressed by further studies or by the nonclinical and clinical parts of the development program.

The evaluation for biosimilarity requires the review of multiple quality attributes at the same time,which may be impacted by the way such data are presented.Each method of presentation has its limitations which need to be considered.The chosen method for this case study allows a clear overview of many quality attribute ranges and their numerical minimum/maximum values simulta-neously.The bar diagrams alone can provide an illustration of how the ranges overlap,although they do not differentiate whether the overall ranges are very tight or broad in general.It is helpful for the biosimilar sponsor to analyze multiple batches of the RBP,if possible over several years,to monitor the accepted variability as approved by regulatory authorities.This variability re ?ects the batch to batch variation and also larger yet still acceptable changes [9]caused by e.g.process manufacturing changes that may happen in the lifetime of the RBP.If very few batches are analyzed then the acceptable range as a target for the SBP development can be very small in most instances and dif ?cult to match.Also the use of

Table 1

Overview of the quality attributes and analytical methods which were used for the case study exercise.Quality attribute Analytical methodology

N-Glycans as shown in Figs.4and 5Glycan mapping of enzymatically released and ?uorescence labeled glycans using hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC)N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NGNA)Weak anion exchange chromatography of enzymatically released and ?uorescence labeled sialic acids

Deamidation oxidation

Peptide mapping and quanti ?cation of lead peptides containing the amino acids known to be most susceptible for deamidation and oxidation

Dimers and aggregates Size exclusion chromatography

Binding

Functional cell based assay which measures the binding to the antibody target Complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC)Functional CDC assay Antibody dependent cell-mediated

cytotoxicity (ADCC)

Functional ADCC

assay

Fig. 4.Glycan mapping chromatogram of an IgG1type mAb using hydrophobic interaction liquid chromatography as shown and described in Ref.[5];Figure with kind permission from Springer Science and Business

Media.

Fig.5.Glycan labels.

M.Schiestl et al./Biologicals 42(2014)128e 132

131

statistical tools to estimate the actual distribution requires a suf?-cient amount of batch data.The bar diagrams represent quantita-tive data in which the actual numerical values must always be considered to allow an estimation of whether the quality attribute ranges are tight and may predominantly re?ect the analytical scatter,or whether the batch to batch variability is very wide.

SBP candidate1:Fig.1shows that most quality attributes of the SBP candidate1are within the variability of the RPB A and the differences in other attributes are small and do not affect the bioassay results.Therefore SBP candidate1is very likely to be quali?ed as highly similar justifying an abbreviated nonclinical and clinical program.The slightly lower levels in content of NGNA, deamidation and aggregates are rated positive as these product-related variants should be kept as low as possible.When looking at such data,the limits of the analytical methods should also be considered.For example,the range of0.3%e1.5%for the deami-dated variant appears very small and may therefore mainly re?ect the analytical variability of the method,which requires the quan-ti?cation of the deamidated peak in a peptide mapping chro-matogram.There are very few remaining uncertainties to evaluate thus justifying an abbreviated nonclinical and clinical program. Whether the immunogenicity rate of up to20%in the RBP A is caused by the NGNA and/or aggregated forms seems unlikely given their low levels in the product.Nonetheless,monitoring the immunogenicity could result in useful product knowledge with regard to the potential impact of NGNA content and aggregation on immunogenicity.One good approach for the clinical part of the development is to focus on a patient population known to be most sensitive for developing neutralizing antibodies(the least immu-nosuppressed patient population).Certainly,the immunogenicity pro?le needs to be considered when comparing in vivo PK pro?les.

SBP candidate2:The results presented in Fig.2reveal that nearly all quality attributes of SBP candidate2are within the variability of the RBP A with the exception of a much higher G0 content and a correspondingly four times larger ADCC activity. Given the knowledge that ADCC is an essential part of the mode of action,this candidate could be more potent but may also lead to more safety issues than the RBP A.With such a difference in this critical function,it is unlikely that further non-clinical in vivo studies could reduce the uncertainty of whether the observed dif-ference in the in vitro ADCC activity also correlates to the in vivo effect without substantial clinical trials.If this is the case,a stand-alone novel drug approach rather than biosimilar development would be more appropriate.The safety and ef?cacy of this candi-date may need to be evaluated for each indication independently from the RBP A.SBP candidate2may eventually result in a more effective product and it could be the case that this modi?cation in G0content was introduced by the manufacturer on purpose for exactly this reason thus justifying a novel drug development approach.Overall,it is more likely that SBP candidate2could lead to a new product rather than being biosimilar to the chosen RBP A.

SBP candidate3:The results of the similarity exercise listed in Fig.3reveal that SBP candidate3is different from its RBP B in the amount of most glycan structures,which may alter the Fc func-tionality and potentially also the PK pro?le.Overall,however,the qualitative glycosylation pro?le is the same as the RBP B,i.e.no new variants have been detected that are not also present in the RBP B. Differences are only found in the quantitative composition which are still“in sight”of the ranges found in the RBP B.This means that the ranges differ by a factor of up to2but not by an order of magnitude or more.Also the content of the high mannose glycan Man5,which may have an impact on clearance[10],and the other quality attributes including the biological activity are well within the range of the RBP B.The observed differences will certainly raise a higher regulatory scrutiny but given that Fc function is not likely relevant and the mechanism of action is less dependent on the glycosylation,SBP candidate3is most likely not excluded from the SBP pathway.

In order to evaluate if the differences in quality attributes are clinically meaningful or not,further bioactivity studies to assess the Fc functionality should be performed.This can be done by a full investigation of the physiological and biological function of the target molecule.This assessment may also provide additional con?rmation for the presence of the target as a soluble form only which is not found on cell surfaces.Another option would be to perform Fc re-ceptor binding studies.Evidences provided by such studies can also facilitate future developments of the product,e.g.as a SBP or in supporting extrapolation of clinical indications.Any impact of such larger differences in glycosylation on the PK/PD pro?les should be studied in the nonclinical setting prior to considering moving into the clinic.SBP candidate3may still have a chance to be quali?ed as a SBP,provided the further studies con?rm the absence of an impact of the observed differences on the functional properties.

3.Conclusion

The case study exercises,although abridged for their illustrative intent,demonstrate typical challenges when comparing the quality pro?les in a biosimilar exercise and also the variety of potential outcomes.Some key points are the evaluation of a multitude of different quality attributes at the same time,assessing the nu-merical ranges and also to evaluate remaining differences for their potential impact on safety and ef?cacy.

With regard to the ranges,the limitation and variability of the analytical methods should be taken into account.In many cases a differentiated evaluation of similarity is required as the ranges of the SBP candidate can be within those of the RBP,they can be overlapping,or different.These case study examples can be publi-cally discussed and used for the purpose of providing training on the approach of how to evaluate the level of biosimilarity at the quality level and which additional studies could be suggested to resolve remaining uncertainties.

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高考英语高难词汇

高考英语高难词汇表 1.alter v. 改变,改动,变更 2.burst vi.n. 突然发生,爆裂 3.dispose vi. 除掉;处置;解决;处理(of) 4.blast n. 爆炸;气流 vi. 炸,炸掉 5.consume v. 消耗,耗尽 6.split v. 劈开;割裂;分裂 a.裂开的 7.spit v. 吐(唾液等);唾弃 8.spill v. 溢出,溅出,倒出 9.slip v. 滑动,滑落;忽略 10.slide v. 滑动,滑落 n. 滑动;滑面;幻灯片 11.bacteria n. 细菌 12.breed n. 种,品种 v. 繁殖,产仔 13.budget n. 预算 v. 编预算,作安排 14.candidate n. 候选人 15.campus n. 校园 16.liberal a. 慷慨的;丰富的;自由的 17.transform v. 转变,变革;变换 18.transmit v. 传播,播送;传递 19.transplant v. 移植 20.transport vt. 运输,运送 n. 运输,运输工具 21.shift v. 转移;转动;转变 22.vary v. 变化,改变;使多样化 23.vanish vi. 消灭,不见 24.swallow v. 吞下,咽下 n. 燕子 25.suspicion n. 怀疑,疑心 26.suspicious a. 怀疑的,可疑的 https://www.sodocs.net/doc/427758885.html,d a. 温暖的,暖和的;温柔的,味淡的 28.tender a. 温柔的;脆弱的 29.nuisance n. 损害,妨害,讨厌(的人或事物) 30.insignificant a. 无意义的,无足轻重的;无价值的31.accelerate vt. 加速,促进 32.absolute a. 绝对的,无条件的;完全的 33.boundary n. 分界线,边界 34.brake n. 刹车,制动器 v. 刹住(车) 35.catalog n. 目录(册) v. 编目 36.vague a. 模糊的,不明确的 37.vain n. 徒劳,白费 38.extinct a. 绝灭的,熄灭的 39.extraordinary a. 不平常的,特别的,非凡的 40.extreme a. 极度的,极端的 n. 极端,过分 41.agent n. 代理人,代理商;动因,原因 42.alcohol n. 含酒精的饮料,酒精 43.appeal n./vi. 呼吁,恳求 44.appreciate vt. 重视,赏识,欣赏 45.approve v. 赞成,同意,批准 46.stimulate vt. 刺激,激励 47.acquire vt. 取得,获得;学到 48.accomplish vt .完成,到达;实行 https://www.sodocs.net/doc/427758885.html,work n. 网状物;广播网,电视网;网络 50.tide n. 潮汐;潮流 51.tidy a. 整洁的,整齐的 52.trace vt. 追踪,找到 n. 痕迹,踪迹 53.torture n./vt. 拷打,折磨 54.wander vi. 漫游,闲逛 55.wax n. 蜡 56.weave v. 织,编 57.preserve v. 保护,保存,保持,维持 61. abuse v. 滥用,虐待;谩骂 62. academic a. 学术的;高等院校的;研究院的 63. academy n. (高等)专科院校;学会 64. battery n. 电池(组) 65. barrier n. 障碍;棚栏

脐带干细胞综述

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