有关资本市场研究的若干英文文献(1)
有关资本市场研究的若干英文文献
主要包括
1952 Portfolio Selection；
1953 The Analysis Of Economic Time-Series-Part I-Prices；
1954 Existence Of An Equilibrium For A Competitive Economy；
1958 Liquidity Preference As Behavior Toward Risk；
1958 The Cost Of Capital, Corporation Finance And The Theory Of Investment；
1959 Portfolio Selection-Efficient Diversification Of Investments；
1959 Stock-Market Patterns And Financial Analysis-Methodological Suggestions；
1963 Corporate Income Taxes And The Cost Of Capital-A Correction；
1964 Capital Asset Prices-A Theory Of Market Equilibrium Under Conditions Of Risk；
1965 Proof That Properly Anticipated Prices Fluctuate Randomly；
1965 Random Walks In Stock Market Price；
1965 Security Prices, Risk, And Maximal Gains From Diversification；
1965 The Behavior Of Stock Market Prices；
1966 Equilibrium In A Capital Asset Market；
1966 Forecasts Of Future Prices, Unbiased Markets, And Martingale Models；
1969 Lifetime Portfolio Selection Under Uncertainty-The Continuous-Time Case；
1969 The Adjustment Of Stock Prices To New Information
1970 Efficient Capital Markets-A Review Of Theory And Empirical Work；
1972 The Efficient Market Model；
1973 An Intertemporal Capital Asset Pricing Model；
1973 Risk Aversion And The Martingale Property Of Stock Prices；
1973 The Pricing Of Options And Corporate Liabilities；
1973 Theory Of Rational Option Pricing；
1974 On The Pricing Of Corporate Debt-The Risk Structure Of Interest Rates；
1975 On The Difference Between Internal And External Market Efficiency；
1975 The Efficient Market Hypothesis And The Value Of Traditional Security Analysis；
1975 Warrant Price Movements And The Efficient Market Model；
1976 Efficient Capital Markets-Comment；
1976 Efficient Capital Markets-Reply；
1976 Optimal Speculation Against An Efficient Market；
1976 The Arbitrage Theory Of Capital Asset Pricing；
1978 Asset Prices In An Exchange Economy；
1978 Some Practical Applications Of The Efficient-Market Concept；
1979 An Intertemporal Asset Pricing Model With Stochastic Consumption And Investment Opportunities；
1979 Option Pricing-A Simplified Approach；
1979 Testing For A Flat Spectrum On Efficient Market Price Data；
1979 The Peter Principle And The Efficient Market Hypothesis；
1979 The Sensitivity Of The Efficient Market Hypothesis To Alternative Specifications Of The Market Model;
1980 Back On The Track With The Efficient Markets Hypothesis；
1980 Inside Information, Market Information And Efficient Markets；
1980 On The Impossibility Of Informationally Efficient Markets；
1981 An Integrated View Of Tests Of Rationality, Market Efficiency, And The Short-Run Neutrality Of Monetary Policy；
1981 Investing With Ben Graham-An Ex Ante Test Of The Efficient Markets Hypothesis；
1981 Testing The Efficiency Of The Canadian-U.S. Exchange Market Under The Assumption Of No Risk Premium；
1981 The Speculative Efficiency Hypothesis；
1983 A Relationship Between Regression Tests And V olatility Tests Of Market Efficiency；
1983 Arbitrage, Factor Structure, And Mean-Variance Analysis On Large Asset；
1984 Efficient Markets And The Professional Investor；
1984 Stock Market Panics-A Test Of The Efficient Market Hypothesis；
1985 An Intertemporal General Equilibrium Model Of Asset Prices；
1986 Informational Efficiency And Information Subsets；
1986 Noise；
1986 The Efficient Market Hypothesis On Trial；
1988 Permanent And Temporary Components Of Stock Prices；
1989 Efficient Capital Markets And Martingales;
1990 Habit Formation-A Resolution Of The Equity Premium Puzzle；
1990 Predicting Stock Returns In An Efficient Market；
1990 Price Reversals, Bid-Ask Spreads, And Market Efficiency；
1991 Efficient Capital Markets-II；
1992 Financial Market Efficiency Tests；
1992 The Cross-Section Of Expected Stock Returns；
1993 A Test Of Efficiency For The S&P Index Option Market Using Variance Forecasts；
1993 Common Risk Factors In The Returns On Stocks And Bonds；
1993 Privileged Traders And Asset Market Efficiency-A Laboratory Study；
1993 Returns To Buying Winners And Selling Losers-Implications For Stock Market Efficiency；1993 Stock Markets V olatility Efficiency And Tests-A Survey；
1994 Behavioral Capital Asset Pricing Theory；
1994 Internal Versus External Capital Markets；
1995 Measurement Of Market Integration And Arbitrage；
1996 Evaluating Fund Performance In A Dynamic Market；
1996 Multifactor Explanations Of Asset Pricing Anomalies；
1996 The Spirit Of Capitalism And Stock-Market Prices；
1997 Anomalies-The Equity Premium Puzzle；
1997 Empirical Performance Of Alternative Option Pricing Models；
1997 Market Efficiency, Long-Term Returns, And Behavioral Finance；
1997 Measuring The Efficiency Of Capital Allocation In Commercial Banking；
1997 Stock Market Efficiency And Economic Efficiency-Is There A Connection；
1997 The Limits Of Arbitrage；
1998 Market Efficiency, Long-Term Returns, And Behavioral Finance；
1998 Nonparametric Efficiency Testing Of Asian Stock Markets Using Weekly Data;
2000 Information, Nonexcludability, And Financial Market Structure；
2000 Is The Stock Market Overvalued；
2000 Rational Markets-Yes Or No-The Affirmative Case；
2000 The Efficient Market Hypothesis；
2001 A Surprising Development-Tests Of The Capital Asset Pricing Model And The Efficient Market Hypothesis In Turkey'S Securities Markets；
2002 Market Timing And Capital Structure；
2003 A Survey Of Behavioral Finance；
2003 Modeling And Forecasting Realized V olatility；
2003 The Efficient Market Hypothesis And Its Critics；
2004 The Capital Asset Pricing Model-Theory And Evidence；
2004 The Efficiency Of Canadian Capital Markets-Some Bank Of Canada Research；
2005 Are Emerging Financial Markets Efficient-Some Evidence From The Models Of The Thai Stock Market；
2005 Reflections On The Efficient Market Hypothesis-30 Years Later；
2006 A Dynamic Characterization Of Efficiency；
2006 An Alternative Definition Of Market Efficiency And Some Comments On Its Empirical Testing；2006 An Empirical Test Of The Efficiency Hypothesis On The Renminbi Ndf In Hong Kong Market；2006 Simulating Stock Returns Under Switching Regimes-A New Test Of Market Efficiency；
2007 On The Importance Of Clean Accounting Measures For The Tests Of Stock Market Efficiency；2007 Weak Form Efficiency In Indian Stock Markets；
2008 A Note On The Use Of Moving Average Trading Rules To Test For Weak Form Efficiency In Capital Markets；
2008 Measuring The Functional Efficiency Of Capital Markets；
2008 Testing Downside Risk Efficiency Under Market Distress；
2009 Empirical Evidence On Indian Stock Market Efficiency In Context Of The Global Financial Crisis；
2009 Testing The Predictability And Efficiency Of Securitized Real Estate Markets；
2009 Testing The Semi-Strong Form Efficiency Of Indian Stock Market With Respect To Information Content Of Stock Split Announcement-A Study In It Industry
1外文文献翻译原文及译文汇总
华北电力大学科技学院 毕业设计（论文）附件 外文文献翻译 学号：121912020115姓名：彭钰钊 所在系别：动力工程系专业班级：测控技术与仪器12K1指导教师：李冰 原文标题：Infrared Remote Control System Abstract 2016 年 4 月 19 日
红外遥控系统 摘要 红外数据通信技术是目前在世界范围内被广泛使用的一种无线连接技术，被众多的硬件和软件平台所支持。红外收发器产品具有成本低，小型化，传输速率快，点对点安全传输，不受电磁干扰等特点，可以实现信息在不同产品之间快速、方便、安全地交换与传送，在短距离无线传输方面拥有十分明显的优势。红外遥控收发系统的设计在具有很高的实用价值，目前红外收发器产品在可携式产品中的应用潜力很大。全世界约有1亿5千万台设备采用红外技术，在电子产品和工业设备、医疗设备等领域广泛使用。绝大多数笔记本电脑和手机都配置红外收发器接口。随着红外数据传输技术更加成熟、成本下降，红外收发器在短距离通讯领域必将得到更广泛的应用。 本系统的设计目的是用红外线作为传输媒质来传输用户的操作信息并由接收电路解调出原始信号，主要用到编码芯片和解码芯片对信号进行调制与解调，其中编码芯片用的是台湾生产的PT2262，解码芯片是PT2272。主要工作原理是：利用编码键盘可以为PT2262提供的输入信息，PT2262对输入的信息进行编码并加载到38KHZ的载波上并调制红外发射二极管并辐射到空间，然后再由接收系统接收到发射的信号并解调出原始信息，由PT2272对原信号进行解码以驱动相应的电路完成用户的操作要求。 关键字：红外线；编码；解码；LM386；红外收发器。 1 绪论
中英文论文参考文献标准格式 超详细
超详细中英文论文参考文献标准格式 1、参考文献和注释。按论文中所引用文献或注释编号的顺序列在论文正文之后，参考文献之前。图表或数据必须注明来源和出处。 （参考文献是期刊时，书写格式为： [编号]、作者、文章题目、期刊名（外文可缩写）、年份、卷号、期数、页码。参考文献是图书时，书写格式为： [编号]、作者、书名、出版单位、年份、版次、页码。） 2、附录。包括放在正文内过份冗长的公式推导，以备他人阅读方便所需的辅助性数学工具、重复性数据图表、论文使用的符号意义、单位缩写、程序全文及有关说明等。 参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下： [M]--专著,著作 [C]--论文集(一般指会议发表的论文续集，及一些专题论文集，如《***大学研究生学术论文集》[N]-- 报纸文章 [J]--期刊文章：发表在期刊上的论文，尽管有时我们看到的是从网上下载的（如知网），但它也是发表在期刊上的，你看到的电子期刊仅是其电子版 [D]--学位论文：不区分硕士还是博士论文 [R]--报告：一般在标题中会有"关于****的报告"字样 [S]-- 标准 [P]--专利 [A]--文章：很少用，主要是不属于以上类型的文章 [Z]--对于不属于上述的文献类型，可用字母"Z"标识，但这种情况非常少见 常用的电子文献及载体类型标识： [DB/OL] --联机网上数据(database online) [DB/MT] --磁带数据库(database on magnetic tape) [M/CD] --光盘图书(monograph on CDROM) [CP/DK] --磁盘软件(computer program on disk) [J/OL] --网上期刊(serial online) [EB/OL] --网上电子公告(electronic bulletin board online) 很显然，标识的就是该资源的英文缩写，/前面表示类型，/后面表示资源的载体，如OL表示在线资源 二、参考文献的格式及举例 1．期刊类 【格式】[序号]作者.篇名[J].刊名,出版年份,卷号(期号)起止页码. 【举例】 [1] 周融，任志国，杨尚雷，厉星星.对新形势下毕业设计管理工作的思考与实践[J].电气电子教学学报，2003(6):107-109. [2] 夏鲁惠.高等学校毕业设计(论文)教学情况调研报告[J].高等理科教育,2004(1):46-52. [3] Heider, E.R.& D.C.Oliver. The structure of color space in naming and memory of two languages [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1999, (3): 62 67. 2．专著类
英文文献翻译
中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离，该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好，但是其需要消耗大量的时间，并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时，这些问题显得更加突出。近年来，几种制备系统已经进行了改进，能将分离时间减少到1-3h，并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥（使用薄层色谱分析进行分析）。在这些方法中，在我们的实验室中，媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近，我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术，可用于反应产物的常规提纯，我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等（ΔR f≥），而且构建这个系统花费非常低，并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础，专门针对快速分离，介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的，优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本，放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内，使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间（r）和峰宽（w,w/2）的比率进行测定的（Figure 1），结果如图2-4所示，图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。
外文文献及翻译
外文文献及翻译 题目：利用固定化过氧化氢酶 回收纺织品漂染的废水 专业食品科学与工程 学生姓名梁金龙 班级B食品072 学号0710308119 指导教师郑清
利用固定化过氧化氢酶回收纺织品漂染的废水 Silgia A. Costa1, Tzanko Tzanov1, Filipa Carneiro1, Georg M. Gübitz2 &Artur Cavaco-Paulo1,? 1纺织工程系, 米尼奥大学, 4810吉马尔, 葡萄牙 2环境生物技术系, 格拉茨技术大学, 8010格拉茨, 奥地利 ?作者联系方式(Fax: +351 253 510293; E-mail: artur@det.uminho.pt) 关键词：过氧化氢酶的固定化，酶稳定，过氧化氢，纺织印染 摘要 过氧化氢酶固定在氧化铝载体上并用戊二醛交联，在再循环塔反应器和CSTR反应器中研究贮存稳定性，温度和pH值对酶的活性。固定化酶的在的活性维持在44％，pH值11（30?C），对照组是活性为90％，pH值7（80?C），过氧化氢酶固定化的半衰期时间被提高到2小时（pH12，60?C）。用过氧化氢漂白织物后，洗涤过程中的残留水被固定化酶处理，可以用于再次印染时，记录实验数据。 1 序言 由于新的法规的出台，从生态经济的角度来看（Dickinson1984年），对于纺织行业中存在的成本和剩余水域的污染问题，必须给予更多的关注。过氧化氢是一种漂白剂，广泛应用于工业纺织工艺（Spiro & Griffith1997年）。在去除H2O2时，会消耗大量的水和能源（Weck 1991, St?hr & Petry 1995），以避免对氧气敏感的染料（Jensen 2000）产生后续问题。过氧化氢酶可用于降低过氧化氢的含量（Vasudevan & Thakur 1994, Emerson et al. 1996），从而减少水分消耗或方便回收印染洗涤液。过氧化氢酶的使用主要问题出在漂白时温度和清洗液碱度过高。以前，我们试图通过筛选新的嗜热嗜碱的微生物（Paar et al. 2001）或使用不同的酶稳定剂（Costa et al. 2001）来解决此问题。但是染料与蛋白质之间的潜在相互作用（Tzanov et al. 2001a, b）表明，可溶性过氧化氢酶的使用是不恰当的。固定化过氧化氢酶的使用还有一种选择(Costa et al. 2001, Amar et al. 2000)。在这项研究中，我们对氧化铝进行共价固定并使用戊二醛作为交联剂，这种方法在商业中得到验证。本项研究的目的就是探讨过氧化氢酶的固定化动力学，及其稳定性和工艺条件，这将使我们能够应用此系统，以处理可能被用于清洗染色的反复使用的酒。 2 材料和方法 2.1 酶 Terminox（EC1.11.1.6），50L以上，由AQUITEX- Maia提供，葡萄牙产。 2.2 过氧化氢酶的固定化 取Al2O3颗粒或薄片（Aldrich），直径分别为3和7毫米，在45摄氏度下，先经浓度4%的γ-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(Sigma)烷基化，再放入丙酮中浸泡24小时。用蒸馏水洗涤硅烷化载体后，放入浓度为2％戊二醛水溶液中室温下浸泡2小时（Aldrich），重复清洗一次并在60?C下干燥1小时。取五克的烷基化载体，室温24?C下浸泡在25毫升粗酶制剂中（Costa et al. 2001）。得出，每克Al2O3
英文文献译文word版
资产重估或减值准备：了解占固定资产在Release 12 布赖恩·刘易斯 eprentise 介绍 显著的变化在财务报告的要求已经改变的固定资产核算框架公司。国际财务报告准则（IFRS）要求的固定资产进行初步按成本入账，但有两种会计模式-成本模式计量的重估模式。那么，有什么区别，当你应该考虑升值与减值？没有R12带给固定资产哪些重要变化？ 国际财务报告准则和美国公认会计准则报告的甲骨文?电子商务套件但很显然，美国证券交易委员会（SEC）将不会要求美国公司使用国际财务报告准则在不久的将来，大多数玩家在资本市场倾向于认为它是不可避免的，将国际财务报告准则最终成为美国的财务报告环境的更显著的部分。这实际上是对发生的程度，超过400基于在美国以外的全球企业都被允许提交美国证券交易所（SEC）的财务报告（10K和10Q -通常被称为年度/季度财务报告）。为海外谁也不在美国的证券交易委员会提交的公司，国际财务报告准则正在成为金融世界标准报 告。对于谁住在多个资本市场运作的公司，有可能实际上是一个双重报告要求国际财务报告准则和美国公认会计原则（公认会计原则）的财务报表。与11i版，随后与12版时，Ora cle?电子商务套件（EBS）添加功能让用户生活在两个国际财务报告准则和美国公认会计准则的世界。这两个报告之间的差异框架是广泛的，但对于本白皮书的目的，我们将专注于固定资产中核算EBS -特别是资产重估或减值。
根据美国公认会计准则，固定资产乃按历史成本，然后以折旧出售或剩余价值。如果有某些迹象表明固定资产的变现价值造成负面改变，则该资产写下来，损失记录。这被称为减值。根据国际财务报告准则，财务报表发行人有权选择成本模式（这是大多数方面的选项类似美国公认会计原则机型）或重估模式（其中有没有下的并行报告美国公认会计原则）。根据重估模式，固定资产可定期写入，以反映公平市场价值- 这是专门美国公认会计原则和美国证券交易委员会的权威所禁止的东西。本白皮书的平衡都将与美国公认会计原则下，专注于固定资产重估及减值国际财务报告准则。在此之前潜水深入到这个问题，它通过R12的与固定的新特性列表来运行是非常有用的资产。 在12版的新功能和变更功能的固定资产 神谕 ? 电子商务套件（EBS）R12有许多有用的新功能，其中许多以固定发了言资产，包括： ? 明细分类账会计（SLA）的体系结构- Oracle资产管理系统完全与SLA 集成，允许 为一个单一的交易或商业活动的多个会计交涉。
毕业论文英文参考文献与译文
Inventory management Inventory Control On the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion. The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility. Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored: First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments . Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field of
计算机网络-外文文献-外文翻译-英文文献-新技术的计算机网络
New technique of the computer network Abstract The 21 century is an ages of the information economy, being the computer network technique of representative techniques this ages, will be at very fast speed develop soon in continuously creatively, and will go deep into the people's work, life and study. Therefore, control this technique and then seem to be more to deliver the importance. Now I mainly introduce the new technique of a few networks in actuality live of application. keywords Internet Network System Digital Certificates Grid Storage 1. Foreword Internet turns 36, still a work in progress Thirty-six years after computer scientists at UCLA linked two bulky computers using a 15-foot gray cable, testing a new way for exchanging data over networks, what would ultimately become the Internet remains a work in progress. University researchers are experimenting with ways to increase its capacity and speed. Programmers are trying to imbue Web pages with intelligence. And work is underway to re-engineer the network to reduce Spam (junk mail) and security troubles. All the while threats loom: Critics warn that commercial, legal and political pressures could hinder the types of innovations that made the Internet what it is today. Stephen Crocker and Vinton Cerf were among the graduate students who joined UCLA professor Len Klein rock in an engineering lab on Sept. 2, 1969, as bits of meaningless test data flowed silently between the two computers. By January, three other "nodes" joined the fledgling network.
英文文献及中文翻译
毕业设计说明书 英文文献及中文翻译 学院：专 2011年6月 电子与计算机科学技术软件工程
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英语毕业论文引用和参考文献格式
英语毕业论文引用和参考文献格式 英语专业毕业论文引用和参考文献格式采用APA格式及规。 一、文中夹注格式 英语学位论文引用别人的观点、方法、言论必须注明出处，注明出处时使用括号夹注的方法（一般不使用脚注或者尾注），且一般应在正文后面的参考文献中列出。关于夹注，采用APA格式。 （一）引用整篇文献的观点 引用整篇文献（即全书或全文）观点时有两种情况： 1.作者的姓氏在正文中没有出现，如： Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (Taylor, 1990). 2. 作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现，如： Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing (1990). 3. 如果作者的姓氏和文献出版年份均已在正文同一句中出现，按APA的规不需使用括号夹注，如： In a 1990 article, Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing. 4. 在英文撰写的论文中引用中文著作或者期刊，括号夹注中只需用汉语拼音标明作者的姓氏，不得使用汉字，如：(Zhang, 2005) （二）引用文献中具体观点或文字 引用文献中某一具体观点或文字时必须注明该观点或者该段文字出现的页码出版年份，没有页码是文献引用不规的表现。 1.引用一位作者的文献 （1）引用容在一页，如： Emily Bronte “expressed increasing hostility for the world of human relationships, whether sexual or social” (Taylor, 1988：11). （2）引用容在多页上，如： Newmark (1988：39-40) notes three characteristically expressive text-types: (a) serious imaginative literature (e.g. lyrical poetry); (b) authoritative statements (political speeches and documents, statutes and legal documents, philosophical and academic works by acknowledged authorities); (c) autobiography, essays, personal correspondence (when these are personal effusions).
变电站_外文翻译_外文文献_英文文献_变电站的综合概述
英文翻译 A comprehensive overview of substations Along with the economic development and the modern industry developments of quick rising, the design of the power supply system become more and more completely and system. Because the quickly increase electricity of factories, it also increases seriously to the dependable index of the economic condition, power supply in quantity. Therefore they need the higher and more perfect request to the power supply. Whether Design reasonable, not only affect directly the base investment and circulate the expenses with have the metal depletion in colour metal, but also will reflect the dependable in power supply and the safe in many facts. In a word, it is close with the economic performance and the safety of the people. The substation is an importance part of the electric power system, it is consisted of the electric appliances equipments and the Transmission and the Distribution. It obtains the electric power from the electric power system, through its function of transformation and assign, transport and safety. Then transport the power to every place with safe, dependable, and economical. As an important part of power’s transport and control, the transformer substation must change the mode of the traditional design and control, then can adapt to the modern electric power system, the development of modern industry and the of trend of the society life. Electric power industry is one of the foundations of national industry and national economic development to industry, it is a coal, oil, natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power and other energy conversion into electrical energy of the secondary energy industry, it for the other departments of the national economy fast and stable development of the provision of adequate power, and its level of development is a reflection of the country's economic development an important indicator of the level. As the power in the industry and the importance of the national economy, electricity transmission and distribution of electric energy used in these areas is an indispensable component.。Therefore, power transmission and distribution is critical. Substation is to enable superior power plant power plants or power after adjustments to the lower load of books is an important part of power transmission. Operation of its functions, the capacity of a direct impact on the size of the lower load power, thereby affecting the industrial production and power consumption.Substation system if a link failure, the system will protect the part of action. May result in power outages and so on, to the production and living a great disadvantage. Therefore, the substation in the electric power system for the protection of electricity reliability,
英文文献及其翻译
步进电机的知识 什么是步进电机： 步进电机是一种把电脉冲转化为角位移的执行机构。通俗的说：当驱动程序收到一个步进脉冲信号，将驱动步进电机轴旋转一个固定的角度（步进角）。您可以通过控制脉冲个数来控制角位移，从而达到准确定位的目的;同时，你可以通过控制脉冲频率来控制电机的旋转速度和加速度，实现速度控制的目的。 步进电机的种类： 步进电机分为三种：永磁式（PM），反应式（VR）和混合式（HR）永磁式步进电机一般为两相，转矩和体积较小，步进角一步7.5度或15度;反应式一般有三相可以实现大转矩输出，步进角一般是1.5度，但噪声和振动大。在欧洲和美洲80个国家已被淘汰;混合式步进是混合了永磁式和反应的优势。它由两相和五相：一般两相的步距角是1.8度，而的五相步距角为0.72度。是使用最广泛的的步进电机。 步进电机允许的最高表面温度 步进电机温度过高首先会的磁性材料退磁，导致转矩降低甚至失步，电机表面温度允许的最大值取决于的磁性材料退磁点;一般来说，磁性材料退磁点在摄氏130度以上有些材料甚至高达摄氏200度高，所以步进电机表面温度在摄氏80-90度是正常的。 步进电机精度为多少？是否累积 一般步进电机的精度为步进角的3-5%，且不累积 如何确定步进电机驱动器直流电源 A.电压确定 混合式步进电机驱动器的电源电压范围较广（比如IM483的供电电压12?48VDC），电源电压通常根据电机的转速和响应要求来选择。如果要求较快的运行速度较高的响应速度就选用较高的电压，但注意电源电压的峰值不能超过驱动器的最大输入电压，否则可能会损坏驱动器。 B.电流确定 电源电流一般根据输出相电流I来确定。如果采用线性电源，电源电流一般可取I的1.1?1.3倍;如果采用开关电源，电源电流一般可取I的1.5?2.0倍。 步进电机的主要特性 在步进电机关机时要确保没有脉冲信号，当电机运行时 如果加入适当的脉冲信号，它会转过一定的角度（称为步距角是）。转速与脉冲频率成正比。 2龙式步进电机步距角7.5度，旋转360度，需要48个脉冲来完成。 3步进电机具有快速启动和停止的优良特性。 4只要改变脉冲，可以很容易地改变电机轴旋转的方向。 因此，目前的打印机，绘图仪，机器人设备以步进电机作为动力核心。 步进电机控制的例子 我们以四相单极步进电机为例： 四个相绕组引出四个相和两个公共线（连接到正极）。一相接地。会被激发，。我们使用四相八拍控制，即第1阶段第2阶段交替反过来，会提高分辨率。步距角0.9°，可以转移到控制电机励磁是为了转移如下： 如果电机反转的要求，传输的激励信号可以逆转的。2控制方案 控制系统框图如下
英文文献1 翻译
目录 1.理论............................................... - 2 - 2.实施............................................... - 3 - 3. 范例.............................................. - 4 - 4.变化和扩展......................................... - 6 - 4.1 利用梯度方向，以减少参数...................... - 6 - 4.2 Hough变换的内核............................... - 6 - 4.3Hough曲线变换与广义Hough变换.................. - 6 - 4.4 三维物体检测（平面和圆柱）.................... - 6 - 4.5 基于加权特征.................................. - 7 - 4.6 选取的参数空间................................ - 7 - 4.6.1 算法实现一种高效椭圆检测................ - 8 - 5.局限性............................................. - 8 - 6. 参见.............................................. - 8 - 参考文献............................................. - 9 - 附件: ............................................... - 10 -
论文参考文献英文字母意义
J——期刊文章 N——报纸文章 M——专著 更多请看下面： 参考文献（即引文出处）的类型以单字母方式标识，具体如下： M——专著C——论文集N——报纸文章J——期刊文章D——学位论文R——报告S——标准P——专利A——文章 对于不属于上述的文献类型，采用字母“Z”标识。 常用的电子文献及载体类型标识： 〔DB/OL〕——联机网上数据(database online) 〔DB/MT〕——磁带数据库(database on magnetic tape) 〔M/CD〕——光盘图书(monograph on CDROM) 〔CP／DK〕——磁盘软件(computer program on disk) 〔J／OL〕——网上期刊(serial online) 〔EB/OL〕——网上电子公告(electronic bulletin board online) 参考文献著录格式 1 期刊作者.题名［J］.刊名，出版年，卷(期)：起止页码 2 专著作者.书名［M］.版本(第一版不著录).出版地：出版者，出版年.起止页码 3 论文集作者.题名［C］.//编者.论文集名.出版地：出版者，出版年. 起止页码 4 学位论文作者.题名［D］.保存地点：保存单位，年份 5 专利文献题名［P］.国别，专利文献种类，专利号.出版日期 6 标准标准编号，标准名称［S］ 7 报纸作者.题名［N］.报纸名，出版日期(版次)
8 报告作者.题名［R］.保存地点：年份 9 电子文献作者.题名［电子文献及载体类型标识］.文献出处，日期 二、文献类型及其标识 1.根据GB3469 规定 ①期刊［J］ ②专著［M］ ③论文集［C］ ④学位论文［D］ ⑤专利［P］ ⑥标准［S］ ⑦报纸［N］ ⑧技术报告［R］ 2.电子文献载体类型用双字母标识，例如： ①磁带［MT］②磁盘［DK］③光盘［CD］④联机网络［OL］ 3.电子文献载体类型的参考文献类型标识方法为：［文献类型标识/载体类型标识 例如：①联机网上数据库［DB/OL］②磁带数据库［DB/MT］③光盘图书［M/CD］④磁盘软件［CP/DK］⑤网上期刊［J/OL］⑥网上电子公告［EB/OL］
博物馆 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献
第一篇： 航空博物馆与航空展示公园 巴特罗米耶杰·基谢列夫斯基 飞翔的概念、场所的精神、老机场的建筑---克拉科夫新航空博物馆理性地吸取了这些元素，并将它们整合到一座建筑当中。Rakowice-Czyzyny机场之前的旧飞机修理库为新建筑的平面和高度设定了模数比例。在此基本形态上进一步发展，如同裁切和折叠一架纸飞机，生成了一座巨大的建筑。其三角形机翼是由混凝土制成，却如同风动螺旋桨一样轻盈。这个机翼宽大通透，向各个方向开敞。它们的形态与组织都是依据内部功能来设计的。机翼部分为3个不平衡的平面，使内外景观在不断变化中形成空间的延续性，并且联系了建筑内的视觉焦点和室外的展览区。 新航空展示公园的设计连接了博物馆的8栋建筑和户外展览区，并与历史体验建立联系。从前的视觉轴线与通道得到尊重，旧的道路得到了完善，朝向飞机场和跑道的空间被限定出来。每栋建筑展示了一个主题或是一段飞行史。建筑周围伸展出巨大的平台，为特殊主题的室外展览提供了空间。博物馆容纳了超过150架飞机、引擎、飞行复制品、成套的技术档案和历史图片。这里的特色收藏是飞机起源开始的各种飞行器，如Jatho1903、Grade1909、莱特兄弟1909年的飞机模型和1911年的鸽式单翼机。 The first passage: Museum for aviation and aviation exhibition park Bartiomiej Kislelewski The idea of flying, the spirit of place, the structure of the historic airfield – the new Museum of Aviation in Krakow takes up these references intellectually and synthesizes them into a building. The old hangars of the former airport Rakowice Czyzyny set the modular scale for the footprint and the height of the new building. Developed from this basic shape, as if cut out and folded like a paper airplane, a large structure has been generated, with triangular wings made of concrete and yet as light as a wind-vane propeller. The wings are generously glazed and open in all directions. Their form and arrangement depend on the interior uses. In the floor plans of the wings, the three offset