搜档网
当前位置:搜档网 › Lecture 7 return and risk

Lecture 7 return and risk

Lecture 7 return and risk
Lecture 7 return and risk

Lecture 7Return and Risk

套利arbitrage和估值valuation

?套利:利用不同市场的不同价格来获取利益

?一价定律(law of one price):在不同的竞争性市场,同样的投资机会在同一时间的价格是相同的

?交易成本transaction costs:发生在买卖物品或证券时

包括:支付给代理人的钱;支付最小价格变化bid-ask price

当交易费用存在的时候,套利机会会存在,但是偏离不会超过交易费用。风险衡量

回报率=

annual return

年均回报:1~T年的实际回报率之和除以T

分散化效果(diversification):个股的波动程度要大于指数的,因为形成了一个portfolio的时候有抵消效果。

1.measuring risk

1)variance-投资回报率偏离均值的的平方值的期望。

2)标准差-是方差的平方根(求volatility时用)

3)semi interquartile range

4)semi variance

5)variance estimate using realized returns(多期,估计)

6)standard error of the estimate of the expected return(标准误差)

7)置信区间(95%confidence interval)

2.Risk and diversification

分散化:独立风险的相互抵消和平均。

两种做法:1.equally-weighted等权重投资组合-组合中每一只股票的投资金额都相等的投资组合 2.value-wighted按照市值(market capitalization流通在外的股数乘以股价)的比例来形成投资组合

当股票价格改变时,权重会发生改变。

value weighted存在的问题:受到大股票的影响更大

若运用equally-weighted,则Xi=1/n

1)Covariance

estimate(利用历史数据估算协方差)

correlation

任意权重投资组合的波动率

variance of an equally weighted portfolio of n stocks

个股的平均方差与股票间的平均协方差

当n变得很大时,第二个因子会变得更加重要。

当投资组合内的股票增加时,方差减小,但是市场风险依然存在,不能被分散。

2)Diversification-通过组合很多投资来降低风险的策略。独立风险可以被

抵消和平均。

Unique risk-仅能影响公司的风险因子(可以被分散掉)

Market risk-经济体内的风险,会影响整个股票市场(无法规避)

可分散风险的风险溢酬为零,持有公司特有风险的投资者不能得到补偿。

这一原理适用于所有股票和证券,它意味着可分散的公司特有风险不会

影响股票的风险溢价。

3.Risk aversion and risk premium

人们损失一美元的减少的效用比赚取一美元而增加的效用要多

risk aversion:对于同等数额的收入,人们倾向于更安全的

投资者风险厌恶的程度越高,与无风险证券回报率相同的市场指数的价格越低。

risk premium:为了补偿投资者投资证券的风险,投资者期望多赚取的部分。

风险投资的期望回报=年终的期望利得/最初的成本

计算no arbitrage price利用一价定律,构造出一个包含目标证券在内的投资组合,再算出risk-free bond的现值,再用一价定律计算目标证券的价格。

为什么风险规避的投资者会想要买预期回报率小于无风险利率的风险证

券?

因为证券的风险不能独立地评估,可以将这个证券视为经济衰退时的保险,所以风险规避的投资者会愿意投资。

lecture1

平衡态统计物理 李定平 2010年3月2日 邮箱:lidp@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/438072642.html, 办公室:物理南楼446 助教及答疑时间: 待定 考试时间: 学校安排 学分和周学时: 3学分 每周星期2的3,4节; 双周星期4的7,8节。 教室: 理教205 课程设想: 本课程是物理专业本科生的主干基础课, 普通物理热学的后续课程,侧重讲述平衡态统计物理的基本概念、方法和典型的应用. 课程进度: 第一至第四周: 简要复习热力学的基本定律、相变热力学、多元系的热力学. 渐进引入平衡态统计的基本概念,方法. 第五至第八周: 讲授平衡态物理的基本概念和基本方法.

介绍统计的系综理论(微正则系综、正则系综、巨正则系综). 讲授理想量子气体的概念(理想波色气体, 波色-爱因斯坦凝聚,光子气体,声子气体,理想费米气体). 第九至第十五周:系综理论的一些应用, 经典理想气体,非理想气体的统计理论 第十六周: 经典自旋模型的相变理论(临界现象概述,Ising模型的平均场理论, 临界点附近的涨落与关联) 第十七周至第十八周:复习考试 教材: 汪志诚, 热力学统计物理, 第三版 林宗涵, 热力学统计物理学, 2007, 北京大学出版社 参考书: 1. 王竹溪, 统计物理学导论 2. Greiner, Neise, Stocker, Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics 4. Landau, Lifshitz, Statistical Physics, Part 1 5. Reichl, A Modern Course in Statistical Physics, University of Texas Press 成绩评定: 作业10%, 期中, 40%, 期末50%

网络教学管理系统英文翻译

计算机科学与技术学院 毕业设计(论文) 英文翻译 论文题目高级程序设计语言网络教学平台——考试管理模块 指导教师余童兰职称讲师 学生姓名刘光亮学号20084440124 专业计算机科学与技术班级本08计算01班系主任吴取劲院长谭敏生 起止时间2011年11月25日至2012年6月6日 2011年12月9日

Designing E-learning Systems in Medical Education: A Case Study Dr. Ahmed. I. Albarrak Family and Community Medicine College of Medicine KSU, Riyadh, KSA albarrak@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/438072642.html,.sa Telephone: 00966557653684 Abstract:The continuous and fast advances in information technology have led to a significant change in the learning environment, and the creation of a new learning model where traditional learning is mixed with information technology tools to provide learners with an environment that enable them to freely choose their learning material wherever they are, share their comments and questions with their colleagues and teachers, and assess the knowledge they gained. In medical education, there are several challenges facing the design and implementation of such a system. These challenges include the huge and diverse amount of information that must be added in e-education systems, as well as the lack of information technology skills between students, and in some cases between instructors. King Saud University is one of the leading universities in the region which aims to implement the most advanced technologies to provide its students with all the knowledge and skills they need to succeed in their fields. King Saud University hospitals have started the process of establishing a medical e-learning system containing the most up-to-date components in this field. This paper introduces the model and the system used by King Saud University Hospitals to integrate e-learning elements into the educational activities to form a blended learning environment where the students can utilize all sources of knowledge to improve their learning process, as well as the challenges faced during the design phase and how they were confronted. Key words: e-learning, networks, teaching platform

教学信息管理系统的设计与实现

毕业设计(论文) 教学信息管理系统的设计与实现 学院(系): 专业班级: 学生姓名: 指导教师:

摘要 教学信息管理系统是校园信息管理系统的一个有机组成部分,本文简要阐述了教学管理系统建设的意义以及系统的开发过程。教学管理系统采用当前最流行的Delphi编程技术,可以实现数据的高效、动态、交互访问,具有强大的Server/Client交互能力。本系统以Delphi7.0 SQL Sever 2000为主要开发平台,从用户的角度出发,对教学管理系统的功能进行了全面的分析。本系统实现的主要功能包括学生成绩查询、学生资料查询、教师资料查询、单科成绩浏览、学年开课清单、学分计算、平均分计算、添加修改学生、教师、课程信息、删除学生、教师、课程信息、数据库的还原、备份、用户信息的管理和维护及其它一些辅助功能。在数据库的建立上主要采用Access作为关系数据库的开发工具。在数据库的连接上采用ADO的数据库访问技术。本文从开发平台、运行环境、系统设计和模块实现等方面阐述了系统的设计以及开发过程,从该系统的开发背景、系统功能、设计思路和一些程序开发的细节等方面进行了论述。尤其是详细的说明了学分计算、平均分计算、添加修改学生、教师、课程信息、删除学生、教师、课程信息、数据库的还原、备份、用户信息的管理和维护这几个模块的设计与开发过程。 关键词:Delphi SQL 教学管理系统数据库

Abstract The teaching information management system is an organism that campus information manage the system to constitute the part, this text synopsis expatiated the teaching manages the meaning of system developments and the process of development of the systems.Teaching management system adoption front most popular of Delphi plait distance technique, can realize data efficiently, development, hand over to visit with each other, have the mighty Server/ Client hands over with each other ability.This system with Delphi7.0 SQLSever 2000 for main the terrace of development, set out from the angle of the customer, manage to the teaching the function of the system proceeded completely of analysis.The main function that this system realizes includes the student the score the search, student data search, teacher data search, single section score view, the academic year has a lecture detailed list, credit calculation, average cent calculation, increase to modify the student, teacher, course the information and delete the student, teacher, course the information, database restores, the management of the backup, customer information with support and other some assistance function.Establish the tool of development of the our main adoption in top Access conduct and actions relation database in the database.The database interview technique of the adoption ADO on the conjunction in database.This text is from the development terrace, circulate the environment, system design with mold a design for realizing etc. expatiating system and development processes, from the background of development, system function of that system, designed the way of thinking to proceed the treatise with details etc. that some procedure develop.Its is management that expatiation credit calculation, average cent calculation, increase to modify the student, teacher, course the information and delete the student, teacher, course the information, database restores, backup, customer information with design that support this a few molds piece and development process. Key Words:Delphi SQL teaching management system data-base

相关主题