GWD-CR 管卫东,自错题+分析。Gmat

When a new restaurant, Martin’s Cafe, opened in Riverville last year, many people predicted that business at the Wildflower Inn, Riverville’s only other restaurant, would suffer from the competition. Surprisingly, however, in the year since Martin’s Cafe opened, the average number of meals per night served at the Wildflower Inn has increased significantly.

Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the increase?

A.Unlike the Wildflower Inn, Martin’s Cafe serves considerably more meals on weekends

than it does on weekdays. (per night)

B.Most of the customers of Martin’s Cafe had never dined in Riverville before this restaurant

opened, and on most days Martin’s Cafe attracts more customers than it can seat.

C.The profit per meal is higher, on average, for meals served at Martin’s Cafe than for those

served at the Wildflower Inn.（number of meals）

D.The Wildflower Inn is not open on Sundays, and therefore Riverville residents who choose

to dine out on that day must either eat at Martin’s Cafe or go to neighboring towns to eat.

(per night)

E. A significant proportion of the staff at Martin’s Cafe are people who forme rly worked at

the Wildflower Inn and were hired away by the owner of Martin’s Cafe.

分析：其余均为无关选项

原因： M & W 为对手结果：W会suffer

结论：W number of meals per night increased

求解释：顾客baseincreased了，且M盛不下。只好去W

假设漏洞+神奇的思维

GWD5-Q38:

Nitrogen dioxide is a pollutant emitted by automobiles. Catalytic converters, devices designed to reduce nitrogen dioxide emissions, have been required in all new cars in Donia since 1993, and as a result, nitrogen dioxide emissions have been significantly reduced throughout most of the country. Yet although the proportion of new cars in Donia’s capital city has always been comparatively high, nitrogen dioxide emissions there have showed only an insignificant decline since 1993.

Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the insignificant decline in nitrogen dioxide emissions in Donia’s capital city?

A.More o f the cars in Donia’s capital city were made before 1993 than after 1993.

B.The number of new cars sold per year in Donia has declined slightly since 1993.

C.Pollutants other than nitrogen dioxide that are emitted by automobiles have also been

significantly reduced in Donia since 1993.

D.Many Donians who own cars made before 1993 have had catalytic converters installed in

their cars.

E.Most car trips in Donia’s capital city are too short for the catalytic converter to reach its

effective working temperature.

分析：A选项的可能其实原文已经给否了Yet although the proportion of new cars in Donia’s capital city has always been comparatively high

也就是说，至少从车的比例方面找问题已经行不通了

只好从另一个方面。也就是 new cars 本身的问题。

其他未知，导致预想的结果实现不了。

A significant number of complex repair jobs carried out by Ace Repairs have to be reworked under the company’s warranty. The reworked jobs are invariably satisfactory. When initial repairs are inadequate, therefore, it is not because the mechanics lack competence; rather, there is clearly a level of focused concentration that complex repairs require that is elicited more reliably by rework jobs than by first-time jobs.

The argument above assumes which of the following?

A.There i s no systematic difference in membership between the group of mechanics who do

first-time jobs and the group of those who do rework jobs.

B.There is no company that successfully competes with Ace Repairs for complex repair jobs.

C.Ace Repairs’ warranty is good on first-time jobs but does not cover rework jobs.

D.Ace Repairs does not in any way penalize mechanics who have worked on complex repair

jobs that later had to be reworked.

E.There is no category of repair jobs in which Ace Repairs invariably carries out first-time

jobs satisfactorily.

分析：比较-控制变量法（常出现在假设前提的题中）

既然说不是技术问题而是注意力（态度）问题，那么假设的前提就是！：技术是无差异的。A 选项的英文表达确实奇葩了点。

GWD-8-Q19: GWD-2-12

Which of the following most logically completes the passage?

Concerned about financial well-being of its elderly citizens, the government of Runagia decided two years ago to increase by 20 percent the government-provided pension paid to all Runagians over 65. Inflation in the intervening period has been negligible, and the increase has been duly received by all eligible Runagians. Nevertheless, many of them are no better off financially than they were before the increase, in large part because ________.

A.They rely entirely on the government pension for their income

B.Runagian banks are so inefficient that it can take up to three weeks to cash a pension check

C.They b uy goods whose prices tend to rise especially fast in times of inflation

D.The pension was increased when the number of elderly Runagians below the poverty level

reached an all-time high

E.In Runagia children typically supplement the income of elderly parents, but only by enough to

provide them with a comfortable living

分析：no better off和only by enough相呼应了

no better off 并不意味着worse, 而是代表worse or the same.

关于c其实原文中Inflation in the intervening period has been negligible已经给否了已经多次败在这种原文能给否了的迷惑人选项上了

From 1973 to 1976, total United States consumption of cigarettes increased 3.4 percent, and total sales of chewing tobacco rose 18.0 percent. During the same period, total United States population increased 5.0 percent.

If the statements above are true, which of the following conclusions can be properly drawn?

A.United States manufacturers of tobacco products had higher profits in 1976 than in 1973.

B.Per capita consumption of cigarettes in the United States was lower in 1976 than in 1973.

C.The proportion of nonsmokers in the United States population dropped slightly between

1973 and 1976.

D.United States manufacturers of tobacco products realize a lower profit on cigarettes than

on chewing tobacco.（只能算是猜的，不能算是conclusion）

E. A large percentage of United States smokers switched from cigarettes to chewing tobacco

between 1973 and 1976.

分析：A/B >(1+3.4%)A/(1+5%)B列个柿子一目了然。

数学题-比例

GWD-9-Q13:

Fact: Asthma, a bronchial condition, is much less common ailment than hay fever, an allergic inflammation of the nasal passages.

Fact: over 95 percent of people who have asthma also suffer from hay fever.

If the information given as facts above is true, which of the following must also be true?

A.Hay fever is a prerequisite for the development of asthma

B.Asthma is a prerequisite for the development of hay fever

C.Those who have neither hay fever nor asthma comprise less than 5 percent of the total

population

D.The number of people who have both of these ailments is greater than the number of

people who have only one of them

E.The percentage of people suffering from hay fever who also have asthma is lower than 95

percent.

分析：同理数学-比例

请画个圈圈解决问题。

GWD-10-Q9

Although exposure to asbestos is the primary cause of mesothelioma, a slow-developing cancer,

researchers believe that infection by the SV40 virus is a contributing cause, since in the United States 60 percent of tissue samples from mesotheliomas, but none from healthy tissue, contain

SV40. SV40 is a monkey virus; however, in 1960 some polio vaccine was contaminated with the virus. Researchers hypothesize that this vaccine was the source of the virus found in mesotheliomas decades later.

Which of the follow ing, if true, most strongly supports the researchers’ hypothesis?

A.SV40 is widely used as a research tool in cancer laboratories.

B.Changes in the technique of manufacturing the vaccine now prevent contamination with

SV40.

C.Recently discovered samples of the vaccine dating from 1960 still show traced of the virus.

D.In a small percentage of cases of mesothelioma, there is no history of exposure to

asbestos.

E.In Finland, where the polio vaccine was never contaminated, samples from

mesotheliomas do not contain SV40.

分析：前提：1. 60% M病的tissue有SV40 2.1960疫苗里有SV40

推断：疫苗导致M病 decades later.

求支持：另一个地方，疫苗没有SV40， M病tissue就没有SV40

控制变量法：-找一组对比实验

GWD-10-Q14

Yeasts capable of leavening bread are widespread, and in the many centuries during which the

ancient Egyptians made only unleavened bread, such yeasts must frequently have been mixed into bread doughs accidentally. The Egyptians, however, did not discover leavened bread until about 3000 B.C. That discovery roughly coincided with the introduction of a wheat variety that was preferable to previous varieties because its edible kernel could be removed from the husk without first toasting the grain.

Which of the following, if true, provide the strongest evidence that the two developments were causally related?

A.Even after the ancient Egyptians discovered leavened bread and the techniques for

reliably producing it were well known, unleavened bread continued to be widely

consumed.

B.Only when the Egyptians stopped the practice of toasting grain were their stone-lined

grain-toasting pits available for baking bread.

C.Heating a wheat kernel destroys its gluten, a protein that must be present in order for

yeast to leaven bread dough.

D.The new variety of wheat, which had a more delicate flavor because it was not toasted,

was reserved for the consumption of high officials when it first began to be grown.

E.Because the husk of the new variety of wheat was more easily removed, flour made from

it required less effort to produce

分析: 此题甚是有难度。脑子转起来！求证：引进小麦和酵母使用有因果关系。

如果不引进，原小麦—》烧—》gluten会被destroy—》发酵不了

整个line of reason 否定的想比较容易。突出因果关系。

引进了小麦—》不用烧—》gluten 不会被毁—》可以发酵

证因果关系-思路：没他不行，非他不可，由它所致。

GWD-10-Q17

Editorial:

An arrest made by a Midville police officer is provisional until the officer has taken the suspect to

the police station and the watch commander has officially approved the arrest. Such approval is

denied if the commander judges that the evidence on which the provisional arrest is based is insufficient. A government efficiency expert has found that almost all provisional arrests meet

standards for adequacy of evidence that watch commanders enforce. The expert therefore recommends that the watch commander’s approval should no longer be required since the officers’ time spent obtaining approval is largely wasted. This recommendation should be rejected as dangerous, however, since there is no assurance that the watch commanders’ standards will continue to be observed once approval is no longer required.

In the editorial, the two portions in boldface play which of the following roles?

A.The first is a recommendation made by the editorial; the second acknowledges a potential

objection against that recommendation.

B.The first is a proposal against which the editorial is directed; the second is a judgment

reached by the editorial concerning that proposal.

C.The first provides evidence in support of a recommendation that the editorial supports;

the second is the conclusion reached by the editorial.

D.The first is a position that the editorial challenges; the second is a judgment that was

made in support of that challenged position.

E.The first is a recommendation that the editorial questions; the second provides evidence

against that recommendation.

分析：boldface题的要义就是！看小词！should！作者的强烈表态对应B选项中的judgement, proposal.

整体还是要靠全段大意，但是选项中具体的一些名词的区分，要靠原文中的小词（副词等）判断作者的具体态度。

GWD-10-Q29：GWD-2-14

Smithtown University’s fund-raisers succeeded in getting donations from 80 percent of the potential donors they contacted. This success rate, exceptionally high for university fund-raisers, does not indicate that they were doing a good job. On the contrary, since the people most likely to donate are those who have donated in the past, good fund-raisers constantly try less-likely prospects in an effort to expand the donor base. The high success rate shows insufficient canvassing effort.

Which of the following, if true, provides more support for the argument?

A.Smithtown University’s fund-raisers were successful in their contacts with potential donors

who had never given before about as frequently as were fund-raisers for other

universities in their contacts with such people.

B.This year the average size of the donations to Smithtown University from new donors

when the university’s fund-raisers had contacted was larger than the average size of

donations from donors who had given to the university before.

C.This y ear most of the donations that came to Smithtown University from people who had

previously donated to it were made without the university’s fund-raisers having made any contact with the donors.

D.The majority of the donations that fund-raisers succeeded in getting for Smithtown

University this year were from donors who had never given to the university before.

E.More than half of the money raised by Smithtown University’s fund-raisers came from

donors who had never previously donated to the university.

GWD-10-Q40

Insect infestations in certain cotton-growing regions of the world have caused dramatic increase in the price of cotton on the world market. By contrast, the price of soybeans has long remained stable. Knowing that cotton plants mature quickly, many soybean growers in Ortovia plan to cease growing soybeans and being raising cotton instead, thereby taking advantage of the high price of cotton to increase their income significantly, at least over the next several years.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the plan’s chances for success?

A.The cost of raising soybeans has increased significantly over the past several year and is

expected to continue to climb.

B.Tests of a newly developed, inexpensive pesticide have shown it to be both

environmentally safe and effective against the insects that have infested cotton crops.

C.In the past several years, there has been no sharp increase in the demand for cotton and

for goods made out of cotton.

D.Few consumers would be willing to pay significantly higher prices for cotton goods than

they are now paying.

E.The species of insect that has infested cotton plants has never been known to attack

soybean plants.

Q21: GWD-13-31

By competing with rodents for seeds, black ants help control rodent populations that pose a public health risk. However, a very aggressive species of blank ant, the Loma ant, which has recently invaded a certain region, has a venomous sting that is often fatal to humans. Therefore, the planned introduction into that region of ant flies, which prey on Loma ants, would benefit public health.

Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?

A.Ant flies do not attack black ants other than Loma ants.

B.Loma ants are less effective than many bird species in competing with rodents for seeds.

C.Certain o ther species of black ants are more effective than Loma ants in competing with

rodents for seeds.

D.The sting of Loma ants can also be fatal to rodents.

E.The use of pesticides to control Loma ants could have harmful effects on the environment. 分析：首先决定关键词 public health

定位后发现原文black ants help control rodent populations that pose a public health risk

可知 control rodent population can benefit public health

对ant flies的要求：既杀Loma ants.又不能影响control rodent population

对关键词的理解，定位。

GWD-12-Q29:

The Earth’s rivers constantly carry dissolved salts into its oceans. Clearly, therefore, by taking the

resulting increase in salt levels in the oceans over the past hundred years and then determining how many centuries of such increases it would have taken the oceans to reach current salt levels

from a hypothetical initial salt-free state, the maximum age of the Earth’s oceans can be accurately estimated.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

A.The quantities of dissolved salts deposited by rivers in the Earth’s oceans have not been

unusually large during the past hundred years.

B.At any given time, all the Earth’s rivers have about the same salt levels.（have和carry的

区别）

C.There are salts that leach into the Earth’s oceans directly from the ocean floor.

D.There is no method superior to that based on salt levels for estimating the maximum age

of the Earth’s oceans.

E.None o f the salts carried into the Earth’s oceans by rivers are used up by biological

activity in the oceans.（一百年的盐量里包括used biological activity）

分析：原因：河（carry！注意这个动词）带盐入海。推断：计算一百年盐，几个世纪，可疑推出海max age

求assumption（找漏洞，潜台词。。。。）

计算一百年的盐是最近一百年的，所以要保证用它作为估算的代入值没有太大误差。 A 选项说的就是这个事。

关于E因为计算一百年盐量时说的是：increase in salt levels in the oceans over the past hundred years并不是rivers constantly carry dissolved salts into its oceans因此E所言已经包含在内了，没有漏洞可言。

数学类题：1.明白原理（加减乘除） 2.明白各个项都是嘛（搞具体，动词都不能放过，比如此题的have和carry的区别）此处容易偷换概念，造成混淆

GWD-12-Q38:

Outbreaks of Rift Valley fever occur irregularly in East Africa, several years apart. When outbreaks do occur, they kill thousands of cattle. A livestock vaccine against the disease exists but is rarely used. It is too expensive for farmers to use routinely, and since it is not effective until a month

after vaccination, administering it after an outbreak begins helps very little. Nevertheless, experts predict that use of the vaccine will increase significantly within the next few years.

Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest justification for the experts’ prediction?

A.Rift Valley fever is spread by mosquitoes, but each outbreak is so widespread that it is

impractical to control it by using insecticides.

B.When an outbreak of Rift Valley fever occurs, unaffected countries often refuse to import

livestock from the countries affected by the outbreak.

C.It would take less than a month for producers of the vaccine to adjust their production

operations to cope with a large increase in demand.

D.Many cattle farmers in East Africa are nomadic or live in remote villages, and such

farmers, who have little access to modern veterinary medicine, are particularly hard hit by outbreaks of Rift Valley fever.

E.Recently published research has shown that certain identifiable climatic conditions are

almost invariably followed, within two to five months, by an outbreak of Rift Valley fever. 分析：前提：两个原因1.太贵买不起 2.一个月才生效导致：rarely used

结论：use increase soon…

求解释：因为由identifiable climatic conditions 可疑预测fever发生的时间，由此可以offset第二点原因

思路：结论和导致的相反，所以解释也肯定是和之前原因中的某一点相互作用抵消的！

GWD-12-Q40:

Which of the following most logically completes the argument?

Researchers recently asked dozens of shoppers, chosen at random coming out of a FoodBasket supermarket, what they had purchased. The prices of the very same items at the nearest ShopperKing supermarket were totaled and compared with the FoodBasket total. The ShopperKing totals averaged five percent higher than the FoodBasket totals. Nevertheless, this result does not necessarily show that shoppers at ShopperKing would save money overall by shopping at FoodBasket instead, since ______.

A.shoppers who shop regularly at a given supermarket generally choose that store for the

low prices offered on the items that they purchase most often

B.for shoppers with more than 20 items, the ShopperKing totals averaged more than five

percent higher than the FoodBasket totals

C.many shoppers consider factors other than price in choosing the supermarket at which

they shop most regularly（the very same items!!!!）

D.there is little variation from month to month in the overall quantity of purchases made at

supermarkets by a given shopper

E.none of the people who conducted the research were employees of the FoodBasket

supermarket

分析：条件：1. Same items 2. S 5% higher than F 隐含导致：can save money

结论 cannot save overall

求解释：同上一题，也是击破条件注意细节词上的反驳被调查的那些same items 能否反映overallitems？

A 选项正是针对这一点：items 是特别的（此题中为特价的，因此不具overall代表性）

偷换概念

GWD-24-7

Which of the following most logically completes the argument below?

The expansion of large-scale farming in Africa and Asia has destroyed much of the natural vegetation on which elephants have historically depended, forcing them to turn to cultivated land to satisfy their enormous appetites. As a result, farmers have lost millions of dollars worth of crops

annually. Yet even if elephant sanctuaries were created on a widespread basis to guarantee elephants sufficient natural vegetation, the raiding would likely persist, since

A.when elephants forage for food, they typically travel in herds.

B.Foraging elephants have been known to cause substantial damage even to plants that

they do not eat.

C.Some of the land where crops have suffered extensive damage from elephants has been

allowed to return to its natural state.

D.Elephant s tend to prefer cultivated crops to wild vegetation as a food source.

E.Elephant sanctuaries are usually created in areas that are rich in the natural vegetation on

which elephants have historically depended.

分析：条件：1.大象没natual吃的，会去吃cultivated land 2.现在给了足够的natual吃的

隐含导致：不去吃cultivated

结论：还去raidcultivated

求解释：不吃旧的，因为新的更好，或旧的不能吃了。于是D（原来没选择，现在有的选了）时地全等

关于B注意小词 Foraging ，给了足够吃的elephant不能算是foraging的了。有吃的就不用外出觅食了。

GWD-24-Q 22:

Often patients with ankle fractures that are stable, and thus do notrequire surgery, are given follow-up x-rays because their orthopedistsare concerned about possibly having misjudged the stability of the fracture. When a number of follow-up x-rays were reviewed, however, allthe fractures that had initially been judged stable were found to havehealed correctly. Therefore, it is a waste of money to order follow-upx-rays of ankle fracture initially judged stable.

Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?

A.Doctors who are general practitioners rather than orthopedists areless likely than

orthopedists to judge the stability of an ankle fracture correctly.

B.Many ankle injuries for which an initial x-ray is ordered are revealedby the x-ray not to

involve any fracture of the ankle.

C.X-rays of patients of many different orthopedists working in severalhospitals were

reviewed.

D.The healing of ankle fractures that have been surgically repaired isalways checked by

means of a follow-up x-ray.

E.Orthopedists routinely order follow-up x-rays for fractures of boneother than ankle bones.

分析：加强题，可以非充要，只要使更具说服力即可

C选项补充的样本的丰富性使更具说服力

B 明显是被原文否掉的节奏原文： patients with ankle fractures that are stable

T-3-Q3.

Scientists have made genetic modifications to cotton to increase its resistance to insect pests. According to farmers’ report, the amount of insecticide needed per acre to control insect pests was only slightly lower for those who tried the modified seed than for those who did not. Therefore, since the modified seed costs more than ordinary seed without producing yields of higher market value, switching to the modified seed would be unlikely to benefit most cotton farmers economically.

Which of the following would it be most useful to know in order to evaluate the argument?

A.Whether farmers who tried the modified cotton seed had ever tried growing other crops

from genetically modified seed.

B.Whether the insecticides typically used on ordinary cotton tend to be more expensive

than insecticides typically used on other crops.

C.Whether for most farms who grow cotton it is their primary crop

D.Whether the farmers who have tried the modified seed planted as many acres of cotton,

on average, as farmers using the ordinary seed did.

E.Whether most of the farmers who tried the modified seed did so because they had

previously had to use exceptionally large quantities of insecticide.’

分析：争议题，无定论。BDE都有。个人还是坚持E

原因，原文提到了关于insecticide的用量问题说的是the amount of insecticide needed。重点是needed，而E正是针对这一点，指出实际的用量 use 可能要多于常规需要的量。因此，使用基因改良的种子实际节省的insecticide钱要多余原文所说，有可能省钱。

B不对的原因，最终argument中说的还是benefit most cotton farmers，而不是其他farmers

D不对的原因，原文中提到了peracre，所以和总量无关。

T-3-Q16.

In response to mounting public concern, an airplane manufacturers implement a program with well-publicized goal of reducing by half the total yearly amount of hazardous waste generated by its passenger-jet division. When the program began in 1994, the division’s hazardous waste was 90 pounds per production worker, last year it was 40 pounds per production worker. Clearly, therefore, charges that the manufacturer’s program has not met its goal are false.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

A.the amount of nonhazardous waste generated each year by the passenger-jet division has

not increased significantly since 1984

B.at least as many passenger jets were produced by the division last year as had been

produced in 1994

C.since 1994, other divisions in the company have achieved reductions in hazardous waste

output that are at least equal to that achieved in the passenger-jet division.

D.The average number of weekly hours per production worker in the passenger-jet division

was not significantly greater last year than it was in 1994.

E.The number of production workers assigned to the passenger-jet division was not

significantly less in 1994 than it was last year.

分析：利用总量和单位量的区别

total yearly amount是要评估的量，而作为证据的是per production worker，所以存在人数变动导致评估不准的可能。

T-3-Q21.

Driving the steep road to the mountaintop Inca ruins of Machu Picchu is potentially dangerous and hiking there is difficult. Now the Peruvian government is installing a cable car that will make access much easier, and hence results in a large increase in tourisms. However, since the presence of large numbers of tourists tends to accelerate the deterioration of a site, installation of a cable car is certain to result in harm to the ruins.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously calls into question the argument?

A.The daily number of tourists that are expected to take the cable car to Machu Picchu is

smaller than the original resident

B.The construction of the cable car terminal at Machu Picchu will require the use of

potentially damaging heavy machinery at the site.

C.Machu Picchu is already one of the most popular tourist sites in Peru

D.Natural weathering will continue to be a more significant cause of the deterioration of

Machu Picchu than tourist traffic

E.The cable car will replace the tour buses whose large wheels and corrosive exhaust at

present do significant damage to the site.

分析：就是没有car还有其他的（bus）会damage，削弱、

A的错误点在于resident的不可避免的，所以tourist和他比较是没有意义的。

T-3-Q23. GWD-13-32

Macrophages are cells that play a role in the response of the immune system of mice and other mammals to invasive organisms such as bacteria. Unlike other mice, mice that are genetically incapable of making these particular cells do not show elevated levels of nitrates when infected with bacteria.

The statements above, if true, provide the most support for which of the following conclusions?

A.Mice that are unable either to make macrophages or to make them in sufficient numbers

will protect themselves from bacterial infections in some other way.

B.Mice that show elevated levels of nitrates can easily fight off most types of bacterial

infections.

C.In mice, macrophages play a role in the production of nitrates or inhibit a process by

which nitrates are broken down or otherwise eliminated.

D.When a healthy mouse becomes infected with an invasive organism, the number of

macrophages in the mouse’s body decreases.

E.Injections of nitrates into mice that lack macrophages will not enhance the ability of these

animals’ immune systems to fight off infection.

分析：我忘了我做题的时候纠结在哪了。。囧。。总之conclusion题前外别扯原文没提过，像B选项说的most types of infections，都是瞎猜的。也别想太深，levelelevated就是被需要了，不是不

被需要。

T-4-Q14 GWD-13-38

Frobisher, a sixteenth-century English explorer, had soil samples from Canada’s Kodlunarn Island examined for gold content. Because high gold content was reported, Elizabeth I funded two mining expeditions. Neither expedition found any gold there. Modern analysis of the island’s soil indicates a very low gold content. Thus the methods used to determine the gold content of Frobisher’s samples must have been inaccurate.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

A.The gold content of the soil on Kodlunarn Island is much lower today than it was in the

sixteenth century.

B.The two mining expeditions funded by Elizabeth I did not mine the same part of

Kodlunarn Island.

C.The methods used to assess gold content of the soil samples provided by Frobisher were

different from those generally used in the sixteenth century.

D.Frobisher did not have soil samples from any other Canadian island examined for gold

content.

E.Gold was not added to the soil samples collected by Frobisher before the samples were

examined.

分析：典型的找assumption拆桥。

排除其他造成结果的可能原因，确认原推理的正确性。本题中即：确实是测量方法错误导致之前测得的含金量过高。

T-4-Q15

TrueSave is a mail-order company that ships electronic products from its warehouses to customers worldwide. The company’s shipping manager is proposing that customer orders be packed with newer, more expensive packing materials that virtually eliminate damage during shipping. The manager argues that overall costs would essentially remain unaffected, since the extra cost of the new packing materials roughly equals the current cost of replacing products returned by customers because they arrived in damaged condition.

Which of the following would it be most important to ascertain in determining whether implementing the shipping manager’s proposal would have the argued-for effect on costs?

A.Whether the products shipped by TrueSave are more vulnerable to incurring damage

during shipping than are typical electronic products.

B.Whether electronic products are damaged more frequently in transit than are most other

products shipped by mail-order companies

C.Whether a sizable proportion of returned items are returned because of damage already

present when those items were packed for shipping

D.Whethe r there are cases in which customers blame themselves for product damage that,

though present on arrival of the product, is not discovered until later

E.Whether TrueSave continually monitors the performance of the shipping companies it

uses to ship products to its customers

分析：退货多少与运输的关系（因为原proposal假设的是退货的原因是损害，损害的原因是运输）damage是duringtheshipping的，不包括packing本身（搞清楚程序和界限）所以C说，damage

是在shipping之前就有的，反驳了其中的assumption。

而D选项，英语问题！理解反了。本身是到货时就破了的，以为是自己弄坏的。later还是discover 了，估计还是申请退货了，所以不影响退货多少与运输的关系，只是退货早晚的事。

evaluation的实质也是找assumption，然后支持或反对。

T-4-Q34

In Kravonia, the average salary for jobs requiring a college degree has always been higher than

the average salary for jobs that do not require a degree. Current enrollments in Kravonia’s colleges indicate that over the next four years the percentage of the Kravonian workforce with

college degree will increase dramatically. Therefore, the average salary for all workers in Kravonia is likely to increase over the next four years.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

A.Kravonians with more than one college degree earn more, on average, than do

Kravonians with only one college degree.

B.The percentage of Kravonians who attend college in order to earn higher salaries is

higher now than it was several years ago.

C.The higher average salary for jobs requiring a college degree is not due largely to a

scarcity among the Kravonian workforce of people with a college degree.

D.The a verage salary in Kravonia for jobs that do not require a college degree will not

increase over the next four years.

E.Few members of the Kravonian workforce earned their degrees in other countries.

分析：line of the reasoning…a little bit twisted:

前提：1.大学生工资更高，2.越来越多大学生，推断：so！allworkers的平均工资会提高；

求assumption：大学生工资高不是因为缺大学生

（逆向反驳）：大学生工资高是因为人少，缺大学生（更多大学生只能填空，不能使非大学生工资也提高）反驳了前提一

D正好反了，只有非大学生的工资也涨了，才能推断出 all workers 的平均工资会涨。

注意小词all

T-9-Q14. GWD-13-40

In response to viral infection, the immune systems of mice typically produce antibodies that

destroy the virus by binding to proteins on its surface. Mice infected with a herpesvirus generally develop keratitis, a degenerative disease affecting part of the eye. Since proteins on the surface of cells in this part of the eye closely resemble those on the herpesvirus surface, scientists hypothesize that these cases of keratitis are caused by antibodies to herpesvirus.

Which of the following, if true, gives t he greatest additional support to the scientists’ hypothesis?

A.Other types of virus have surface proteins that closely resemble proteins found in various

organs of mice.

B.There are mice that are unable to form antibodies in response to herpes infections, and

these mice contract herpes at roughly the same rate as other mice.

C.Mice that are infected with a herpesvirus but do not develop keratitis produce as many

antibodies as infected mice that do develop keratitis.

D.There are mice that are unable to form antibodies in response to herpes infections, and

these mice survive these infections without ever developing keratitis.

E.Mice that have never been infected with a herpesvirus can sometimes develop keratitis. 分析：搞明白意思就行了。B正好说反了。

老鼠通过把抗体黏在病毒上来destroy病毒。有一种叫H的病毒，会导致叫K的眼病。原因是眼细胞和H很像。推断：K是由对抗H的抗体导致的。（潜台词：太像了，抗体跟错人了）

C：不能产生的抗体的老鼠不会得K（直接对推断结果的验证）B；不管得不得k，产生的抗体一样多。

T-9-Q28.天山-7-13

Lyme disease is caused by a bacterium transmitted to humans by deer ticks. Generally deer ticks pick up the bacterium while in the larval stage from feeding on infected white-footed mice. However, certain other species on which the larvae feed do not harbor the bacterium. Therefore, if the population of these other species were increased, the number of ticks acquiring the bacterium and hence the number of people contracting Lyme disease would likely decline. Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?

A.Ticks do not suffer any adverse consequences from carrying the bacterium that causes

Lyme disease in humans.

B.There are no known cases of a human’s contracting Lyme disease through contact with

white-footed mice.

C. A deer tick feeds only once while in the larval stage.

D. A single host animal can be the source of bacterium for many tick larvae.

E.None of the other species on which deer tick larvae feed harbor other bacteria that ticks

transmit to humans

分析：其他的都明显无关。E涉及到别的bacteria或者别的disease，但是argument中明显提到people contracting Lyme disease。B如果是反过来的话能加强（使mice数量和感染人的数量有可能有正相关关系）。

T-9-Q33.

Which of the following, if true, most logically completes the passage?

A recent poll found that over 80 percent of the residents of Nalmed Province favored a massive expansion of the commuter rail system as a means of significantly easing congestion on the province’s highways and were willing to help pa y for the expansion through an increase in their taxes. Nevertheless, the poll results indicate that expansion of the rail system, if successfully completed, would be unlikely to achieve its goal of easing congestion, because.

A.most of people in favor of expanding the rail system reported less congestion during their

highway commute as the primary benefit they would experience.

B.of the less than 20 percent of residents not counted as favoring the expansion, about half

claimed to have no opinion one way or the other.

C.the twice-daily periods of peak congestion caused by people commuting in cars have

grown from about an hour each to almost two and a half hours each in the past 20 years.

D.expanding the commuter rail system will require the construction of dozens of miles of

new railroads.

E.the proposed expansion to the commuter rail system will make it possible for some

people who both live and work at suburban locations to commute by rail.

分析：英文理解问题，A：多数支持的人会把高速上少拥挤当作他们将要获得的好处（潜台词，指望别人去坐火车，自己接着开车。）

4. GWD21-Q4:

Which of the following most logically completes the passage?

Appendicitis (inflammation of the appendix) is potentially fatal; consequently, patients with symptoms strongly suggesting appendicitis almost always have their appendix removed. The appropriate surgery is low-risk but performed unnecessarily in about 20 percent of all cases. A newly developed internal scan for appendicitis is highly accurate, producing two misdiagnoses for

every 98 correct diagnoses. Clearly, using this test, doctors can largely avoid unnecessary removals of the appendix without, however, performing any fewer necessary ones than before, since ______.

A.the patients who are correctly diagnosed with this test as not having appendicitis

invariably have medical conditions that are much less serious than appendicitis

B.the misdiagnoses produced by this test are always instances of attributing appendicitis to

someone who does not, in fact, have it

C.all of the patients who are diagnosed with this test as having appendicitis do, in fact,

have appendicitis

D.every patient who is diagnosed with this test as having appendicitis has more than one of

the symptoms generally associated with appendicitis

E.the only patients who are misdiagnosed using this test are patients who lack one or more

of the symptoms that are generally associated with appendicitis

分析：英文问题，注意小词。can largely avoid，any fewer necessary。largely和any的关系。

大限度的减少不必要的移除阑尾的手术，不放过任何一个必须的。（宁可错杀也不能放过！）

C明显和原文说到的97%的准确率相佐。

B说的是：误诊的都是把没病的当成有病的了。符合原意错杀的意思。

28. GWD21-Q28:

Since it has become known that several of a bank’s top executives have been buying shares in their own bank, the bank’s depositors, who had been worried by rumors that the bank faced impending financial collapse, have been greatly relieved. They reason that since top executives evidently have faith in the bank’s financial soundness, those worrisome rumors must be false. They might well be overoptimistic, however since corporate executives have sometimes bought shares in their own company in a calculated attempt to dispel negative rumors about the company’s health.

In the argument given, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles?

A.The first summarizes the evidence used in the reasoning called into question by the

argument; the second states the counterevidence on which the argument relies.

B.The first summarizes the evidence used in the reasoning called into question by the

argument; the second is an intermediate conclusion supported by that evidence.

C.The first is an intermediate conclusion that forms part of the reasoning called into

question by the argument; the second is evidence that undermines the support for this

intermediate conclusion.

D.The first is an intermediate conclusion that forms part of the reasoning called into

question by the argument; the second is the main conclusion of the argument.

E.The first is an intermediate conclusion that forms part of the reasoning called into

question by the argument; the second states a further conclusion supported by this

intermediate conclusion.

分析：evidence一般都是陈述事实（正误均可）而conclusion是基于evidence的推理而的出来的。本题中first所阐述的显然不是事实，是基于事实的猜想。退一步讲，如果first是事实的话，后面文章真正的观点就反而不成立了。

注意小词： evidently 有推理的感觉在里面

33. GWD21-Q33:

One of the limiting factors in human physical performance is the amount of oxygen that is

absorbed by the muscles from the bloodstream. Accordingly, entrepreneurs have begun selling at gymnasiums and health clubs bottles of drinking water, labeled “SuperOXY,” that has extra oxygen

dissolved in the water. Such water would be useless in improving physical performance, however, since the only way to get oxygen into the bloodstream so that it can be absorbed by the muscles is through the lungs.

Which of the following, if true, would serve the same function in the argument as the statement in boldface?

A.the water lost in exercising can be replaced with ordinary tap water

B.the amount of oxygen in the blood of people who are exercising is already more than the

muscle cells can absorb

C.world-class athletes turn in record performances without such water

D.f requent physical exercise increases the body’s ability to take in and use oxygen

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/4410036611.html,ck of oxygen is not the only factor limiting human physical performance

分析：其实有木有黑体字都能做出来。

关键的卡在于肌肉从血液吸收氧气那个口能力不够使，而不是氧气进入血液那个口，或其他

2. GWD17-Q9:（CD-9 Q10）

Press Secretary: Our critics claim that the President’s recent highway project cancellations demonstrate a vindictive desire to punish legislative districts controlled by opposition parties. They offer as evidence the fact that 90 percent of the projects canceled were in such districts. But all of the canceled projects had been identified as wasteful in a report written by respected nonpartisan auditors. So the President’s choice was clearly motivated by sound budgetary policy, not partisan politics.

Which of the followi ng is an assumption on which the press secretary’s argument depends?

A.Canceling highway projects was not the only way for the President to punish legislative

districts controlled by opposition parties.

B.The scheduled highway projects identified as wasteful in the report were not mostly

projects in districts controlled by the President’s party.

C.The number of projects canceled was a significant proportion of all the highway projects

that were to be undertaken by the government in the near future.

D.The highway pr ojects canceled in districts controlled by the President’s party were not

generally more expensive than the projects canceled in districts controlled by opposition

parties.

E.Reports by nonpartisan auditors are not generally regarded by the opposition parties as a

source of objective assessments of government projects.

分析：前提：1. 90%取消的都在反对党的辖区 2.所有被取消的都被证明确实是浪费的

推断：总统的决定是公正的

求assumption。

前提的 line of reasoning 明显存在漏洞，有可能还有很多也是浪费的却没别取消的在总统的执政党的辖区啊。如果有的话，那总统还是偏心的。所以这个assumption的任务是补漏，证明总统辖区里确实本来就没有很多浪费的project。

11. GWD17-Q11:

Some species of Arctic birds are threatened by recent sharp increases in the population of snow

geese, which breed in the Arctic and are displacing birds of less vigorous species. Although snow geese are a popular quarry for hunters in the southern regions where they winter, the hunting

season ends if and when hunting has reduced the population by five percent, according to official estimates. Clearly, dropping this restriction would allow the other species to recover.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the argument?

A.Hunting limits for snow geese were imposed many years ago in response to a sharp

decline in the population of snow geese.

B.It has been many years since the restriction led to the hunting season for snow geese

being closed earlier than the scheduled date.

C.The number of snow geese taken by hunters each year has grown every year for several

years.

D.As their population has increased, snow geese have recolonized wintering grounds that

they had not used for several seasons.

E.In the snow goose’s winter habitats, the goose faces no significant natural predation.

分析：It has been many years since…说的是原来XXbut现在已经XX了。所以在此题中的意思应该是曾经restriction会使打猎季节提前结束，但现在已经不会了。

说明已经打不到5%了，因此可能有其他原因导致打猎的程度不高（比如不好这口了），因此restriction即使放宽了也没啥用了。削弱。（明显属于搭桥，搭了另一座桥，拆了原来的。）

22. GWD-18-Q22

In each of the past five years, Barraland’s prison population has increased. Yet, according to official government statistics, for none of those years has there been either an increase in the number of criminal cases brought to trial, or an increase in the rate at which convictions have been obtained. Clearly, therefore, the percentage of people convicted of crimes who are being given prison sentences is on the increase.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?

A.In Barraland the range of punishments that can be imposed instead of a prison sentence

is wide.

B.Over the last ten years, overcrowding in the prisons of Barraland has essentially been

eliminated as a result of an ambitious program of prison construction.

C.Ten years ago, Barraland reformed its criminal justice system, imposing longer minimum

sentences for those crimes for which a prison sentence had long been mandatory.

D.Barraland has been supervising convicts on parole more closely in recent years, with the

result that parole violations have become significantly less frequent.

E.The number of people in Barraland who feel that crime is on the increase is significantly

greater now than it was five years ago.

分析：parole是保释的意思。。我猜错了，以为是越狱。。。这样看的话保释人员的犯罪率跟题目无关，可排除。C说的是，最小服刑时间被延长了。英文问题。

18. GWD26-Q18

A medieval manuscript called L contains all eighteen extant tragediesby the Greek playwright Euripides. Of these, ten called the “selectplays,” are accompanied in L by ancie nt commentaries and also appear in other medieval manuscripts; this group includes some ofEuripides’ best-known works, including the Medea. The other eight, which appear in alphabetical order, without commentary. The Electra isone of the alphabeticals.

Which of the following can be reliably concluded on the basis of theStatements given?

A.Only Euripides’ best-known works are accompanied by ancientcommentaries in extant

medieval manuscripts.

B.The select plays are accompanied by ancient commentariesbecause they were the best known

of Euripides’ works.

C.No commentaries were written about Euripides’ Electra in ancient times.

D.Euripides’ Medea never appears in medieval manuscriptsunaccompanied by ancient

commentary.

E.Euripides’ Electra does not appear accompanied by a commentary in any extant medieval

manuscript.

分析: 在于and also如何理解，如果理解成只有前十部出现在其他地方，（暗示另外八部不会出现

在其他地方）则E就明显错了。

22. GWD26-Q22

People who have spent a lot of time in contact with animals often developanimal-induced allergies, some of them quite serious. In a survey of currentemployees in major zoos, about 30 percent had animal-induced allergies.Based on this sample, experts conclude that among members of the generalpopulation who have spent a similarly large amount of time in close contactwith animals, the percentage with animal-induced allergies is not 30 percentbut substantially more.

Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest grounds for the experts’conclusion?

A. A zoo employee who develops a serious animal-induced allergy is verylikely to switch to some

other occupation.

B. A zoo employee is more likely than a person in the general populationto keep one or more

animal pets at home

C.The percentage of the general population whose level of exposure toanimals matches that of

a zoo employee is quite small.

D.Exposure to domestic pets is, on the whole, less likely to cause animal-induced allergy than

exposure to many of the animals kept in zoos.

E.Zoo employees seldom wear protective gear when they handle animalsin their care.

分析：属于“呵呵”逻辑。。。自行看题体会。。。目测主要还是要用排除法，因为其他选项更扯淡。

29. GWD26-Q29

Educational Theorist:

Recent editorials have called for limits on the amountof homework assigned to children. They point out that free-time activitiesplay an important role in childhood development and that large amounts ofhomework reduce children’s free time, hindering their development. But theaverage homework time for a ten year old, for example, is little more than30 minutes per night. Clearly, therefore, there is no need to impose thelimits these editorials are calling for.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the educational theorist’sargument relies?

A.The free-time activities that ten year olds engage in most are allapproximately equally

effective at fostering development

B.Regular ly doing homework assignments improves children’s academicperformance.

C.Individual teachers are not the best judges of how much homework toassign the children they

teach

D.In most schools, if not all, the homework assignments given are of a length that does not

diverge widely from the average.

E.Free-time activities rarely teach children skills or information that theycan use in their

academic work.

分析：C只说了私人教师judege，并没有说真的assign。D所说的是，学校之间不会有很大的不同。这样使得文中所举的例子有了很好的代表性和说服力。属于取非削弱。

41.: GWD-23-Q39

In Gandania, where the government has a monopoly on tobacco sales, the incidence of smoking-related health problems has risen steadily for the last twenty years. The health secretary recently proposed a series of laws aimed at curtailing tobacco use in Gandania. Profits from tobacco sales, however, account for ten percent of Gandania’s annual revenues. Therefore, Gandania cannot afford to institute the proposed laws.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?

A.All health care in Gandania is government-funded.

B.Implementing the proposed laws is not likely to cause a significant increase in the amount of

tobacco Gandania exports.

C.The percentage of revenue Gandania receives from tobacco sales has remained steady in

recent years.

D.Profits from tobacco sales far surpass any other single source of revenue for the Gandanian

government.

E.No government official in Gandania has ever previously proposed laws aimed at curtailing

tobacco use.

分析：好题！此消彼长的关系。