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新编简明英语语言学Chapter9Languageandculture

Chapter9Languageandculture语言与文化

知识点：

1.*Definition:culture;culturaldiffusion

2.Therelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture

3.#Sapir-WhorfHypothesis

4.*Linguisticevidenceofculturaldifferences

5.Culturaloverlapanddiffusion

考核目标：

识记：Definition:culture;culturaldiffusion

领会：Culturaloverlapanddiffusion;Sapir-

WhorfHypothesis;Linguisticevidenceofculturaldifferences

简单应用：Therelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture

一、定义

1.Culture文化：includingthepatternsofbelief,customs,objects,institutions,techniques,andla nguagethatcharacterizesthelifeofthehumancommunity由.信仰，风俗，目标，机构，技术和语言构成，具有人类社区生活的特征。

2.Culturaldiffusion文化扩散：

throughcommunication,someelementsofcultureAentercultureBandbecomepartofcult ureB.通过交际，A文化中的某些成分进入

了B文化，并成为了B文化的一部分。

二、知识点

9.2whatisculture?

Culture文化：includingthepatternsofbelief,customs,objects,institutions,techniques,andla nguagethatcharacterizesthelifeofthehumancommunity由.信仰，

风俗，目标，机构，技术和语言构成，具有人类社区生活的特征。Twotypesofculture:

1.materialculture物质文化：isconcrete,substantialandobservable具.体的，

实质的，可观察到的（e.g.意识文化、信念、价值观，时空概念）

2.spiritualculture精神文化：isabstract,implicit,andhidden.抽象的，多义的，不可见的。

9.3therelationshipbetweenlanguageandculture语言与文化的关系

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/4915576631.html,nguageisapartofculture

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/4915576631.html,nguageistheprimarymeansforculturaltransmission文化传播

3.somelinguisticdifferencesareduetoculturaldifferences

4.Variouscultureswillhavedifferentresponses反映tothesameword.

Theonehand,languageisanintegralpartofhumanbeingpermeateshisthinkingandwayofv iewingworld.Ontheother,language,asasystemofspokenorwrittensymbolsusedbypeopl einasharedculturetocommunicatewitheachother,reflectsandaffectsaculture ’sway ofthinkingandhelpsperpetuateandchangethecultureanditsinfluence,whichalsofaci litatesthedevelopmentsofthislanguageatthesame

time.一方面，语言作为人类密不可分的一部分，渗入了他的思想和世界观，既表达了文化现实，也体现了文化现实。在另一方面，语言作为文化的产物，也有助

于文化的恒定，而且，语言运用中的变体也反过来反映了文化的变化。

9.4Sapir-WhorfHypothesis 萨丕尔-沃夫假说

1.linguisticrelativity 语言相对论：EdwardSapirandBenjaminWhorf,

proclaimedthatthestructureofthelanguagepeoplehabituallyuseinfluencesthe

waystheythinkandbehave,i.e.differentlanguagesofferpeopledifferentwaysof

expressingtheworldaround,theythinkandspeakdifferently,thisisalsoknownas

linguisticrelativity.爱德华萨丕尔和本杰明·沃尔夫,声称，人们习惯性地运

用的语言结构影响的他们的思考和行为方式,即不同的语言给人们提供不同的方

式表达他们周围的世界他们以不同的方式思考和说话,这也被称为语言相对论。 ,

2. Sapir-WhorfHypothesis （SWH ）萨皮尔沃尔夫假说：

SapirandWhorf believethatlanguagefilterspeople ’sperceptionandthewaytheycate gorizeexperiences.Thisinterdependenceoflanguageandthoughtisnowknownas Sapir-Whorf

Hypothesis （SWH ）.萨丕尔和沃尔夫认为,语言渗入了人们的感知和他们对经验的方式分类之中。语言和思想的这种相互依赖性是现在被称为萨皮尔沃尔夫假说。

对这种假说的理解分为 2种方式：Strongversion&weakversion

1）Strongversion 强版

(Linguisticdeterminism)believesthatthelanguagepatternsdeterminepeople ’sthi nkingandbehavior;(语言决定论)认为,语言模式决定人们的思想

和行为

2）Weakversion 弱版

(Linguisticrelativity)holdsthattheformerinfluencethelatter.differentlangua gesofferpeopledifferentwaysofexpressingtheworldaround(.语言

相对论)认为,前者影响后者(即人们的思想行为决定语言模式)。不同语言的人们

提供不同的方式表达周围的世界。（更多支持弱版）

P329例子

----ThestudyofthelinguisticrelativityorSWHhasshedtwoimportantinsights

语言相对论或 SWH 的研究让我们获得了两个重要的领悟 :

★ Thereisnowadaysarecognitionthatlanguage,ascode,reflectscultural preoccupationsandconstrainsthewaypeoplethink. ,反映现在。人们承认语言作为代码了文化先质和语言限制了人们的思考方式。

★MorethaninWhorf’sdays,however,werecognizehowimportantcontextisin complementingthemeaningsencodedinthelanguage不.过，与沃尔夫那个时代不同 , 我们认识到语境在补足编码与语言中的意义方面是多么重要。

9.5Linguisticevidenceofculturaldifferences文化差异的言语证据

1.greetingandtermsofaddress问候语和称呼语

2.gratitudeandcompliments感激与称赞

3.colorwords颜色词

4.privacyandtaboos隐私与禁忌

5.roundinfoffnunbers数字处理

6.wordsandcultural-specificconnotations词及文化特有的暗涵

7.cultural-relatedidioms,proverbsandmetaphors与文化相关的习语、谚语和隐喻

9.6Culturecontact,culturaloverlapanddiffusion

文化接触，文化重叠与扩散

1.threeformsof Culturecontact文化接触的三种形式：

1）acculturation文化适应、移入

2）assimilation同化

3）amalgamation联合

2.culturaloverlap文化重叠:despitethetheculturaldifference,thereexistagreaterorlesserdegreeofcultur aloverlapbetweentosocietiesowingtosomesimilaritiesinthenaturalenvironmentan dpsychologyofhumanbeing尽.管存在这些文化差异，由

于在自然环境和人的心理上的某些相似之处，在两个社会之间存在着程度上或大或

小的文化重叠。

3.Culturaldiffusion文化扩散：

throughcommunication,someelementsofcultureAentercultureBandbecomepartofcult ureB.通过交际，A文化中的某些成分进入了B文化，并成为了B文化的一部分。（典型例子：外来词loanwords的出现）

LoanwordsinChineseandEnglish.

肥皂剧、卡通、布丁、苹果派、雀巢、巴士、排挡、耐克、因特网、KTV、EMAIL Typhoon,gongfu,etc.

1）所有的语言都在某种程度上因某些原因而借用

2）对于一个语言社区而言，跨越其边界从当地语言中借用一个显存的词比重新

创造一个容易得多。

*（1.借词通常反映了文化输入的路径。

2.虽然通过文化扩散，世界上许多语言都被借用，但这些外来词保留了他们自身的语法结构）

Justlook:

Recentlywiththeincreasingculturaldiffusionatendencyofculturalimperiali sm,owingtolinguisticimperialism[?m'p??r??l?z(?)m].由于文化扩散不断增强，人们意识到由语言帝国主义而产生的文化帝国主义的趋势。

9.7Thesignificanceofculturaltechingandlearning

文化教学与学习的意义（语言是文化的基石）

学习语言无法与齐文化分离，我们需要学习足够的关于这门语言的文化，这样我们

才可以以恰当的方式运用目的语进行交际。

9.8Interculturalcommunication跨文化交际

Interculturalorcross-culturalcommunication跨文化和跨文化交流：is communicationbetweenpeoplefromdifferentcultures(theirculturalperceptionsan dsymbolssystemsaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.)

是来自不同文化背景的人之间的沟通(他们的文化认知和符号系统的不同足以改变

交际事件。)暗含了文化之间的一个比较

Incross-

culturalcommunication,weneedtopayspecialattentiontothesignificantdifference sregardingsocialrelationsandconceptofuniversefromdifferentperspectivessucha slanguage,food,dress,attitudetowardstime,workhabits,socialbehaviorandreligi ousbeliefthatcancausefrustrationsincommunicationsandcontacts.跨文化沟通的时候,我们需要特别注意，显著差异对于社会关系和宇宙

的概念从不同角度如：语言、饮食、服饰、时间、工作态度、社会行为习惯和宗

教信仰,会导致在沟通和接触方面的挫折。

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