英美文学选读要点总结精心整理下载版3
【英国】Chapter3 The Romantic Period (1798-1832)浪漫主义
1. This urgency was provoked by two important revolutions: the French Revolution of 1789-1794 and the English Industrial Revolution which happened more slowly, but with Astonishing consequences.英国面临着新的发展动力：一是1789-1794年的法国资产阶级大革命，一是同时期英国内部的工业革命。
2. In 1832, the Reform Bill was enacted, which brought the Industrial capitalists into power.1832年“改革法案”在议会通过并实施。
3. The Romantic Movement, whether in England, Germany or France, expressed a more or less negative forward the existing social.浪漫主义运动，无论是在英国，德国还是法国，都表现相互对工业革命时期现存的社会经济制度及城市资产阶级的上升的否定态度。
4. The Romantics demonstrated a strong reaction against the dominant modes of thinking of the 18th-century writers and philosophers. Where their predecessors saw man as a social animal, the Romantics saw him essentially as an individual in the solitary state.文学家摒弃了18世纪盛行的文学及哲学基调---理性，新古典主义文学家认为人是社会性的动物，而浪漫主义文学家认为人应该是独立自由的个体。
5. Thus, we can say that Romanticism actually constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit.因此，我们还可以说浪漫主义其实是将人们的注意力从外部世界—社会文明转移到内部世界---人类自己的精神实质。
6. The Romantic period is an age of poetry.浪漫主义时代也是诗歌的时代。
7. They believed that poetry could purify both individual souls and the society.他们（浪漫主义代表诗人布莱克，华兹华斯，科勒律治，拜伦，雪莱及济恩）认为诗歌是医治社会顽疾的良药，可以净化人的灵魂。
8. Wordsworth defines the poet as a “man speaking to men,” and poetry as “the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings, which originates in emotion recollected in tranquillity.”华兹华斯认为诗人是对着广大人民讲话的人，而诗歌是强烈情感的自发流露，发乎情，止乎静。
9. Imagination, defined by Coleridge, is the vital faculty that creates new wholes out of disparate elements.想象是在全无联系的各种元素上创立新型整体的一种超凡的官能。
10. The Romantics not only extol the faculty of imagination, but also elevate the concepts of spontaneity and inspiration, regarding them as something crucial for true poetry.浪漫主义者不仅推崇想象，还强调灵感与创作的自发性，认为有这两种才智才能创造出真正的诗歌。
11. Romantics also tend to be nationalistic.浪漫主义者们还体现了强烈的民族精神。
12. To the Romantics, poetry should be free from all rules. They would turn to the humble people and the common everyday life for subjects.浪漫主义诗人却打破这些格律，他们会在穷苦百姓及日常生活中找寻素材。
13. The two major novelists of the Romantic period are Jane Austen and Walter Scott.浪漫主义时期的代表小说家有简.奥斯汀与沃尔特.司各特.
14. Jane Austen’s view of life is a totally realistic one.简.奥斯汀对生活抱有完全的现实主义.
15. The major theme of Jane’s novels is love and marriage toward which she holds on
a practical idealism---love should be justified by reason and disciplined by
self-control. She chooses to stay within the tiny field that she knows best., she has become a popular classic and has been admired for her wit, her common-sense, her insight into characters and social relationships. 简.奥斯汀作品的主题为爱情与婚姻,对于这个主题,奥斯汀抱有一种较为实际的理想主义---爱情必须有理智及道德准则的约束,她的作品的背景都很小却都是她熟知的,她的智慧,常识及对人物和人际关系深刻的洞察受到了大批读者的喜爱.
16. Walter Scott showed a keen sense of political and traditional forces and of their influence on the individual. He is the first major historical novelist.司各特表现出对政治与传统的力量及它们对个人的影响深刻的洞察力。他是英国文学史上第一位重要的历史小说家。
17. Gothic novel, a type of romantic fiction that predominated in the late eighteenth century, its principal elements are violence, horror, and the supernatural.哥特式小说也是浪漫主义运动的一部分，它盛行于浪漫主义前期的18世纪末。这种小说的主要题材是暴力，恐怖及对超自然力（鬼神）的描写。
(I)William Blake威廉.布莱克
18. He was often misunderstood by other people, who would regard him as gifted but mad. He was recognized only posthumously.他经常遭到旁人误解，认为他是个天才，又是个疯子，他去世后才被人发掘出来并一举成名。
19. Childhood is central to Blake’s concern in the Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience, and this concern gives the two books a strong social and historical reference.他的两步诗集《天真之歌》和《经验之歌》中，童年是布莱克主要描述的中心，这个描述中心使作品富有社会与历史性的参考价值。
20. Blake’s Marriage of Heaven and Hell marks his entry into maturity. It plays the double role both as a satire and a revolutionary prophecy.布莱克的《天堂与地狱的结合》一诗标志着他创作上的成熟，并担负了讽喻与革命预言的两重角色。
21. The “marriage,” to Black, means the reconciliation of then contraries, not the subordination of the one to the other.婚姻对布莱克意味着矛盾的调和，而并非一方从属于另一方。
22. Blake felt bound to declare that “I know that This World is World of Imagination & Vision” and that “The Nature of my work is visionary or imaginative.”布莱克热切得宣布：“我认为人世凡尘是一个充满想象与幻想的世界，我的作品也如人世凡尘一样充满想象与幻觉。”
23. Blake writes his poems in plain and direct language.布莱克的语言直白朴素。
24. Symbolism in wide rang is also a distinctive feature of his poetry.大范围地使用象征手法也是他作品的鲜明特征。
(II)William Wordsworth威廉.华兹华斯
25. The poet Robert Southey as well as Coleridge lived nearby, and the three men became known as the “Lake Poets”.诗人骚塞,科勒律治也居住在同一地城,三人并称为”湖畔诗人”。
26. In 1842 he received a government pension, and in the following year he succeeded Southey as Poet Laureate.1842年政府为他发了津贴，次年他压倒骚塞成为了“桂冠诗人”。
27. According to the subject, Wordsworth’s short poems can be classified into two group: poems about nature and poems about human life.按照主题，华的短诗可分为两大类：关于自然的和关于人类生活的。
28. Wordsworth is regarded as a “worshipper of nature.”华被称为”大自然的膜拜者”。
29. Wordsworth thinks that common life is the only subject of literary interest. The joys and sorrows of the common people are his themes.华认为普通人的普通生活应是文学的主题，她的作品大多描述普通百姓的喜怒哀乐。
30. His works contain “The Solitary Reaper”, “To a Highland Girl”, ”The Old Cumberland Beggar ” and “The Ruined Cottage”.他的作品包括《孤独的收割者》，《致高地姑娘》，《老坎伯兰的乞丐》和《被摧毁的茅屋》。
31. In its daring use of subject mater and sense of then authenticity of the experience of the poorest, “Resolution and Independence” is the triumphant conclusion of ideas first developed in the Lyrical Ballads.通过大胆运用这样的主题，同时对贫苦人民生活经历的描写拥有极大的可信度，“革命与独立”则成为《抒情歌谣集》中成功的结论，这在英国诗歌历史上也是第一次。
32. Wordsworth is a poet in memory of the past .华兹华斯是一个怀旧的诗人。
33. Wordsworth’s deliberate simplicity and refusal to decorate the truth of experience produced a kind of pure and profound poetry which no other poet has ever equaled.华兹华斯对简洁朴素的风格的追求，对粉饰真实的厌恶使他的诗歌具有别人无法企及的纯净与深远之美。
34. he maintained that the scenes and events of everyday life and the speech of ordinary people were the raw material of which poetry could and should be made.他强调诗歌创作最要紧的是把握真实素材的来源，他的创作理论的核心便是普通人的生活经历，普通人的词汇语言都是诗人应该也能够汲取的素材。
35. William Wordsworth is the leading figure of the English romantic poetry, the focal poetic voice of the period.华兹华斯是英国诗歌史上的精英，是浪漫主义时期的杰出代表。
36. The most important contribution he has made is that he has not only started the modern poetry, the poetry of the growing inner self, but also changed the course of English poetry by using ordinary speech of the language and by advocating a return to nature.他对诗歌的巨大贡献在于开启了现代诗歌，开创了运用百姓生活语言写诗的新道路，并号召人们回归自然。
(III)Samuel Taylor Coleridge塞.泰.科勒律治
37. In 1798, the two men published a joint volume of poetry, Lyrical Ballads, which became a landmark in English poetry. 1798年，他同华兹华斯合作出版《抒情歌谣集》，成为英诗发展的一座里程碑。
38. In addition to “The Ancient Mariner,” he wrote “Kubla Khan,” began writing “Christabel” and composed “This Lime-Tree Bower My Prison,”“Frost at Midnight,”and “The Nightingale,” which are considered to be his best “conversational” poems.他创作了《古航海家之歌》，《忽必烈汗》，《子夜寒霜》，《夜莺》等名诗，这些都是他“对话诗”的代表。
39. Philosophically and critically, Coleridge opposed the limitedly rationalistic trends of the the 18th-century thought.在哲学与文学评论方面，科勒律治反对18世纪那种局限的理性主义潮流。
40. he advocated a more spiritual and religious interpretation of life, based on what he had learnt from Kant and Schelling.他倡导了以坎特与斯凯灵理论的对人类精神化与宗教化的诠释。
41. He believed that art is the only permanent revelation of the nature of reality.他认为艺术是唯一一种能永远揭示现实的形式。
42. Coleridge’s actual achievement as poet can be divided into two remarkably diverse groups: the demonic and the conversational.柯勒律治在诗歌方面的成就可分为不同的两大类，神祗诗与对话诗。
43. Mysticism and demonism with strong imagination are the distinctive features of this group.这些诗歌的显著特点，便是神秘与想象。
44. “Christabel” uses a freer version of the ballad form to create an atmosphere of the Gothic horror at once delicate and sinister.“克丽斯特贝尔”一诗采用了更为自由的抒情诗形式，创造出的是与一种微妙而又邪恶的哥特式恐怖氛围。
45. He sings highly Wordsworth’s “purity of language,”“deep and subtle thoughts,”“Perfect truth to nature”and his “imaginative power.”But he denies Wordsworth’s claim that there is no essential difference between the language of poetry and the language spoken by common people.他高度赞赏华兹华斯那“纯净的语言”，“深邃的思想”，“对自然完美真实的描述”以及他“非凡的想象力”。但是他不赞成华兹华斯所说的“诗歌语言与普通百姓的生活语言没什么两样”。
46. Coleridge was esteemed by some of his contemporaries and is generally recognized today as a lyrical poet and literary critic of the first rank.科勒律治被同时期的诗界所尊崇，直至今日也被奉为第一流的抒情诗人与文学评论家。
47. he was one of the most influential English literary critics and philosophers of the 19th century.他是19世纪浪漫主义文学与哲学的代表。
（IV）George Gordon Byron乔治.戈登.拜伦
48. The publication in 1812 of the first two cantos of Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, brought Byron fame.拜伦早期代表作是长篇叙事诗《恰尔德.哈罗德游记》第一，第二章（1812）。
49. In Geneva, he wrote the third canto of Childe Harold and the narrative poem The Prisoner of of Chillon.在日内瓦，拜伦写下了《哈罗德游记》第三章及叙事诗《齐伦的囚犯》。
50. he produced the verse drama Manfred, the first two cantos of Don Juan.他创作了诗剧《曼弗雷德》，《唐璜》的前两章。
51. Don Juan is Byron’s masterpiece, a great comic epic of the early 19th century.他的代表作《唐璜》是19世纪初期的著名讽刺史诗。
52. Byron invests in Juan the moral positives like courage, generosity and frankness, are virtues neglected by the modern society.拜伦在唐璜身上开发出勇敢,慷慨,诚恳直白等优点。
53. the poet’s true intention is, by making use of Juan’s adventures, to present a panoramic view of different types of society.诗人的创作意旨在于通过唐璜的游历来体现不同的社会情形。
54. Byron’s satire on the English society in the later part of the poem can be compared with Pope’s; and his satire is much less personal than that of Pope’s, for Byron is here attacking not a personal enemy but the whole hypocritical society.拜伦在诗的末尾对英国社会的讽刺与蒲柏相媲美，有过之而无不及，因为拜伦讽刺的不是个人恩怨，而是整个社会的虚伪。
55. As a leading Romanticist, Byron’s chief contribution is his creation of the “Byronic hero,”a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. Such a hero appears first in Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, and then further developed in later works such as the Oriented Tales, Manfred, and Dan Juan in different guises.作为浪漫主义的代表诗人，拜伦的主要贡献在于他创造了“拜伦式英雄”，高傲，神秘，反叛却带有贵族血统。这种拜伦式英雄出现在《哈罗德游记》，《东方故事集》，《曼弗雷德》及《唐璜》等多部作品中。
56. Actually Byron has enriched European poetry with an abundance of ideas, images, artistic forms and innovations.拜伦以丰富的思想，想象力，艺术形式和创新欧洲的诗歌得到了发展
(V)Percy Bysshe Shelley柏.比.雪莱
57. He held a lifelong aversion to cruelty, injustice, authority, institutional religion and the formal shams of respectable society, condemning war, tyranny and exploitation.他一生都在执著的反抗社会上的残忍与不公，强权与宗教，战争与剥削。
58. He realized that the evil was also in man’s mind.他认为罪恶还存在于人的思想。
59. One of Shelley’s greatest political lyrics is “Men of England. The poem was later to become a rallying song of the British Communist Party.”雪莱最著名的政治抒情诗是“致苏格兰人民”，这首诗在宪章运动时期成为广大工人的战歌。
60. Best of all the well-known lyric pieces is Shelley’s “Ode to the West Wind”; here Shelley’s rhapsodic and declamatory tendencies find a subject perfectly suited to them.雪莱最著名的抒情诗当属“西风颂”，这首诗语气狂热，宜于诵读。
61. “If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?” The poem is written in the terza rima form Shelley derived from his reading of Dante.“如果冬天已经来临，春天还会远吗？”诗人引用了文艺复兴时期意大利诗人但丁的三行诗节隔句押韵法。
62. Shelley’s greatest achievement is his four-act poetic drama, Prometheus Unbound，The play is an exultant work in praise of humankind’s potential, and Shelley himself
recognized it as “the most perfect of my products.”.雪莱最有造诣的作品是他的四幕诗剧《解放了的普罗米修斯》，它赞扬了人类自身的潜力，雪莱认识它是自己最出色的作品。
63. Like Blake, he has a reputation as a difficult poet: erudite, imagistically complex, full of classical and mythological allusions.像布莱克一样，由于不同于其他人，他是个备受推崇的诗人，他的作品博学，具有深厚文化底蕴，含有丰富的典故和神灵的暗示。
(VI)John Keats约翰.济慈
64. Endymion, published in 1818, was a poem based on the Greek myth of Endymion and the moon goddess.1818年,济慈出版了长诗<安狄米恩>,该诗以希腊神话为素材,记述了牧人安狄米恩赫月光女神的故。
65. It was this yearning and suffering that quickened his maturity and added a new dimension to his poetry.一连串挫折与内心压抑的情感促使他走向成熟，并使他未来的创作更加丰满。
66. At the heart of these pomes lies Keats’ concern with how the ideal can be joined with the real, the imagined with the actual, and man with woman.这些诗歌表达了济慈对如何将理想与现实，想象与实际，男人与女人结合起来的思考。
67. The volume also contain his four great odes: ”Ode on Melancholy,”“Ode on a Grecian Urn,”“Ode to a Nightingale,”“Ode a Psyche;” his lyric masterpiece “To Autumn”and the unfinished poem “Hyperion.”这部诗集包括他著名的四首“颂”：“忧郁颂”，“希腊古瓮颂”，“夜莺颂”，“普赛克颂”及他抒情诗的代表作“秋日颂”和未完成的诗作“希波里恩”。
68. The odes are generally regarded as Keats’s most important and mature works.颂诗是济慈最重要也是最成熟的作品。
69. In the great of these works, he also suggests the undercurrent of disillusion that accompanies such ecstasy, the human suffering which forever question the visionary transcendence achieved by art.在这些作品中,他对资本主义社会现实又不满，他的诗歌却常常带有唯美主义色彩。
70. “Ode to a Nightingale” expresses the contrast between the happy world of natural loveliness and human world of agony.”夜莺颂”展示了自然界之美与人世之痛苦强烈的反差。
71. “Ode on an Grecian Urn” shows the contrast between the permanence of art and the transience of human passion.“希腊古瓮颂”展示了永恒的艺术与短暂的人类热情之间的对比。
72. Sight, sound, scent, taste and feeling are all taken in to give an entire understanding of an experience.将视，听，嗅，味，触等感觉都转化成绝美的文字，带来一个通透的体验。
73. He draws diction, style and imagery from works of Shakespeare, Milton and Dante.他在措词，风格和比喻上都参考了莎士比亚，弥尔顿和但丁的作品。
74. Keats’s poetry characterized by exact and closely knit construction, sensual descriptions, and by force of imagination, gives transcendental values to the physical beauty of the world. 济慈的诗以精确紧凑的造句，有感描写为特色，通过想象，营造了超出人类经验值的自然之美。
(VII)Jane Austen 简.奥斯汀
75. Her first novel, Sense and Sensibility, tells a story about two sisters and their love affairs: Pride and Prejudice, the most popular of her novels, deals with five Bennet sisters and search for suitable husbands; and Northanger Abbey.她的处女作《理智与情感》讲述了一对姐妹的恋爱经历；《傲慢与偏见》是她最著名的作品，讲述了贝内特一家五位姐妹寻找如意郎君的过程；《诺觉寺》讽刺了18世纪流行的哥特式骑士抒情诗。
76. Mansfield Park presents the antithesis of worldliness and unworldliness ; Emma gives the thought over self-deceptive vanity; and Persuasion contrasts the true love with the prudential calculations.《曼斯菲尔德花园》表现了世俗与非世俗的并存；《爱玛》对自欺欺人的虚荣心给予了反思；《劝告》将真挚爱情与精打细算进行了对照。
77. She holds the ideals of the landlord class in politics, religion and moral principles; and her works show clearly her firm belief in the predominance of reason over passion, the sense of responsibility, good manners and clear-sighted judgment over the Romantic tendencies of emotion and individuality.她主张地主阶级应在政治及社会生活中占主导地位，而她的作品也表现了她强调的理智高于情感，责任心、礼节、公正高于浪漫与个人主义的观点。
78. And in style, she is neoclassicism advocator, upholding those traditional ideas of order, reason, proportion and gracefulness in novel writing.在写作风格上，她提倡新古典主义，坚持理性，秩序，典雅的原则。
79. Austen’s main literary concern is about human beings in their personal relationships.奥斯汀的创作主题总与个人的生活及人际关系有关。
80. It is her conviction that a man’s relationship to his wife and children is at least as important a part of his life as his concerns about his belief and career.她确信一个人与自己妻子，儿女的关系最起码同他生命的另一半---事业，信仰---同样重要。
81. plots are all restricted to the provincial life of the late 18th-century England, concerning three or four landed gentry families with their daily routine life.奥斯汀的写作素材十分狭窄。主题，角色，社会背景及情节都离不开18世纪英国的乡村中产阶级生活，总是三，四口之家的日常生活。
82. Pride and Prejudice, originally drafted as “First Impressions” in 1796, is the most delightful of Jane Austen’s works.《傲慢与偏见》原名《第一印象》是奥斯汀最出色的作品。
83. Our first impression, according to Jane Austen, are usually wrong.奥斯汀认为人的第一印象总是有失偏颇的。
84. The structure of the novel is exquisitely deft, the characterization in the highest degree memorable, while the irony has a radiant shrewdness unmatched elsewhere.
85. The works of Jane Austen, at once delightful and profound, are among the supreme achievements of English literature. With trenchant observation and in meticulous detail, she presents the quiet, day-to-day country life of the upper-middle-class English.奥斯汀的著作令人愉悦并有深意，是英国文学史上巨大的成就。她通过犀利细致的观察，向我们展现了平和的英国乡村中产阶级的日常生活全貌。
86. Her characteristic theme is that maturity is achieved through the loss of illusions.其典型的主旨是成熟，实在错误的幻想打破后获得的。
87. Because of her sensitivity to universal patterns of human behavior, Jane Austen has brought the English novel, as an art of form, to its maturity, and she has been regarded by many critics as one of the greatest of all novelists.由于她人类行为的普遍模式十分敏感，奥斯汀使英国小说走向成熟，众多评论家都认为她是英国最出色的小说家之一。
英美文学史名词解释
英美文学史名词解释 TYYGROUP system office room 【TYYUA16H-TYY-TYYYUA8Q8-
英美文学史名词解释 1.English Critical Realism English critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the early fifties. The realists first and foremost criticized the capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated (portrayed) the crying (extremely shocking) contradictions of bourgeois reality. The greatness of the English realists lies not only in their satirical portrayal of bourgeoisie and in the exposure of the greed and hypocrisy of the ruling classes, but also in their sympathy for the laboring people. Humor and satire are used to expose and criticize the seamy (dark) side of reality. The major contribution of the critical realists lies in their perfection of the novel. Charles Dickens and William Makepeace Thackeray are the most important representative of English critical realism. 2.The "Stream of Consciousness" The "stream of consciousness" is a psychological term indicating "the flux of conscious and subconscious thoughts and impressions moving in the mind at any given time independently of the person's will." In late 19th century,
中药化学总结个人
注：除习题集中所列内容或习题集中已列但需归纳的内容 P248. β为分配因子讨论液液萃取 β≥10，仅作一次简单萃取就可实现基本分离；但100>β ≥10，则须萃取10-12次；β≤2时，要想实现基本分离，须作100次以上萃取才能完成。 分配比与pH 酚类pKa值为9.2-10.8，羧酸类pKa值约为5，故pH值在3以下时，大部分酚酸性物质将以非解离形式（HA）存在，易分配于有机溶剂中；而pH值在12以上时，则将以解离形式（A¯）存在，易分配于水中。 P256 聚酰胺色谱对鞣持的吸附特强，近乎不可逆，帮用于植物粗提取物的脱鞣处理特别合适。 P261 液体混合物沸点差在100℃以上，可反复蒸馏法 25℃以下，则需用分馏法 P265 氢核磁共振中化学位移反映化合物中氢的种类 峰面积相同类型氢的数目 偶合常数氢与氢之间的相互关系及影响 P268-271 生物碱分类 吡啶类槟榔碱、烟碱、苦参碱 莨菪烷类阿托品 异喹啉类罂粟碱、去甲乌药碱、小檗碱、延胡索乙素、吗啡、可待因 吲哚类长春碱、利血平、马钱子碱 有机胺类麻黄碱、秋水仙碱、益母草碱 特点：N原子不在环结构内 P279 总生物碱的提取 1.脂溶性生物碱酸水提取氯仿、乙醚萃取 醇提取氯仿、乙醚萃取 2.水溶性生物碱雷氏铵盐是常用于提取季铵型水溶性生物碱的沉淀试剂 含生物碱的中药实例 P285 苦参极性大小：氧化苦参碱＞羟基苦参碱＞苦参碱 苦参碱：既可溶于水，又能溶于氯仿、乙醚、苯 氧化苦参碱：易溶于水、可溶于氯仿、难溶于乙醚 P287 麻黄伪麻黄碱形成分子内氢键稳定性大于麻黄碱，故碱性稍强于麻黄碱，但均具挥发性 草酸麻黄碱草酸伪麻黄碱盐酸麻黄碱盐酸伪麻黄碱 水难易 氯仿不溶溶 麻黄咸、伪麻黄碱特征性反应：（1）二硫化碳-硫酸铜反应；（2）铜络盐反应 P289 黄连小檗碱属苄基异喹啉类衍生物△干燥时≤80℃ 属季铵型生物碱强碱性 游离小檗碱能溶于水、热乙醇、难溶于苯、氯仿、丙酮等 小檗碱盐酸盐在水中溶解度较小，易溶于沸水，难溶于乙醇 特征性反应：丙酮加成反应漂白粉显色反应 P290 汉防已（熟悉） 汉防已甲素、乙素均为双苄基异喹啉衍生物，亲脂性；轮环藤酚碱（丙素）为季铵型生物碱（强碱性）、水溶性。 甲素极性较小，能溶于冷苯；乙素极性较小，难溶于冷苯，溶于热苯。
英语四级_翻译考点总结
英语比较结构具体考点： 特殊结构A is to B what / as X is Y ; A+倍数或几分之几as + adj. / adv. + as +B. 难点结构：as+adj.+n.+as分句和as much/many + 名词+ as 分句 The work is not as difficult as you think. This book is twice as thick as that one. George is as efficient worker as Jack. = George is a worker(who is) as efficient as Jack. I don’t want as expensive a car as this = I don’t want a car as expensive as this I can’t drink as sweet coffee as this=I can’t drink coffee as sweet as this. He took as much butter as he needed. She has written as many essays as her brother( has). 特殊结构：the more … the more (越……越……)；more and more （越来越） This question is less difficult than that that question. (比较对
象为彼此独立的人或事物) Iron is more useful than any other metal. (比较对象具有所属关系, 含有最高级含义) The city is becoming more and more beautiful. superior, inferior , senior , junior , major , minor He is three years senior to me. This type of computer is superior to that type. The Yangtze River is the longest river in China, but it is the third longest river in the world. The youngest member of the family is most successful. Of all forms of energy, electricity is most widely used. There are more wonders in heaven and earth than are dreamt of. ( than=than what…) 天地间的奇迹比人们所梦想的要多得多。 The medicine is more effective than is expected.
英美文学名词解释(1)
Epic: A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecti ng the values of the society from which it originated. The style of epic is grand宏伟的 and elevated高尚的. John Milton wrote three great epics:Paradise Lost,Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes. Sonnet(十四行诗 A sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhyme scheme Renaissance the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival复活 of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition过渡from the medieval to the modern world.the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism The Renaissance Period A period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance. Humanism人文主义 Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. 2>it emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the impo rtance of the present life.Humanists voiced their belie fs that man was the center of the universe and man did not
中药化学重点总结归纳
强极性溶剂：水 亲水性有机溶剂：与水任意混溶（甲、乙醇，丙酮） 亲脂性有机溶剂：不与水任意混溶，可分层（乙醚、氯仿、苯、石油醚） 常用溶剂的极性顺序： 石油醚—四氯化碳—苯—氯仿—乙醚—乙酸乙酯—正丁醇—丙酮—乙醇—甲醇—水 苯丙素 二、提取分离 1.苯丙烯、苯丙醛、苯丙酸的酯类衍生物具有挥发性，是挥发油芳香族化合物的主要成分，可 用水蒸气蒸馏。 2.苯丙酸衍生物可用有机酸的方法提取。 香豆素 二、理化性质 （一）物理性质游离香豆素----多有完好的结晶，大多具香味。 小分子的有挥发性和升华性。苷则无。 在紫外光照射下，香豆素类成分多显蓝色或紫色荧光。 （二）溶解性游离香豆素----难溶于冷水，可溶于沸水，易溶于苯、乙醚、氯仿、乙醇。 香豆素苷----能溶于水、甲醇、乙醇，难溶于乙醚、苯等极性小的有机溶剂。 香豆素遇碱水解与稀碱水作用可水解开环，形成水溶性的顺式邻羟基桂皮酸的盐。 酸化，又可立即环合形成脂溶性香豆素而析出。 如果与碱液长时间加热，将转为反式邻羟基桂皮酸的盐，酸化后不能环合。 与浓碱共沸，往往得到的是裂解产物——酚类或酚酸。 （三）成色反映 1.异羟肟酸铁反应 内酯在碱性条件下开环，与盐酸羟胺缩合，在酸性条件下，与三价铁离子络和成红色。 ?内酯[异羟肟酸铁反应、盐酸羟胺（碱性）、红色] 2.酚羟基反应 ?FeCl3溶液与具酚羟基物质反应产生绿色至墨绿色沉淀 ?若酚羟基的邻、对位无取代，可与重氮化试剂反应而显红色至紫红色。 ?含酚羟基的化合物[三氯化铁反应、FeCl3、绿色] 3. Gibb’s反应 Gibb’s试剂2，6-二氯（溴）苯醌氯亚胺，在弱碱性条件下，与酚羟基对位活泼氢缩合成蓝色化合物。6位无取代的香豆素显阳性。 ?Ph-OH对位无取代[Gibb’s反应，Gibb’s试剂，蓝色] 4Emerson反应 Emerson试剂2%的4-氨基安替比林和8%的铁氰化钾。其余同Gibb’s。 ?Ph-OH对位无取代[Emerson反应，Emerson试剂试剂，红色] 三．香豆素的提取与分离 （一）提取利用香豆素的溶解性、挥发性及具有内酯结构的性质进行提取分离。 游离香豆素一般可以用乙醚、氯仿、丙酮等提取(香豆素苷可用甲醇、乙醇或水提取)。 碱溶酸沉法提取。 1. 溶剂提取法常用甲醇、乙醇、丙酮、乙醚等提取。 乙醚是多数香豆素的良好溶剂。 苷则在正丁醇、甲醇中被提出。 2.碱溶酸沉法0.5%氢氧化钠水溶液稍加热提取，冷后用乙醚除杂质，加酸调PH到中性，适当 浓缩，再酸化，则香豆素或苷即可析出，也可用乙醚萃取。
大学英语四级翻译常见考点
大学英语四级翻译常见考点 常见语法考点 （一）虚拟语气 应该注意以下几种虚拟语气的形式： 1．由“ if ”引导的虚拟句子 （1）与现在的事实相反：(If ... + were/did...,...+ would do...) If I were you, I would marry him. 如果我是你，就会嫁给他。 （2）与过去的事实相反：(If ... + had done..., ... +would have done...) If you had worked hard, you would have passed the exam. 如果你用功学习，就会通过考试了。（3）与将来的事实可能相反：(If ...+ should do...,...+ would do...) If it should rain tomorrow, what would you do? 如果明天下雨，你怎么办? 2．用在表示要求、建议、命令等的名词从句中 从句谓语形式为：“...(should ) + do sth.”（在美语中should常省去）。类似用法的动词有：insist（坚持），suggest（建议），order（命令），propose（建议），demand（要求），command （命令），advise（建议），desire（要求、请求），request（请求），require（需要、要求），ask（要求），prefer（宁愿），recommend（推荐），arrange（安排），advocate（拥护、提倡），maintain（坚决主张）等后面的宾语从句中。 3．用在“It + be + important (necessary, natural, essential, strange, absur d, amazing, annoying, desirable, surprising, vital, advisable, anxious, compulsory, crucial, imperative, eager, fitting, possible, impossible, improper, obligatory, probable, preferable, strange, urgent等，以及insisted, suggested, ordered, requested, arranged, recommended等) + that ...”结构中的that 引导的主语从句中。 4．用在It is time that ... 结构中，表示“该干某事了”，含建议的意思，用动词过去式。It is time (that) we went to bed. 咱们该睡觉了。 注意: time 前可加about（表示“大约”）或high（表示“强调”）等。 5．wish后宾语从句中的虚拟语气 从句用一般过去时或过去进行时表示一种与现在事实相反的愿望：用过去完成时或过去完成进行时表示与过去事实相反的愿望：若用would则表示请求或对现状不满希望将来有所改变等。If only的用法和I wish等基本相同，只是更富有感情色彩。 6．as if／as though方式状语从句中的虚拟语气
英美文学名词解释(1)
1puritanism清教主义 The dogmas 教条preached by Puritans. They believed that all men were predestined命中注定and the individual ‘s free will played no part in his quest for salvation. This was a rejection of the dogmas preached by the Roman Catholic Church and its rites仪式. The Puritans also advocated a strict moral code which prohibited many earthly pleasures such as dancing and other merry-makings.清教徒提倡严格的道德准则禁止如跳舞和其他许多世俗的快乐的气质。They stressed the virtues of self-discipline,自律thrift节俭and hard work as evidence that one was among the “elect” to be chosen to go to Heaven after death 2Romanticism The term refers to the literary and artistic movements of the late 18th and early 19th century. Romanticism rejected the earlier philosophy of the Enlightenment, which stressed that logic and reason were the best response humans had in the face of cruelty, 残忍的stupidity, superstition,迷信的and barbarism. Instead, the Romantics asserted that reliance 依赖upon emotion and natural passions provided a valid and powerful means of knowing and a reliable guide to ethics 伦理and living. The Romantic movement typically asserts 声称，代言the unique nature of the individual, the privileged status 特权地位of imagination and fancy想象和幻想, the value of spontaneity over “artifice” and “convention”价值的理解“技巧”和“公约”，the human need for emotional outlets, the spiritual destruction 精神上的摧残of urban life.城市生活。Their writings are often set in rural, or Gothic settings and they show an obsessive 强迫性的concern with “innocent” characters—children, young
大学英语四级翻译常考句式及词组
一、常用单词组 education 教育 input in education 教育投入 communal participation 社会参与enhance the moral awareness of 提高……的思想品德 professional ethics 职业道德 credit system 学分制 guarantee job assignments 包分配multidisciplinary 多学科的 key university 重点大学 national expenditure on education 国家教育经费 account for…% 占百分比 intercultural communication 国际文化交流 equal stress on integrity and ability 德才兼备 to become educated through independent study 自学成材 compulsory education 普及教育preschool/elementary/secondary/higher / education 学前/初等/中等/高等教育adult education 成人教育 vocational and technical education 职业技术教育 institutions of higher learning 高等学校 inservice training course 在职进修班compulsory/optional course 必修/选修课 record of formal schooling 学历diploma 文凭，学历证明 二、常用句型 1、It作先行主语和先行宾语的一些句型 She had said what it was necessary to say. 2、强调句型 It is not who rules us that is important , but how he rules us. 3、"All+抽象名词"或"抽象名词+itself"(very+形容词) He was all gentleness to her. 4、利用词汇重复表示强调 A crime is a crime a crime. 5、"something(much)of"和"nothing(little)of" "something of"相当于"to some extent"，表示程度。在疑问句或条件从句中，则为"anything of "，可译为"有点"，"略微等。""译为毫无"，"全无"。"much of"译为"大有"，"not much of"可译为"算不上"，"称不上"，"little of"可译为"几乎无"。something like译为"有点像，略似。" They say that he had no universty education , but he seems to be something of a scholar. 6、同格名词修饰是指of前后的两个名词都指同一个人或物，"of"以及它前面的名词构一个形容词短语，以修饰"of"后面的那个名词。如"her old sharper of a father"，可译为："她那骗子般的父亲"。 Those pigs of girls eat so much. 7、as…as…can(may)be It is as plain as plain can be. 8、"It is in(with)…as in(with)" It is in life as in a journey. 9、"as good as…"相等于，就像，几乎如;实际上，其实，实在。 The merchant as good as promised the orphan boy, that he would adopt him. 10、"many as well…as"和"might as well …as" "many as well…as"可译为"与其……，
英美文学名词解释总结.doc
英美文学名词解释总结 Romance:Anyimaginationliteraturethatissetinanidealizedworldandth atdealswithaheroicadventuresandbattlesbetweengoodcharactersandvi llainsormonsters.传奇故事：指以理想化的世界为背景并且描写主人公的英雄冒险事迹和善与恶的斗争的想象文学作品。 Alliteration:Therepetitionoftheinitialconsonantsoundsinpoetry.头韵：诗歌中单词开头读音的重复。 Couplet:Itisapairofrhymingverselines,usuallyofthesamelength;oneoft hemostwidelyusedverse-sinEuropeanpoetry.Chaucerestablishedtheus eofcoupletsinEnglish,notablyintheCanterburyTales,usingrhymingiam bicpentameterslaterknownasheroiccoupletsBlankverse:Versewritteni nunrhymediambicpentameter.素体诗：用五音步抑扬格写的无韵诗。 Conceit:Akindofmetaphorthatmakesacomparisonbetweentwostartlin glydifferentthings.Aconceitmaybeabriefmetaphor,butitusuallyprovid estheframeworkforanentirepoem.Anespeciallyunusualandintellectual kindofconceitisthemetaphysicalconceit.新奇的比喻：将两种截然不同的食物进行对比的一种隐喻。 它虽被视为是一种隐喻，但是它往往构建了整首诗的框架，
中药化学《甾体类化合物》重点总结及习题
中药化学《甾体类化合物》重点总结及习题 本章复习要点： 1.了解甾体类化合物的含义、分布、生源途径和生理活性。 2.了解强心苷的含义、分布及生物活性。 3.掌握强心苷、甾体皂苷的结构类型、理化性质和检识。 4.掌握强心苷、甾体皂苷的提取、分离方法。 5.熟悉强心苷、甾体皂苷的结构测定。 6.熟悉胆汁酸的理化性质及检识。 第一节 概述 【含义】 甾体类化合物是以环戊烷骈多氢菲为基本母核的一类化合物的总称。 【分类】 甾体类化合物依-17位取代基团的不同，可分为： 【 甾体类化合物由甲戊二羟酸的生物合成途径转化而来。 【概述】 强心苷是指存在于植物体内的一类对心脏具有显著生物活性的甾体苷类，是由强心苷元与糖缩合而成的一类苷。 【结构与分类】 1.苷元部分： 天然存在的强心苷元是C 17侧链为不饱和内酯环的甾体化合物。 根据C 17侧链为不饱和内酯环的不同，强心苷元可分为： 13 25 6 4 R 7 8 9 10 11 12 1314 15 1617 1819
构成强心苷的糖根据C2位上羟基的有无可分为： （1）α–羟基糖：2–羟基糖，主要为D–葡萄糖、L–鼠李糖。 （2）α–去氧糖：常见于强心苷，是区别于其它苷类的一个重要特征。主要包括2，6–去氧糖（如：D–洋地黄毒糖）和2，6–去氧糖甲醚（如：L–夹竹桃糖）。 3.苷元和糖的连接方式（依直接与苷元相连的糖的种类） I型苷元-（2、6-二去氧糖）Χ-（D-葡萄糖）У II型苷元-（6-去氧糖）Χ- （D-葡萄糖）У III型苷元- （D-葡萄糖）У 植物界存在的强心苷，以I、II型较多。 【理化性质】 1．性状 大多为无色结晶或无定形粉末。具有旋光性。味苦，对粘膜有刺激性。 2．溶解性 强心苷用混合强酸（3~5%盐酸）水解时，苷元上羟基（C14-OH，C5-OH更容易）与邻位上的氢脱去水分子的反应。属于水解反应的副反应，应注意避免。 ★4．水解反应 （1）酸水解 优点:条件温和（水、36℃左右、24 hr），专属性强。
英美文学史名词解释
英美文学史名词解释 Document number：NOCG-YUNOO-BUYTT-UU986-1986UT
英美文学史名词解释 1.English Critical Realism English critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the early fifties. The realists first and foremost criticized the capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated (portrayed) the crying (extremely shocking) contradictions of bourgeois reality. The greatness of the English realists lies not only in their satirical portrayal of bourgeoisie and in the exposure of the greed and hypocrisy of the ruling classes, but also in their sympathy for the laboring people. Humor and satire are used to expose and criticize the seamy (dark) side of reality. The major contribution of the critical realists lies in their perfection of the novel. Charles Dickens and William Makepeace Thackeray are the most important representative of English critical realism. 2.The "Stream of Consciousness" The "stream of consciousness" is a psychological term indicating "the flux of conscious and subconscious thoughts and impressions moving in the mind at any given time independently of the person's will." In late 19th century, the literary device of "interior monologue" was originated in France as an application of modern psychological knowledge to literary creations. In the 20th century, under the influence of Freud 's theory of psychological analysis, a number of writers adopted the "stream of consciousness" method of novel writing. The striking feature
中药化学总结
中药有效成分的提取方法(一) (一)溶剂法 1、常用溶剂及性质 石油醚、四氯化碳(Ccl4)、苯(C6H6)、二氯甲烷(CHCL2)、氯仿(CHCl3)、乙醚(Et2O)、乙酸乙酯(EtOAc)、正丁醇(n-BuOH)、丙酮(Me2CO)、乙醇(EtOH或Alc)、甲醇(MeOH)、水等、极性越来越大。 2.中药化学成分的极性 化学物质的极性就是根据介电常数计算的,介电常数越大,极性越大。偶极矩,极化度、介电常数与极性有关。化合物极性大小判断:有机化合物,含C越多,极性越小,含氧越多,极性越大;含氧化合物中,含氧官能团极性越大,化合物的极性越大(含氧 官能团极性羧基＞羟基＞醛基＞酮基＞酯基);酸性碱性两性极性与存在状态有关(游离性极性小,解离型极性大)。比较极性(汉防己甲素(甲氧基取代)＜汉防己乙素(羟基取代)。 3.溶剂提取法的基本原理——相似相溶原理(提取溶剂的选择) 4.提取方法 溶剂法提取中药成分的常用方法有浸渍法、渗漉法、煎煮法、回流提取法与连续回流提取法5种。其中浸渍法与渗漉法属于冷提法,适用于对热不稳定的成分的提取,但提取效率低于热提法,因此提取时间长、消耗溶剂多。含淀粉、果胶、粘液质等杂质较多的中药提取可选择浸渍法。煎煮法、回流提取法与连续回流提取法属于热提法,提取效率高于浸渍法、渗漉法,但只适用于对热稳定的成分的提取。三法比较,煎煮法只能用水作提取溶剂,回流提取法有机溶剂消耗量较大,连续回流提取法节省溶剂,但提取液受热时间长。 (二)水蒸气蒸馏法能够用水蒸气蒸馏法提取的中药成分必须 满足3个条件,即挥发性、热稳定性与水不溶性(或虽可溶于水,但经盐析后可被与水不相混溶的有机溶剂提出,如麻黄碱)。凡能满足上述3个条件的中药化学成分均可采用此法提取。如挥发油、挥发性生物碱(如麻黄碱、烟碱、槟榔碱等)、小分子的苯醌与萘醌、小分子的游离香豆素、小分子的酚性物质(牡丹酚)等。(三)升华法适用于具有升华性的成分的提取,如游离的醌类成 分(大黄中的游离蒽醌)、小分子的游离香豆素等,以及属于生物碱的咖啡因,属于有机酸的水杨酸、苯甲酸,属于单萜的樟脑等。 (四)超临界流体萃取法特点:没有有机溶剂的残留,产品质量高,无污染,适用于对有热不稳定易氧化成分的提取,萃取速度高,收率高,工艺流程简单,操作简单,成本低,对有效成分的提 取选择性高(通过夹带剂改变或维持选择性),对脂溶性成分提 取效率高(在提取极性较大成分时,可以加入夹带剂),提取设备造价高,节约能源。 (五)其它:组织破碎法、压榨法、超声提取法(提取效率高,不破 坏成分)、微波提取法。 中药有效成分进行分离与精制(二) 一、根据物质溶解度的差别,进行分离与精制 1.结晶法 结晶溶剂选择的一般原则:对欲分离的成分热时溶解度大,冷时溶解度小;对杂质冷热都不溶或冷热都易溶。沸点要适当,不宜过高或过低,如乙醚就不宜用,不与被结晶物质发生反应, 无毒或小毒。 判定结晶纯度的方法:理化性质均一(形态稳定,颜色均一);固体化合物熔距≤2℃,熔点一定;各种色谱都能用,TLC或PC展开呈单一斑点;HPLC或GC分析呈单峰。双熔点:汉防己乙素与汉防己甲素(芫花素)。 2.沉淀法 可通过4条途径形成沉淀改变溶解度实现: 1)通过改变溶剂极性改变成分的溶解度。常见的有水醇法(沉淀多糖蛋白质等水溶性成分)、醇水法(沉淀树脂叶绿素等亲脂性成分)、醇提乙醚或丙酮沉淀法(沉淀皂苷)等。 2)通过改变溶剂强度改变成分的溶解度。使用较多的就是盐析法,即在中药水提液中加入一定量的无机盐,使某些水溶性成分溶解度降低而沉淀出来。 3)通过改变溶剂pH值改变成分的存在状态,解离状态极性变大,非解离状态极性变小。适用于酸性、碱性或两性亲脂性成分的分离。如分离碱性成分的酸提碱沉法与分离酸性成分的碱提酸沉法,调等电点提取两性成分。 4)通过加入某种试剂与欲分离成分生成难溶性的复合物或化合物。如铅盐沉淀法(包括中性醋酸铅或碱式醋酸铅)、雷氏盐沉淀法(分离季胺生物碱)、胆甾醇沉淀法(分离甾体皂苷)、明胶法(沉淀鞣质)等。 二、根据物质在两相溶剂中分配比的差异,对中药有效成分进行分离与精制 1.液-液萃取选择两种相互不能任意混溶的溶剂,通常一种为水,另一种为石油醚、乙醚、氯仿、乙酸乙酯或正丁醇等,这些溶剂要与水分层。将待分离混合物混悬于水中,置分液漏斗中,加适当极性的有机溶剂,振摇后放置,分取有机相或水相,即可 将极性不同的成分分离。分离的难易取决于两种物质在同一溶剂系统中分配系数的比值,即分离因子。分离因子愈大,愈易分离。可以通过调整溶液PH值来分离。
英语四级翻译历年真题汇总
2012年6月 87. Those flowers looked as if they (好长时间没有浇水了) 答案: had not been watered for quite a long time. 考点：look as if 虚拟语气后接过去完成时。 88. Fred bought a car last week. It is (比我的车便宜一千英镑) 答案: 1000 pounds cheaper than that of mine. 考点：比较级，不要漏掉指代词that。 89. This TV program is quite boring. We might (不妨听听音乐) 答案：listen to the music as well. 考点：固定搭配may as well：不妨。 90. He left his office in a hurry, with (灯亮着，门开着) 答案：the lights on and the door open. 考点：with后的伴随结构。 91. The famous novel is said to (已被译成多种语言) 答案：have been translated into several languages. 2011年12月 87. Charity groups organized various activities to raise money for the survivors of the earthquake. (为地震幸存者筹款) 88. Linda couldn’t have received my e-mail (不可能收到我的电子邮件), otherwise, she could have replied. 89. It’s my mother who/that keeps encouraging me not to lose heart (一直鼓励我不要灰心) when I have difficulties in my study. 90. The publishing house has to consider the popularity of this novel. (考虑这本小说的受欢迎程度)。
英美文学名词解释 2
01. Humanism(人文主义) Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.2> it emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders. 02. Renaissance(文艺复兴) The word “Renaissance”means “rebirth”, it meant the reintroduction into westerm Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome.2>the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and reformation.3> the real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with william shakespeare being the leading dramatist. 03. Metaphysical poetry(玄学派诗歌) Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.2>with a rebellious spirit, the Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry.3>the diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech.4>the imagery is drawn from actual life. Metaphysical poets(玄学派诗人） It is the name given to a diverse group of 17th century english poets whose work is notable for its ingenious use of intellectual and theological concepts in surprising conceits, strange paradoxes and far-fetched imagery. The leading Metaphysical poets was John Donne, whose colloquial, argumentative abruptness of rhythm and tone distinguishes his style from the conventions of Elizabethan love lyrics. 04. Classcism(古典主义) Classcism refers to a movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reason, clarity, balance, and order. Classicism, with its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes. 05. Enlightenment(启蒙运动) Enlightenment movement was a progressive philosophical and artistic movement which flourished in france and swept through western Europe in the 18th century.2> the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance from 14th century to the mid-17th century.3>its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.4>it celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. It advocated universal education.5>famous among the great enlighteners in england were those great writers like Alexander pope. Jonathan swift.etc. 06.Neoclassicism(新古典主义)