information systems management英文原文+翻译 学生信息管理系统的设计与发展 文献翻译
The Design and Development of the Students' Information Management System
As information technology advances, various management systems have emerged to change the daily lives of the more coherent, to the extent possible, the use of network resources can be significantly reasonable reduction of manual management inconvenience and waste of time.
Accelerating the modernization of the 21st century, the continuous improvement of the scientific and cultural levels, the rapid growth of the number of students will inevitably increase the pressure information management students, the inefficient manual retrieval completely incompatible with the community\'s needs. The Student Information Management Systemis an information management one kind within system, currently information technique continuously of development, the network technique has already been applied in us extensively nearby of every trade, there is the network technical development, each high schools all make use of a calculator to manage to do to learn, the school is operated by handicraft before of the whole tedious affairs all got fast and solve high-efficiencily, especially student result management the system had in the school very big function, all can be more convenient, fast for the student and the teacher coming saying and understand accurately with management everyone noodles information. AbstractIt is a very heavy and baldness job of managing a bulky database by manpower. The disadvantage, such as great capacity of work, low efficiency and long period, exist in data inputting, demanding and modification. So the computer management system will bring us a quite change.Because there are so many students in the school, the data of students' information is huge, it makes the management of the information become a complicated and tedious work. This system aims at the school, passing by practically of demand analysis, adopt mighty VB6.0 to develop the student information management
system. The whole system design process follow the principle of simple operation, beautiful and vivid interface and practical request. The student information management system including the function of system management, basic information management, study management, prize and punishment management , print statement and so on. Through the proof of using, the student information management system which this text designed can satisfy the school to manage the demand of the aspect to students' information. The thesis introduced the background of development, the functions demanded and the process of design. The thesis mainly explained the point of the system design, the thought of design, the difficult technique and the solutions. The student managed the creation of the system to reduce the inconvenience on the manpower consumedly, let the whole student the data management is more science reasonable.The place that this system has most the special features is the backstage database to unify the management to student's information.That system mainly is divided into the system management, student profession management, student file management, school fees management, course management, result management and print the statement.The interface of the system is to make use of the vb software creation of, above few molds pieces are all make use of the vb to control a the piece binds to settle of method to carry out the conjunction toward the backstage database, the backstage database probably is divided into following few formses:Professional information form, the charges category form, student the job form, student the information form, political feature form of student, the customer logs on the form The system used Client/Server structure design, the system is in the data from one server and a number of Taiwan formed LAN workstations. Users can check the competence of different systems in different users submit personal data, background database you can quickly given the mandate to see to the content.
Marks management is a important work of school,the original manual management have
many insufficiencies,the reasons that,students' population are multitudinous in school,and each student's information are too complex,thus the work load are extremely big,the statistics and the inquiry have been inconvenient.Therefore,how to solve these insufficiencies,let the marks management to be more convenient and quickly,have a higher efficiency,and become a key question.
More and more are also urgent along with school automationthe marks management when science and technology rapid development,therefore is essential to develop the software system of marks register to assist the school teaching management.So that can improve the marks management,enhance the efficiency of management.
Systems Analysis and Design Systems
Working under control of a stored program, a computer processes data into information. Think about that definition for a minute. Any given computer application involves at least three components: hardware, software, and data. Merely writing a program isn’t enough, because the program is but one component is in a system.
A system is a group of components that work together to accomplish an objective. For example, consider a payroll system. Its objective is paying employees. What components are involved? Each day, employees record their hours worked on time cards. At the end of each week, the time cards are collected and delivered to the computer center, where they are read into a payroll program. As it runs, the program accesses data files. Finally, the paychecks are printed and distributed. For the system to work, people, procedures, input and output media, files, hardware, and software must be carefully coordinated. Note that the program is but one component in a system.
Systems Analysis
Computer-based systems are developed because people need information. Those people,
called users, generally know what is required, but may lack the expertise to obtain it. Technical professionals, such as programmers, have the expertise, but may lack training in the user’s field. To complicate matters, users an d programmers often seem to speak different languages, leading to communication problems. A systems analyst is a professional who translates user needs into technical terms, thus serving as a bridge between users and technical professionals.
Like an engineer or an architect, a systems analyst solves problems by combining solid technical skills with insight, imagination, and a touch of art. Generally, the analyst follows a well-defined, methodical process that includes at least the following steps: Problem definition
Analysis
Design
Implementation
Maintenance
At the end of each step, results are documented and shared with both the user and the programmers. The idea is to catch and correct errors and misunderstandings as early as possible. Perhaps the best way to illustrate the process is through example.
Picture a small clothing store that purchases merchandise at wholesale, displays this stock, and sells it to customers at retail. On the one hand, too much: stock represents an unnecessary expense. On the other hand, a poor selection discourages shoppers. Ideally, a balance can be achieved: enough, but not too much.
Complicating matters is the fact that inventory is constantly changing, with customer purchases depleting stock, and returns and reorders adding to it. The owner would like to track inventory levels and reorder any given item just before the store runs out. For a single item, the task is easy-just count the stock-on-hand. Unfortunately, the store has hundreds of different items, and keeping track of each one is impractical. Perhaps a computer might help.
Problem Definition
The first step in the systems analysis and design process is problem definition. The
analyst’s objective is determining what the user needs. Note that, as the process begins, the user possesses the critical information, and the analyst must listen and learn. Few users are technical experts. Most see the computer as a “magic box,” and are not concerned with how it works. At this stage, the analyst has no business even thinking about programs, files, and computer hardware, but must communicate with the user on his or her own terms.
The idea is to ensure that both the user and the analyst are thinking about the same thing. Thus, a clear, written statement expressing the analyst’s underst anding of the problem is essential. The user should review and correct this written statement. The time to catch misunderstandings and oversights is now, before time, money, and effort are wasted. Often, following a preliminary problem definition, the analyst performs a feasibility study. The study, a brief capsule version of the entire systems analysis and design process, attempts to answer three questions:
1.Can the problem be solved?
2.Can it be solved in the user’s environment?
3.Can it be solved at a reasonable cost?
If the answer to any one of these questions is no, the system should not be developed. Given a good problem definition and a positive feasibility study, the analyst can turn to planning and developing a problem solution.
Analysis
As analysis begins, the analyst understands the problem. The next step is determining what must be done to solve it. The user knows what must be done; during analysis, this knowledge is extracted and formally documented. Most users think in terms of the functions to be performed and the data elements to be manipulated. The objective is to identify and link these key functions and data elements, yielding a logical system design. Start with the system’s basic functions. The key is keeping track of the stock-on-hand for each product in inventory. Inventory changes because customers purchase, exchange, and return products, so the system will have to process customer transactions. The store’s owner wants to selectively look at the inventory level for any product in short supply and,
if appropriate, order replacement stock, so the system must be able to communicate with management. Finally, following management authorization, the system should generate a reorder ready to send to a supplier.
Given the system’s basic functions, the analyst’s next task is gaining a sense of their logical relation. A good way to start is by describing how data flow between the functions. As the name implies, data flow diagrams are particularly useful for graphically describing these data flows. Four symbols are used. Data sources and destinations are represented by squares; input data enter the system form a source, and output data flow to a destination. Once in the system, the data are manipulated or changed by processes, represented by round-corner rectangles. A process might be a program, a procedure, or anything else that changes or moves data. Data can be held for later processing in data stores, symbolized by open-ended rectangles. A data store might be a disk file, a tape file, a database, written notes, or even a person’s memory. Finally, data flow between sources, destinations, processes, and data stores over data flows, which are represented by arrows. Preliminary data flow diagram for the inventory system. Start a CUSTOMER. Transactions flow from a customer into the system, where they are handled by Process transaction. A data store, the STOCK, holds data on each item in inventory. Process transaction changes the data to reflect the new transaction. Meanwhile, MANAGEMENT accesses the system through Communicate, evaluating the data in STOCK and, if necessary, requesting a recorder. Once a reorder is authorized, Generate reorder sends necessary data to the SUPPLIER, who ships the items to the store. Note that, because the reorder represents a change in the inventory level of a particular product or products, it is handled as a transaction.
The data flow diagram describes the logical system. The next step is tracing the data flow. Start with the destination SUPPLIER. Reorders flow to suppliers; for example, the store might want 25 pairs of jeans. To fill the order, the supplier needs the product description and the reorder quantity. Where do these data elements come from? Since they are output by Generate reorder, they must either be input to or generated by this process. Data flow into Generate reorder for STOCK; thus, product and reorder quantities must be stored in
STOCK.
Other data elements, such as purchased and the purchase quantity, are generated by CUSTOMER. Still others, for example selling price and reorder point, are generated by or needed by MANAGEMENT. The current stock –on-hand for a given item is an example of a data element generated by an algorithm in one of the procedures. Step by step, methodically, the analyst identifies the data elements to be input to, stored by, manipulated by, generated by, or output by the system.
To keep track of the data elements, the analyst might list each one in a data dictionary. A simple data dictionary can be set up on index cards, but computerized data dictionaries have become increasingly popular. The data dictionary, a collection of data describing and defining the data, is useful throughout the systems analysis and design process, and is often used to build a database during the implementation stage.
The idea of analysis is to define the system’s major functions and data elements methodically. Remember that the objective is translating user needs into technical terms. Since the system starts with the user, the first step is defi ning the user’s needs. Users think in terms of functions and data. They do not visualize programs, or files, or hardware, and during this initial, crucial analysis stage, it is essential that the analyst think like a user, not like a programmer.
Data flow diagrams and data dictionaries are useful tools. They provide a format for recording key information about the proposed system. Also, they jog the analyst’s memory; for example, if the analyst doesn’t have sufficient information to complete a data dictionary entry, he or she has probably missed something. Perhaps most importantly, the data flow diagram and the data dictionary document the analyst’s understanding of the system requirements. By reviewing these documents, the user can correct misunderstanding or oversights. Finally, they represent an excellent starting point for the next step, design.
Design
As we enter the design stage, we know what the system must do, and thus can begin thinking about how to do it. The objective is to develop a strategy for solving the problem.
At this stage, we are not interested in writing code or in defining precise data structures; instead, we want to identify, at a black box level, necessary programs, files, procedures, and other components.
The data flow diagram defines the system’s necessary functions; how might they be implemented? One possibility is writing one program for each process. Another is combining two or more processes in a single program; there are dozens of alternative solutions. Let’s focus on one option a nd document it.
A system flowchart uses symbols to represent programs, procedures, hardware devices, and the other components of a physical system. Our flowchart shows that transaction data enter the system through a terminal, are stored on an inventory by a data collection program, and then are stored on an inventory file. Eventually, the inventory file is processed by a Report and reorder program. Through it, management manipulates the data and authorizes reorders.
Look at the system flowchart. It identifies several hardware components, including a computer, a disk drive, a data entry terminal, a printer, and a display terminal. Tow programs are needed: Process transaction and Report and reorder. In addition to the hardware and the programs, we’ll need dat a structures for the inventory file and for data flows between the I/O devices and the software. Note that system flow chart illustrates one possible solution; a good analyst will develop several feasible alternatives before choosing one.
The flowchart maps the system, highlighting its major physical components. Since the data link the components, the next task is defining the data structures. Consider, for example, the inventory file. It contains all the data elements from the data store STOCK. The data el ements are listed in the data dictionary. Using them, the file’s data structure can be planned.
How should the file be organized? That depends on how it will be accessed. For example, in some applications, data are processed at regular, predictable intervals. Typically, the data are collected over time and processed together, as a batch. If batch processing is acceptable, a sequential file organization is probably best.
It is not always possible to wait until a batch of transactions is collected, however. For example, consider an air defense early warning system. If an unidentified aircraft is spotted, it must be identified immediately; the idea of waiting until 5:00 p. m because “that’s when the air defense program is run” is absurd. Instead, because of the need for quick response, each transaction must be processed as it occurs. Generally, such transaction processing systems call for direct access file.
Our inventory system has tow programs. One processes transactions. A direct access inventory file seems a reasonable choice. The other allows management to study inventory data occasionally; batch processing would certainly do. Should the inventory file be organized sequentially or directly? Faced with such a choice, a good analyst considers both options. One possible system might accept transactions and process them as they occur. As an alternative, sales slips might be collected throughout the day and programs would deal with direct access files; in the second system, they would be linked to sequential files. A program to process direct access data is different from a program to process sequential data. The data drive the system. The choice of a data structure determines the program’s structure. Note that the program is defined and planned in the context of the system.
Implementation
Once the system’s major components have been identified, we can begin to develop them. Our system includes two programs, several pieces of equipment, and a number of data structures. During implementation, each program is planned and written using the techniques described in Chapter 7. Files are created, and their contents checked. New hardware is purchased, installed, and tested. Additionally, operating procedures are written and evaluated. Once all the component parts are ready, the system is tested. Assuming the user is satisfied, the finished system is released.
Summary
A system is a collection of hardware, software, data, and procedural components that work together to accomplish an objective. A program is but one component in a system. System are planned and designed by system analysts who generally follow a well-defined,
methodical process. The first step in the process is problem definition, when the analyst
attempts to discover exactly what the user needs. Often, following a preliminary problem definition, a feasibility study is conducted to determine if the problem can be solved. Given a clear problem definition, analysis begins. During this stage, the analyst develops a logical model of the system. Key functions are linked through a data flow diagram. Using the diagram as a tool, the data flows are traced, and the system’s data elements are identified and recorded in a data dictionary. After the logical system is
reviewed with the user, design begins.
During design, the analyst develops a model of the physical system. A system flowchart can be used to map the system, defining each physical component as a symbol. A good systems analyst considers a number of alternative solutions to the problem before settling on one. Implementation follows design. Programs are planned and written; hardware is ordered and installed; procedures are written; files and databases are initialized; and, finally, the pieces are assembled and tested. Following release of the system, maintenance
begins.
学生信息管理系统的设计与发展
随着信息技术的日新月异,各种管理系统的相继出现,让日常生活变的更加具有条理化, 尽可能的合理的运用网络资源可以大大的减少人工管理上带来的不便及时间的浪费.
二十一世纪现代化程度的不断加速,科学文化水平的不断提高,学生数量的急剧增长，势必增加了管理学生信息带来的压力，人工检索的低效完全不符合整个社会的需要.学生信息管理系统是信息管理系统中的一种，目前信息技术不断的发展，网络技术已经广泛的应用于我们身边的各行各业，有了网络技术的发展，各高校都利用计算机来管理办学，以前学校靠手工操作的一切繁琐事情都得到了快速且高效率的解决，特别是学生成绩管理系统在学校中起到了很大的作用，对于学生和教师来说都能够更方便、快捷、准确地了解和管理各方面信息。
采用人工管理庞大的数据库是一项繁重枯燥的工作，无论是数据录入，查询还是修改都存在着工作量大，效率低下，周期长的缺点。而计算机管理系统的引进将给人工管理数据库的工作带来一次彻底的变革。学校由于学生众多，学生数据信息库庞大，使信息的管理成为了一个复杂繁琐的工作。本系统针对学校,经过实际的需求分析，采用功能强大的VB6.0作为开发工具来开发学生信息管理系统。整个系统从符合操作简便，界面美观、灵活、实用的要求出发，完成学生信息管理的全过程，包括系统管理、基本信息管理、学习管理、奖惩管理和打印报表等功能。经过使用证明，本文所设计的学生信息管理系统可以满足学校对学生信息管理方面的需要。论文主要介绍了本课题的开发背景，所要完成的功能和开发的过程。重点的说明了系统设计的重点、开发设计思想、难点技术和解决方案。学生管理系统的产生大大减少了人力上的不便，让整个学生数据管理更加科学合理。本系统最有特色的地方就是后台数据库对学生信息的统一管理。该系统主要分为系统管理，学生专业管理，学生档案管理，学费管理，课程管理，成绩管理和打印报表。系统的界面是运用vb 软件制作的，以上几个模块都是运用vb控件绑定的方法来实现对后台数据库的连接，后台数据库大概分为以下几个表：专业信息表，收费类别表，学生职务表，学生信息表，学生政治面貌表，用户登入表。采用Client/Server结构进行设计，本系统是在由一台数据服务器和若干台工作站组成的局域网上。能够由不同权限的用户查看系统，在不同用户提交个人数据之后，后台数据库可以快速的给出对你的权限看到的内容.
成绩管理是学校的一项重要工作，原有的人工管理存在这着很多不足，造成不足的原因是，在校学生人数众多，并且每个学生的信息过于复杂，从而工作量非常大，给统计和查询带来了不便。因此，如何解决这些不足，使成绩管理更快捷、更方便，具有更高的效率也就成了一个关键问题。
随着科学技术的迅速发展学校成绩管理的自动化也越来越迫切，因此有必要开发成绩学籍的软件系统来辅助学校的教学管理。这样能极大方便成绩的管理，提高管理
效率。
系统的分析与设计
系统
在存储程序的控制下，计算机把数据处理成信息。对系统的定义略加思考，任何一个已知的计算机应用至少包含三个部分，硬件、软件和数据。仅仅编写程序是不够的，因为程序只是系统中的一部分。
系统就是为实现一个目标而共同工作的一组部件。例如，考虑一个工资系统，它的目标是为雇员付工资，应包含哪几个部分呢？每天雇员们把他们工作的时数记录在计时卡上，每周末把计时卡收集起来，送给计算中心，在计算中心把计时卡上的数据读给工资程序。当工资程序执行时，程序存取数据文件。最后，打印出工资单，用来分发。为使系统工作，人、处理过程、输入和输出介质、文件、硬件和软件都必须认真地协调。注意，程序只是系统中的一部分。
系统分析
因为人们需要信息，所以要开发基于计算机的系统。被称为用户的那些人常常知道需求什么信息，但是他们可能缺乏得到这些信息的计算机的专门知识。计算机技术方面的专业人员，例如程序设计员有这方面的专门知识，但是可能在用户的专业领域内缺少训练。麻烦的是，用户和程序似乎常常讲不同的语言，导致了两者之间的联系障碍。系统分析员是一个专业人员，他能把用户的需求转换成计算机技术术语因此他是用户和技术人员之间的桥梁。
像工程师建筑师一样，系统分析员把扎实的技术技能与见识，想象力和一点艺术结合起来去解决问题。通常，分析员遵循一个意义明确的有条理的过程，至少包括以下几个步骤:
1. 问题的定义
2. 分析
3. 设计
4. 实现
5. 维护
在每个步骤结尾，研究的结果都要形成文件，提供给用户和程序设计员。基本的思想是要尽早地抓住和修正错误以及一些未理解之处。也许通过一个例子说明该过程是最好的方法。
设想一个小服装店，成批的购买货物,所货物摆在货架上, 零售给顾客。一方面,库存太多会造成不必要的开销；另一方面可供挑选的商品太少会使顾客失去购买的信心。理想上，希望达到一个平衡，货物既充足但又不太多。
麻烦的是，随着顾客的购买库存减少了，还有退货以及追加订货等情况，所以货物的清单经常地发生变化。店主喜欢按货物清单购销，刚好在商店售完某种货物之前，再订购这种货。对一项商品，该任务是容易完成的，只要计算一下手头现存的货物数量就行了。遗憾的是商店要经营几百种不同的货物，始终跟踪每一种货物的销售情况是不实际的，也许计算机可以帮这个忙吧！
问题定义
在系统分析和设计过程中的第一步，是问题的定义。分析员的目标是确定用户需求什么。注意，当这个过程开始时，用户拥有很重要的资料，分析员必须认真地听和学。用户几乎都不是计算机方面的专家，他们大多数人把计算机看成魔术盒，并不关心它是如何工作的。在该阶段上，分析员不必考虑程序、文件或计算机硬件，但他们必须用用户自己的专业术语与用户对话。
目的是确保用户和分析员两者都思考同一件事。因此，一份能表达分析员对问题理解程度的清晰的书面报告是必要的。用户应该反复地阅读和修改这份书面报告。此时是在时间、金钱和精力被浪费之前抓出错误和疏漏的好时机。
通常,接着初步的问题定义,分析员要进行可行性研究。该研究是整个系统分析和设计一个简略的方案,应力图回答以下三个问题:
1. 问题能解决吗?
2. 在用户的环境下问题能解决吗?
3.在一个合适的花费上问题能解决吗?
如果这些问题中的任何一个得到的是否定回答,那么该系统就不应开发。有了好的问题定义和肯定的可行性研究, 分析员就能着手计划和研究问题的解了。
分析
当分析开始时，分析员要理解问题，下一步要决定的是为了解决问题必须做什么。用户清楚必须做什么。在分析阶段得到了这方面知识，并正式地形成文件。大多数用户是按着所要完成的功能和要处理的数据元素去思考的，目的是要区分并联接这些关键的功能和数据元素，随之产生逻辑系统设计。
从系统的基本功能入手，关键是始终监视货单中每种商品的现存量。因为顾客购买、换货和退货，所以货单要改变，因此系统必须处理顾客办理的手续。店主希望有选择地查看供应中任意一种短缺商品的清单，如果合理的话，定货补充库存，因此系统必须能和经营管理部门对话。最后，经过经营管理部门的核准，系统应该产生一个重新订货单，准备发送给供应商。
已知了系统的基本功能，分析员的下一个任务是分析理解这些功能之间逻辑关系的知识。启动这项工作的一个好方法是描述功能之间的数据如何流动。顾名思义，为了用图解方法描述这些数据流，那么数据流程图就是特别有用的。四种符号：数据的源和目的地用方框表示，输入的数据从源进入系统，而输出的数据流到目的地。数据一进入系统，就被若干进程加工或改变，用圆角的矩形表示这些过程。进程可以是程序、过程以及能够改变或传送数据的任何事件。为了后续处理，数据被存储可以是磁盘文件、磁带文件、数据库、一些笔记或者甚至是人的记忆。最后，数据源、数据目的地、处理过程和数据存储之间的数据流向用箭头表示。
货单管理系统的初步的数据流程图。从CUSTOMER（顾客）开始，由此事务进入系统，在这所办理的手续由PROCESS TRANSACTION（事务处理程序）处理。STOCK保存货单中每项商品的数据。为了对新的事务处理起作用，事务处理
程序要改变数据。同时，MANAGEMENT（经营部门）可通过COMMUNICATE（通信）存取系统，检查STOCK中的数据，如果需要的话，请求重新订货。订货单一经核准，GENERATE REORDER（产生再订货单程序）就向SUPPLIER（供应商）发出需要的数据，供应商就把货运送到商店。注意，因为订货表现为某种待定的商品或某些商品在清单中的变化，所以把订货作为事务处理。
数据流程图描述了逻辑系统。下一步追溯该系统的数据流向了。从数据的目的地SUPPLIER开始。例如，重订货单送给了供货商们，商店可能想要25条工作裤，为了填写订货单，供应商需要商品的说明和再订货的数量，那么，这些数据从什么地方来呢？由于数据是Generate reorder输出的，所以既要有数据输入给它，还要有数据经过它的处理而产生。数据从STOCK流入Generate reorder，因此商品说明和订货数理必定存放在STOCK中。
另外一些数据，例如购买的货物品种和数理由CUSTOMER产生。还有一些数据，例如销售价格和订货点由MANAGEMENT产生，或者由它提出要求。例如，某种已知货物的现存量就是由某个处理过程中的某种算法产生出来的。分析员逐步地、有条理地区分了系统要求输入、存储、处理、产生或输出的应该分别是哪些数据元素。
为了记录数据元素，分析员必须把每个数据列在数据字典内。简单的数据字典可建立在索引卡片上，但计算机化的数据字典已经变得日益流行了。数据字典是描述和定义数据的一个数据集合，不仅在整个系统的分析与设计过程中有用，而且在实现阶段经常被用来建立数据库。
分析阶段的目标是定义系统的主要功能和有条理地确定数据元素。记住，它的目标是把用户的需求转换成技术术语。因为系统是由用户提出的，所以首先要确定用户的需求。用户只是从功能和数据出发考虑系统，他们并不具体设计程序、文件、和硬件，并且在这个初始的带有决定性的分析阶段，分析员必须像用户而不像程序设计员一样去思考问题。这是该阶段的基本要求。
数据流程图和数据字典是有用的工具。这些工具为记录用户系统的关键信息提
供了一种格式。还有，这些工具可帮助唤醒分析员的记忆。例如，如果分析员没有足够的信息使数据字典的条目完整化，那么分析员就可能丢失一些内容。也许，数据流程图和数据字典为分析员理解系统的需求提供了最重要的文件，通过查阅这些文件，用户能改正误解或疏忽大意。最终，这些有用的工具对下一步――设计阶段，奠定了一个良好的基础。
设计
当进入设计阶段的时候，已知道必须做什么事。因此可以开始考虑系统如何完成这些事。目标是研究出解决问题的策略。在该阶段上，对写代码或确定精确的数据结构并不感兴趣，而是希望从整体上确定整个系统所需要的程序、文件、过程和其它一些部分。
数据流程图确定了系统的必须具有的功能，如何才能实现这些功能呢？一种可能性是为每个处理过程写一个程序；另一种可能性是把两个或更多的处理过程合并在一个程序里，因而有几十种可能的方案。让我们集中在一种选择上并为它提供一些详细的资料。
系统流程图用符号表示程序、过程、硬设备及物理系统中的其它部件。流程图表明，通过终端进入系统的事务数据被数据采集程序处理，然后存放在货单文件上。最后，货物清单文件由一个Report and reorder（报告和再订货）程序处理。经营部门用该程序处理数据和核对订货单。
请看系统流程图，它指明了若干硬部件，其中包括一台计算机、一个磁盘驱动器、一个数据输入终端、一台打印机和一个显示终端等；还需要两个程序，事务处理程序和报告与再定货程序；除了硬件和程序以外，我们还需要货单文件以及I\O 设备与软件之间数据流的数据结构。注意，本系统的流程图只说明一种可能的方案。一个好的系统分析员在他选定一个方案之前要研究出若干个可行的方案，以备替换。
流程图拟订了系统，突出了系统的主要物理部件。因为数据链接了部件，所以接下来的工作就是确定数据结构。以货物清单文件为例，它包含来自STOCK的所
有数据元素，这些数据元素被列在数据字典中。利用这些数据元素能安排文件的数据结构。
如何组织文件呢？这取决于如何访问它。例如，在某些应用中数据是在有规律的预定时间内被处理，一般是整段时间收集数据，成批结一起处理。如果可采用批处理的话，那么一个顺序文件结构可能是最好的了。
然而，不可能总是等到一批事务都被收集好以后再去处理。例如，设想一个防空预警系统，如果一个不明的飞行物被标定了位置，就必须立即分辨它。因为防空程序下午五时才运行，要等到那时才处理的思想是荒谬的。该种情况要求快速响应，每个事务必须在它发生时得到处理。一般来说，这些事务处理系统要求直接存取文件。
我们的货单系统有两个程序，一个事务处理，直接存取货单文件似乎是个合适的方案；另一个为经营部门偶尔分析货物清单数据用，当然批处理就能完成了。货物清单文件应按顺序组织还是直接组织呢？面对着这种选择，一个好的系统分析员应考虑两种方案。一种可能的系统是当事务一发生就接收并处理该事务；另一种可供选择的方案是可整天的收集销售单，商店关门以后，成批地处理。在第一个系统中，这两个程序应处理直接存取文件；在第二个系统中，这两个程序应链接到顺序文件上。处理可直接访问的数据的程序和处理可按顺序一个接一个访问的数据的程序是不同的。数据驱动了系统，所以数据结构的选择决定了程序的结构。注意，程序在系统的意义上被定义和规划。
实现
系统的主要部分一分析清楚了，就能开始开发这几部分。本系统包括两个程序、若干台设备和大量的数据结构。在实现阶段，每个程序都用在所描述的技术来编排和书写；要建立文件并检查文件的内容；购买、安装和测试新的硬件；另外还要写出操作步骤，并对系统做出评价。所有的部分都准备好了，就调试系统。若用户满意了，系统就交付使用。
维护
系统交付以后，维护就开始了。当人们使用系统时，他们将提出一些小的改善和提高。有时在调试和检测阶段一些缺陷被忽略了，那么修改程序，例如，政府通过了一个法律，修改了征收所得税的方法，则工资程序就必须修改。维护延续在系统的整个生命期内。维护的费用和初期的研制费用差不多，甚至更高。良好的计划、实用的文件资料和合适的程序结构都有助于减少维护费用。
英语原文及其翻译
Exploring Filipino School Counselors’ Beliefs about Learning Allan B. I. Bernardo [Abstract] School reform efforts that focus on student learning require school counselors to take on important new roles as advocates of student learning and achievement.But how do school counselors understand the process of learning? In this study, we explore the learning beliefs of 115 Filipino school counselors who indicated their degree of agreementwith 42 statements about the process of learning and the factors thatinfluence this process.A principal components analysis of the responses to the 42 statements suggested three factors:(F1)social-cognitive constructivist beliefs, (F2) teacher-curriculum-centered behaviorist beliefs,and (F3) individual difference factors.The preliminary results are briefly discussed in terms of issues related to how Filipino school counselors’ conceptions of learning may guide their strategies for promoting student learning and achievement. [Key words]beliefs about learning, conceptions of learning, school counselors, student learning, Philippines School reform efforts in different parts of the world have focusedon students’learning. In particular,most school improvement programsnow aim to ensure that students acquire the high-level knowledge and skills that help them to thrive in today’s highly competitive globaleconomy (e.g., Lee & Williams, 2006). I n this regard, school reform programs draw from various contemporary theories and research on learning (e.g.,Bransford,Brown, & Cocking, 1999; Lambert & McCombs, 1998).The basic idea is that all school improvement efforts should be directed at ensuring students achieve high levels of learning or attainment of well-defined curricular objectives and standards.For example, textbooks (Chien & Young, 2007), computers and educational technology (Gravoso, 2002; Haertnel & Means, 2003;Technology in Schools Task Force, 2003), and educational assessment systems (Black & Wiliam2004; Cheung & Ng, 2007; Clark, 2001; Stiggins, 2005) are being reconsidered as regards how they can effectively provide scaffolds and resources for advancing student learning. Likewise,the allocation and management of a school’s financial resources are assessed in terms ofwhether these are effectively mobilized and utilized towards improving student learning (Bolam, 2006; Chung & Hung, 2006; Retna, 2007). In this regard, some advocates have also called for an examination of the role of school counselors in these reform efforts (Herr, 2002). Inthe United States, House and Hayes (2002) challenged school counselors to take proactive leadership roles in advocating for the success of all
英文文献翻译
中等分辨率制备分离的 快速色谱技术 W. Clark Still,* Michael K a h n , and Abhijit Mitra Departm(7nt o/ Chemistry, Columbia Uniuersity,1Veu York, Neu; York 10027 ReceiLied January 26, 1978 我们希望找到一种简单的吸附色谱技术用于有机化合物的常规净化。这种技术是适于传统的有机物大规模制备分离，该技术需使用长柱色谱法。尽管这种技术得到的效果非常好，但是其需要消耗大量的时间，并且由于频带拖尾经常出现低复原率。当分离的样本剂量大于1或者2g时，这些问题显得更加突出。近年来，几种制备系统已经进行了改进，能将分离时间减少到1-3h，并允许各成分的分辨率ΔR f≥（使用薄层色谱分析进行分析）。在这些方法中，在我们的实验室中，媒介压力色谱法1和短柱色谱法2是最成功的。最近，我们发现一种可以将分离速度大幅度提升的技术，可用于反应产物的常规提纯，我们将这种技术称为急骤色谱法。虽然这种技术的分辨率只是中等（ΔR f≥），而且构建这个系统花费非常低，并且能在10-15min内分离重量在的样本。4 急骤色谱法是以空气压力驱动的混合介质压力以及短柱色谱法为基础，专门针对快速分离，介质压力以及短柱色谱已经进行了优化。优化实验是在一组标准条件5下进行的，优化实验使用苯甲醇作为样本，放在一个20mm*5in.的硅胶柱60内，使用Tracor 970紫外检测器监测圆柱的输出。分辨率通过持续时间（r）和峰宽（w,w/2）的比率进行测定的（Figure 1），结果如图2-4所示，图2-4分别放映分辨率随着硅胶颗粒大小、洗脱液流速和样本大小的变化。
文献翻译英文原文
https://www.sodocs.net/doc/4a4115166.html,/finance/company/consumer.html Consumer finance company The consumer finance division of the SG group of France has become highly active within India. They plan to offer finance for vehicles and two-wheelers to consumers, aiming to provide close to Rs. 400 billion in India in the next few years of its operations. The SG group is also dealing in stock broking, asset management, investment banking, private banking, information technology and business processing. SG group has ventured into the rapidly growing consumer credit market in India, and have plans to construct a headquarters at Kolkata. The AIG Group has been approved by the RBI to set up a non-banking finance company (NBFC). AIG seeks to introduce its consumer finance and asset management businesses in India. AIG Capital India plans to emphasize credit cards, mortgage financing, consumer durable financing and personal loans. Leading Indian and international concerns like the HSBC, Deutsche Bank, Goldman Sachs, Barclays and HDFC Bank are also waiting to be approved by the Reserve Bank of India to initiate similar operations. AIG is presently involved in insurance and financial services in more than one hundred countries. The affiliates of the AIG Group also provide retirement and asset management services all over the world. Many international companies have been looking at NBFC business because of the growing consumer finance market. Unlike foreign banks, there are no strictures on branch openings for the NBFCs. GE Consumer Finance is a section of General Electric. It is responsible for looking after the retail finance operations. GE Consumer Finance also governs the GE Capital Asia. Outside the United States, GE Consumer Finance performs its operations under the GE Money brand. GE Consumer Finance currently offers financial services in more than fifty countries. The company deals in credit cards, personal finance, mortgages and automobile solutions. It has a client base of more than 118 million customers throughout the world
英文翻译(原文)
GRA VITY RETAINING?WALL 1. INTRODUCTION Retaining walls are structures used to provide stability for earth or other material where conditions disallow the mass to assume its natural slope, and are commonly used to hold back or support soilbanks,coal or ore piles, and water. Retaining walls are classified, based on the method of achieving stability, into six principal types (Fig.1). The gravity-wall depends upon its weight, as the name implies, for stability. The cantilever wall is a reinforced-concrete wall that utilizes cantilever action to retain the mass behind the wall from assuming a natural slope. Stability of this wall is partially achieved from the weight of soil on the heel portion of the base slab. A counterfort retaining wall is similar to a cantilever retaining wall, except that it is used where the cantilever is long or for very high pressures behind wall and has counterforts, which tie the wall and base together, built at intervals along the wall to reduce the bending moments and sheers. As indicated in Fig.1c, the counterfort is behind the wall and subjected to tensile forces. A buttressed retaining wall is similar to a counterfort wall, except that the bracing is in front of the wall and is in compression instead of tension. Two other types of walls not considered further are crib walls, which are built-up members of pieces of precast concrete, metal, or timber and are supported by anchor pieces embedded in the soil for stability, and semigravity walls, which are walls intermediate between a true gravity and a cantilever wall. (a)(b)(e)
计算机网络-外文文献-外文翻译-英文文献-新技术的计算机网络
New technique of the computer network Abstract The 21 century is an ages of the information economy, being the computer network technique of representative techniques this ages, will be at very fast speed develop soon in continuously creatively, and will go deep into the people's work, life and study. Therefore, control this technique and then seem to be more to deliver the importance. Now I mainly introduce the new technique of a few networks in actuality live of application. keywords Internet Network System Digital Certificates Grid Storage 1. Foreword Internet turns 36, still a work in progress Thirty-six years after computer scientists at UCLA linked two bulky computers using a 15-foot gray cable, testing a new way for exchanging data over networks, what would ultimately become the Internet remains a work in progress. University researchers are experimenting with ways to increase its capacity and speed. Programmers are trying to imbue Web pages with intelligence. And work is underway to re-engineer the network to reduce Spam (junk mail) and security troubles. All the while threats loom: Critics warn that commercial, legal and political pressures could hinder the types of innovations that made the Internet what it is today. Stephen Crocker and Vinton Cerf were among the graduate students who joined UCLA professor Len Klein rock in an engineering lab on Sept. 2, 1969, as bits of meaningless test data flowed silently between the two computers. By January, three other "nodes" joined the fledgling network.
3英文文献及翻译格式示例
哈尔滨工业大学毕业设计（论文） 英文原文（原文也可以直接将PDF版打印） ASSESSING CREDIT OR DETERMINING QUANTITY? THE EVOLVING ROLE OF RATING AGENCIES Lynnette D. Purda* This version: April 21, 2011 Abstract Over the past ten years, credit rating agencies have come under intense criticism from both practitioners and academics, first for their failure to identify problems resulting in bankruptcies at Enron and Worldcom and second for providing overly optimistic ratings for structured finance products. While many investors question the value of rating agencies in light of these criticisms, they have proven remarkably resilient. This paper provides a brief background on how rating agencies secured competitive advantages in evaluating credit quality. It then reviews the empirical evidence on the information content of ratings given these advantages. I argue that the information content of ratings stems from two intertwined sources: 1) information related to credit quality and 2) information related to the firm’s ability to access debt. Based on this evidence, I suggest that the dominant role for ratings today is as a benchmark for financial contracting. In this way, ratings remain influential in establishing the supply and demand of debt securities. 译文 评级机构的发展的作用评估信用还是决定数量？ 本文：2011.4.21 摘要 在过去的十年，信用评级机构一直处于来自实践者和学者的激烈的批评中，首先他们未能发现问题，导致安然和世通破产；其次对结构性金融产品提供过于乐观的评级。虽然许多投资者因为这些批评对评级机构的价值提出了质疑，但他们仍然被证明是相当有活力的。这篇文章首先在评估机构如何在信用评级质量中获得竞争优势提供一个简单地背景介绍，然后考虑到这些优势回顾了一些信息内容方面的评级经验证据。个人认为信息内容的评级来自两种交织在一起（错综复杂）的来源：1）和信贷质量相关的信息；2)和公司获取债务资本能力相关的信息。以此为据，我建议当前评级的主导作用是作为基准的金融收缩。以这种方式，在建立债券的供应和需求方面评级仍然是有效的。 - -1
科普版英语六年级下册课文及翻译 (直接打印版)
Lesson 1 I’m not feeling well. Let’s talk （M=Mom, T= Tom） M: What,'s the matter, Tom T: I'm not feeling well, Mom M: Do you have a cold T: Yes, I think so. Could you give me some water, please M: Here you are. T: Thank you, Mom. M: Tom, you must go and see a doctor. T: OK, Mom. M: It's cold outside. You must wear your coat. T: OK, Mom. Could you pass me my coat,please M: Here you are. T: Thank you, Mom M: Tell me your teacher's number. I'll call him and tell him you are sick. T: OK. Here it is. 译文 (M=妈妈,T=汤姆) 妈妈:怎么了,汤姆 汤姆:我感觉不舒服,妈妈。 妈妈:你感冒了吗 汤姆:是的,我想是这样的。您能给我一些水吗 妈妈:给你。 汤姆:谢谢您,妈妈。 妈妈:汤姆,你必须去看医生. 汤姆:好的,妈妈。 妈妈:外面很冷。你必须穿你的外套。 汤姆:好的,妈妈。您能把我的外套递给我吗 妈妈:给你。 汤姆:谢谢您,妈妈。 妈妈:告诉我你老师的电话号码。我将给他打电话告诉他你生病了。
变电站_外文翻译_外文文献_英文文献_变电站的综合概述
英文翻译 A comprehensive overview of substations Along with the economic development and the modern industry developments of quick rising, the design of the power supply system become more and more completely and system. Because the quickly increase electricity of factories, it also increases seriously to the dependable index of the economic condition, power supply in quantity. Therefore they need the higher and more perfect request to the power supply. Whether Design reasonable, not only affect directly the base investment and circulate the expenses with have the metal depletion in colour metal, but also will reflect the dependable in power supply and the safe in many facts. In a word, it is close with the economic performance and the safety of the people. The substation is an importance part of the electric power system, it is consisted of the electric appliances equipments and the Transmission and the Distribution. It obtains the electric power from the electric power system, through its function of transformation and assign, transport and safety. Then transport the power to every place with safe, dependable, and economical. As an important part of power’s transport and control, the transformer substation must change the mode of the traditional design and control, then can adapt to the modern electric power system, the development of modern industry and the of trend of the society life. Electric power industry is one of the foundations of national industry and national economic development to industry, it is a coal, oil, natural gas, hydropower, nuclear power, wind power and other energy conversion into electrical energy of the secondary energy industry, it for the other departments of the national economy fast and stable development of the provision of adequate power, and its level of development is a reflection of the country's economic development an important indicator of the level. As the power in the industry and the importance of the national economy, electricity transmission and distribution of electric energy used in these areas is an indispensable component.。Therefore, power transmission and distribution is critical. Substation is to enable superior power plant power plants or power after adjustments to the lower load of books is an important part of power transmission. Operation of its functions, the capacity of a direct impact on the size of the lower load power, thereby affecting the industrial production and power consumption.Substation system if a link failure, the system will protect the part of action. May result in power outages and so on, to the production and living a great disadvantage. Therefore, the substation in the electric power system for the protection of electricity reliability,
英语翻译专业必翻经典文章英文原文参考译文
文档简介 一，英语翻译经典文章之英文原稿二，中文翻译：这篇英语文章的最好翻译版本！不是俺说的，是俺老师说哒！！ 英文原稿Brian It seems my only request (“please, let me sleep”) is not clear enough, so I made this simple table that can help you when you’re in doubt. Especially during the night
中文翻译小子： 我只想好好地睡觉，你不明白吗？！所以，我做了这个简表。当你不知道怎么办时，特 别是在晚上的时候，你可以看看它。 具体情况行动指南 1，我正在睡觉禁止进入 2，你不确定我是否睡觉，你想搞清楚管你“鸟”事；禁止进入 3，你嗑了药，想奔向我的床你他妈的滚远点 4，你在youtube上看了一个超赞的视频，禁止进入；在脸书上把链接发给我想让我看看 5，就算第三次世界大战开始了管我屁事，他妈的别进来 6，你和你的基友们想和我“玩玩”抱歉，直男一枚。不要碰我的任何东西，门都别碰 7，你想整理我的房间我谢谢你了！我自己会打扫 8，普京宣布同性婚姻合法化终于等到“它”！还好你没放弃！还是不要来我房里！ 9，我不在家进我房间，想都别想 10，白天，我在家。你敲了门，我说“请进” 你可以进来了 福利放送！！
如果你已经看到了这里，那么说明你应该是英文爱好者哦。 下面有一些非常实用，我精心整理的英文资料，你一定用得到！快去看看吧！ 一，最常用英语翻译政治文体句型总结大全完美版 二，英文合同翻译最常用句型总结专业版 三，英语毕业论文提纲模板优秀完整详细无敌版
英文翻译原文
南京师范大学泰州学院 英文翻译原文 年级： 2011级学号：12110330 姓名：申佳佳 系部：信息工程学院 专业：通信工程 题目：基于C51的数字测速仪设计与仿真 指导教师：焦蓬蓬 2015 年 4 月 5 日
Linux - Operating system of cybertimes Though for a lot of people , regard Linux as the main operating system to make u p huge work station group, finish special effects of " Titanic " make , already can be re garded as and show talent fully. But for Linux, this only numerous news one of. Rece ntly, the manufacturers concerned have announced that support the news of Linux to i ncrease day by day, users' enthusiasm to Linux runs high unprecedentedly too. Then, Linux only have operating system not free more than on earth on 7 year this piece wh at glamour, get the favors of such numerous important software and hardware manufa cturers as the masses of users and Orac le , Informix , HP , Sybase , Corel , Intel , Net scape , Dell ,etc. , OK? 1.The background of Linux and characteristic Linux is a kind of " free (Free ) software ": What is called free, mean users can o btain the procedure and source code freely , and can use them freely , including revise or copy etc.. It is a result of cybertimes, numerous technical staff finish its research a nd development together through Inte rnet, countless user is it test and except fault , c an add user expansion function that oneself make conveniently to participate in. As th e most outstanding one in free software, Linux has characteristic o f the following: (1)Totally follow POSLX standard, expand the network operating system of sup porting all AT&T and BSD Unix characteristic. Because of inheritting Unix outstandi ng design philosophy , and there are clean , stalwart , high-efficient and steady kernels , their all key codes are finished by Li nus Torvalds and other outstanding programmer s, without any Unix code of AT&T or Berkeley, so Linu x is not Unix, but Linux and Unix are totally compatible. (2)Real many tasks, multi-user's system, the built-in n etwork supports, can be with such seamless links as NetWare , Windows NT , OS/2 , Unix ,etc.. Network in various kinds of Unix it tests to be fastest in comparing and ass ess efficiency. Support such many kinds of files systems as FAT16 , FAT32 , NTFS , E x t2FS , ISO9600 ,etc. at the same time .
博物馆 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献
第一篇： 航空博物馆与航空展示公园 巴特罗米耶杰·基谢列夫斯基 飞翔的概念、场所的精神、老机场的建筑---克拉科夫新航空博物馆理性地吸取了这些元素，并将它们整合到一座建筑当中。Rakowice-Czyzyny机场之前的旧飞机修理库为新建筑的平面和高度设定了模数比例。在此基本形态上进一步发展，如同裁切和折叠一架纸飞机，生成了一座巨大的建筑。其三角形机翼是由混凝土制成，却如同风动螺旋桨一样轻盈。这个机翼宽大通透，向各个方向开敞。它们的形态与组织都是依据内部功能来设计的。机翼部分为3个不平衡的平面，使内外景观在不断变化中形成空间的延续性，并且联系了建筑内的视觉焦点和室外的展览区。 新航空展示公园的设计连接了博物馆的8栋建筑和户外展览区，并与历史体验建立联系。从前的视觉轴线与通道得到尊重，旧的道路得到了完善，朝向飞机场和跑道的空间被限定出来。每栋建筑展示了一个主题或是一段飞行史。建筑周围伸展出巨大的平台，为特殊主题的室外展览提供了空间。博物馆容纳了超过150架飞机、引擎、飞行复制品、成套的技术档案和历史图片。这里的特色收藏是飞机起源开始的各种飞行器，如Jatho1903、Grade1909、莱特兄弟1909年的飞机模型和1911年的鸽式单翼机。 The first passage: Museum for aviation and aviation exhibition park Bartiomiej Kislelewski The idea of flying, the spirit of place, the structure of the historic airfield – the new Museum of Aviation in Krakow takes up these references intellectually and synthesizes them into a building. The old hangars of the former airport Rakowice Czyzyny set the modular scale for the footprint and the height of the new building. Developed from this basic shape, as if cut out and folded like a paper airplane, a large structure has been generated, with triangular wings made of concrete and yet as light as a wind-vane propeller. The wings are generously glazed and open in all directions. Their form and arrangement depend on the interior uses. In the floor plans of the wings, the three offset
英文翻译原文
Engineering with Computers(2002)18:109–115 Ownership and Copyright ?2002Springer-Verlag London Limited Structural Optimization of Automotive Body Components Based on Parametric Solid Modeling M.E.Botkin GM R&D Center,Warren,MI,USA Abstract Abstract::Parametric modeling was used to build several models of an automotive front structure concept that utilizes carbon fiber composite materials and the corresponding molding processes.An ultra-lightweight aluminum body front structure was redesigned to include an all-composite front structure.Two alternative concepts were studied which represent the structure as a bonded assembly of shells.Closed sections result from two pieces–an inner and outer.Parametric modeling was found to be a useful tool for building and modifying models to use in optimization concept studies. Such models can be built quickly and both the sketch dimensions and location dimensions are particularly useful for making the adjustments necessary to fit the various body pieces together.The parametric models then must be joined together as one geometric solid model in order to obtain a surface mesh.Structural optimization input data can then be seamlessly and quickly created from the parametric-modelbased finite element model to begin the tradeoff studies.This integrated process in which parametric modeling was coupled with structural optimization was used to carry out design studies on the lightweight body front structure.Several carbon fiber material combinations were studied to determine mass reduction potential of certain types of carbon fiber products considered to be lower cost than typical carbon fiber materials used in the past.Structural optimization was used to compare several composite constructions for the design of the bonded front structure.Eight cases were studied using various materials and composite lay-ups.Mass savings estimates from45–64%over steel were obtained.The most reasonable design consisted of a combination of relatively low cost chopped carbon fiber and woven carbon fiber and using a20mm balsa core in the top of the shock tower area. This design had a maximum thickness of7mm and a mass reduction over steel of approximately62%.Correspondence and offprint requests to:Mark E.Botkin,Principal