2010-2013英语二真题及答案【完美打印版】

2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）

Section Ⅰ Use of English

Directions：Read the following text.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A],[B],[C]or[D] on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)

Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the cashless society in which all payments are made electronically. ___1___, a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions of such a society have been ___2___ for two decades but have not yet come to fruition. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment ―would soon revolutionize the very ___3___ of money itself,‖ only to ___4___ itself several years later. Why has the movement to a cashless society been so ___5___ in coming?

Although e-money might be more convenient and may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work __6___ the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very ___7___ to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the ___8___ form of payment. Second, paper checks have the advantage that they ___9___ receipts, something that many consumers are unwilling to ___10___. Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of "float"-it takes several days ___11___ a check is cashed and funds are ___12___ from the issuer's account, which means that the writer of the check can earn interest on the funds in the meantime. ___13___ electronic payments are immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer. Fourth, electronic means of payment ___14___ security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter information ___15___ there.

Because this is not an ___16___ occurrence, unscrupulous persons might be able to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and ___17___ funds by moving them from someone else‘s accounts into their own. The ___18___ o f this type of fraud is no easy task, and a whole new field of computer science has developed to ___19___ security issues. A further concern is that the use of electronic means of payment leaves an electronic ___20___ that contains a large amount of personal data on buying habits. There are worries that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby encroaching on our privacy.

1. [A] However [B] Moreover [C] Therefore [D] Otherwise

2. [A] off [B] back [C] over [D] around

3. [A] power [B] concept [C] history [D] role

4. [A] reward [B] resist [C] resume [D] reverse

5. [A] silent [B] sudden [C] slow [D] steady

6. [A] for [B] against [C]with [D] on

7. [A] imaginative [B] expensive [C] sensitive [D] productive

8. [A] similar [B] original [C] temporary [D] dominant

9. [A] collect [B] provide [C] copy [D] print

10. [A] give up [B] take over [C] bring back [D] pass down

11. [A] before [B] after [C] since [D] when

12. [A] kept [B] borrowed [C] released [D] withdrawn

13. [A] Unless [B] Until [C] Because [D] Though

14. [A] hide [B] express [C] raise [D]ease

15. [A] analyzed [B] shared [C] stored [D] displayed

16. [A] unsafe [B] unnatural [C] uncommon [D] unclear

17. [A] steal [B] choose [C] benefit [D] return

18. [A] consideration [B] prevention [C] manipulation [D] justification

19. [A] cope with [B] fight against [C] adapt to [D] call for

20. [A] chunk [B] chip [C] path [D] trail

Section ⅡReading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing

[A],[B],[C] or[ D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)

Text 1

In an essay entitled ―Making It in America‖, the author Adam Davidson relates a joke from cotton about just how much a modern textile mill has been automated: The average mill only two employees today,‖ a man and a dog. The man is there to feed the dog is there to keep the man away from the machines.‖

Davidson‘s article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making the point that the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution, which are more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign worker.

In the past, workers with average skills, doing an average job，could earn an average lifestyle ,But ,today ,average is officially over. Being average just won‘t earn you what it used to. It can‘t when so many more employers have so much more access to so much more above average cheap foreign labor, cheap robotics, cheap software, cheap automation and cheap genius. Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra-their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment.

Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will. But there‘s been an acceleration. As Davidson notes,‖ In the 10 years ending in 2009, [U.S.] factories shed workers so fast that they erased almost all the gains of the previous 70 years; roughly one out of every three manufacturing jobs-about 6 million in total -disappeared.

There will always be changed-new jobs, new products, new services. But the one thing we know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the I.T. revolution, the best jobs will require workers to have more and better education to make themselves above average.

In a world where average is officially over, there are many things we need to do to support employment, but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of G.I.Bill for the 21st century that ensures that every American has access to poet-high school education.

21. The joke in Paragraph 1 is used to illustrate_______

[A] the impact of technological advances

[B] the alleviation of job pressure

[C] the shrinkage of textile mills

[D] the decline of middle-class incomes

22. According to Paragraph 3, to be a successful employee, one has to______

[A] work on cheap software

[B] ask for a moderate salary

[C] adopt an average lifestyle

[D] contribute something unique

23. The quotation in Paragraph 4 explains that ______

[A] gains of technology have been erased

[B] job opportunities are disappearing at a high speed

[C] factories are making much less money than before

[D] new jobs and services have been offered

24. According to the author, to reduce unemployment, the most important is_____

[A] to accelerate the I.T. revolution

[B] to ensure more education for people

[C] ro advance economic globalization

[D] to pass more bills in the 21st century

25. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the text?

[A] New Law Takes Effect

[B] Technology Goes Cheap

[C] Average Is Over

[D] Recession Is Bad

Text 2

A century ago, the immigrants from across the Atlantic inclued settlers and sojourners. Along with the many folks looking to make a permanent home in the United States came those who had no intention to stay, and 7millin people arrived while about 2 million departed. About a quarter of all Italian immigrants, for exanmle, eventually returned to Italy for good. They even had an affectionate nickname, ―uccelli di passaggio,‖ birds of passage.

Today, we are much more rigid about immigrants. We divide nemcomers into two categories: legal or illegal, good or bad. We hail them as Americans in the making, or our broken immigrantion system and the long political paralysis over how to fix it. We don‘t need more categories, but we need to change the way we think about categories. We need to look beyond strick definitions of legal and illegal. To start, we can recognize the new birds of passage, those living and thriving in the gray areas. We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges.

Crop pickers, violinists, construction workers, entrepreneurs, engineers, home health-care aides and physicists are among today‘s birds of passage. They are energetic participants in a global economy driven by the flow of work, money and ideas .They prefer to come and go as opportunity calls them , They can manage to have a job in one place and a family in another.

With or without permission, they straddle laws, jurisdictions and identities with ease. We need them to imagine the United States as a place where they can be productive for a while without committing themselves to staying forever. We need them to feel that home can be both here and there and that they can belong to two nations honorably.

Accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new attitudes on both sides

of the immigration battle .Looking beyond the culture war logic of right or wrong means opening up the middle ground and understanding that managing immigration today requires multiple paths and multiple outcomes. Including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing system.

26 ―Birds of passage‖ refers to those who____

[A] immigrate across the Atlantic.

[B] leave their home countries for good.

[C] stay in a foregin temporaily.

[D] find permanent jobs overseas.

27 It is implied in paragraph 2 that the current immigration stystem in the US____

[A] needs new immigrant categories.

[B] has loosened control over immigrants.

[C] should be adopted to meet challenges.

[D] has been fixeed via political means.

28 According to the author, today‘s birds of passage want___

[A] fiancial incentives.

[B] a global recognition.

[C] opportunities to get regular jobs.

[D] the freedom to stay and leave.

29 The author suggests that the birds of passage today should be treated __

[A] as faithful partners.

[B] with economic favors.

[C] with legal tolerance.

[D] as mighty rivals.

30 which of the best title for the passage?

[A] come and go: big mistake.

[B] living and thriving : great risk.

[C] with or without : great risk.

[D] legal or illegal: big mistake.

Text 3

Scientists have found that although we are prone to snap overreactions, if we take a moment and think about how we are likely to react, we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick, hard-wired responses.

Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms; if we are judging whether someone is dangerous, our brains and bodies are hard-wired to react very quickly, within milliseconds. But we need more time to assess other factors. To accurately tell whether someone is sociable, studies show, we need at least a minute, preferably five. It takes a while to judge complex aspects of personality, like neuroticism or open-mindedness.

Bu t snap decisions in reaction to rapid stimuli aren‘t exclusive to the interpersonal realm. Psychologists at the University of Toronto found that viewing a fast-food logo for just a few milliseconds primes us to read 20 percent faster, even though reading has little to do with eating. We unconsciously associate fast food with speed and impatience and carry those impulses into

whatever else we‘re doing, Subjects exposed to fast-food flashes also tend to think a musical piece lasts too long.

Yet we can reverse such influences. If we know we will overreact to consumer products or housing options when we see a happy face (one reason good sales representatives and real estate agents are always smiling), we can take a moment before buying. If we know female job screeners are more likely to reject attractive female applicants, we can help screeners understand their biases-or hire outside screeners.

John Gottman, the marriage expert, explains that we quickly ―thin slice‖ information reliably only after we ground s uch snap reactions in ―thick sliced‖ long-term study. When Dr. Gottman really wants to assess whether a couple will stay together, he invites them to his island retreat for a muck longer evaluation; two days, not two seconds.

Our ability to mute our hard-wired reactions by pausing is what differentiates us from animals: doge can think about the future only intermittently or for a few minutes. But historically we have spent about 12 percent of our days contemplating the longer term. Although technology mig ht change the way we react, it hasn‘t changed our nature. We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptation and reverse the high-speed trend.

31. The time needed in making decisions may____.

[A] vary according to the urgency of the situation

[B] prove the complexity of our brain reaction

[C] depend on the importance of the assessment

[D] predetermine the accuracy of our judgment

32. Our reaction to a fast-food logo shows that snao decisions____.

[A] can be associative

[B] are not unconscious

[C] can be dangerous

[D] are not impulsive

33. Toreverse the negative influences of snap decisions,we should____.

[A] trust our first impression

[B] do as people usually do

[C] think before we act

[D] ask for expert advice

34. John Gottman says that reliable snap reaction are based on____.

[A] critical assessment

[B]??thin sliced ‘‘study

[C] sensible explanation

[D] adequate information

35. The author‘s attitude toward reversing the high-speed trend is____.

[A] tolerant

[B] uncertain

[C] optimistic

[D] doubtful

Text4

Europe is not a gender-equality heaven.In particular, the corporate workplace will never be completely family—friendly until women are part of senior management decisions,and Europe,s top corporate-governance positions remain overwhelmingly male .indeed,women hold only 14 percent of positions on Europe corporate boards.

The Europe Union is now considering legislation to compel corporate boards to maintain a certain proportion of women-up to 60 percent.This proposed mandate was born of frustration. Last year, Europe Commission Vice President Viviane Reding issued a call to voluntary action. Reding invited corporations to sign up for gender balance goal of 40 percent female board membership. But her appeal was considered a failure: only 24 companies took it up.

Do we need quotas to ensure that women can continue to climb the corporate Ladder fairy as they balance work and family?

―Personally, I don‘t like quotas,‖ Reding said recently. ―But i like what the quotas do.‖ Quotas get action: they ―open the way to equality and they break through the glass

ceiling,‖according to Reding, a result seen in France and other countries with legally binding provisions on placing women in top business positions.

I understand Reding‘s reluctance-and her frustration. I don‘t like quotas either; they run counter to my belief in meritocracy, government by the capable. But, when one considers the obstacles to achieving the meritocratic ideal, it does look as if a fairer world must be temporarily ordered.

After all, four decades of evidence has now shown that corporations in Europe as the US are evading the meritocratic hiring and promotion of women to top position— no matter how much ―soft pressure ‖ is put upon them. When women do break through to the summit of corporate power--as, for example, Sheryl Sandberg recently did at Facebook—they attract massive attention precisely because they remain the exception to the rule.

If appropriate pubic policies were in place to help all women---whether CEOs or their children‘s caregivers--and all families, Sandberg would be no more newsworthy than any other highly capable person living in a more just society.

36. In the European corporate workplace, generally_____.

[A] women take the lead

[B] men have the final say

[C] corporate governance is overwhelmed

[D] senior management is family-friendly

37. The European Union‘s intended legislation is ________.

[A] a reflection of gender balance

[B] a reluctant choice

[C] a response to Reding‘s call

[D] a voluntary action

38. According ti Reding, quotas may help women ______.

[A] get top business positions

[B] see through the glass ceiling

[C] balance work and family

[D] anticipate legal results

39. The author‘s attitude toward Reding‘s appeal is one of _________.

[A] skepticism

[B] objectiveness

[C] indifference

[D] approval

40. Women entering top management become headlines due to the lack of ______.

[A] more social justice

[B] massive media attention

[C] suitable public policies

[D] greater ―soft pressure‖

Part B

Directions:You are going to read a list of headings and a text. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-F for each numbered paragraph (41-45).Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1.

(10 points)

[A] Live like a peasant

[B] Balance your diet

[C] Shopkeepers are your friends

[D] Remember to treat yourself

[E] Stick to what you need

[F] Planning is evervthing

[G] Waste not, want not

The hugely popular blog the Skint Foodie chronicles how Tony balances his love of good food with living on benefits. After bills, Tony has ￡60 a week to spend, ￡40 of which goes on food, but 10 years ago he was earning ￡130,000 a I year working in corporate communications and eating at London's betft restaurants'" at least twice a week. Then his marriage failed, his career burned out and his drinking became serious. "The community mental health team saved my life. And I felt like that again, to a certain degree, when people responded to the blog so well. It gave me the validation and confidence that I'd lost. But it's still a day-by-day thing." Now he's living in a council flat and fielding offers from literary agents. He's feeling positive, but he'll carry on blogging - not about eating as cheaply as you can - "there are so many people in a much worse state, with barely any money to spend on food" - but eating well on a budget. Here's his advice for economical foodies.

41._____________________

Impulsive spending isn't an option, so plan your week's menu in advance, making shopping lists for your ingredients in their exact quantities. I have an Excel template for a week of breakfast, lunch and dinner. Stop laughing: it's not just cost effective but helps you balance your diet. It's also a good idea to shop daily instead of weekly, because, being-human, you'll sometimes change your mind about what you fancy.

42____________________________________________________________

This is where supermarkets and thci; anonymity come in handy. With them, there's not the same embarrassment as when buying one carrot in a little greengrocer. And if you plan properly, you'll know that you only need, say, 350g of shin of beef and six rashers of bacon, not whatever weight is pre-packed in the supermarket chiller.

43_________

You may proudly claim to only have frozen peas in the freezer - that's not good enough. Mine

is filled with leftovers, bread, stock, meat and fish. Planning ahead should eliminate wastage, but if you have surplus vegetables you'll do a vegetable soup, and all fruits threatening to "go off' will be cooked or juiced.

44___________________________________

Everyone says this, but it really is a top tip for frugal eaters. Shop at butchers, delis and

fish-sellers regularly, even for small things, and be super friendly. Soon you'll feel comfortable asking if they've any knuckles of ham for soups and stews, or beef bones, chicken carcasses and fish heads for stock which, more often than not, Theyil let you have for free.

45__________________

You won't be eating out a lot, but save your pennies and once every few months treat yourself to a set lunch at a good restaurant - ￡1.75 a week for three months gives you ￡21 - more than" enough for a three-course lunch at

Michelin-starred Arbutus. It's ￡16.95 there - or ￡12.99 for a large pizza from Domino's: I know which I'd rather eat.

Section III Translation

46. Directions:Translate the following text from English to Chinese. Write your translation on ANSWER SHEET2. (15 points)

I can pick a date from the past 53 years and know instantly where I was, what happened in the news and even the day of the week, I‘ve been able to do this, since I was 4.

I never feel overwhelmed with the amount of information my brain absorbs. My mind seems to be able to cope and the information is stored away neatly. When I think of a sad memory, I do what everybody does – try to put it to one side. I don't think it's harder for me just because my memory is clearer. Powerful memory doesn't make my emotions any more acute or vivid. I can recall the day my grandfather died and the sadness I felt when we went to the hospital the day before. I also remember that the musical Hair opened on Broadway on the same day – they both just pop into my mind in the same way.

Section IV Writing

47. Suppose your class is to hold a charity sale for kids in need of help. Write your classmates an email to

1) inform them about the details and

2) encourage them to participate 100 words use Li Ming. Don't write your address.(10

points)

48. Write an essay based

on the following chart in your

writing, you should

(1) interpret the chart, and

(2) give your comments

You should write about

150 words on the ANSWER

SHEET . (15 points)

2012年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）

Section Ⅰ Use of English

Directions：Read the following text.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A],[B],[C]or[D] on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)

Millions of Americans and foreigners see GI.Joe as a mindless war toy ,the symbol of American military adventurism, but that’s not how it used to be .To the men and women who 1 in World War II and the people they liberated ,the GI.was the 2 man grown into hero ,the pool farm kid torn away from his home ,the guy who 3 all the burdens of battle ,who slept in cold foxholes,who went without the 4 of food and shelter ,who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder .this was not a volunteer soldier ,not someone well paid , 5 an average guy ,up 6 the best trained ,best equipped ,fiercest ,most brutal enemies seen in centuries.

His name is not much.GI. is just a military abbreviation 7 Government Issue ,and it was on all of the article 8 to soldiers .And Joe? A common name for a guy who never 9 it to the top .Joe Blow ,Joe Magrac …a working class name.The United States has 10 had a president or vicepresident or secretary of state Joe.

GI .joe had a 11 career fighting German ,Japanese , and Korean troops . He appers as a character ,or a 12 of american personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of GI. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle. Some of the soldiers Pyle 13 portrayde themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the 14 side of the warl, writing about the dirt-snow –and-mud soldiers, not how many miles were 15 or what towns were captured or liberated, His reports 16 the “willie”cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men 17 the dirt and exhaustion of war, the 18 of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep. 19 Egypt, France, and a dozen more countries, G.I. Joe was any American soldier, 20 the most important person in their lives.

1. [A]performed [B]served [C]rebelled [D]betrayed

2. [A]actual [B]common [C]special [D]normal

3. [A]bore [B]cased [C]removed [D]loaded

4. [A]necessities [B]facilitice [C]commodities [D]properties

5. [A]and [B]nor [C]but [D]hence

6. [A]for [B]into [C] form [D]against

7. [A]meaning [B]implying [C]symbolizing [D]claiming

8. [A]handed out [B]turn over [C]brought back [D]passed down

9. [A]pushed [B]got [C]made [D]managed

10.[A]ever [B]never [C]either [D]neither

11.[A]disguised [B]disturbed [C]disputed [D]distinguished

12.[A]company [B]collection [C]community [D]colony

13.[A]employed [B]appointed [C]interviewed [D]questioned

14.[A]ethical [B]military [C]political [D]human

15.[A]ruined [B]commuted [C]patrolled [D]gained

16.[A]paralleled [B]counteracted [C]duplicated [D]contradicted

17.[A]neglected [B]avoided [C]emphasized [D]admired

18.[A]stages [B]illusions [C]fragments [D]advance

19.[A]With ` [B]To [C]Among [D]Beyond

20.[A]on the contrary [B] by this means [C]from the outset [D]at that point

Section ⅡReading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing

[A],[B],[C] or[ D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)

Text 1

Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, but in recent years it has been particularly scorned. School districts across the country, most recently Los Angeles Unified, are revising their thinking on his educational ritual. Unfortunately, L.A. Unified has produced an inflexible policy which mandates that with the exception of some advanced courses, homework may no longer count for more than 10% of a student‘s academic grade.

This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in completing their homework. But the policy is unclear and contradictory. Certainly, no homework should be assigned that students cannot do without expensive equipment. But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children.

District administrators say that homework will still be a pat of schooling: teachers are allowed to assign as much of it as they want. But with homework counting for no more than 10% of their grades, students can easily skip half their homework and see vey little difference on their report cards. Some students might do well on state tests without completing their homework, but what about the students who performed well on the tests and did their homework? It is quite possible that the homework helped. Yet rather than empowering teachers to find what works best for their students, the policy imposes a flat, across-the-board rule.

At the same time, the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions about homework. If the district finds homework to be unimportant to its students‘ academic achievement, it should move to reduce or eliminate the assignments, not make them count for almost nothing. Conversely, if homework does nothing to ensure that the homework students are not assigning more than they are willing to review and correct.

The homework rules should be put on hold while the school board, which is responsible for setting educational policy, looks into the matter and conducts public hearings. It is not too late for L.A. Unified to do homework right.

21.It is implied in paragraph 1 that nowadays homework_____.

[A]. is receiving more criticism

[B].is no longer an educational ritual

[C].is not required for advanced courses

[D].is gaining more preferences

22.L.A.Unified has made the rule about homework mainly because poor students_____.

[A].tend to have moderate expectations for their education

[B].have asked for a different educational standard

[C].may have problems finishing their homework

[D].have voiced their complaints about homework

23.According to Paragraph 3,one problem with the policy is that it may____.

[A].discourage students from doing homework

[B].result in students' indifference to their report cards

[C].undermine the authority of state tests

[D].restrict teachers' power in education

24. As mentioned in Paragraph 4, a key question unanswered about homework is

whether______.

[A] it should be eliminated

[B].it counts much in schooling

[C].it places extra burdens on teachers

[D].it is important for grades

25.A suitable title for this text could be______.

[A].Wrong Interpretation of an Educational Policy

[B].A Welcomed Policy for Poor Students

[C].Thorny Questions about Homework

[D].A Faulty Approach to Homework

Text2

Pretty in pink: adult women do not rememer being so obsessed with the colour, yet it is pervasive in our young girls‘ liv es. Tt is not that pink is intrinsically bad, but it is such a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fuses girls‘ identity to appearance. Then it presents that connection, even among two-year-olds, between girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence. Looking around, I despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girls‘ lives and interests.

Girls‘ attraction to pink may seem unavoidable, somehow encoded in their DNA, but according to Jo Paoletti, an associate professor of American Studies, it is not. Children were not colour-coded at all until the early 20th century: in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter, since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them. What‘s more, both boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses.When nursery colours were introduced, pink was actually considered the more masculine colour, a pastel version of red, which was associated with strength. Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, symbolised femininity. It was not until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children‘s marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it began to seem inherently attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years.

I had not realised how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to kins, including our core beliefs about their psychological development. Take the toddler. I assumed that phase was something experts developed after years of research into children‘s behaviour: wrong. Turns out, acdording to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was popularised as a marketing trick by clothing manufacrurers in the 1930s.

Trade publications counselled department stores that, in order to increase sales, they should create a ―third stepping stone‖ between infant wear and older kids‘ clothes. Tt was only after ―toddler‖became a common shoppers‘ term that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage. Splitting kids, or adults,into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits. And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differences – or invent them where they did not previously exist.

26.By saying "it is...the rainbow"(Line 3, Para.1),the author means pink______.

[A].should not be the sole representation of girlhood

[B].should not be associated with girls' innocence

[C].cannot explain girls' lack of imagination

[D].cannot influence girls' lives and interests

27.According to Paragraph 2, which of the following is true of colours？

[A].Colours are encoded in girls' DNA.

[B].Blue used to be regarded as the colour for girls.

[C].Pink used to be a neutral colour in symbolising genders.

[D].White is prefered by babies.

28.The author suggests that our perception of children's psychological development was

much influenced by_____.

[A].the marketing of products for children

[B].the observation of children's nature

[C].researches into children's behavior

[D].studies of childhood consumption

29.We may learn from Paragraph 4 that department stores were advised to_____.

[A].focus on infant wear and older kids' clothes

[B].attach equal importance to different genders

[C].classify consumers into smaller groups

[D].create some common shoppers' terms

30.It can be concluded that girls' attraction to pink seems to be____.

[A].clearly explained by their inborn tendency

[B].fully understood by clothing manufacturers

[C].mainly imposed by profit-driven businessmen

[D].well interpreted by psychological experts

Text 3

In 2010. a federal judge shook America's biotech industry to its core. Companies had won patents for isolated DNA for decades-by 2005 some 20% of human genes were parented. But in March 2010 a judge ruled that genes were unpatentable. Executives were violently agitated. The Biotechnology Industry Organisation (BIO)，a trade group，assured members that this was just a ―preliminary step‖ in a longer battle.

On July 29th they were relieved，at least temporarily. A federal appeals court overturned the prior decision，ruling that Myriad Genetics could indeed holb patents to two genss that help forecast a woman's risk of breast cancer. The chief executive of Myriad，a company in Utah，said the ruling was a blessing to firms and patients alike.

But as companies continue their attempts at personalised medicine，the courts will remain

rather busy. The Myriad case itself is probably not over Critics make three main arguments against gene patents：a gene is a product of nature，so it may not be patented；gene patents suppress innovation rather than reward it；and patents' monopolies restrict access to genetic tests such as Myriad's. A growing number seem to https://www.sodocs.net/doc/4713279210.html,st year a federal task-force urged reform for patents related to genetic tests. In October the Department of Justice filed a brief in the Myriad case，arguing tha t an isolated DNA molecule ―is no less a product of nature... than are cotton fibres that have been separated from cotton seeds. ‖

Despite the appeals court's decision，big questions remain unanswered. For example，it is unclear whether the sequencing of a whole genome violates the patents of indivi dual genes within it. The case may yet reach the Supreme Court.

AS the industry advances ,however,other suits may have an even greater https://www.sodocs.net/doc/4713279210.html,panies are unlikely to file many more patents for human DNA molecules-most are already patented or in the public domain .firms are now studying how genes intcract,looking for correlations that might be used to determine the causes of disease or predict a drug‘s efficacy,companies are eager to win patents for ?connecting the dits‘,expaains hans sauer,alawyer for the BIO.

Their success may be determined by a suit related to this issue, brought by the Mayo Clinic, which the Supreme Court will hear in its next term. The BIO rtcently held a convention which included seddions to coach lawyers on the shifting landscape for patents. Each meeting was packed.

31.it canbe learned from paragraph I that the biotech companies would like____.

[A].their executives to be active

[B].judges to rule out gene patenting

[C].genes to be patentable

[D].the BIO to issue a warning

32.those who are against gene patents believe that____.

[A].genetic tests are not reliable

[B].only man-made products are patentable

[C].patents on genes depend much on innovations

[D].courts should restrict access to genetic tests

33.according to hans sauer ,companies are eager to win patents for____.

[A].establishing disease compellations

[B].discovering gene interactions

[C].drawing pictures of genes

[D].identifying human DNA

34．By saying ―each meeting was packed‖(line4,para6)the author means that ____.

[A].the supreme court was authoritative

[B].the BIO was a powerful organization

[C].gene patenting was a great concern

[D].lawyers were keen to attend conventions

35.generally speaking ,the auth or‘s attitude toward gene patenting is____.

[A].critical

[B].supportive

[C].scornful

[D].objective

Text 4

The great recession may be over, but this era of high joblessness is probably beginning. Before it ends,

it will likely change the life course and character of a generation of young adults. And ultimately, it is likely to reshape our politics,our culture, and the character of our society for years.

No one tries harder than the jobless to find silver linings in this national economic disaster. Many said that unemployment, while extremely painful, had improved them in some ways; they had become less materialistic and more financially prudent; they were more aware of the struggles of others. In limited respects, perhaps the recession will leave society better off. At the very least, it has awoken us from our national fever dream of easy riches and bigger houses, and put a necessary end to an era of reckless personal spending.

But for the most part, these benefits seem thin, uncertain, and far off. In The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth, the economic historian Benjamin Friedman argues that both inside and outside the U.S. ,lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have almost always left society more mean-spirited and less inclusive, and have usually stopped or reversed the advance of rights and freedoms. Anti-immigrant sentiment typically increases, as does conflict between races and classes.

Income inequality usually falls during a recession, but it has not shrunk in this one,. Indeed, this period of economic weakness may reinforce class divides, and decrease opportunities to cross them--- especially for young people. The research of Till Von Wachter, the economist in Columbia University, suggests that not all people graduating into a recession see their life chances dimmed: those with degrees from elite universities catch up fairly quickly to where they otherwise would have been if they had graduated in better times; it is the masses beneath them that are left behind.

In the internet age, it is particularly easy to see the resentment that has always been hidden winthin American society. More difficult, in the moment , is discerning precisely how these lean times are affecting society‘s character. In many respects, the U.S. was more s ocially tolerant entering this resession than at any time in its history, and a variety of national polls on social conflict since then have shown mixed results. We will have to wait and see exactly how these hard times will reshape our social fabric. But they certainly it, and all the more so the longer they extend.

36.By saying ―to find silver linings‖（Line 1,Para.2）the author suggest that the jobless try

to___.

[A].seek subsidies from the government

[B].explore reasons for the unemployment

[C].make profits from the troubled economy

[D].look on the bright side of the recession

37.According to Paragraph 2,the recession has made people_____.

[A].realize the national dream

[B].struggle against each other

[C].challenge their lifestyle

[D].reconsider their lifestyle

38.Benjamin Friedman believe that economic recessions may_____.

[A].impose a heavier burden on immigrants

[B].bring out more evils of human nature

[C].Promote the advance of rights and freedoms

[D].ease conflicts between races and classes

39.The research of Till Von Wachther suggests that in recession graduates from elite

universities tend to _____.

[A].lag behind the others due to decreased opportunities

[B].catch up quickly with experienced employees

[C].see their lif e chances as dimmed as the others‘

[D].recover more quickly than the others

40.The author thinks that the influence of hard times on society is____.

[A].certain

[B].positive

[C].trivial

[D].destructive

Part B

Directions:Read the following text and answer the questions by finding information from the right column that corresponds to each of the marked details given in the left column.There are two extra choices in the right column.Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)

“Universal history, the history of what man has accomplished in this world, is at bottom the History of the Great Men who have worked here,”wrote the Victorian sage Thomas Carlyle. Well, not any more it is not.

Suddenly, Britain looks to have fallen out with its favourite historical form. This could be no more than a passing literary craze, but it also points to a broader truth about how we now approach the past: less concerned with learning from forefathers and more interested in feeling their pain. Today, we want empathy, not inspiration.

From the earliest days of the Renaissance, the writing of history meant recounting the exemplary lives of great men. In 1337, Petrarch began work on his rambling writing De Viris Illustribus –On Famous Men, highlighting the virtus (or virtue) of classical heroes. Petrarch celebrated their greatness in conquering fortune and rising to the top. This was the biographical tradition which Niccolo Machiavelli turned on its head. In The Prince, the championed cunning, ruthlessness, and boldness, rather than virtue, mercy and justice, as the skills of successful leaders.

Over time, the attributes of greatness shifted. The Romantics commemorated the leading painters and authors of their day, stressing the uniqueness of the artist's personal experience rather than public glory. By contrast, the Victorian author Samual Smiles wrote Self-Help as a catalogue of the worthy lives of engineers , industrialists and explores . "The valuable examples which they furnish of the power of self-help, if patient purpose, resolute working and steadfast integrity, issuing in the formulation of truly noble and many character, exhibit,"wrote Smiles."what it is in the power of each to accomplish for himself"His biographies of James Walt, Richard Arkwright and Josiah Wedgwood were held up as beacons to guide the working man through his difficult life.

This was all a bit bourgeois for Thomas Carlyle, who focused his biographies on the truly

heroic lives of Martin Luther, Oliver Cromwell and Napoleon Bonaparte. These epochal figures represented lives hard to imitate, but to be acknowledged as possessing higher authority than mere mortals.

Communist Manifesto. For them, history did nothing, it possessed no immense wealth nor waged battles:“It is man, real, living man who does all that.”And history should be the story of the masses and their record of struggle. As such, it needed to appreciate the economic realities, the social contexts and power relations in which each epoch stood. For:“Men make their own history, but they do not make it just as they please; they do not make it under circumstances chosen by themselves, but under circumstances directly found, given and transmitted from the past.”

This was the tradition which revolutionized our appreciation of the past. In place of Thomas Carlyle, Britain nurtured Christopher Hill, EP Thompson and Eric Hobsbawm. History from below stood alongside biographies of great men. Whole new realms of understanding —from gender to race to cultural studies —were opened up as scholars unpicked the multiplicity of lost societies. And it transformed public history too: downstairs became just as fascinating as upstairs.

[A] emphasized the virtue of

classical heroes.

41. Petrarch [B] highlighted the public glory of

the leading artists.

42. Niccolo Machiavellli [C] focused on epochal figures whose

lives were hard to imitate.

43. Samuel Smiles [D] opened up new realms of understanding

the great men in history.

44. Thomas Carlyle [E] held that history should be the story

of the masses and their record of struggle. 45. Marx and Engels [F] dismissed virtue as unnecessary for

successful leaders.

[G] depicted the worthy lives of engineer

industrialists and explorers.

Section ⅢTranslation

46.Directions:Translate the following text from English into Chinese.Write your translation

on ANSWER SHEET 2.(15 points)

When people in developing countries worry about migration,they are usually concerned at the prospect of ther best and brightest departure to Silicon Valley or to hospitals and universities in the developed world ,These are the kind of workers that countries like Britain , Canada and Australia try to attract by using immigration rules that privilege college graduates.

Lots of studies have found that well-educated people from developing countries are particularly likely to emigrate .A big survey of Indian households in 2004 found that nearly 40%of emigrants had more than a high-school education,compared with around 3.3%of all

Indians over the age of 25.This "brain drain "has long bothered policymakers in poor countries ,They fear that it hurts their economies ,depriving them of much-needed skilled workers who could have taught at their universities ,worked in their hospitals and come up with clever new products for their factories to make .

Section IV Writing

Part A

47.Directions

Suppose you have found something wrong with the electronic dictionary that you bought from an online store the other day , Write an email to the customer service center to

1) make a complaint and

2) demand a prompt solution

You should write about 100words on ANSERE SHEET 2

Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter ,Use "zhang wei "instead .(10 points)

Part B

48.Write an essay based on the following table .In your writing you should

1) describe the table ,and

2) give your comments

You should write at least 150 words on ANSERE SHEET 2.(15 points)

某公司员工工作满意度调查

年龄------满意度满意不清楚不满意

小于等于40岁16.7% 50.0% 33．3% 41-50岁0.0% 36.0% 64.0%

大于50岁40.0 50.0% 10.0%

2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）

Section Ⅰ Use of English

Directions：Read the following text.Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A],[B],[C]or[D] on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)

The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across the Web.

Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ?

Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar, offered the federal government a 4 to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary trusted identity”system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.

The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity systems. User could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet driver’s license 10 by the government.

Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have these“single sign-on”systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.

12 the approach would create a “walled garden”n cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods”and bright“streetlights”to establish a sense of a 13 community.

Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem”in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ,trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs”.

Still, the administration’s plan has 16 privacy rights activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would 17 be a compulsory Internet “drive’s license”mentality.

The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem”envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet 19 .They argue that all Internet users should be 20 to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.

1．A.swept B.skipped C.walked D.ridden

2．A.for B.within C.while D.though

3．A.careless https://www.sodocs.net/doc/4713279210.html,wless C.pointless D.helpless

4．A.reason B.reminder https://www.sodocs.net/doc/4713279210.html,promise D.proposal

5．https://www.sodocs.net/doc/4713279210.html,rmation B.interference C.entertainment D.equivalent

6．A.by B.into C.from D.over

7．A.linked B.directed C.chained https://www.sodocs.net/doc/4713279210.html,pared

8．A.dismiss B.discover C.create D.improve

9．A.recall B.suggest C.select D.realize

10．A.released B.issued C.distributed D.delivered

11．A.carry on B.linger on C.set in D.log in

12．A.In vain B.In effect C.In return D.In contrast

13．A.trusted B.modernized C.thriving https://www.sodocs.net/doc/4713279210.html,peting

14．A.caution B.delight C.confidence D.patience

15．A.on B.after C.beyond D.across

16．A.divided B.disappointed C.protected D.united

17．A.frequently B.incidentally C.occasionally D.eventually

18．A.skepticism B.tolerance C.indifference D.enthusiasm

19．A.manageable B.defendable C.vulnerable D.invisible

20．A.invited B.appointed C.allowed D.forced

Section ⅡReading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing

[A],[B],[C] or[ D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)

Text 1

Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside director in January 2000: a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldman’s compensation committee; how could she have let those enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.

Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals. If the sky, and the share price is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises.

The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise”disappearances by directors under the age of 70. They fount that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they “trade up.”Leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.

But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.

21.According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for ______..

[A]gaining excessive profits

[B]failing to fulfill her duty

[C]refusing to make compromises

[D]leaving the board in tough times

22.We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be ______..

[A]generous investors

[B]unbiased executives

[C]share price forecasters

[D]independent advisers

23.According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside director’s surprise

departure, the firm is likely to ______..

[A]become more stable

[B]report increased earnings

[C]do less well in the stock market

[D]perform worse in lawsuits

24.It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors ______..

[A]may stay for the attractive offers from the firm

[B]have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm

[C]are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm

[D]will decline incentives from the firm

25.The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors is ______..

[A]permissive

[B]positive

[C]scornful

[D]critical

Text 2

Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the advertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date.

In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry, have not only survived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.

It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further.

Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.

The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody, but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue in the newspaper business.

26.By saying “Newspapers like …their own doom”(Lines 3-4, Para. 1), the author

indicates that newspaper ______.

[A]neglected the sign of crisis

[B]failed to get state subsidies

[C]were not charitable corporation

[D]were in a desperate situation

27.Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs probably because ______. .、

[A]readers threatened to pay less