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2013年6月英语六级真题阅读第三套

2013年6月第三套 PART TWO

Norman Borlaug: 'Father of the Green Revolution'

Few people have quietly changed the world for the better more than this rural lad from the midwestern state of Iowa in the United States. The man in focus is Norman Borlaug, the Father of the 'Green Revolution', who died on September 12, 2009 at age 95. Norman Borlaug spent most of his 60 working years in the farmlands of Mexico, South Asia and later in Africa, fighting world hunger, and saving by some estimates up to a billion lives in the process. An achievement, fit for a Nobel Peace Prize.

Early Years

"I'm a product of the great depression" is how Borlaug described himself. A great-grandson of Norwegian immigrants to the United States, Borlaug was born in 1914 and grew up on a small farm in the northeastern corner of Iowa in a town called Cresco. His family had a 40-hectare (公顷) farm on which they grew wheat, maize (玉米) and hay and raised pigs and cattle. Norman spent most of his time from age 7-17 on the farm, even as he attended a one-room, one-teacher school at New Oregon in Howard County.

Borlaug didn't have money to go to college. But through a Great Depression eraprogramme, known as the National Youth Administration, Borlaug was able to enroll in the University of Minnesota at Minneapolis to study forestry. He excelled in studies and received his Ph.D. in plant pathology (病理学) and genetics in 1942. From 1942 to 1944, Borlaug was employed as a microbiologist at DuPont in Wilmington. However, following the December 7, 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor, Borlaug tried to join the military, but was rejected under wartime labour regulations.

In Mexico

In 1944, many experts warned of mass starvation in developing nations where populations were expanding faster than crop production. Borlaug began work at a Rockefeller Foundation-funded project in Mexico to increase wheat production by developing higher-yielding varieties of the crop. It involved research in genetics, plant breeding, plant pathology, entomology (昆虫学) , agronomy (农艺学) , soil science, and cereal technology. The goal of the project was to boost wheat production in Mexico, which at the time was importing a large portion of its grain.

Borlaug said that his first couple of years in Mexico were difficult. He lacked trained scientists and equipment. Native farmers were hostile towards the wheat programme because of serious crop losses from 1939 to 1941 due to stem rust.

Wheat varieties that Borlaug worked with had tall, thin stalks. While taller wheat competed better for sunlight, they had a tendency to collapse under the weight of extra grain - a trait called lodging. To overcome this, Borlaug worked on breeding wheat with shorter and stronger stalks, which could hold on larger seed heads. Borlaug's new semi-dwarf, disease-resistant varieties, called Pitic 62 and Penjamo 62, changed the potential yield of Mexican wheat dramatically. By 1963 wheat production in Mexico stood six times more than that of 1944.

Green Revolution in India

During the 1960s, South Asia experienced severe drought condition and India had been importing wheat on a large scale from the United States. Borlaug came to India in

1963 along with Dr. Robert Anderson to duplicate his Mexican success in the sub-continent. The experiments began with planting a few of the high-yielding variety strains in the fields of the Indian Agricultural Research Institute at Pusa in New Delhi, under the supervision of Dr. M. S. Swaminathan. These strains were subsequently planted in test plots at Ludhiana, Pantnagar, Kanpur, Pune and Indore. The results were promising, but large-scale success, however, was not instant. Cultural opposition to new agricultural techniques initially prevented Borlaug from going ahead with planting of new wheat strains in India. By 1965, when the drought situation turned alarming, the Government took the lead and allowed wheat revolution to move forward. By employing agricultural techniques he developed in Mexico, Borlaug was able to nearly double South Asian wheat harvests between 1965 and 1970.

India subsequently made a huge commitment to Mexican wheat, importing some 18000 tonnes of seed. By 1968, it was clear that the Indian wheat harvest was nothing short of revolutionary. It was so productive that there was a shortage of labour to harvest it, of bull carts to haul it to the threshing floor (打谷场) , of jute (麻黄) bags to store it. Local governments in some areas were forced to shut down schools temporarily to use them as store houses.

United Nation's Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) observed that in 40 years between 1961 and 2001, "India more than doubled its population, from 452 million to more than 1 billion. At the same time, it nearly tripled its grain production from 87 million tonnes to 231 million tonnes. It accomplished this feat while increasing cultivated grain acreage (土地面积) a mere 8 percent."

It was in India that Norman Borlaug's work was described as the 'Green Revolution.'

In Africa

Africa suffered widespread hunger and starvation through the 70s and 80s. Food and aid poured in from most developed countries into the continent, but thanks to the absence of efficient distribution system, the hungry remained empty-stomach. The then Chairman of the Nippon Foundation, Ryoichi Sasakawa wondered why the methods used in Mexico and India were not extended to Africa. He called up Norman Borlaug. now leading a semi-retired life, for help. He managed to convince Borlaug to help with his new effort and subsequently founded the Sasakawa Africa Association. Borlaug later recalled, "but after I saw the terrible circumstances there, I said, 'Let's just start growing'".

The success in Africa was not as spectacular as it was in India or Mexico. Those elements that allowed Borlaug's projects to succeed, such as well-organized economies and transportation and irrigation systems, were severely lacking throughout Africa. Because of this, Borlaug's initial projects were restricted to developed regions of the continent. Nevertheless, yields of maize, sorghum (高粱) and wheat doubled between 1983 and 1985.

Nobel Prize

For his contributions to the world food supply, Borlaug was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1970. Norwegian officials notified his wife in Mexico City at 4:00 a. m., but Borlaug had already left for the test fields in the Toluca valley, about 65 km west of Mexico City. A chauffeur (司机) took her to the fields to inform her husband. In his

acceptance speech, Borlaug said, "the first essential component of social justice is adequate food for all mankind. Food is the moral right of all who are born into this world. Yet, 50 percent of the world population goes hungry."

Green Revolution vs Environmentalists

Borlaug's advocacy of intensive high-yield agriculture came under severe criticism from environmentalists in recent years. His work faced environmental and socio-economic criticisms, including charges that his methods have created dependence on monoculture crops, unsustainable farming practices, heavy indebtedness among subsistence farmers, and high levels of cancer among those who work with agriculture chemicals. There are also concerns about the long-term sustainability of fanning practices encouraged by the Green Revolution in both the developed and the developing world.

In India, the Green Revolution is blamed for the destruction of Indian crop diversity, drought vulnerability, dependence on agro-chemicals that poison soils but reap large-scale benefits mostly to the American multi-national corporations. What these critics overwhelmingly advocate is a global movement towards "organic" or "sustainable" farming practices that avoid using chemicals and high technology in favour of natural fertilizers, cultivation and pest-control programmes.

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡1上作答。

1. Norman Borlaug won a Nobel Prize for _______.

A) his remarkable achievements in plant genetics

B) his spectacular contribution to safeguarding world peace

C) his great success in raising Africa's food production

D) his enduring efforts in combating world hunger

2. How did Borlaug's wheat programme go during his first couple of years in Mexico?

A) It met with resistance. B) It was well received.

C) It achieved unexpected progress. D) It succeeded though with difficulty.

3. What characterised Borlaug's Pitic 62 and Penjamo 62?

A) Superior ability to breed new high-yielding varieties.

B) Short and strong stems and resistance to diseases.

C) Tall and thin stems and extremely large seed heads.

D) Tendency to collapse under the; weight of extra grain.

4. What initially prevented Borlaug from achieving large-scale success in India?

A) Farmers' rejection of his planting techniques.

B) The persistent drought throughout the country.

C) Difficulty in importing high-yielding wheat seeds.

D) The local government's slowness in taking action.

5. According to United Nation's Food and Agriculture Organization, in 40 yearsbetween 1961 and 2001 India's grain production ________.

A) almost doubled B) went up by 8 percent

C) increased nearly three times D) rose from 452 million to 1 billion tonnes

6. Borlaug's success in Africa was not as spectacular as in India or Mexico because __.

A) the local farmers were uneducated and conservative

B) Africa's climate conditions were very different

C) his project in Africa was not properly managed

D) Africa lackcd the necessary supporting facilities

7. What did Borlaug emphasise in his Nobel Prize acceptance spccch?

A) Abundance of food supply will contribute to world peace and stability.

B) The Green Revolution will provide adequate food for all mankind.

C) Adequate food for all mankind is essential in ensuring social justice.

D) Without the Green Revolution half of the world population would starve.

8. In recent years Borlaug's Green Revolution has been attacked by __________.

9. In both developed and developing countries there are concerns whether in the long run Borlaug's farming practices will be ________.

10. In India, critics attribute the destruction of Indian crop diversity to _______.

Section A

Questions 47 to 51 are based on the following passage.

Highly proficient musicianship is hard won. Although it's often assumed musical ability

is inherited, there's abundant evidence that this isn't the case. While it seems that at birth virtually everyone has perfect pitch* the reasons that one child is better than another are motivation and practice.

Highly musical children were sung to more as infants and more encouraged to join in song games as kids than less musical ones, long before any musical ability could have been evident. Studies of classical musicians prove that the best ones practiced considerably more from childhood onwards than ordinary orchestral players, and this is because their parents were at them to put in the hours from a very young age.

The same was true of children selected for entry to specialist music schools, compared with those who were rejected. The chosen children had parents who had very actively supervised music lessons and daily practice from young ages, giving up substantial periods of leisure time to take the children to lessons and concerts.

The singer Michael Jackson's story, although unusually brutal and extreme, is illuminating when considering musical prodigy (天才) . Accounts suggest that he was subjected to cruel beatings and emotional torture, and that he was humiliated (羞辱) constantly by his father. What sets Jackson's family apart is that his father used his reign of terror to train his children as musicians and dancers.

On top of his extra ability, Michael also had more drive. This may have been the result

of being the closest of his brothers and sisters to his mother. "He seemed different to me from the other children - special," Michael's mother said of him. She may not have realised that treating her son as special may have been part of the reason he became likethat.

All in all, if you want to bring up a Mozart or Bach, the key factor is how hard you are prepared to crack the whip. Thankfully, most of us will probably settle for a bit of fun on the recorder and some ill-executed pieces of music on the piano from our children.

注意：此部分试题请在答题卡2 上作答。

47. According to the author, a child's musical ability has much to do with their ______.

48. In order to develop the musical ability of their children, many parents will accompany them during their practice, sacrificing a lot of their own _______.

49. Because of their father's pressure and strict training, Michael Jackson and some of his brothers and sisters eventually became ________.

50. Michael's extra drive for music was partly due to the fact that he was ________ by his mother.

51. To bring up a great musician like Mozart or Bach, willingness to be strict with your child is ________.

Section B Passage One

In 2011, many shoppers chose to avoid the frantic crowds and do their holiday shopping from the comfort of their computer. Sales at online retailers gained by more than 15%, making it the biggest season ever. But people are also returning those purchases at record rates, up 8% from last year.

What went wrong? Is the lingering shadow of the global financial crisis making it harder to accept extravagant indulgences? Or that people shop more impulsively - and therefore make bad decisions - when online? Both arguments are plausible. However, there is a third factor: a question of touch. We can love the look but, in an online environment, we cannot feel the quality of a texture, the shape of the fit, the fall of a fold or, for that matter, the weight of an earring. And physically interacting with an object makes you more committed to your purchase.

When my most recent book Brandwashed was released, I teamed up with a local bookstore to conduct an experiment about the differences between the online and offline shopping experience. I carefully instructed a group of volunteers to promote my book in two different ways. The first was a fairly hands-off approach. Whenever a customer would inquire about my book, the volunteer would take them over to the shelf and point to it. Out of 20 such requests, six customers proceeded with the purchase. The second option also involved going over to the shelf but, this time, removing the book and then subtly holding onto it for just an extra moment before placing it in the customer's hands. Of the 20 people who were handed the book. 13 ended up buying it. Just physically passing the book showed a big difference in sales. Why? We feel something similar to a sense of ownership when we hold things in our hand. That's why we establish or reestablish connection by greeting strangers and friends with a handshake. In this case, having to then let go of the book after holding it might generate a subtle sense of loss, and motivate us to make the purchase even more.

A recent study also revealed the power of touch, in this case when it came to conventional mail. A deeper and longer-lasting impression of a message was formed when delivered in a letter, as opposed to receiving the same message online. Brain imaging showed that, on touching the paper, the emotional center of the brain was activated, thus forming a stronger bond. The study also indicated that once touch becomes part of the process, it could translate into a sense of possession. This sense of ownership is simply not part of the equation in the online shopping experience. 52. Why do people prefer shopping online according to the author?

A) It is more comfortable and convenient.

B) It saves them a lot of money and time.

C) It offers them a lot more options and bargains.

D) It gives them more time to think about their purchase.

53. Why do more customers return their purchases bought online?

A) They regretted indulging in costly items in the recession.

B) They changed their mind by the time the goods were delivered.

C) They had no chance to touch them when shopping online.

D) They later found the quality of goods below their expectations.

54. What is the purpose of the author's experiment?

A) To test his hypothesis about online shopping.

B) To find out people's reaction to his recent book.

C) To find ways to increase the sale of his new book.

D) To try different approaches to sales promotion.

55. How might people feel after letting go of something they held?

A) A sense of disappointment B) More motivated to own it.

C) A subtle loss of interest D) Less sensitive to its texture.

56. What does brain imaging in a recent study reveal?

A) Conventional letters contain subtle messages.

B) A lack of touch is the chief obstacle to e-commerce.

C) E-mail lacks the potential to activate the brain.

D) Physical touch helps form a sense of possession.

Passage Two

Apparently everyone knows that global warming only makes climate more extreme. A hot, dry summer has triggered another flood of such claims. And, while many interests are at work, one of the players that benefits the most from this story are the media: the notion of "extreme" climate simply makes for more compelling news.

Consider Paul Krugman, writing breathlessly in the New York Times about the "rising incidence of extreme events." He claims that global warming caused the current drought in America's Midwest, and that supposedly record-high corn prices could cause a global food crisis.

But the United Nations climate panel's latest assessment tells us precisely the opposite: For "North America, there is medium confidence that there has an overall slight tendency toward less dryness." Moreover, there is no way that Krugman could have identified this drought as being caused by global warming without a time machine: Climate models estimate that such detection will be possible by 2048, at the earliest. And, fortunately, this year's drought appears unlikely to cause a food crisis, as global rice and wheat supplies remain plentiful. Moreover, Krugman overlooks inflation: Prices have increased six-fold since 1969, so, while corn futures (期货) did set a record of about $8 per bushel (蒲式耳) in late July, the inflation-adjusted price of corn was higher throughout most of the 1970s, reaching $ 16 in 1974.

Finally, Krugman conveniently forgets that concerns about global warming are the

main reason that corn prices have skyrocketed since 2005. Nowadays 40 percent of corngrown in the United States is used to produce ethanol (乙醇) , which does

absolutely nothing for the climate, but certainly distorts the price of corn- at the expense of many of the world's poorest people.

Bill Mckibben similarly worries in The Guardian about the Midwest drought and corn prices. He confidently tells us that raging wildfires from New Mexico and Colorado to Siberia are "exactly" what the early stages of global warming look like.

In fact, the latest overview of global wildfire incidence suggests that fire intensity has declined over the past 70 years and is now close to its preindustrial level.

When well-meaning campaigners want us to pay attention to global warming, they often end up pitching beyond the facts. And, while this may seem justified by a noble goal, such "policy by panic" tactics rarely work, and often backfire.

Remember how, in the wake of Hurricane Katrina in 2005, A1 Gore claimed that we were in store for ever more destructive hurricanes? Since then, hurricane incidence has dropped off the charts. Exaggerated claims merely fuel public distrust and disengagement.

That is unfortunate, because global warming is a real problem, and we do need to address it.

57. In what way do the media benefit from extreme weather?

A) They can attract people's attention to their reports.

B) They can choose from a greater variety of topics.

C) They can make themselves better known.

D) They can give voice to different views.

58. What is the author's comment on Krugman's claim about the current drought in America's Midwest?

A) A time machine is needed to testify to its truth.

B) It is based on an erroneous climate model.

C) It will eventually get proof in 2048.

D) There is no way to prove its validity.

59. What is the chief reason for the rise in corn prices according to the author?

A) Demand for food has been rising in the developing countries.

B) A considerable portion of corn is used to produce green fuel.

C) Climate change has caused corn yields to drop markedly.

D) Inflation rates have been skyrocketing since the 1970s. 60. What does the author say about global wildfire incidence over the past 70 years?

A) It has got worse with the rise in extreme weathers.

B) It signals the early stages of global warming.

C) It has dropped greatly.

D) It is related to drought.

61. What does the author think of the exaggerated claims in the media about global warming?

A) They are strategies to raise public awareness.

B) They do a disservice to addressing the problem.

C) They aggravate public distrust about science.

D) They create confusion about climate change.

2015年6月大学英语六级真题及答案(第三套)

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2013年6月英语六级真题汇总及答案解析

2013年6月英语六级真题及答案（文都版） Part ⅣReading Comprehension (Reading in Depth) (25 minutes) Question 47 to 51 are based on the following passage often assumed musical Highly proficient musicianship is hard won. Although it’s evidence that this isn’t the case. While it seems ability us inherited, there’s abundant that at birth virtually everyone has perfect pitch, the reasons that one child is better than another are motivation and practice. Highly musical children were sung to more as infants and more encouraged to join in song games as kids than less musical ones, long before any musical ability could have been evident. Studies of classical musicians prove that the best ones practiced considerably more from childhood onwards than ordinary orchestral players, and this is because their parents were at them to put in the hours from a very young age. The same was true of children selected for entry to specialist music schools, compared with those who were rejected. The chosen children had parents who had very actively supervised music lessons and daily practice from young ages, giving up substantial periods of leisure time to take the children to lessons and concerts. The singer Michael Jackson’s story, although unusually brutal and extreme, is illumination when considering musical prodigy(天才). Accounts suggest that he was subjected to cruel beatings and emotional torture ,and that he was humiliated (羞辱) constantly by his father, What sets Jackson’s family apart is that his father used his reign of terror to train his children as musicians and dancers. On top of his extra ability Michael also had more drive. This may have been the result of being the closest of his brothers and sisters to his mother. “He seemed other said of him. She different to me from the other children —special,”Michael’s m may not have realized that treating her son as special may have been part of the reason be became like that. All in all, if you want to bring up a Mozart or Bach, the key factor is how hard you

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2014年6月至2015年6月英语六级完形填空真题及答案【9套卷全】

For investors who desire low riskand guaranteed income,U.S. Government bonds are a secure investment becausethese bonds have the financial backing and full faith and credit of the federalgovernment.Municipal bonds,also secure,are offered by local governmengts andoften have____36______such as tax-free interest.Some may even be____37______.Corportate bonds are a bit more risky. Two questionsoften_____38_____first-time corportate bond investors.The first is”If I purchase a corportate bond,do I have t o hold it until thematueity date?”The answer is no.Bonds are bought and sold daily on____39_____securities exchanges.However,if your bond does not have____40_____that make it attractive to other investors, you may be forced to sell your bondat a____41____i.e., a price less than the bond’s face value. But if your bond is highly valued by otherinvestors, you may be able to sell it at a premium, i.e., a price above itsface value. Bond prices gcncrally____42____ inversely (相反地)with current market interest rates. Asinterest rates go up, bond pnccs tall, and vice versa (反之亦然).Thus, like all investments，bonds have adegree of risk. The second question is “How can I ___43_______ the investment risk of a particular bondissue?” Standard & Poor’s and Moody’s Investors S ervice rate the level of risk of many corporateand government bonds. And ____44______, the higher the market risk of a bond，the higher the interest rate. Investors willinvest in a bond considered risky only if the _____45_____return is highenough. A)advantages I)fluctuate B)assess J)indefinite C)bother K)insured D)conserved L)major E)deduction M)naturally F)discount N)potential G)embarrass 0)simultaneously H)features 36.A advantages 37.K insured 38. C bother 39. L major 40. H features 41. F discount 42. I fluctuate 43. B assess 44. M naturally 45. N potential 2014.6【2】 Fear can be an effective way to change behavior. One study compared the effects of high-tear and low-fear appeals on changes in attitudes and behaviors related to dental hygiene （卫生）. One group of subjects was shown awful pictures of ___36___teeth and diseased gums; another group was shown less frightening materials such as plastic teeth, charts, and graphs. Subjects who saw the frightening materials reported more anxiety and a greater___37___to change the way they took care of their teeth than the low-fear group did. But were these reactions actually___38___into better dental hygiene practices? To answer this important question, subjects were called back to the laboratory on two___39___ (five days and six weeks alter the experiment). They chewed disclosing wafers（牙疾诊断片）that give a red stain to any uncleaned areas of the teeth and thus provided a direct___40___of how well they were really taking care of their teeth. The result showed that the high-fear appeal did actually result in greater and more___41___changes in dental hygiene. That is, the subjects___42___to high-fear warnings brushed their teeth more___43____than did those who saw low-fear warnings. However, to be an effective persuasive device it is very important that the message not be too frightening and that people be given___44___guidelines to help them to reduce the cause of the fear. If this isn’t done, they may reduce their anxiety by denying the message or the___45___of the communicator. If that happens, it is unlikely that either attitude or behavior change will occur. A) accustomed B) carefully C) cautiously D) concrete E) credibility F) decayed G) desire H) dimensions I) eligible J) exposed K) indication L) occasions M) permanent N) sensitivity O) translated 36.F 37.G 38.O 39.L 40.K 41.D 42.J 43.B 44.I 45.E

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DUANG~~DUANG~~DUANG~~，又到一年CET。说到四六级，你第一反应是裸考刷分？还是abandon？是单词书本？还是逝去的青春？考过的，满满都是回忆；将要考的，给你们加油鼓劲！ 2013年英语六级真题及答案汇总目录 2013年6月英语六级真题及答案 (2) 2013年12月英语六级真题及答案 (25) （为了这份资源，我也蛮拼的）

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