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2012年职称英语真题卫生类B级阅读理解原文及译文

New Attempts to Eradicate AIDS Virus

A high-profile attempt to eradicate the AIDS virus in a few patients continues to show promise.

But researchers won’t know for a year or more whether it will work,scientist David Ho told journalists here Wednesday for the Fourth Conference in Viruses and Infections.

“This is a study that’s in progress.”says Ho,head of the Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center.New York.The study involves20people who started combinations of anti-HIV drugs very early in the course of the disease,within90days of their infections.They’ve been treated for up to18months.Four others have dropped out because of side effects or problems complying with the exacting drug system.

The drugs have knocked the AIDS virus down to undetectable levels in the blood of all remaining patients.And,in the latest development,scientists have now tested lymph nodes and semen from a few patients and found no virus reproducing there. Ho says.“Bear in mind that undetectable does not equal

absent,”

Ho says.Ho has calculated that the drugs should be able to wipe out remaining viruses—at least from known reservoirs

throughout the body—in two to three years.But the only way to prove eradication would be to stop the drugs and see if the virus comes back.On Wednesday,Ho said he wouldn’t ask any patient to consider that step before two and a half years of treatment.And he emphasized that he is not urging wide spread adoption of such early,aggressive treatment outside of trials.No one knows the long-term risks.

But other scientists are looking at similar experiments.

A federally funded study will put300patients on triple-drug treatments and then see if some responding well after six months can continue to suppress the virus on just one or two drugs, says researcher Douglas Rich man of the University of California.San Diego.Some patients in that study also may be offered the chance to stop therapy after18months or more,he says.

译文:根除艾滋病的新突破

一项对少数艾滋病患者进行的根除艾滋病毒的试验受到了普遍的关注,而且效果令人振奋。

然而星期三在第四届病毒与传染大会上,科学家David Ho告诉记者:“这种方法是否奏效,还要等一两年后才能知道。”

现任纽约市AaronDiamond艾滋病研究中心主任的DavidHo说:“这是一项正在进展着的项目这项研究的20名受试者都在病情发展的早期,即感染上艾滋病病毒后90天内开始服用一整套治疗艾滋病的药物。他们已接受了长达18个月的治疗。有4人因副作用或难以遵循严格的疗程而中途退出了实验。

Ho说,这些药物把所有其他病人血液中的AIDS病毒降到了难以发现的低水平。最近的情况是,科学家已对几名病人的淋巴结和精液做了化验,发现并没有病毒重新出现的迹象。他说:“不要忘了难以发现并不等于没有。”

他预计在两三年内,这些药物至少可以把人体中已知的艾滋病毒储体里的病毒消灭干净。然而要证明病毒是否已经被消灭,只能停止用药,看病毒是否会重新出现。Ho星期三还说要等两年半的治疗以

后才开始让病人考虑这一步骤。

他还强调说,他并非极力主张在他的实验范围外广泛采用这种治疗方法,因为还为时尚早,而且太大胆了。没有人能预料在长远的将来会有什么风险。但是,其他科学家也在进行类似的实验。圣地亚哥加利福尼亚大学的研究人员Douglas Richman说,一项由联邦政府出资的研究项目将让300名病人接受3倍药量的治疗,然后过6个月看其中反应良好的病人是否只需依靠一两种药物就能够继续抑制病毒的发展。他说,一些病人在18个月或更久以后或许可以停止治疗。

Gross National Happiness国民幸福总值

In the last century,new technology improved the lives of many people in many countries.However,one country resisted these changes.High in the Himalayan mountains of Asia,the kingdom of Bhutan remained separate.Its people and Buddhist (佛教)culture had not been affected for almost a thousand years.Bhutan,however,was a poor country.People died at a young age.Most of its people could not read,and they did not know much about the outside world.Then,in1972,a new ruler named King Jigme Singye Wang chuck decided to help Bhutan to become modern,but without losing its traditions.

在上个世纪,新的技术提高了很多国家的人民的生活。然而,一个国家抵制这些变化。在亚洲巍峨的喜马拉雅山,不丹王国仍然是独立的。它的人民和佛教文化几乎一千年没受到影响。然而,不丹是一个贫穷的国家。人在年轻时就死了。大多数人不会阅读,不知道外面的世界。然后,在1972,一个新国王Jigme Singye Wang chuck决定帮助不丹变的现代化,但又不失传统。

King Wang chuck looked at other countries for ideas.He saw that most countries measured their progress by their Gross Natonal Product(GNP).The GNP measures products and money. When the number of products sold increases people say the country is making progress.King Wang chuck had a different idea for Bhutan.He wanted to measure his country’s progress by people’s happiness.If the people’s happiness increased,the king could say that Bhutan was making progress.To decide if people were happier,he created a measure called Gross National Happiness(GNH).Wang chuck国王看着其他国家的思想。他看到大多数国家用国民生产总值来衡量发展。国民生产总值测量的是产品和货币。当销售产品增加时,说明国家发展了。Wang chuck国王有不同的想法。他想通过人们的幸福来衡量他的国家进步。如果人们的幸福感增加,国王可以说不丹正在进步。为了决定人们是否快乐,他创造了国民幸福总值(GNH)。

GNH is based on certain principles that create happiness. People are happier if they have health care,education,and jobs. They are happier when they live in a healthy,protected environment.They are happier when they can keep their traditional culture and customs.Finally,people are happier when they have a good,stable government.

国民幸福总值依据可以创造幸福原则。如果他们有医疗保健,教育和工作的,人会更幸福。如果他们生活在一个健康、环保的环境中,他们将更幸福。他们可以保持他们的传统文化和习俗,他们将更快乐。最后,他们有一个良好的、稳定的政府,人们将更快乐。

Now there is some evidence of increased GNH in Bhutan. People are healthier and are living longer.More people are educated and employed.Twenty-five percent of the land has become national parks,and the country has almost no pollution. The Bhutanese continue to wear their traditional clothing and follow their ancient Buddhist customs.Bhutan has also become a democracy.In2008,King Wang chuck gave his power to his son. Although the country still had a king,it held its first democratic elections that year.Bhutan had political parties

and political candidates for the first time.Finally,Bhutan has connected to the rest of the world through television and internet.

现在有一些证据证明不丹的国民幸福指数在增加。人们更健康,寿命更长。越来越多的人受教育和工作。%25的土地已成为国家公园,这个国家几乎没有污染。不丹继续穿传统服装和遵循他们古老的佛教习俗。不丹也已成为一个民主国家。在2008年,Wang chuck国王把权力移交给儿子。虽然国家仍有一个国王,那年举行了第一次民主选举。不丹第一次有政党和候选人。最后,不丹已通过电视和互联网与世界联系和沟通。

Bhutan is a symbol for social progress.Many countries are now interested in Bhutan’s GNH.These countries are investigating their own ways to measure happiness.They want to create new policies that take care of their people,cultures, and land.

不丹是社会进步的标志。现在许多国家对不丹的国民幸福指数感兴趣。这些国家正在研究他们自己的衡量幸福方式。他们想创造新的政策,它们可以关注人民、文化和土地。

Brazil may be the next country to use the principles of GNH. Brazilian leaders see the principles of GNH as a source of inspiration.Brazil is a large country with a diverse population.If happiness works as a measure of progress in Brazil,perhaps the rest of the world will follow.

巴西可能是下一个使用国民幸福指数的国家。巴西领导人认为国民幸福指数理论是灵感的来源。巴西是一个大的人口复杂的国家。如果在巴西幸福感可以用来衡量进步,也许全世界都会跟随。

Genetic Engineering基因工程

Genetic engineering began when the DNA molecule(分子), the most basic unit of life,was first described in1953by James Watson and Francis Crick.An understanding of DNA led to the altering of normal cell reproduction.Experiments with altering human cells began in1970.In one of the first experiments,patients were injected with a virus that would produce a life-saving enzyme,but their bodies would not accept it.In1980patients with a rare but fatal blood disease were injected with a purified gene that was cloned through DNA technology.Another failure.

DNA分子是生命的最基本单位,1953年杰姆斯Watson和弗兰西斯克里克第一次描述了它,基因工程也应运而生。对DNA的理解改变了正常细胞的繁殖。改变人类细胞的实验开始于1970年。在第一个实验中,患者注射一种病毒,会产生一个救命的酶,但他们的身体不接受它。1980年,一个带有罕见但致命的血液疾病的病人注射了通过DNA克隆技术制成的纯化基因,也没能成功。

Genetic engineering got a legal boost(激励)in1980.The U.S.Supreme Court said that a patent could be granted on a genetically engineered“oil-eating”bacterium(细菌).This bacterium would help clean up oil spills.The ruling encouraged companies to invent new life forms,and three important medical products were quickly developed.

1980年遗传工程得到了合法的激励。美国最高法院说,一种转基因“吃油细菌”获得专利。这种细菌会帮助清理漏油。执政党鼓励企业创造新的生命形式,以及三个重要的医疗产品的迅速发展。

Human interferon(干扰素)—a possible solution to some cancers and viral disease.A newly engineered bacterium produced human interferon as a by-product.This new product reduced the cost of interferon.

人干扰素(干扰素)对某些癌症和病毒性疾病是一个可能的解决方案。一个新的工程菌生产人干扰素的副产品。这种新产品的成本降低干扰素。

Human growth hormone—for children whose bodies do not grow to normal height.An expensive growth hormone(荷尔蒙)was previously produced from human cadavers,but by changing the genetic make-up of the single-cell bacterium E.coli,and affordable growth hormone could be produced.

生长激素----这是为身体不长到正常的高度的儿童设计的。一个昂贵的荷尔蒙曾从尸体中产生的,但通过改变单细胞细菌大肠杆菌的基因结构,那么这种负担得起的生长激素可以产生。

Human insulin(胰岛素)—for the treatment of diabetes. People with diabetes used to rely on a beef-or pork-based product until1982.Now insulin can be manufactured by genetically altered bacteria.

人胰岛素对糖尿病的治疗。直到1982糖尿病病人过去一直依靠由牛肉或猪肉制成的产品。现在,胰岛素可以由转基因细菌生产。

Advances in genetic engineering have continued,though they constantly must be weighted against the safety of procedures. There is clearly much more to discover.

基因工程研究还在继续,尽管他们不断重视程序的安全性。显然有更多的发现。

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