WCO_AEO_Guidelines_英文版
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AUTHORIZED ECONOMIC OPERATOR
I.
CONDITIONS, REQUIREMENTS AND BENEFITS
Introduction
The World Customs Organization (WCO) has designed standards to secure and to facilitate the ever-growing flow of goods in international commerce. These standards are set forth in the SAFE Framework of Standards (“SAFE Framework ”), which was adopted by the WCO Council at its 2005 Sessions. A vast majority of WCO Member administrations have expressed the intention to begin the process of implementing the SAFE Framework
provisions. In recognition of the urgency of launching this new programme without undue delay, the Council adopted the basic SAFE Framework document which provides the broad overarching principles concerning security and facilitation of the global supply chain. The SAFE Framework incorporates the concept of the Authorized Economic Operator (AEO), and the Council directed the WCO to develop more detailed implementing provisions for the AEO concept.
This document provides baseline technical guidance for the implementation of AEO programmes at the global level between WCO Members and the international trade community. It is designed to serve as a starting point for national AEO programme
implementation and supports the effective application of the standards that are outlined in Pillar II (Customs-to-Business Partnerships) of the SAFE Framework. This guidance will provide for long-term application of meaningful standards that will apply to both Customs and AEOs at the global level. These core international standards shall form a “baseline ” that must be followed by all parties engaged in this effort. This document also allows for the inclusion of supplemental national criteria that may be required by any given Customs administration.
Customs administrations recognize that the international trade supply chain is not a discrete identifiable entity. Rather, it is a series of ad hoc constructs comprised of players representing varied trade industry segments. Some “supply chains ” possess a degree of permanence in that the same cast may play recurring roles on a long-term basis on behalf of a regular importer of goods into a given country. In other “supply chains ”, participants either change frequently or are assembled for the purpose of executing a single import transaction. Regardless of either the regularity or the temporal nature of any particular supply chain, Customs does appreciate that it does not own any portion of the trade supply chain. The global supply chain is “owned ” by the multitudes in the private sector who operate as part of any chain. It is for this reason that the support and participation of private sector business interests is fundamental to the success of the SAFE Framework concept.
2.
To achieve the ultimate security and facilitation goals of the SAFE Framework,
Customs administrations must adopt a transparent and forthcoming attitude in the area of Customs operations that can be further modernized, adjusted and improved to the benefit of the international trade community. In this sense, Customs should proactively consider ways in which they can, based on their current or projected resources, assist the trade in
completing their business in the most effective way possible. The international trade and transport communities have experience and knowledge that can benefit Customs
administrations in the management of their facilitation and security responsibilities. The private sector should take advantage of this opportunity to forge new and appropriate alliances with Customs, to assist Customs administrations with their security-related mandates.
In order to garner and keep private sector support, it is necessary that there be a clear statement concerning what is entailed in being an AEO. There must be a common
understanding of the conditions and requirements of AEO status, which should be
specifically enumerated in detail in national AEO programmes. Even more fundamentally, as a first step, there must be clear presentation of the tangible benefits to be realized by
participation in the SAFE Framework programme. An appreciation by the private sector of the benefits which may be provided by WCO Member Customs administrations, as well as the benefits of active participation in efforts to strengthen global supply chain security, is a critical element in the private sector being able to justify the additional costs incurred in the process of enhancing existing security measures. Clear and tangible benefits will help provide a needed incentive to business.
It is clear that WCO Members will face certain challenges in starting up AEO
programmes in their national Customs administrations, but one thing is certain - now is the time to raise the global profile of Customs as a major player in securing the economic and physical well-being of the nations they serve by protecting the flow of trade throughout the global supply chain. To the extent that WCO Members can develop flexible approaches to AEO programme development, they will be better able to manage growth and necessary amendments to nationally developed AEO programmes. This document should serve as the baseline platform to accomplish this.
Finally, it should be acknowledged that a global system of mutual recognition of AEOs will require some time to accomplish and, in this respect, it has been suggested by WCO Members and the Secretariat that the SAFE Framework be implemented in a progressively “phased approach ”, so too should be the expectations for the future application of mutual recognition of Customs ’ systems of control for AEO programmes. Customs and business partners stand to gain additional effectiveness in both the security and facilitation of the international supply chain, provided they capture the momentum of the SAFE Framework and take affirmative action to implement its provisions as soon as practicable.
* * *
3.
Definitions
Authorized Economic Operator : defined in the SAFE Framework as, “ …a party involved in the international movement of goods in whatever function that has been approved by or on behalf of a national Customs administration as complying with WCO or equivalent supply chain security standards. Authorized Economic Operators include inter alia manufacturers, importers, exporters, brokers, carriers, consolidators, intermediaries, ports, airports, terminal operators, integrated operators, warehouses, distributors ”.
Shipment or transport conveyance : includes a maritime cargo container, aircraft container, truck trailer or rail car.
Third party validator : any manner of outside (non-Customs) entity that is employed to assist a Customs administration in the accomplishment of security risk assessment reviews and related validation procedures. The authority of a Customs administration to grant AEO status and applicable benefit levels shall not be delegated to a third party validator.
Authorization : recognition of AEO status in an AEO programme, based on a structured methodology that includes such processes as review of an applicant ’s submitted
documentation, physical worksite assets and security processes, in order to determine compliance with the core international standards of the SAFE Framework.
Phased approach : step-by-step implementation of the SAFE Framework and of this AEO document by an administration in accordance with its capacity and with the objective to achieve mutual recognition of AEO status.
Validation : procedure whereby the supply chain of an AEO, and all relevant processes employed by them to reach that status, are subject to full and transparent review by a
Customs administration and/or a Customs-designated third party validator, which may have been specifically deployed by Customs to assist in the actual validation efforts.
* * *
4.
Conditions and Requirements for Customs and the
Authorized Economic Operator
The SAFE Framework recognizes the complexity of international supply chains and
endorses the application and implementation of security measures based upon risk analysis. Therefore, the SAFE Framework allows for flexibility and the customization of security plans based on an AEO’s business model. Certai n Customs-identified best security standards and best practices are discussed below. These are the standards, practices and procedures which members of the trade business community aspiring to AEO status are expected to adopt into routine usage, based on risk assessment and AEO business models. Also presented are the expectations for Customs administrations and business. Both are grouped under titled sub-categories.
Customs administrations should not burden the international trade community with different sets of requirements to secure and facilitate international commerce. There should be one set of international Customs standards developed by the WCO that do not duplicate or contradict other recognized intergovernmental security requirements.
Verifiable compliance with security requirements and standards set by other intergovernmental organizations, such as IMO, UNECE, and ICAO, may constitute partial or complete compliance with applicable Customs-identified best security standards and best practices set forth below, to the extent the requirements are identical or comparable.
A. Demonstrated Compliance with Customs Requirements
Customs shall take into account the demonstrated compliance history of a prospective AEO when considering the request for AEO status.
This element requires that :
The AEO :
a. not have committed, over a period determined by the national AEO programme,
an infringement/offence as defined in national legislation, which would preclude
designation as an AEO;
b. if established for less than the period mentioned in “a”, be judged on the basis of
available records and information during the application process;
c. or its designee have a demonstrated record of compliance within the same time
period, mentioned in “a”.
5.
B. Satisfactory System for Management of Commercial Records
The AEO shall maintain timely, accurate, complete and verifiable records relating to import and export. Maintenance of verifiable commercial records is an essential element in the security of the international trade supply chain.
This element requires that :
The AEO :
a. maintain records systems which permit Customs to conduct any required audit of
cargo movements relating both to import and export;
b. give Customs full access to necessary records, subject to the requirements of
national legislation;
c. have internal records access and control systems which are satisfactory to the
approving Customs administration;
d. appropriately maintain and make available to Customs any authorizations, powers
of attorney and licences relevant to the importation or exportation of merchandise;
e. within any limitations provided in national legislation, properly archive records for
later production to Customs;
f. employ adequate information technology security measures which will protect
against access by unauthorized persons.
C.
Financial Viability
Financial viability of the AEO is an important indicator of an ability to maintain and
improve upon measures to secure the supply chain.
This element requires that :
The AEO :
a. have a good financial standing which is sufficient to fulfil its commitments with due
regard to the characteristics of the type of business activity.
6.
D. Consultation, Co-operation and Communication
Customs, other competent authorities and the AEO, at all levels, international, national and local, should consult regularly on matters of mutual interest, including supply chain security and facilitation measures, in a manner which will not jeopardize enforcement activities. The results of this consultation should contribute to Customs development and maintenance of its risk management strategy.
This element requires that :
The AEO :
a. provide clearly identified and readily accessible local points of contact or a
corporate contact that can arrange immediate access to a local contact for all
matters identified as being of compliance and enforcement interest to Customs
(cargo bookings, cargo tracking, employee information, etc.);
b. individually or, as appropriate, via an industry association, engage in an open and
continuing mutual exchange of information with Customs, exclusive of information
that cannot be released due to law enforcement sensitivities, legal basis or other
precedent;
c. through particular mechanisms set forth in the national AEO programme, notify an
appropriate Customs official of any unusual or suspicious cargo documentation or
abnormal requests for information on shipments;
d. through particular mechanisms set forth in the national AEO programme, provide timely notification to Customs and any other relevant authorities when employees
discover illegal, suspicious or unaccounted for cargo. Such cargo should be
secured, as appropriate.
Customs :
a. establish, in consultation with an AEO or its agents, procedures to be followed in
the event of queries or suspected Customs offences;
b. when appropriate and practical, engage in regular consultation at both the
national and local level with all parties involved in the international supply chain to
discuss matters of mutual interest, including Customs regulations, procedures and
requirements for premises and cargo security;
c. upon request of the AEO, provide specific feedback on the performance of the
AEO in addressing security issues related to the international supply chain;
d. provide the AEO or its agents with telephone numbers where appropriate
Customs officials can be contacted.
7.
E. Education, Training and Awareness
Customs and AEOs shall develop mechanisms for the education and training of
personnel regarding security policies, recognition of deviations from those policies and understanding what actions must be taken in response to security lapses.
This element requires that :
The AEO :
a. make every reasonable effort, as logically based on its business model, to
educate its personnel, and where appropriate its trading partners, with regard to
the risks associated with movements of goods in the international trade supply
chain;
b. provide educational material, expert guidance and appropriate training on the
identification of potentially suspect cargo to all relevant personnel involved in the
supply chain, such as, security personnel, cargo-handling and
cargo-documentation personnel, as well as employees in the shipping and
receiving areas to the extent they are within the AEO ’s control;
c. keep adequate records of educational methods, guidance provided and training
efforts undertaken to document the delivery of such programmes;
d. make employees aware of the procedures the AEO has in place to identify and
report suspicious incidents;
e. conduct specific training to assist employees in maintaining cargo integrity,
recognizing potential internal threats to security and protecting access controls;
f.
upon request and if practicable, make Customs familiar with relevant internal
information and security systems and processes, and assist Customs in
appropriate training in search methods for those premises , conveyances and
business operations the AEO controls.
Customs :
a.
undertake efforts to educate affected Customs personnel with regard to the risks associated with movements of goods in the international trade supply chain, in co-operation with AEOs;
b.
make educational material and expert guidance on the identification of potentially suspect cargo available to all relevant Customs security personnel;
c.
notify the AEO ’s designated contact person of the procedures the Customs administration has in place to identify and respond to suspicious incidents;
d. conduct specific training to assist personnel in maintaining cargo integrity,
recognizing potential threats to security and protecting access controls;
8.
e.
upon request and if practicable, make an AEO familiar with relevant Customs information and processes, in order to assist in appropriate training and research;
f. upon request and if practicable, assist the initiatives of the AEO in development
and implementation of voluntary company guidelines, security standards, best
practices, training, authorization schemes and materials, etc., calculated to raise
security awareness and assist in taking measures to minimize security risks;
g. upon request and if practicable, make educational material and expert guidance
on the identification of potentially suspect cargo available to all relevant personnel
in an AEO, including for example persons associated with security, cargo
handling and cargo documentation. Such guidance should include awareness of
risks such as are documented in the WCO Risk Management Guidelines;
h.
assist, upon request and if practicable, the AEO in recognizing potential threats to
security from a Customs perspective.
F. Information Exchange, Access and Confidentiality
Customs and AEOs, as part of an overall comprehensive strategy to secure sensitive information, shall develop or enhance the means by which entrusted information is protected against misuse and unauthorized alteration.
This element requires that :
The AEO and Customs :
a.
ensure the confidentiality of commercial and security sensitive information and that information provided be used solely for the purposes for which it was provided;
b. actively pursue the full and timely implementation of electronic data exchange
capability amongst all relevant parties of information used to release
merchandise/cargo subject to appropriate data privacy laws. Continued reliance
upon documents and hand signatures shall be discouraged;
c. employ the use of international standards developed regarding electronic data
structure, timing for submission and message content. Data elements required
for security reasons should be compatible with the AEO ’s then -existing business
practices and limitations and should not require more than the security-related
data elements set forth in the SAFE Framework;
d.
work co-operatively toward realizing the commitment of the AEO for the
submission and use of advance electronic information for risk assessment
purposes.
9.
The AEO :
a. in the case of AEO importers, have appropriate procedures in place to ensure that
all information used in the clearing of merchandise/cargo is legible, complete and
accurate and protected against the exchange, loss or introduction of erroneous
information. Similarly, that AEO carriers have procedures in place to ensure the
information in the carrier ’s cargo manifest accurately reflects the information
provided to the carrier by the shipper or its agent, and is filed with Customs in a
timely manner;
b. have a documented information security policy and procedures and/or
security-related controls, such as firewalls, passwords, etc., in place to protect the
AEO ’s electronic systems from unauthorized access;
c. have procedures and back-up capabilities in place to protect against the loss of
information.
Customs :
a.
familiarize the appropriate AEO staff with relevant requirements of Customs electronic communication systems, and establish specific reporting systems for last-minute consignments and amendments;
b. as far as possible, promote the adoption by governments of a single window
system and procedures which allow for the single transmission to a sole
designated point by international supply chain participants, including AEOs, of all
relevant transport and cargo data. This transmission to a single designated
governmental authority for all official control and release purposes implies a single
notification of release;
c. consider not requiring an AEO to provide paper documents and hand signatures
in addition to or in lieu of an electronic transmission. Customs authorities unable
to accept data electronically might, for example, accept digital documents,
i.e. documents created in a standard format from electronic data, for example,
UNeDOCS, submitted by AEOs in lieu of “ori ginal ” paper documents;
d.
at all times maintain control and jurisdiction over all electronic data provided by
AEOs to Customs and establish an effective record retention policy and
procedure to ensure the proper destruction of all copies of such data as
appropriate, as well as having procedures and back-up capabilities in place to
protect against the loss of or unauthorized access to information.
10.
G. Cargo Security
Customs and AEOs shall establish and/or bolster measures to ensure that the integrity of cargo is maintained and that access controls are at the highest appropriate level, as well as establishing routine procedures that contribute to the security of cargo.
This element requires that :
The AEO :
a. develop and maintain a security policy manual or other tangible guidance by making
relevant reference to the security-related guidelines issued by the WCO which
contains detailed guidelines on procedures to be followed to preserve the integrity of
cargo while in its custody;
b. ensure that it and/or its business partners in the supply chain with sealing
responsibilities have written procedures in place to properly seal and maintain the
integrity of the shipment or transport conveyance while in its custody;
c. ensure that it and/or its business partners employ the use of seals that meet or
exceed the then-existing ISO Standard;
d. ensure that written procedures are developed and utilized that stipulate how seals
are to be controlled and affixed to loaded containers, to include procedures for
recognizing and reporting compromised seals and/or containers to the Customs
administration or the appropriate foreign authority;
e. for integrity purposes, ensure that only designated personnel distribute container
seals and safeguard their appropriate and legitimate use;
f. have procedures for inspecting the structure of the transport conveyance
including the reliability of the access controls. When appropriate to the type of
conveyance a seven-point inspection process is recommended :
? Front wall
? Left side
? Right side
? Floor
? Ceiling/roof
? Inside/outside doors
? Outside/undercarriage;
g. regularly examine, through particular mechanisms set forth in the national AEO
programme, its security and control procedures to ensure that it is difficult for
unauthorized persons to gain access to cargo or for authorized persons to
manipulate, move or handle it improperly;
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h.
store cargo and transport conveyances in its custody in secure areas and have procedures in place for reporting detected unauthorized entry to cargo and transport conveyance storage areas to appropriate law enforcement officials;
i.
verify the identity of the carrier collecting or delivering cargo and transport conveyances where existing business processes permit and, in the case of there being no such authority, take action to promptly achieve such mandate;
j.
where feasible, compare the cargo with its description on the documents or electronic information to be submitted to Customs for consistency;
k.
establish procedures to manage and control cargo within the cargo storage facility;
l. establish procedures to positively control all cargo being removed from the
storage facility;
m. establish procedures to manage, secure and control all cargo in its custody during
transport and while loading into or unloading from a transport conveyance.
Customs :
a. where Customs deems it appropriate and legal, and as may be further outlined in
a national AEO programme, in recognition of the fact that it may be necessary to
examine cargo covertly, invite a representative of the AEO controlling the cargo to
be present in the event that cargo is physically inspected or removed for
inspection. In the event the AEO is unable to be present for whatever reason, the
AEO with responsibility for the security of the cargo should be notified of such an
inspection as soon as possible after the event in case of subsequent liability
claims.
H. Conveyance Security
Customs and AEOs shall jointly work toward the establishment of effective control
regimes, where not already provided for by other national or international regulatory mandate, to ensure that transport conveyances are capable of being effectively secured and
maintained.
This element requires that :
The AEO :
a. ensure, to the extent and scope of its authority and responsibility, that all transport
conveyances used for the transportation of cargo within its supply chain are capable
of being effectively secured;
12.
b.
secure transport conveyances within its supply chain, to the extent and scope of its ability and responsibility, when left unattended, and check for security breaches upon return;
c.
ensure, to the extent and scope of its authority and responsibility, that all operators of conveyances used for the transportation of cargo are trained to maintain the security of the transport conveyance and the cargo at all times while in its custody;
d. require operators, as specifically detailed in national AEO programmes, to report any
actual or suspicious incident to designated security department staff of both the AEO
and Customs for further investigation, as well as to maintain records of these reports,
which should be available to Customs, as legal and necessary;
e. consider potential places of concealment of illegal goods on transport
conveyances, ensure that these places are regularly inspected, and secure all
internal and external compartments and panels, as appropriate. Records are to
be made and maintained following such inspections, indicating the areas
inspected;
f.
notify Customs, or other relevant body, of any unusual, suspicious or actual
breach of transport conveyance security.
Customs :
a. advise operators of transport conveyances of potential places of concealment of
illegal goods in transport conveyances, where appropriate and legal, as based on
their Customs perspective and expertise;
b. investigate notification of any unusual, suspicious or actual breach of transport
conveyance security.
I. Premises Security
Customs, after taking into account the views of AEOs and their necessary compliance with mandatory international standards, shall establish the requirements for the implementation of meaningful Customs-specific security enhancement protocols that secure buildings, as well as ensure the monitoring and controlling of exterior and interior perimeters.
This element requires that :
The AEO :
a. in accordance with its business model and risk analysis, implement security
measures and procedures to secure buildings, as well as monitor and control
exterior and interior perimeters and prohibit unauthorized access to facilities,
transport conveyances, loading docks and cargo areas that may reasonably affect
the security of its areas of responsibility in the supply chain. If access control is
13.
not possible, increased precautions in other security aspects may be needed.
Premises security should include the following, as appropriate and based on risk :
? Buildings must be constructed of materials that resist unlawful entry.
? The integrity of structures must be maintained by periodic inspection and repair.
? All external and internal windows, gates and fences must be secured with locking devices or alternative access monitoring or control measures.
? Management or security personnel must control the issuance of all locks and keys.
? Adequate lighting must be provided inside and outside the facility including the following areas : entrances and exits, cargo handling and storage areas, fence
lines and parking areas.
? Gates through which vehicles and/or personnel enter or exit must be manned, monitored or otherwise controlled. The AEO should assure that vehicles
requiring access to restricted facilities are parked in approved and controlled
areas, and that their licence plate numbers are furnished to Customs upon
request.
? Only properly identified and authorized persons, vehicles and goods are permitted to access the facilities.
? Appropriate peripheral and perimeter barriers.
? Access to document or cargo storage areas is restricted and there are procedures to challenge unauthorized or unidentified persons.
? There should be appropriate security systems, such as, theft alarm and/or access control systems.
? Restricted areas should be clearly identified.
b. as required or upon request, provide Customs with access to security monitoring
systems that are utilized for premises security.
Customs :
a. aside from any legal right to access certain locations and related information,
seek partnership arrangements with AEOs that provide for access to security
monitoring systems and not be denied access to information necessary for a
Customs administration to carry out enforcement activities;
b. permit AEOs to implement alternative means of compliance to satisfy specific
security requirements not practical or compatible with a particular AEO ’s business
model to the extent the alternative means provide the same or equivalent security
benefits.
14.
J. Personnel Security
Customs and AEOs shall, based on their authorities and competencies, screen the
background of prospective employees to the extent legally possible. In addition, they shall prohibit unauthorized access to facilities, transport conveyances, loading docks and cargo areas that may reasonably affect the security of those areas in the supply chain under their responsibility.
This element requires that :
The AEO :
a. take all reasonable precautions when recruiting new staff to verify that they are not
previously convicted of security-related, Customs or other criminal offences, to the
extent permitted by national legislation;
b. conduct periodic or for cause background checks on employees working in security
sensitive positions;
c. have employee identification procedures, and require that all employees carry
proper company issued identification that uniquely identifies the individual
employee and organization;
d. have procedures in place to identify, record and deal with unauthorized or
unidentified persons, such as photo identification and sign-in registers for visitors
and vendors at all points of entry;
e. have procedures in place to expeditiously remove identification, premises and
information systems access for employees whose employment has been
terminated.
Customs :
a. have identification procedures, and require that all officers carry proper
identification that uniquely identifies the individual officer and the organization
he/she represents;
b. as necessary, ensure that persons operating access controls are able to
independently verify the identification produced by a Customs officer;
c. have procedures in place to expeditiously remove identification, premises and
information systems access for employees/officers whose employment has been
terminated;
d. subject to national legislation, seek agreements with AEOs that provide for access
to information about specified personnel, including sub-contractors, working at
AEO facilities for prolonged periods.
15.
K. Trading Partner Security
Customs shall establish AEO requirements and mechanisms whereby the security of the global supply chain can be bolstered through the commitment of trading partners to voluntarily increase their security measures, as may be more fully set forth in supplemental national criteria.
This element requires that :
The AEO :
a. if necessary, when entering into negotiated contractual arrangements with a
trading partner, encourage the other contracting party to assess and enhance its
supply chain security and, to the extent practical for its business model, include
such language in those contractual arrangements. In addition, the AEO is to
retain documentation in support of this aspect to demonstrate its efforts to ensure
that its trading partners are meeting these requirements and make this
information available to Customs upon request;
b. review relevant commercial information relating to the other contracting party
before entering into contractual relations.
L. Crisis Management and Incident Recovery
In order to minimize the impact of a disaster or terrorist incident, crisis management and recovery procedures should include advance planning and establishment of processes to operate in such extraordinary circumstances.
This element requires that :
The AEO and Customs :
a.
develop and document, in conjunction with the appropriate authorities, where advisable or necessary, contingency plans for emergency security situations and for disaster or terrorist incident recovery;
b.
include periodic training of employees and testing of emergency contingency plans.
M. Measurement, Analyses and Improvement
The AEO and Customs should plan and implement monitoring, measurement, analysis and improvement processes in order to :
? assess consistency with these guidelines;
? ensure integrity and adequacy of the security management system;
16.
identify potential areas for improving the security management system in order to enhance supply chain security.
This element requires that :
The AEO :
a. regularly undertake, as specifically outlined in the national AEO programme,
assessments of the security risks in its operations and take appropriate measures
to mitigate those risks;
b. establish and conduct regular self-assessments of its security management
system;
c. fully document the self-assessment procedure and the responsible parties;
d. include in the review assessment results, feedback from the designated parties
and recommendations for possible enhancements to be incorporated in a plan for
the forthcoming period to ensure continued adequacy of the security management
system.
Benefits to the Authorized Economic Operator
The SAFE Framework is premised upon four core elements, the last of these relating to benefits that Customs will provide to businesses meeting minimum supply chain security standards and best practices (SAFE Framework, Section 1.3). Further, Section 3.3 of the SAFE Framework offers certain specific examples for consideration. Ultimately, effective implementation of the SAFE Framework will best be realized by striking a balance between trade security and trade facilitation. Tangible benefits for Authorized Economic Operators are a measure of such balance.
Due to possible limitations imposed by national legislation, any benefits within Customs control must necessarily be defined and offered by individual Members. Pillar 2, Standard 3 of the SAFE Framework provides that such benefits be tangible and documented. These benefits should be enhancements above and beyond the normal procedures utilized when working with non-Authorized Economic Operators and not result in a loss of access to normal procedures already in place.
The ultimate goal of the SAFE Framework is implementation of a core set of WCO
international standards. These international standards may be supplemented by national requirements. An attempt should be made to keep benefits apace with requirements as SAFE participants phase in these programmes. It is important that benefits be allowed to evolve during implementation. Capacity building being offered to Members should address their ability to deliver benefits, such as facilitation mechanisms for lower risk cargo, and the enhancement of global supply chain security.
Benefits should be meaningful, measurable and reportable. The examples of benefits included in this section are separated into categories and offered for consideration by
17.
administrations. These do not establish a required set of benefits that all administrations must offer - they are an indicative list of example benefits that are subject to specific Customs consideration, offering and approval. These examples are drawn from several sources including WCO studies, Conventions, certain operational programmes of WCO Member administrations, the regulations of the European Union, and input from the trade community.
A. Measures to expedite cargo release, reduce transit time and lower storage costs :
1. A reduced data set for cargo release;
2. Expedited processing and release of shipments;
3. Minimum number of cargo security inspections;
4. Priority use of non-intrusive inspection techniques when examination is required;
5. Reduction of certain fees or charges for AEOs in good standing;
6. Keeping Customs offices open on a continuous basis when a tangible need for
such coverage has been specifically identified.
B. Providing access to information of value to AEO participants :
1. Names and contact information for other AEO participants, with the consent of
those participants;
2. List of all countries adopting the SAFE Framework;
3. List of recognized security standards and best practices.
C. Special measures relating to periods of trade disruption or elevated threat level :
1. Accord priority processing by Customs during period of elevated threat conditions;
2. Priority processing following an incident requiring the closing and re-opening of
ports and/or borders;
3. Priority in exporting to affected countries after an incident.
D. First consideration for participation in any new cargo processing programmes :
1. Account-based processing rather than transaction-by-transaction clearance of
accounts;
2. Simplified post-entry or post-clearance programmes;
3. Eligibility for self-audit or reduced audit programmes;
4. Expedited processes to resolve post-entry or post-clearance inquiries;
5. Favourable mitigation relief from Customs assessments of liquidated damages or
non-criminal administrative penalties, except for fraud;
6. Increased paperless processing of commercial shipments for both export and
import;
7. Priority response to requests for rulings from national Customs authorities;
8. Eligibility for remote Customs clearance procedures;
9. Ability to file a corrective action or disclosure prior to the initiation of a Customs
non-criminal administrative penalty procedure, except for fraud;
10. No penalties or liquidated damages imposed for late payment of duties, with only
interest accruing.
18.
II. VALIDATION AND AUTHORIZATION
Introduction
The SAFE Framework contains the mandate for design of validation and authorization
procedures. The SAFE Framework, Pillar 2, Standard 3 (Customs-to-Business Partnerships), provides as follows :
The Customs administration, together with representatives from the trade community, will design validation processes or quality accreditation [authorization] procedures that offer incentives to businesses through their status as Authorized Economic Operators.
Since the obligation for design of these procedures lies with the individual WCO Members agreeing to implement the SAFE Framework, the goal of these validation and authorization provisions is to provide guidance and possible direction to WCO Members.
Customs administrations should design and implement authorization and validation procedures that conform to the standards described in the SAFE Framework document, taking into account the good practices established in existing national Customs/Business supply chain security management programmes. The authorization process should take into account the different levels of compliance that an Authorized Economic Operator might achieve. The core standards are set forth in the Conditions, Requirements and Benefits portion of this document. The implementation process should include incentive-based benefits and should take into account the differences in risk rating with regard to the various activities and roles undertaken within the international trade supply chain.
This portion of the document is divided into major topic areas with discussion text and specific requirements. An outline of a possible process to manage an AEO application is attached as an Annex.
Application and Authorization
The Authorized Economic Operator will commit itself to an application and authorization process with its national Customs administration to implement supply chain security standards as set out in the SAFE Framework. These standards must be incorporated into
the AEO’s business practices and procedures. It will establish a self-assessment process to manage and monitor performance. In order to execute effective self-assessment, the AEO shall appoint an individual within its management structure to be responsible for all supply chain security measures with regard to a specific national AEO programme. This nominated person shall also be responsible for communication with the Customs administration regarding the AEO approval system and maintenance of the standards. Authorization will be granted by the national Customs administration after validation of the fulfilment of AEO conditions and requirements.
The systems and procedures which govern the establishment and maintenance of AEO status are, by reference, incorporated into this document in their entirety.
19.
The conditions and requirements established in the Conditions, Requirements and
Benefits portion of this document must be fulfilled within prescribed time limits determined by the authorizing Customs administration. The time periods may vary according to the
particular role being played by the applicant and other specifications that will be determined by the complexity and nature of the trade being undertaken.
The AEO authorization will be valid until suspended, revoked or withdrawn for a
material failure to abide by the terms and conditions of the authorization. National AEO programmes need to include a means of appeal against decisions by Customs
administrations regarding AEO authorization including denial, suspension, revocation or withdrawal.
All standards and programmes implementing the SAFE Framework shall be voluntary, and Customs administrations shall not require that non-AEOs participate.
Customs administrations shall respond to an AEO application within a reasonable
period of time to be established in the national AEO programme. The AEO programme may also include provisions regarding single AEO applications from groups of related companies.
Validation Procedure
The security procedures and Customs-identified best practices contained in the SAFE Framework require a validation process to be undertaken by Customs. While Customs shall retain ultimate authority for accrediting an AEO and for suspending or revoking such
authorization, it may decide to designate third party validators to perform the assessment of an AEO applicant ’s compliance with the SAFE Framework security standards and best practices and/or for validating such compliance. Third party validators should possess appropriate experience in certification systems, knowledge of the supply chain security standards, sufficient and appropriate knowledge of operations of the various economic and business sectors and have appropriate resources for conducting timely validations. Use of third party validators should not inhibit mutual recognition by Customs administrations of AEO authorizations under individual national AEO programmes. The AEO should still have the option to request validation by the Customs administration directly.
Customs administrations should not burden the international trade community with different sets of requirements to secure and facilitate commerce.
The Customs administration or the designated third party validator will ensure that
personnel designated to carry out the validation procedure are trained and qualified.
Any information obtained in the course of the validation procedure and within the scope of the AEO Authorization is confidential between the Customs administration and/or the designated third party validator and the individual AEO and may be used solely for the purpose for which it was provided.
A system of feedback and gradual improvement should be built into the authorization and validation arrangements made by the Customs administrations and AEO.
20.
This monitoring process may consist of audits based on risk or cause and, where
appropriate, random spot checks by Customs or the designated third party validator, if applicable. The AEO will also maintain, and have available for inspection, necessary
documentation as set out in the national AEO programme ’s AEO authorization requirements on the security procedures being undertaken or utilized by the AEO.
Review and Maintenance
Regular communication and joint reviews between Customs and AEO will be carried out in order to maintain the level of compliance and, where feasible, to identify possible measures to enhance the level of security. Such reviews will assist AEOs in making
amendments to their security programme as soon as possible and will provide the Customs administration with a mechanism for maintaining the operating standard of an AEO. As part of the authorization process and in order to assure regular communication and facilitate the validation process, the AEO may, in conformance with the criteria set out in the national AEO programme, be requested by the Customs administration to complete periodic reports capturing the information that the AEO should provide according to the security standards set out in the portion of this document regarding Conditions, Requirements and Benefits.
In order to establish and maintain an effective AEO authorization programme, Customs administrations may find it useful to hold regular seminars to discuss the development of their national AEO programme, to identify and address common problems, and to share good practices.
Future Developments
The standardized approach to AEO authorization provides a solid platform for
development of international systems of mutual recognition of AEO status at bilateral, sub-regional, regional and, in the future, global levels. Such systems will involve a WCO Member Customs administration recognizing the AEO authorization system in another WCO Member with an operational AEO programme as being equivalent to its own. This will afford the AEO the same benefits and therefore improve predictability and efficiency of operation in all countries applying the AEO standards.
x x x
英语作文-人工智能
As a branch of computer science, artificial intelligence has gradually entered our life with the progress of science and technology, and has become the hottest topic at present. Just like AlphaGo, as the first artificial intelligence program to defeat the world champion of weiqi, it has caused unprecedented discussion. Just as a famous saying, "every coin has two sides", artificial intelligence is no exception. One view is that advanced technology can liberate humans, for example, some robots can replace people to do dangerous jobs and ensure people's safety. Another view is that this has led to unemployment to some extent. At the same time, they worry that some criminals use artificial intelligence crime. Or wait until artificial intelligence is highly mature and even replace humans. The above two views are reasonable, but not comprehensive. Human superiority is the subjective initiative, the expectation and imagination of the future, rather than the cognitive and learning ability. Artificial intelligence may be better in some way than human beings, but it can't completely replace it. I think we should respect artificial intelligence, and better promote the rapid development of society. 人工智能作为计算机科学的一个分支，随着科学技术的进步而逐渐进入我们的生活，并成为当前最热门的话题。就像alphago，作为第一个人工智能程序战胜围棋世界冠军，这引起了前所未有的讨论。 正如一句名言所说，“每一枚硬币都有两面”，人工智能也不例外。一种观点认为先进技术可以解放人类，例如，一些机器人可以代替人们做危险的工作，确保人们的安全。另一种观点认为，这在某种程度上导致了失业。同时，他们担心一些罪犯使用人工智能犯罪。或者等到人工智能高度成熟，甚至取代人类。 以上两种观点是合理的，但不是全面的。人的优越性是人对未来的主观能动性、对未来的期待和想象，而不是认知和学习能力。人工智能在某些方面可能比人类更好，但它不能完全取代人工智能。我认为我们应该尊重人工智能，更好地促进社会的快速发展。 1 / 1
AI人工智能英语作文
Present a written argument or case to an educated reader with no specialist knowledge of the following topic. In 2016, Google’s AlphaGo defeated Lee Sedol, the World Go Champion, 4 to 1 in a five-game match. The machine’s sweeping victories have once again made AI（artificial intelligence）a hot topic. Some people fear that AI will eventually get out of control. To what extent do you agree or disagree with the opinion？Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience. A lphaGo’s great triumph over Lee Sedol once again draw s persons’ attention to artificial intelligence. And some people assert that AI will pose a threat to human existence if human lose control of it. In my opinion, it will be a long time before artificial intelligence has consciousness itself, not to mention defying human. But in the more distant future, we have reasons to believe that AI will have no distinction from human and disobey human’s orders. Artificial intelligence, in essence, is simulation of human ways of thinking. And its development deals with interdisciplinary of computer
大数据服务平台功能简介
大数据服务平台简介 1.1 建设目标 大数据服务平台以“整合资源、共享数据、提供服务”为指导思想，构建满足学校各部门信息化建设需求，进而更好为广大师生、各级管理人员、院领导等角色提供集中、统一的综合信息服务。因此， 要建设大数据服务平台 主要包括综合查询，教学、科研、人事、学生、图书、消费、资产、财务等数据统计分析和数据采集终端（含数据录入及数据导入）。通过此平台为学校的校情展示提供所需的基础数据，为学校的决策支持积累所需的分析数据，为广大师生、各级管理人员、校领导的综合信息服务提供所需的开发数据，为学校的应用系统建设提供所需的公共数据。 1.2建设效益 协助领导决策、提供智能分析手段通过建设大数据服务平台：为校领导提供独特、集中的综合查询数据，使校领导能够根据自身需要随时查询广大师生的个人情况，有助于校领导及时处理广大师生的各种诉求。 为校领导提供及时、准确的辅助决策支持信息，使校领导能够全面掌握多方面的信息，有助于校领导提高决策的科学性和高效性（以往各部门向校领导提供的信息往往只从部门角度考虑，而校领导无法及时获取多方面的信息，无法及时做出决策）。为校领导提供丰富、全面的校情展示数据，使校领导能够实时掌握教学、科研、人事、学生、图书、消费、资产、财务等情况，有助于校领导制定学校未来发展战略。 为校领导提供教育部《普通高等学校基本办学条件指标》检测报表，包括具有高级职务教师占专任教师的比例、生均占地面积、生均宿舍面积、百名学生配教学用计算机台数、百名学生配多媒体教室和语音实验室座位数、新增教学科研仪器设备所占比例、生均年进书量。对提高教学质量和高等学校信息化程度等具有积极的指导作用。1.3 建设内容基于中心数据库，将学校长期以来积累的大量管理数据以一种多维的形式进行重新组织，多层次、多维度的整合、挖掘和分析，从各个层面、各个角度充分展示学校的办学理念、教学质量、科研水平、师资队伍、学生风貌、后勤保障、办学条件等，为各级管理人员、校领导科学决策提供强有力的技术保障与数据支持。 1、信息查询 包括教职工信息查询和学生信息查询。
人工智能英语作文
As we all known, online shopping has many advantages. Firstly, online shopping is more convenient than traditional means. We can find a shop with so many goods that we may favor, while all these just need clicking our mouse and typing-in the key word of what we want to find. And it also saves our a great some of time. Secondly, more choices than real store are another attraction to customers. Online shopping can provide mass information about products which can be suit for customer's needs, tastes, and preferences. Thirdly, as without traditional warehouses and retail shops, online shopping has can make us gain lower costs and prices. However, in spite of its advantages, we can't turn a blind eye to its disadvantages. Obviously, quality problem is its first disadvantage. Customers always buy fake commodities which are not described as online shops. In addition, it's troublesome and annoying for us to make a change when they are not satisfied with what we bought online. The second disadvantage is security issues. When we shop online, we need pay for the commodities by electronic payments, but hackers can invade our computers and steal our information, this is not safe for online shopping. Maybe we have accustomed to online shopping, just like me who often shop daily essentials by internet, but I expected that more effective measures should be taken to make it better. Specifically speaking, government and bank should work out strict regulations and rules to prevent unfaithful and illegal activities of online shop owners. Only by this way can onlin e shopping become really safe and attract an increasing number of customers.
AI人工智能英语作文
Recently, Google’s AlphaGo have become the most famous artificial intelligence since it defeated Lee Sedol, the World Go Champion, 4 to 1 in a five-game match. Lee ,a world champion,cannot win a "robot",it seems like impossible,but in fact,facts speak louder than words. The machine’s sweeping victories have once again made AI a hot topic. Some people welcome the progress and the artificial intelligence is expected to benefit mankind in more fields;other people worry that artificial intelligence will eventually get out of control. Indeed, artificial intelligence can benefit mankind in many fields,such as treatment of diseases, industrial production and large data calculation.As for Google’s AlphaGo,it has achieved great progress and this progress could be revolutionary. At the same time,some people think we should not be carried away by convenience,we cannot ignore the risk of artificial intelligence.But actually,most of people come into contact with artificial intelligence in science fiction.Their panic root in survival contradiction of artificial intelligence and human in the movies or novels. There is no denying that their concerns is reasonable.But in my point of view,it is not a computer beats the human, but human defeated the human. First of all,the development of artificial intelligence will lead to unemployment in a large fields.This is the most direct consequences.Artificial intelligence can work more efficiently,and nobody can deny that they can work as cheaper labour.Then, the most affected areas is areas of the economy.Many economic law can be modeled,society may be unstable.The last thing is people can be more and more lazy,people who is thinking would be only a few.It violates the original intention of social development. However,artificial intelligence also have the positive side, they won't be tired and food and water become unnecessary,they work by electricity. But we should understand that the advantages should not be abused,if so,there will be an unpredictable ending. To make a long story short,artificial intelligence will become our "invisible assistant" rather than our competitors in within a period of time,we should cooperate fully with artificial intelligence,using it appropriately is the right way in my mind.
谷歌人工智能文章中英文对照详解
非专业人士翻译，如有错误请谅解。 Google's AI Reasons Its Way around the London Underground 谷歌人工智能推导出环绕 伦敦地铁系统的路线 DeepMind?s latest technique uses external memory to solve tasks that require logic and reasoning—a step toward more humanlike AI 深度思维最新技术使用了外部存储来解决需要逻辑思 维和推理能力的任务 By Elizabeth Gibney, Nature magazine on October 14, 2016 伊丽莎白.吉布尼2016年10月14日发表于《自然》杂志 Artificial-intelligence (AI) systems known as neural networks can recognize images, translate languages and even master the ancient game of Go. But their limited ability to represent complex relationships between data or variables has prevented them from conquering tasks that require logic and reasoning.
人工智能(AI)系统被认为是神经网络，可以识别图片，翻译，甚至精通古老的游戏。但他们描绘数据或变量之间的复杂关系的能力有限，这妨碍了他们克服需要逻辑思维和推理能力的任务。 In a paper published in Nature on October 12, the Google-owned company DeepMind in London reveals that it has taken a step towards overcoming this hurdle by creating a neural network with an external memory. The combination allows the neural network not only to learn, but to use memory to store and recall facts to make inferences like a conventional algorithm. This in turn enables it to tackle problems such as navigating the London Underground without any prior knowledge and solving logic puzzles. Though solving these problems would not be impressive for an algorithm programmed to do so, the hybrid system manages to accomplish this without any predefined rules. 在10月12日《自然》杂志中发表的一篇论文中，谷歌在伦敦的子公司深度思维展示了他们通过结合外部存储创造了一个神经网络，来进一步克服这些障碍。这种和外部存储的结合不仅允许神经网络学习，还可以通过存储器来存储和回忆事件，并以此来像正常情况那样做推断。这反过来能够让它解决难题，比如在没有任何经验的情况下操控伦敦地铁，比如解决逻辑谜题。尽管对于一个算法程序来说做到这点并不会令人印象深刻，但这个混合系统在没有任何先决条件的情况下做到了这点。 Although the approach is not entirely new—DeepMind itself reported attempting a similar feat in a preprint in 2014—“the progress made in this paper is remarkable”, says Yoshua Bengio, a computer scientist at the University of Montreal in Canada. 虽然这个方法不是一个全新的技术——深度思维自己就在2014年报告过他们尝试了一种相似的技术——但“在论文中的这个进步是非凡的”，加拿大蒙特利尔的计算机学家本吉奥.本希奥赞叹道。
大数据可视化分析平台介绍
大数据可视化分析平台 一、背景与目标 基于邳州市电子政务建设的基础支撑环境，以基础信息资源库（人口库、法人库、宏观经济、地理库）为基础，建设融合业务展示系统，提供综合信息查询展示、信息简报呈现、数据分析、数据开放等资源服务应用。实现市府领导及相关委办的融合数据资源视角，实现数据信息资源融合服务与创新服务，通过系统达到及时了解本市发展的综合情况，及时掌握发展动态，为政策拟定提供依据。 充分运用云计算、大数据等信息技术，建设融合分析平台、展示平台，整合现有数据资源，结合政务大数据的分析能力与业务编排展示能力，以人口、法人、地理，人口与地理，法人与地理，实现基础展示与分析，融合公安、交通、工业、教育、旅游等重点行业的数据综合分析，为城市管理、产业升级、民生保障提供有效支撑。 二、政务大数据平台 1、数据采集和交换需求：通过对各个委办局的指定业务数据进行汇聚，将分散的数据进行物理集中和整合管理，为实现对数据的分析提供数据支撑。将为跨机构的各类业务系统之间的业务协同，提供统一和集中的数据交互共享服务。包括数据交换、共享和ETL等功能。 2、海量数据存储管理需求：大数据平台从各个委办局的业务系统里抽取的数据量巨大，数据类型繁杂，数据需要持久化的存储和访问。不论是结构化数据、半结构化数据，还是非结构化数据，经过数据存储引擎进行建模后，持久化保存在存储系统上。存储系统要具备高可靠性、快速查询能力。 3、数据计算分析需求：包括海量数据的离线计算能力、高效即席数据查询需求和低时延的实时计算能力。随着数据量的不断增加，需要数据平台具备线性扩展能力和强大的分析能力，支撑不断增长的
数据量，满足未来政务各类业务工作的发展需要，确保业务系统的不间断且有效地工作。 4、数据关联集中需求：对集中存储在数据管理平台的数据，通过正确的技术手段将这些离散的数据进行数据关联，即：通过分析数据间的业务关系，建立关键数据之间的关联关系，将离散的数据串联起来形成能表达更多含义信息集合，以形成基础库、业务库、知识库等数据集。 5、应用开发需求：依靠集中数据集，快速开发创新应用，支撑实际分析业务需要。 6、大数据分析挖掘需求：通过对海量的政务业务大数据进行分析与挖掘，辅助政务决策，提供资源配置分析优化等辅助决策功能，促进民生的发展。
全球10大数据中心介绍
全球10大数据中心介绍 1.中国电信数据中心 中国电信数据中心位于内蒙古信息园，是世界上最大的数据中心，据世界数据中心介绍，中国电信数据中心总面积达1070万平方英尺，包含“云计算数据中心、呼叫中心、仓库、办公室和员工生活区”。 据报道，该设施也是世界上最昂贵的数据中心，建成成本超过30亿美元。有几个因素使呼和浩特成为世界上最大的数据中心的一个吸引人的地方：年平均降雨量超过12年，形成了巨大的水力发电储备，根据数据中心动态数据，“呼和浩特的气候使其成为数据中心枢纽的另一个实际原因。在平均海拔1050米处，平均温度为6°C（42.8°F），因此“每年最多可进行8个月的自由空气冷却”。 2.中国移动呼和浩特数据中心 分期情况：共三期，一期已交付，二期在建，预计2020年完工，每栋机房24200平方米，机房区22200㎡，制冷站2000㎡，设计机架数：52500。 3.Citadel数据中心 该仍在等待完工，位于美国内华达州北部的里诺附近。该发电厂占地720万平方英尺，全面运行后将消耗650兆瓦的电力，其中100%来自可再生能源。
据英国计算机世界（Computer World UK）介绍，Citadel由Switch公司建造并拥有，它利用公司的hyperloop网络向洛杉矶和圣地亚哥提供9毫秒延迟，与公司核心设施的连接为7毫秒。该设施也是世界上最具创新性的设施之一，其建设和运营中包括260多项专利创新。 4.中国哈尔滨数据中心 哈尔滨数据中心位于中国最北端的黑龙江省，是哈尔滨“冰城”中最大的结构。 该设施占地710万平方英尺，由中国移动拥有和运营，是该公司电信数据和云计算的旗舰运营之一。哈尔滨耗电150兆瓦。与中国大多数数据中心一样，该中心0%的电力来自可再生能源。 5.挪威科洛斯数据中心 欧洲最大的数据中心位于挪威的一个小村庄。科洛斯数据中心将于2018年第四季度开放，占地650万平方英尺，横跨四层楼，被称为超可扩展数据中心，计划到2027年消耗高达1000兆瓦的电力。 该设施将100%采用可再生能源，利用挪威丰富的水电基础设施。据该公司称，这样可以节省60%的能源成本，进一步降低消费者的价格。 6.润泽国际数据中心 润泽国际数据中心位于中国廊坊。这座630万平方英尺的建筑横跨110个足球场，占地面积与五角大楼相当。
人工智能英文版论文
人工智能英文版论文 人工智能(AI)系统被认为是神经网络，可以识别图片，翻译，甚至精通古老的游戏。以下是精心整理的人工智能英文版论文的相关资料，希望对你有帮助! 人工智能英文版论文篇一Google's AI Reasons Its Way around the London Underground 谷歌人工智能推导出环绕 伦敦地铁系统的路线 DeepMind‟s latest technique uses external memory to solve tasks that require logic and reasoning;a step toward more humanlike AI 维和推理能力的任务 By Elizabeth Gibney, Nature magazine on October 14, 2016 伊丽莎白.吉布尼2016年10月14日发表于《自然》杂志 深度思维最新技术使用了外部存储来解决需要逻辑思 Artificial-intelligence (AI) systems known as neural networks can recognize images, translate languages and even master the ancient game of Go. But their limited ability to
represent complex relationships between data or variables has prevented them from conquering tasks that require logic and reasoning. 人工智能(AI)系统被认为是神经网络，可以识别图片，翻译，甚至精通古老的游戏。但他们描绘数据或变量之间的复杂关系的能力有限，这妨碍了他们克服需要逻辑思维和推理能力的任务。 In a paper published in Nature on October 12, the Google-owned company DeepMind in London reveals that it has taken a step towards overcoming this hurdle by creating a neural network with an external memory. The combination allows the neural network not only to learn, but to use memory to store and recall facts to make inferences like a conventional algorithm. This in turn enables it to tackle problems such as navigating the London Underground without any prior knowledge and solving logic puzzles. Though solving these problems would not be impressive for an algorithm programmed to do so, the hybrid system manages to accomplish this without any predefined rules. 在10月12日《自然》杂志中发表的一篇论文中，谷歌在伦敦的子公司深度思维展示了他们通过结合外部存储创造了一个神经网络，来进一步克服这些障碍。这种和外部存储的结合不仅允许神经网
人工智能英语作文
人工智能英语作文 导读：本文人工智能英语作文，仅供参考，如果觉得很不错，欢迎点评和分享。 The progress of artificial intelligence. Speed is amazing, the future we will start to work side-by-side with artificial intelligence. AlphaGo fire, five one hundred million people watching "man-machine war", in the end it depends on the technical advantage of big data and deep learning in a 4-1 winners posture tell people, to artificial intelligence is no longer just the scene in the movie, but in the real world there is another round of industrial revolution, however, this changes make many people feel scared, at that time all kinds of artificial intelligence threats to the human voice, according to the British science association entrusted network research firm YouGov, according to a survey of about 36% of people think that the rise of artificial intelligence technology will pose a threat to human long-term survival. People in all kinds of artificial intelligence can bring big Bob "unemployment" is deeply concerned about the discourse, but also in such a tough AlphaGo will be malicious use worrying on such issues. 人工智能.的进步速度是惊人的，未来我们将开始与人工智能并肩工作。 AlphaGo火了，五场亿人围观的“人机大战”，最终它依托大数据与深度学习的技术优势以4：1的胜利者姿态告诉人们，人工智能真的来了，不再只是电影中的场景，而是现实世界里正在上演的又一轮产业变革，然而这种变革让不少人感到惶恐，一时间各种人工智能威胁人类的声音铺天盖地，据英国科学协会委托网络调研公司YouGov进行的一项调查显示，大约36%的人认为人工智
大数据中心选址调研报告书
大数据中心选址调研报告 一、数据中心概念 大数据中心，是指服务于大数据存储、挖掘、分析和应用的数据中心。大数据(big data,mega data)，或称巨量资料，指的是需要新处理模式才能具有更强的决策力、洞察力和流程优化能力的海量、高增长率和多样化的信息资产。目前我国的数据中心总数已接近100万。 二、行业分布 作为信息化建设的核心内容，数据中心始终是金融、政府、能源、交通等行业的投入重点;而伴随着电信行业的转型和移动互联网的发展，IDC也成为电信行业重点投资领域。此外IPDC互联网数据中心成为市场的热点，互联网提供商大规模建设云数据中心。 三、发展前景 十二五”规划中明确了战略新兴产业是国家未来重点扶持的对象，其中信息技术被确立为七大战略性新兴产业之一，将被重点推进。新一代信息技术分为六个方面，分别是下一代通信网络、物联网、三网融合、新型平板显示、高性能集成电路和以云计算为代表的高端软件。 四、选址要素 1. 数据中心属于高能耗产业，一个10万台服务器级别的数据中心需要两路或更多合共50-60MW的电力支持。且数据中心用电负荷必须持续稳定，因此需要选择建设在能源充裕，并且能源的价格相对便宜的区域，以降低数据中心的运营成本； 2. 为了满足（1）的用电要求，周边配电站设施也需要完善。条件包括配电站
等级，配电站与场地距离，配电站变压器的供电余量，变压器目前的用户类别（如共用），上级电网的联系； 通常情况下，如果数据中心用户单独自建用户站，可选择的电压等级有以下几种： a)380V:适合于小型数据中心，不在考虑范围内 b)10KV：适用于两路市电进入用户站的总容量不超过20MVA的容量项目；即，每一路10KV市电进线容量不超过10MVA；当用户的进线容量需求超过这个范围时，可以考虑多路10KV进线的方式。对于数据中心的安全等级要求超过TIER2以上级别时，两路、或多路10KV进线应来自不同上级变电站，或同一变电站的不同的变压器。（目前，国内数据中心用户最多选用的一个电压等级。全国各个省市在具体设计和管理上略有不同。） c)35 KV：不是所有地方都有该电压等级，在已有的可以选用的35 KV用户站中，其每一路的容量一般不超过20MVA d)110 KV：当用户的单一回路用电负荷超过20MVA级别时，需要考虑110 KV 变电站，或66 KV变电站（在我国部分地区有分布）。监狱在中国采用大工业用电方式计费时，要按照变压器的装机容量记收基础电费（或按照最大装机容量记收基础电费），对于冗余度要求高的数据中心，如TIRE3或以上级别，需要双路市电供电，双路变压器设计的数据中心，过高的变压器装机量冗余度，将使得数据中心本身的基础电费成本过高，在单一回路市电需求功率30MVA以上级别时，尽可能独立考虑独立的110 KV变电站。 （备注：需要和当地国家电网规划和管理部门具体落实。） 3. 数据中心里大部分IT和电气设备的耗电会转换为大量的热，所以需要一套有