研究生学术英语答案

Unit 1英译汉：15

Outlines are essential to effective speeches.By outlining, you make sure that related ideas are together, that your thoughts flow from one to another, and that the structure of your speech is coherent. You will probably use two kinds of outlines for your speeches--the detailed preparation outline and the brief speaking outline.

发言提纲是有效发言的基础。通过写发言提纲，你可以确保你的想法是

关联的，你的思路从一点谈到另一点，你的讲话结构是连贯的，通常准备演讲

你可以采用两种提纲方式：详细准备提纲和简单发言提纲。

In a preparation outline, you should state your specific purpose and centr

al idea, and identify main points and sub--points using a consistent pattern. The speaking outline should consist of brief notes to help you while you deliv

er the speech. It should contain key words or phrases to bolster your memory.

In making up your speaking outline, follow the same visual framework used in y our preparation outline. Keep the speaking outline as brief as possible and be

sure it is plainly legible

在准备提纲中，应该写出你的特定目的及中心思想，并以连贯的方式确定主要观点和次要观点。发言提纲应该由简要的提要组成，这些提要在你讲话时能够给你一些帮助。发言提纲还应包括帮助你记忆的重点词或重点短语。在写发言提纲时，可采用准备提纲的模式，尽可能使你的发言提纲简要，同时，要确保提纲清晰、易于辨认。

汉译英：

当你发表学术演讲时，首先要做好充分的准备；其次，你演讲的主要观点要明确，层次要清楚。演讲时，语速不要过快，语言要清晰。不要总是在读你准备好的稿子。最后，你应该经常看一下你的听众。这样，一方面你对你的听众表示尊重，

另一方面，你可以更顺利地进行你的演讲。

Before you deliver an academic speech, firstly you should get well prepared for it. Then, you should make your major points clear in your speech, and your speech should be well organized. When speaking, you should not speak too fast, and your language should be explicit. Don’t always read the notes you prepared beforehand. From time to time, you should look at your audience. On one hand, you can show your respect to your audience, and on the other hand, you will be able to go on with your speech more smoothly.

Unit2

英译汉：48

Energy has a dual relationship with human well-being.For most of human history,man has been concerned mainly about the benefit side of the energy- well-being equation thank to the low costs involved in e nergy use.However,with the staggering scale of energy demand brought forth by 100 years of unprecedented population growth, coupled with a n equally remarkable growth in per capita demand of industrial energy

forms,energy entails increasingly higher costs,both external and int ernalized.On the one hand,energy resources are reducing at an acceler ating speed and energy supply requires higher input.On the other hand, the external costs seem more worrisome because energy use poses serio us threats to public health and safety,keeps disrupting the global ec osystem,and may trigger large-scale military conflict.

能源和人类利益有着双重关系，人类历史发展长河中，由于利用能源成本低，人们主要关注能源和人类关系中有利的一面，然而，过去一百年来人口以空前速度增长，引起了能源需求的激增，同时，人均工业能源需求亦急剧增长，因此，能源利用所需成本越来越高，无论是外延成本还是涵成本。一方面，能源资源加速减少，能源供应所需投入越来越高；另一方面，相比之下，外延成本呢更加令人忧虑，原因是能源利用严重威胁大众健康和安全，不断破坏全球生态系统，并可能引发大规模军事冲突。

汉译英：

以上各种因素究竟如何影响能源供应的资金成本难以量化，部分原因是许多非环境因素实际上同环境因素相互交织在一起。比如，造成工程施工延误的原因，不但有管理上的限制，而且有工程、管理以及质量监控等方面的问题。然而在美国，过去20年中由于环境影响，石油产品供应的资金成本至少上升了25%，而火电和核电生产的资金成本则上升了40%，甚至更多。

It is difficult to quantify the total contribution of all these f actors to the monetary costs of energy supply, in part because factor s not related to the environment are often entwined with environmenta l ones. For example, construction delays have been caused not just by regulatory constraints but also by problems of engineering, manageme nt and quality control. Nevertheless, in the US, environmental impact s have increased the monetary costs of supplying petroleum products b y at least 25 percent during the past 20 years, and the costs of gene rating electricity from coal and nuclear power by 40 percent or more.

Unit 3

英译汉 82

Two fatal wrecks in less than a 24-hour period over the Thanks giving weekend kolled three people, bringing to six the numbei of de ath in the past two weeks on Springfield city streets.

With one month left in the year, at least 17 people have bee n killed in fatality accidents in Springfield, including the three m embers of a Chicago family who died the weekend before on interstate 44.

On Sunday, springfield husband and wife Jon Bauer, 58, and Juanita Bauer, 59, died in the 2400 block of South Glenstone Avenu e.

According to police ,Jon Bauer’s southbound 2001 Hyundai Santa Fe sideswiped a 1995 Chrysler Cirrus ,also heading southbound , driv en by Chadd Rohde,27 ,of Mountain Home , Ark, at around 10:30a.m .

Jon Bauer’s vehicle continued south and struck a brick wall a nd utility pole at Springfield Nationgal Cemetry.

The Springfield Fire Department extracted the couple from the ve hicle .Juanita Bauer was pronounced dead at the scene. Jon Bauer,who wan unc onscious, was transported to St.John’s Regional Medical Cen ter, where he was later pronounced dead.

Traffic was shut down for four hours as police investigated the crash.

在感恩节的周末，24小时发生了2起车祸，撞死了3个人，使得过去两周里斯普林菲尔德城市道路上死亡人数上升到6人。

本年度还剩下最后一个月，在斯普林菲尔德至少有17人死于车祸，其中包括上周在44号洲际公路上撞死的来自芝加哥的一家三口。

周日，斯普林菲尔德的一对夫妇，58岁的乔恩鲍尔和59岁的詹尼特。鲍尔在南格林斯顿大道的2400街区被车撞死。

据警察讲述，上午十点左右，乔恩鲍尔南行的2001现代圣达菲擦边撞上了一辆同样往南开的1995年生产的克莱斯勒斯柔斯，司机是27岁的查德。罗德，来自阿肯色州的山居。

乔恩。鲍尔的车继续南行，撞在斯普林菲尔德国家公墓的砖墙上，有撞上了一根公用电线杆。

斯普林菲尔德消防队把这对夫妻从车里拉出来，詹特妮。鲍尔被当场宣布死亡，乔恩。鲍尔不省人事，被送到圣约翰地区医疗中心，之后也被宣布死亡。警察在调查现场时交通被关闭了四小时。

汉译英

美国的研究人员使用了一种模拟驾驶器，观察40名志愿者分别在手持手机通话驾驶、酒后驾驶以及专心驾驶的过程。结果显示：共有三名志愿者发生追尾事故，司机当时均在打手机状态下。研究发现：无论手机是否处于免提状态，司机在通话状态下会放慢车速。此外，采取刹车措施的反应速度也会减慢9%，二刹车后加速的速度又会减慢19%。

Using a driving simulator, some US researchers studied the drivin g of 40 people. Some of them drove while talking on a cell phone, oth ers navigated while drunk, and others drove with no such distractions

or impairments. The results showed that there were three accidents i n which the drivers were talking on cell phones--all of them involvin g a rear-ending. The research has found that those talking on the pho ne while driving are more sluggish. In addition, talking on the cell phone can reduce reaction time by 9 percent in terms of braking and 1 9 percent in terms of picking up speed after braking

Unit 4

英译汉118

Perhaps it is our social concept of what is feminine and what is masculine that reinforces the stereotype that women talk more than me n, and even causes these different patterns of communication. Maybe a woman is labeled talkative or is criticized for interrupting if she does it at all, because our culture--as well as many other cultures--teaches that women should be q uiet if they want to be “feminine.” P erhaps masculine culture encourages boys and men to dominate talk and to interrupt more often, and males who talk a lot and interrupt ofte n are not criticized for doing so. These differences in the patterns of communication and styles of communicating are studied by experts w ho study the effects of gender on communication. They study these eff ects in order to understand why misunderstandings occur between men a nd women in conversation. Often, it’s because their styles an d patte

rns of conersation are so different. It is important that we learn to recognize these differences so that we can learn to communicate bett er with people of the other gender.

或许正是我们的男女社会观念加深了女人比男人话多这一模式化印象，甚至导致这些不同沟通方式的出现。如果一个女人真的在别人说话时插嘴，她或许会被认为是话多，或许会为此受到批评，因为我们的文化——还有其他许多文化——如此教导女性；她们如果想要有女人味就必须文静，或许男性文化鼓励男孩和男人支配谈话并更经常打断谈话，而且健谈和频繁打断话头的男性不会为此受到批评。研究性别对交流所产生的作用的专家们针对沟通模式和沟通风格方面的这些差异进行研究，以便了解在男女对话中为什么会产生误解。误解的产生常常是因为他们的对话风格和方式存在极大的差异。为了能学会更好地和异性交流，我们有必要认识这些差异。

中译英

Deborah Tannen在她的畅销书《你就是不明白》中指出：虽然美国男孩和女孩经常在一起玩，但大多数时间他们都是在各自的同性别小组里玩耍。她还指出：虽然男孩和女孩确实在一起玩某些游戏，但他们最喜欢的游戏常常是不一样的。Tanen和其他这方面的研究人员发现，男孩（比如8至12岁的男孩）喜欢在室外而不是室玩耍，而且他们是在有等级结构的大组中玩耍。这帮男孩常会有一个孩子头，他告诉别的男孩做什么、怎么做。正是通过发号施令和让其他男孩按规则游戏，男孩子们在他们的玩伴那里获得更高度更重要的地位。

研究生英语学术论文写作(考试大概)

Ⅰ. Gone up → increased set up → established Put up with → tolerate looking into → investigating Figure out → determine put into practice → implement Come up with → developed make up → constitute Get rid of → eliminate keep up → maintain Gone down → decrease thinking → considering Ⅱ. Structure of Data Commentary Data commentaries usually has these elements in the following order. 1.location elements and/or summary statements 2.highlighting statements 3.discussions of implications,problems,exceptions,recommendations,or other interesting aspects of the data 可能涉及到排序题，有例如下： ①A computer virus is a program that is specifically and maliciously designed to attack a computer system,destroying data.②As business have become inceasingly dependent on computers,e-mail,and the Internet,concern over the potential destructiveness of such viruses has also grown.③Table X shows the most common sources of infection for U.S. businesses.④As can be seen, in a great majority of cases,the entry point of the virus infection can be detected,with e-mail attachments being responsible for nearly 9 out of 10 viruses.⑤This very high percentage is increasingly alarming,especially since with a certain amount of caution such infections are largely preventable.⑥In consequence,e-mail users should be wary of all attachments,even thoes from a trusted colleague or a known sender.⑦In addition,all computers used for e-mail need to have a current version of a good antivirus progarm whose virus definitions are updated regularly.⑧While it may be possible to lessen the likelihood of downloading an infected file,businesses are still vulnerable to computer virus problems because of human error and the threat of new,quickly spreading viruses that cannot be identified by antivvirus software. ①②→Theory and common beliefs. ③→The start ④⑤⑥⑦⑧→Implications Ⅲ.信息性摘要 An informative abstract,as its name implies,summarizes the key points in the RP.It is an overview that briefly state the purpose,methods,results and conclutions with quantitative information. 信息性摘要主要报道论文的研究目的、研究方法、研究结果与结论。它是论文全文的高度浓缩，相当于论文的简介或概要，但它又不是简单对原文篇幅进行按比例的缩减，而是要进行深入加工。 比较流行的信息性摘要架构有： ①Objective→Methodology→Results→Conclusions ②Background→Purpose and aim→Methods→Results→Conclusions ③Background+purpose→Methodology→Result→Conclusion

研究生英语(下)-综合教程课后答案-何莲珍主编

研究生英语(下)-综合教程课后答案-何莲珍主编

1 第一单元 1. The tranquil atmosphere of the inn allows guests to feel totally at home. 2. Technological advances might ultimately lead to even more job losses. 3. In the aftermath of the shootings, there were calls for tighter controls on gun ownership. 4. Her kindness and generosity cancel out her occasional flashes of temper. 5. He was beginning to wonder if he would survive the ordeal 6. Foreign food aid has led to a drastic reduction in the numbers of people dying of starvation. 7. Perhaps her most important legacy was her program of educational reform. 8. There were food shortages and other deprivations during the Civil War. 9. The new economic policies could prove suicidal for the party. 10. The building will be completed around six months earlier than anticipated. 11. The experience was enough to keep him preoccupied for some time 12. The road to happiness is paved with adversities. 13. She aspires to nothing no less than the chairmanship of the company. 14. He might be influenced by nostalgia for the surroundings of hishappy youth. 15. In retrospect, I wish that I had thought about alternative courses of action. 二、1. Watching your baby being born is a mind-blowing experience(极其令人兴 奋的经历). 2. There is built-in storage space(内置储藏空间) in all bedrooms. 3. This handout focuses on self-protection measures(自我保护措施) under difficult climatic conditions. 4. I’m sure we could offer you some short-term employment (短期的工作). 5. So, how is it that we all, or at least many of us, have such a distorted and negative self- perception(歪曲的、否定的自我观念)? 6. Helen Hunt stars as a character undergoing life-changing events(改变了生活的事件) in Then She Found Me. 7. She has written a book that is beautiful because of the honesty and the raw emotion that is portrayed in all-encompassing details(无所不包的细节). 8. Having a decent job contributes to a good self-image(一个好的自我形象). 三、What then is a good mind? It is the whole mental …… 1、searches 2、connections 3、inventive 4、discerning 5、anticipates 6、future 7、individual 8、identifies 9、fallacy 10、self-discipline 四、翻译1、I had so worked upon my imagination as really to believe that about the whole mansion and domain there hung 。。。。。。。the silent tarn-a pestilent and mystic vapor, dull, sluggish, faintly discernible, and leaden-hued. (Edgar Allan Poe: “The Fall of the House of Usher”) 译文: 我如此沉湎于自己的想象，以至于我实实在在地认为那宅院及其周围悬浮着一种它们所特有的空气。那种空气并非生发于天地自然，而是生发于那些枯树残枝、灰墙暗壁，生发于那一汪死气沉沉的湖水。那是一种神秘而致命的雾霭，阴晦，凝滞，朦胧，沉浊如铅。 2、She had a very thin face like the dial of a small clock seen faintly in a dark room in the middle of a 。。。。。。。。l of the night passing swiftly on toward further darkness but moving also toward a new sun. 译文:( 她的)容貌那么清秀，就像半夜里醒来时在黑暗中隐约可见的小小的钟面，报告时刻的钟面。它皎洁而安静，深知时间在飞驰，深信黑暗虽然越来越深沉，却也越来越接近新生的太阳。 2 1. I’ve been spared a lot, one of the blessed of the earth, at least one of its lucky, that privileged handful of the dramatically

研究生学术综合英语课文翻译unit1-4

第一单元? 如何发表演说 斯蒂芬·卢卡斯? ???? 在人类创造的万物中，语言可能是最卓越的一项创造。通过语言，我们可以分享经验、阐明价值观念、交流思想、传播知识、传承文化。确实，语言对于思想本身至关重要。和流行的信仰不同的是：语言并不是简单地反映事实，而是通过对事件意义的思考来帮助人们感悟现实。? ???? 优秀的演说者尊重语言并懂得如何驾驭语言。语言是演说者展示才能的工具，对于他们来说，如同其他职业的工具一样,语言也有特殊的功用。作为一名演说者，你应该意识到话语的意义，并懂得如何准确无误地使用语言，使其表达清楚，趣味横生，恰如其分。? 如同数字对于会计的重要性一样，准确地使用语言对于演说者至关重要。在没有确切知道一个词语的意思之前，千万不要盲目使用。碰到没有把握的词语，一定要查词典追根究底。当你准备演讲之前，一定要不断地问自己：“我究竟想说些什么？我究竟想表达什么样的意思？”因此，对于一篇演讲稿的用词来说，必须准确无误。? 如果语言表达清楚无误，听众就能很快抓住你的意思。鉴于此，演说者应该使用那些对于大多数人来说非常熟悉的词语，这些词语不需要任何专业背景就能够理解；演说者应该使用那些表达具体而不是相对抽象的词语；并且千万不要乱堆砌辞藻，哗众取宠。? 准确生动地使用语言能够使你的演说贴近生活。有一种方法可以使你的语言更加生动形象，那就是通过展开联想或创造语言图示。通过使用表达具体的词语、明喻或者暗喻等手法可以展开想像。明喻是对事物不同之处的比较，不过有些是相同的：它们总是包含“像……一样”或者“如同……一样”这样的连词。暗喻是一种隐性的比喻，它能够把两个形式不同但是有一些相通之处的事物联系在一起，暗喻不包含“像……一样”或者“如同……一样”这样的连词。? 另一种让你的演说生动形象的方法是注重语言的节奏感。有四种修辞格可以让你的语言富有节奏感：排比、重复、头韵和对比。排比是将一组或一系列具有相似结构的词语、短语或者句子排列在一起；重复是在一系列短句或者长句的开头或者结尾使用相同的一句话或者一组词语；头韵是指邻近或者相邻的几个句子中的首个词语的辅音字母相同；对比是将一些意思相反的词语或者句子并列在一起，通常使用排比结构。 恰当地使用语言是指语言的运用要符合特定的场合、特定的观众和特定的主题。同时，恰当地使用语言还意味着演说者要有自己的语言风格，而不是模仿他人的口吻。如果演说者的语言在各个方面都能够做到恰如其分，那么这篇演说成功的机率就会大大提高。??????? 优秀的演说并不是空穴来风、缺乏论据的决断。演说者必须找到强有力的论据来支持其观点。实际上，熟练地使用论据经常是区别一篇优秀演说词和一篇空洞演说词的关键所在。一般来说，通常有三种论据材料：事例、统计数据和证词。? ???????在演说过程中，你可以使用一些简明扼要的例子——比如过去发生的一个很具体的事件——有时候，你可以罗列好几个简明的例子，借此增强听众的印象。扩展性的例子——描述、叙述或者奇闻轶事——通常长一些，但更具体。夸张性的例子描述想像中的情形，这种例子能够将相关的想法有效地传达给听众。这三种例子都能够帮助演说者理清思绪、加强印象或者使演说更加娓娓动听。为了使表达更加富有效果，例子应该生动活泼，丰富多彩。 只要演说者对于统计数据用之得当并且加以解释，这些数据将有助于有效地传达信息，听众也能从统计数据中获益匪浅。最重要的是：演说者应该对统计数据了如指掌，并且运用得恰如其分。由于数据很容易操纵和捏造，因此，对于演说者来说，一定要确保图表没有张冠李戴，并且要确保统计方法正确，数据来源可靠。?

研究生学术英语作文

Evaluation of the Effect of AIDS Health Education on College Students in Nanjing Fang Kun 152899;Wang Chongxu 152895; Song Yue 152894; Deng Lin 152898; Chen Chen 152922; LvRongrong 152921 ; Cheng Xiaoqing 152903

Abstract: Objective: The purpose of this research is to know college students’ knowledge, attitude and behavior about AIDS in Jiangsu province, so we can evaluate the effect of AIDS intervention to provide evidence for AIDS public education more effectively in the future. Methods: We educated college students of six pilot universities by playing the videos and sending health education prescription as the main way of risk warning education. We selected students from each college randomly as evaluation object, the questionnaire mainly included students’ basic information, AIDS related knowledge and sexual health.Descriptive analysiswas conducted to analysis s tudents’ basic situation and the sexual health conditions,chi-square test was used to analysis the difference of the education on HIV/AIDS related knowledge, awareness and attitude. Results: After education, the awareness level of the basic knowledge of AIDS in all students increased from 69.05% to 82.15%(Χ2=147.335,P<0.001), but the level of awareness of the students varied from school to school, and there is a big space for improvement in each school; Introduction of the programme witnessed a dramatic change in the students’ attitudes towards AIDS. For instance, the answers of“students’attitudes towards the importance of teaching AIDS related education in schools,someone suspected of being infected with the AIDS/HIV virus will immediately do the antibody detection test or not and the willingness to use condom during the sexual encounter” ha ve proportionally increased in the positive direction. Conclusion: The evaluation results show that the pilot educational activities have made significant effect. Although promotion of AIDS education in the colleges has proven to be fruitful, beneficial and worthy enough but some part of the education still needs to be improved and strengthened. Key words: College students; AIDS; Intervention; Effects

学术综合英语unit1-5课后习题答案

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