3GPP最新NB-IoT标准

Javier Gozalvez

New 3GPP Standard for IoT

Internet of Things

major milestone was achieved in

the Third-Generation Partner-

ship Project’s (3GPP’s) Radio Access

Network Plenary Meeting 69 with the

decision to standardize the narrow-

band (NB) Internet of Things (IoT), a

new NB radio technology to address

the requirements of the IoT. The new

technology will provide improved in-

door coverage, support of a massive

number of low-throughput devices,

low delay sensitivity, ultralow device

cost, low device power consump-

tion, and optimized network archi-

tecture. The technology can be

deployed in-band, utilizing resource

blocks within a normal long-term

evolution (L TE) carrier, or in the un-

used resource blocks within an L TE

carrier’s guard-band, or stand alone

for deployments in dedicated spec-

trum. The NB-IoT is also particularly

suitable for the refarming of Global

System for Mobile Communications

(GSM) channels.

Ericsson, AT&T, and Altair dem-

onstrated over ten years of battery

life using LTE power-saving mode

(PSM) on a commercial LTE IoT chip

set platform. The demonstration

runs on Ericsson networks and Al-

tair’s FourGee-1160 Cat-1 chip set fea-

turing ultralow power consumption.

Long-term battery life has become

a prerequisite for a vast number of

IoT applications. PSM is an Ericsson

Evolved Packet Core (EPC) feature

based on 3GPP (Release 12) for both

GSM and LTE networks. The feature

is able to dramatically extend I oT

device battery life up to ten years

or more for common use cases and

traffic profiles. This capability is

defined for both LTE and GSM tech-

nologies and lets devices enter a

new deep-sleep mode—for hours or

even days at a time—and only wake

up when needed.

Ericsson, Sony Mobile, and SK

Telecom conducted lab testing of

the key functionalities of LTE device

Category 0 and Category M (Machine-

Type Communication). LTE Category

0 has been standardized in the

3GPP LTE Release 12 and is the first

device category specifically target-

ing reduced complexity and, thus,

reduced cost for the IoT. LTE Category

M is a key theme in LTE Release 13,

representing further cost savings and

improving battery lifetime. Wearable

devices and related applications were

selected for the user scenarios being

tested and trialed. The wearable

device test use cases are focused on

consumer lifestyle and wellness ap-

plications enabled through multiple

sensors providing accelerometer,

identification, pulse meter, and global

positioning system functionality.

Orange and Ericsson announced

a trial of optimized, low-cost, low-

complexity devices and enhanced

network capabilities for cellular IoT

over GSM and LTE. What the compa-

nies claim will be the world’s first ex-

tended coverage (EC) GSM trial will

be conducted in France using the

900-MHz band, with the aim of en-

hancing device reachability by up to

20 dB, or a sevenfold improvement

in the range of low-rate applications.

This further extends the dominant

global coverage of GSM in Europe

and Africa to reach challenging lo-

cations, such as deep indoor base-

ments, where many smart meters

are installed, or remote areas in

which sensors are deployed for agri-

culture or infrastructure monitoring

use cases. I n addition, EC-GSM will

reduce device complexity and, thus,

lower costs, enabling large-scale IoT

deployments. In parallel, the compa-

nies will carry, in partnership with

Sequans, what they believe is the

world’s first LTE IoT trial using low-

cost, low-complexity devices with

one receive antenna (instead of two),

and half-duplex frequency division

duplex (FDD). This simplifies the

device hardware architecture and

reduces expensive duplex filters, al-

lowing for a 60% cost reduction in

comparison with the existing LTE

Category 4. Ericsson will also dem-

onstrate, together with Sequans,

energy efficiency over GSM and LTE

networks with the PSM technology.

The PSM feature is applicable to

both GSM and LTE and supported

by EPC.

Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MVT.2015.2512358

Date of publication: 24 February 2016

A

Ericsson, MyOmega System Tech-nologies, Intel, and Telenor Connex-ion have partnered to build what they claim is the world’s first end-

to-end site implementation of secure oT connectivity service for wine-makers. The service will enable wine-makers to collect data on air and soil humidity and temperature, as well as solar intensity, using IoT sensors and ntel-based oT gateways con-nected to a cloud service. The data can be used to perform a predictive analysis and to support resource management and real-time remote monitoring. Ericsson’s secure I oT service is based on the Ericsson De-vice Connection Platform integrated with the Authentication Federation Gateway. Built on the 3GPP standard Generic Bootstrapping Architecture for LTE, the implementation features what Ericsson claims is the world’s first end-to-end security and authen-tication capabilities for transferring sensor data to the cloud for process-ing and analysis.

Berg I nsight estimates that LTE will be the leading technology for cellular I oT devices in 2019. The company estimates that global ship-ments of cellular oT devices will grow at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 20.1% to reach 239.7 million units in 2020.

Gartner estimates that 6.4 bil-lion connected things will be in use worldwide in 2016, which repre-sents an increase of 30% from 2015. This figure will reach 20.8 billion by 2020. The firm expects that IoT will support total services spending of US$235 billion in 2016, which repre-sents an increase of 22% from 2015. Fifth Generation

The Radiocommunication Assembly of the International Telecommunica-tion Union (ITU) has endorsed a res-olution that establishes the road map for the development of fifth-generation (5G) mobile and the term that will apply to it: “I nternational Mobile Telecommunications (I MT) 2020.” The overall vision for the 5G systems, along with the goals, pro-

cess, and time line for its develop-

ment, is now in place. The detailed

technical performance requirements

for the radio systems to support 5G

will be developed, in close collabo-

ration with industry and national

and regional standards organiza-

tions, following the stringent time

lines defined by ITU. New demands,

including applications requiring

very high-data-rate communica-

tions, many more devices with

diverse service requirements, better

quality of user experience, and bet-

ter affordability, will require an

increasing number of innovative

solutions. Low-latency and high-reli-

ability communication are perceived

as an enabler for the future develop-

ment of new applications in health

care, safety, business, entertain-

ment, and other sectors.

NTT DOCOMO, I nc., announced

that a 5G trial it conducted with

Nokia Networks at the Roppongi

Hills high-rise complex in Tokyo, Ja-

pan, achieved ultrahigh-speed data

transmission in excess of 2 Gb/s.

The trial used millimeter-wave-

length signals with an extremely

high frequency of 70 GHz, a key de-

velopment for the eventual commer-

cial use of 5G wireless technology in

actual-use environments. According

to the company, to date, no test had

achieved a 5G data transmission in

a commercial complex, such as a

shopping mall, due to problems with

base stations being out of line of

sight and diffused reflections caus-

ing the attenuation of highly direc-

tional millimeter signals. This time,

however, the trial was successful

because of the use of two technolo-

gies: 1) beamforming, which focuses

radio waves in a specific direction,

and 2) beam tracking to control

beam direction according to the mo-

bile device’s location. n addition,

in a separate trial that DOCOMO

conducted with Samsung Electron-

ics in Suwon-city, South Korea, a

maximum data-receiving speed of

more than 2.5 Gb/s was achieved

in a vehicle travelling with a speed

of 60 km/h. The trial used a 28-GHz

high-frequency signal in combina-

tion with beamforming with a high

number of antenna elements and

beam tracking.

DOCOMO conducted other tri-

als recently in collaboration with

vendors: DOCOMO and Ericsson

verified the feasibility of a mas-

sive multiple-input, multiple-output

(MI MO) technology by achieving a

real-time data-receiving speed of

more than 10 Gb/s using Ericsson

5G radio prototypes with a 15-GHz

frequency band. DOCOMO and Fu-

jitsu confirmed a multi-base-station

cooperative transmission system by

achieving a data-receiving speed of

over 11 Gb/s in a total of four mobile

devices with a 4.6-GHz signal. An

outdoor data-transmission trial con-

ducted by DOCOMO, DOCOMO Bei-

jing Communications Laboratories,

and Huawei Technologies achieved

a multiuser (MU) MI MO transmis-

sion of 43.9 b/s/Hz/cell, which was

3.6-times more efficient than the

past outdoor trials of the LTE-Ad-

vanced-based MU-M I MO technol-

ogy. According to the companies,

the trial with Huawei represents

the first large-scale MU-MIMO tech-

nology test, with a concurrent con-

nectivity of 24 user devices in the

macrocell environment on the sub-

6-GHz frequency band. Huawei also

claims that it was the first time the

performance of sparse code mul-

tiple access and filtered orthogo-

nal frequency-division multiplexing

(F-OFDM) was validated in the field.

SK Telecom and Nokia Networks

demonstrated Nokia Networks’ centi-

meter-wave technology in a joint 5G

trial in South Korea. The two compa-

nies achieved 19.1-Gb/s transmission B erg I nsIght estImates that Lte wILL Be the LeadIng technoLogy for ceLLuLar I o t devIces In 2019.

speed over the air using 256 quadra-ture amplitude modulation (QAM), 8 # 8 MIMO transmission and 400 MHz of bandwidth.

Ericsson published its Mobil-ity Report that provides insight into the future of 5G networks, including a forecast of 150 million 5G mobile subscriptions by 2021. South Korea, Japan, China, and the United States are predicted to lead with the first, and fastest, 5G subscription uptake. 5G will connect new types of devic-es, enabling new use cases related to the I oT; the transition will open up new industries and verticals to information and communications technologies (I CTs) transformation. The report also reveals a signifi-cant increase in mobile video con-sumption, which is driving around six-times-higher traffic volumes per smartphone in North America and Europe (2015–2021). North America data traffic per active smartphone will grow from 3.8 to 22 GB per month by 2021; in Western Europe, the increase is from 2 to 18 GB per month. Other highlights from the lat-est Ericsson Mobility Report include: global mobile data traffic is forecast to grow tenfold by 2021, and video is forecast to account for 70% of to-tal mobile traffic in the same year;

20 new mobile broadband subscrip-tions are activated every second; by the end of 2015, there will be one billion mobile subscriptions across Africa; ICT will enable savings in en-ergy consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions across all other industrial sectors, with a total emis-sion reduction that could be up to 10 Gt of carbon dioxide emissions (15% of global GHG emissions in 2030). Spectrum

The World Radiocommunication Con-ference 2015 (WRC-15) concluded its deliberations as delegates signed the Final Acts that revise the Radio Regu-lations, the international treaty gov-erning the use of radio-frequency (RF) spectrum and satellite orbits. Around 3,300 participants, represent-ing 162 out of I TU’s 193 member

states attended the four-week confer-

ence 2–27 November 2015. Approxi-

mately 500 participants representing

130 other entities, including industry,

also attended the conference as ob-

servers. WRC-15 addressed more

than 40 topics related to frequency al-

location and frequency sharing for

the efficient use of spectrum and or-

bital resources. Following the grow-

ing demand for spectrum for mobile

broadband services, WRC-15 identi-

fied frequency bands in the L-band

(1,427–1,518 MHz) and in the lower

part of the C-band (3.4–3.6 GHz).

WRC-15 achieved agreement on some

additional portions in other bands

that were also allocated to mobile

broadband services to be used in re-

gions where there was no interfer-

ence with other ser vices. To

counteract the difficulties encoun-

tered in finding additional spectrum

for I MT in bands below 6 GHz,

WRC-15 decided to include studies in

the agenda for the next WRC in 2019

for the identification of bands above

6 GHz that will allow technology to

meet demand for greater capacity.

WRC-15 made a key decision that will

provide enhanced capacity for mo-

bile broadband in the 694–790-MHz

frequency band in ITU Region 1 (Eu-

rope, Africa, the Middle East, and

Central Asia) and a globally harmo-

nized solution for the implementation

of the digital dividend. Full protection

has been given to television broad-

casting as well as to the aeronautical

radionavigation systems operating in

this frequency band. The decision al-

locates this band to the mobile ser-

vice and identifies it for I MT in I TU

Region 1, similarly to what was decid-

ed by the WRC in 2007 for ITU Region

2 (Americas) and Region

3 (Asia-Pa-

cific). WRC-15 identified spectrum in

the 694–894-MHz frequency band to

facilitate mobile broadband commu-

nications for robust and reliable mis-

sion critical emergency services in

public protection and disaster relief,

such as police, fire, ambulances,

and disaster-response teams. WRC-15

opened the way for the development

by the International Civil Aviation Or-

ganization of worldwide standards for

unmanned aircraft systems, and iden-

tified the regulatory conditions that

may be applied to such systems inter-

nationally. WRC-15 also agreed on

spectrum for wireless avionics intra-

communications to allow for the

heavy and expensive wiring used in

aircraft to be replaced by wire-

less systems.

Ofcom (United Kingdom) has con-

firmed plans for releasing valuable

new airwaves that could be used to

meet the growing demand for mo-

bile broadband services. An auction

is planned to take place in early 2016

for the spectrum, which has been

made available by the U.K. Ministry

of Defence as part of a wider govern-

ment initiative to free up public sec-

tor spectrum for civil uses. A total

of 190 MHz of high-capacity spec-

trum is being made available in two

bands—2.3 and 3.4 GHz—which are

particularly suited for high-speed

mobile broadband services. Ofcom

proposes to auction the spectrum in

lots of 10 MHz for the 2.3-GHz band

and 5 MHz for the 3.4-GHz band.

Fourth Generation

China Mobile Shanghai and The Re-

search I nstitute of China Mobile, to-

gether with Huawei, has successfully

completed what they assert is the

world’s first massive MI MO solution

deployment (ultralarge-scale multian-

tenna system) on the fourth-genera-

tion (4G) commercial network. The

results of the tests indicated a down-

link throughput per single cell ex-

ceeding 630 Mb/s with a single

20-MHz carrier. The massive MI MO

solution is an integral feature of L TE

time-division duplex (TDD) evolution

[4.5G (4.5 generation)] and can po-

tentially increase spectrum efficiency

by six to ten times in the future. I ts

core is an ultralarge-scale multianten-

na system, where each module inte-

grates 128 RF channels and 128

built-in antennas. The solution sup-

ports all mainstream LTE-TDD

frequency bands. By using the three-dimensional (3-D) beamforming tech-nology, a single massive MI MO eNodeB installed at a height of 25 m is capable of providing 3-D coverage

to a building 75-m tall as well as the surrounding roads. This demon-stration indicated that a single site could effectively solve coverage problems that previously could only be resolved with multiple legacy base stations.

Ericsson, Vodafone, and Qual-comm Technologies, I nc., conduct-ed what they claim is the world’s first live testing of advanced carrier aggregation (CA) of LTE in licensed and unlicensed bands on a com-mercial mobile network. The trial uses the Ericsson RBS 6,402 indoor small cell, which supports LTE CA between licensed and unlicensed bands on Vodafone’s commercial network, connected to an LTE un-licensed-band-capable test device developed by Qualcomm Technolo-gies, I nc. The latest over-the-air re-sults were achieved by aggregating 20 MHz of Vodafone spectrum in Band 3 (1,800 MHz) with 20 MHz of the unlicensed 5-GHz band U-NI I-1 band. The testing validated LTE per-formance in the unlicensed band and fair coexistence with other tech-nologies like Wi-Fi within the unli-censed 5-GHz band. The Ericsson RBS 6402 indoor picocell includes a 5-GHz LTE-enabled radio in addi-tion to multiple LTE radio variants and an optional 2.4-GHz Wi-Fi mod-ule. The user equipment utilized in this trial is a test device powered by the Qualcomm Snapdragon X12 LTE modem.

HKT and Huawei successfully demonstrated what they believe is the world’s first 4.5G 1-Gb/s mobile network. The demonstration intro-duces what the companies claim is a world-first four-component carrier CA network.

Nokia Networks and TeliaSonera have conducted a live demonstra-tion of LTE-Advanced three-band CA (3# CA) using Category 9 devices. The companies showcased what

they claim are record-breaking data

rates of up to 375 Mb/s on a commer-

cial network, marking an industry

first in the Nordic region. The end-

to-end demo, performed on Sonera’s

commercial network in Helsinki, ag-

gregated three LTE FDD carriers of

20, 20, and 10-MHz bandwidth.

Alcatel-Lucent has launched the

Distributed Antenna System (DAS)

RF Module (RFM), a wideband

low-power LTE interface card that

removes the need for bulky radio

technology in a public installation.

To connect to a DAS today, service

providers must deploy remote ra-

dio heads alongside duplexers and

attenuators to reduce output pow-

er, as well as cooling equipment

in areas where there is often lim-

ited space. Working together with

Alcatel-Lucent’s LTE radio access

portfolio, the DAS RFM connects to

Alcatel-Lucent’s digital baseband

unit, working directly with the ana-

log DAS through RF signals that con-

sume just one-eighth of the power

and heat dissipation of an average

remote radio head, reducing space

requirements and optimizing costs.

Bell Labs has completed a study on

the cost savings delivered by the

new DAS RFM, compared with a

traditional remote radio head and

associated equipment. The study

shows that service providers can re-

alize up to 30% cost savings in terms

of the wireless and DAS equipment

required, up to 81% cost savings in

terms of power and cooling; up to

78% cost savings in terms of energy.

Ericsson and SK Telecom have

now deployed Ericsson Lean Carrier

in urban, suburban, and rural areas.

Ericsson Lean Carrier reduces, or

makes lean, the level of reference

signalling needed for good network

performance. This leads to a cor-

responding improvement of the

downlink data speed, which applies

to all parts of the 4G LTE network,

with the highest performance gains

occurring in the areas with most

cell overlap. In a large-scale deploy-

ment, users can enjoy up to a 50% in-

crease in downlink data speed with

a network average increase of about

10%. By reducing interference, Erics-

son Lean Carrier enables new 256-

QAM higher-order modulation to be

utilized over a broader area, extend-

ing the higher data speed advantage

to the outdoor macro environment.

According to Ericsson, its Lean Car-

rier solution increases the use of

256 QAM by up to 280%.

Nokia Networks has delivered a

new Flexi Zone outdoor modular base

station that it claims is the world’s

first small cell to achieve over 1-Gb/s

peak data rate. A bundle of services

simplify small-cell deployment and

help operators to evolve to ultra-

dense networks. Nokia Networks’

new Flexi Zone G2 Multiband CA Out-

door Micro-/Pico- Base Station (BTS)

platform delivers capacity and great-

er than 1 Gb/s peak data rates. By us-

ing three RF module slots, operators

can deploy and aggregate between

various radio access technologies

and spectrum combinations, includ-

ing up to three LTE licensed carrier

bands or configurations offering a

combination of LTE licensed carrier

bands, unlicensed LTE bands (LTE-U

or LAA) and Wi-Fi.

Nokia Networks, Deutsche Tele-

kom, and Cosmote have demonstrat-

ed what they claim is a world-first:

LTE-Advanced 3 CA combining LTE-

FDD in Band 3 (1.8 GHz) with LTE-

TDD in Band 42 (3.5 GHz). With 400

MHz of TDD spectrum bandwidth

available in many countries, the com-

panies believe that 3.5 GHz provides

a good solution for capacity expan-

sion to meet future demand based on

LTE and LTE-A Pro technologies. hKt and h uaweI successfuLLy demonstrated what they cLaIm Is the worLd’s fIrst 4.5g 1-g B/s moBILe networK.

StarHub has successfully de-ployed Nokia Networks’ TD-LTE, FDD-LTE, and outdoor small-cells solution as part of its 4G HetNet in Singapore. The HetNet showcased what the companies claim is the in-dustry’s first TDD-FDD voice-over-LTE handover, with zero call drops and high-definition voice continuity for subscribers. As part of the solu-tion, LTE-Advanced CA delivered high data rates, while Nokia Flexi Zone small cells were installed at strategic traffic hot spots to handle peak-hour data demand.

4G Americas announced that LTE-Advanced has been commercially deployed on 100 networks world-wide in 49 countries. There are glob-ally 430 commercial LTE networks with 907 million total LTE subscrib-ers (with an expected forecast of 3.6 billion by 2020). The first LTE-Ad-vanced networks were deployed in South Korea in June 2013 and utilized CA. CA allows operators the ability to utilize disparate spectrum bands to create larger spectrum swaths to increase efficiencies and download speeds. LTE-Advanced will continue to evolve through LTE-Advanced Pro (3GPP Release 13 and beyond) even as 5G technologies are standardized in Release 14 and onward.

A new report from the Global Mobile Suppliers Association, “Eval-uating the LTE Broadcast Opportu-nity,” forecasts that the market for LTE broadcast services will reach US$14 billion worldwide by 2020. The report also expects that LTE Broad-cast will reach a potential customer base of 2 billion by 2020. Over 30 mobile operators have been involved in technical lab or field trials of Evolved Multimedia Broadcast Multi-cast Service with a view to using it to reduce the load on their networks by broadcasting popular TV and video

content rather than sending it to

each viewer individually.

Research and T echnology

ZTE Corporation announced the

completion of what it claims is the

world’s first precommercial test of

distributed MIMO (D-MIMO) technol-

ogy. The field test, conducted jointly

by ZTE and a partner, demonstrated

an up to nine-times increase in data

rate at the cell edge through the use

of D-MI MO technology based on

ZTE’s proprietary Cloud Radio solu-

tion. The outdoor part of the test

covered single-user and multiple-us-

er scenarios in an environment with

multiple overlapping base stations

and used commercially available mo-

bile device terminals.

The coherent-joint transmission

(JT) technology used in ZTE’s new D-

MIMO system ensures full-phase syn-

chronization among base stations so

that the jointly transmitted signal is

amplified to the maximum level as it

arrives at the antenna of a user ter-

minal, minimizing interference with

other terminals. Compared with the

legacy noncoherent-JT technology,

ZTE reported that coherent-JT pro-

vides 3 dB of additional gain at the

antenna of a target user terminal and

forms null steering at the antennas

of other user terminals to minimize

signal interference, achieving MU-JT.

The D-MI MO technology can ef-

fectively improve the data rate at the

cell edge through coordinated trans-

mission among base stations, resolv-

ing a major challenge facing

operators. The indoor D-MI MO test

result showed that the MU-JT tech-

nology can form null steering to-

wards multiple users to guarantee

good multiuser joint transmission in

an enclosed and small space. The

company said that the service data

rate of a single testing cell was at

least quadrupled in an ideal nonin-

terference situation, and a number of

testing cells have enhanced their re-

sistance to interference by more

than a hundred times.

Alcatel-Lucent released figures

showing that in the first half of 2015,

the number of security threats on

mobile networks has come increas-

ingly from a seemingly unlikely

source—personal computers and

laptops. The research also found a

significant increase in the number of

spy-phone applications being detect-

ed on both Android and iOS mobile

devices. The Motive Security Labs

H1 2015 Malware Report examines

general trends and statistics for mal-

ware infections in devices connected

through mobile and fixed networks.

Data are aggregated across fixed and

mobile networks, where Motive Se-

curity Guardian malware detection

technology is deployed, covering

more than 100 million devices. In the

first half of 2015, Alcatel-Lucent esti-

mates that an 80% of malware infec-

tions detected on mobile networks

have been traced to Windows-based

computers and laptops. This finding

represents a significant change from

2013 and 2014 when the source of mo-

bile network infections were roughly

split 50:50 between Android and Win-

dows-supported devices. The Motive

report also found that cybercrimi-

nals are quickly taking advantage of

unique opportunities in the mobile

ecosystem to spread spyware. I n

fact, 10 of the 25 most prolific threats

on smartphones are in the mobile

spyware category and are often de-

livered bundled with games and free

software. These sophisticated spy-

ware applications enable the remote

tracking of a phone owner’s move-

ments as well as the monitoring of

phone calls, text messages, e-mails,

and browsing habits.

Qualcomm Technologies, I nc.

announced the introduction of

Qualcomm Snapdragon Smart Pro-

tect. The upcoming Qualcomm

t he d-mImo technoLogy can effectIveLy Improve

the data rate at the ceLL edge through coordInated transmIssIon among Base statIons, resoLvIng a major chaLLenge facIng operators.

Snapdragon 820 processor is the first platform offering Snapdragon Smart Protect, providing real-time, on-device machine learning designed to support accurate and effective de-tection of zero-day malware threats for improved personal privacy and device security. Snapdragon Smart Protect is also the first application to utilize Qualcomm Zeroth technol-ogy, augmenting conventional anti-malware solutions by supporting on device real-time malware detection, classification, and cause analysis us-ing an advanced cognitive computing behavioral engine. Snapdragon Smart Protect complements existing signa-ture-based antimalware solutions by analyzing and identifying new threats prior to new signature updates.

University of Washington (UW) engineers have developed a novel technology that uses a Wi-Fi router—a source of ubiquitous but untapped energy in indoor environments—to power devices. The UW team used ambient signals from this Wi-Fi rout-er to power sensors in a low-resolu-tion camera and other devices. The team of UW computer science and electrical engineers found that the peak energy contained in untapped, ambient Wi-Fi signals often came close to meeting the operating re-quirements for some low-power de-vices. But because the signals are sent intermittently, energy leaked out of the system during silent pe-riods. The team fixed that problem by optimizing a router to send out superfluous power packets on Wi-Fi channels not currently in use—es-sentially beefing up the Wi-Fi signal for power delivery—without affect-ing the quality and speed of data transmission. The team also devel-oped sensors that can be integrated into devices to harvest the power. In its proof-of-concept experiments, the team demonstrated that the power over Wi-Fi system could wire-lessly power a grayscale, low-power Omnivision VGA camera from 17 ft away, allowing it to store enough energy to capture an image every 35 min. It also recharged the battery

of a Jawbone Up24 wearable fitness

tracker from zero to 41% in 2.5 h.

Watt Lab, which belongs to the

Central Research Institute at Huawei

Technology Corporation Limited,

unveiled its new quick-charging lith-

ium-ion batteries. These new batter-

ies have achieved a charging speed

ten-times faster than that of nor-

mal batteries, reaching about 50%

capacity in mere minutes. Huawei

presented videos of the two types

of quick-charging lithium-ion bat-

teries: one battery with a 600-mAh

capacity that can be charged to 68%

capacity in 2 min and another with

a 3,000-mAh capacity and an energy

density above 620 Wh/L, which can

be charged to 48% capacity in five

minutes to allow 10 h of phone calls

on Huawei mobile phones. These

quick-charging batteries underwent

many rounds of testing and have

been certified by Huawei’s terminal

test department.

Electrical engineers at the Uni-

versity of California, San Diego,

demonstrated a new wireless com-

munication technique that works by

sending magnetic signals through

the human body. The new technol-

ogy could offer a lower-power and

more secure way to communicate

information between wearable

electronic devices, providing an

improved alternative to existing

wireless communication systems.

An advantage of this system is that

magnetic fields are able to pass free-

ly through biological tissues, so sig-

nals are communicated with much

lower path losses and potentially,

much lower power consumption.

I n their experiments, researchers

demonstrated that the magnetic

communication link works well on

the body, but they did not test the

technique’s power consumption.

Researchers showed that the path

losses associated with magnetic

field human body communication

are upwards of 10 million times

lower than those associated with

Bluetooth radios. The researchers

believe that this technique does not

pose any serious health risks. Since

this technique is intended for appli-

cations in ultralow-power commu-

nication systems, the transmitting

power of the magnetic signals sent

through the body is expected to be

many times lower than that of mag-

netic resonance imaging scanners

and wireless implant devices.

IBM Research and Carnegie Mel-

lon University (CMU) announced

what they claim is the first open

platform designed to support the

creation of smartphone applica-

tions that can enable the blind to

better navigate their surroundings.

The IBM and CMU researchers used

the platform to create a pilot app

called NavCog that draws on exist-

ing sensors and cognitive technolo-

gies to inform blind people on the

CMU campus about their surround-

ings by whispering into their ears

through earbuds or by creating vi-

brations on smartphones. The app

analyzes signals from Bluetooth

beacons located along walkways

and from smartphone sensors to

help enable users to move without

human assistance, whether inside

campus buildings or outdoors. The

first set of cognitive assistance tools

for developers is now available via

the cloud through IBM Bluemix. The

open toolkit consists of an app for

navigation, a map editing tool and

localization algorithms that can

help the blind identify in real time

where they are, which direction they

are facing, and additional surround-

ing environmental information. The

computer vision navigation applica-

tion tool turns smartphone images

of the surrounding environment

into a 3-D space model to help im-

prove localization and navigation

for the visually impaired.

Industry Forecasts and Surveys

ITU has released its flagship annual

Measuring the I nformation Society

Report. The report reveals that

3.2 billion people are now online,

representing 43.4% of the global

population, while mobile-cellular subscriptions have reached almost 7.1 billion worldwide, with over 95% of the global population now cov-ered by a mobile-cellular signal. The fastest growth continues to be seen in mobile broadband, with the num-ber of mobile broadband subscrip-tions worldwide having grown more than fourfold in five years, from 0.8 billion in 2010 to an estimated 3.5 billion in 2015. The number of fixed-broadband subscriptions has risen much more slowly, to an esti-mated 0.8 billion today. Over 95% of the global population is now cov-ered by mobile-cellular services, meaning that there are still an esti-mated 350 million people worldwide who live in places that are still out of reach of a mobile network. But while 89% of the world’s urban pop-ulation is now covered by a 3G net-work, only 29% of the world’s 3.4 billion people living in rural areas benefit from 3G coverage. The report notes that the price of mobile-cellular services continues to fall across the world. The great-est decreases over the past year have been in mobile-broadband prices, which have made the ser-vice, on average, between 20 and 30% more affordable worldwide.

The nternational Data Corpora-tion Worldwide Quarterly Mobile Phone Tracker has revealed that ven-dors shipped a total of 355.2 million smartphones worldwide in the third quarter of 2015, which represents an increase of 6.8% from the 332.6 mil-lion units in the third quarter of 2014. Samsung remained the overall lead-er in the worldwide smartphone mar-ket, with 84.5 million units shipped.

I n a different report, Juniper Re-search revealed that the number of smartphone shipments reached 342.5 million in the third quarter of 2015. Gartner estimates that global sales of smartphones to end users to-

taled 353 million units, which repre-

sents a 15.5% growth over the same

period in 2014. The firm indicated

that smartphone sales in emerging

markets rose to 259.7 million in the

third quarter of 2015. The released

report also estimates that worldwide

mobile phone sales to end users to-

taled nearly 478 million units dur-

ing the third quarter of 2015 (which

represents a 3.7% increase from the

same period in 2014).

Ericsson has launched the lat-

est edition of the annual Ericsson

ConsumerLab TV & Media Report.

Consumers now spend 6 h per week

watching streamed on-demand TV

series, programs, and movies—this

has more than doubled since 2011.

With recorded and downloaded con-

tent added to the equation, today

35% of all TV and video viewing is

spent watching video on demand.

Further findings highlight the consid-

erable growth in consumers watch-

ing video on a mobile device: 61%

watch on their smartphones today,

an increase of 71% since 2012. When

taking tablets, laptops, and smart-

phones into consideration, nearly

two-thirds of the time spent by teen-

agers watching TV and video are on

a mobile device.

HS nfonetics reported that the

global macrocell mobile infrastruc-

ture market was up 2% in the second

quarter of 2015 from the prior quar-

ter, and up 2% year over year. In the

second quarter of 2015, the world-

wide macrocell mobile infrastructure

market totaled US$11.4 billion. The

company also expects that mobile

infrastructure software will grow at a

five-year (2014–2019) CAGR of 8%.

U.S. Mobile Market

The U.S. Federal Communications

Commission (FCC) proposed new

rules for wireless broadband in

wireless frequencies above 24 GHz.

In particular, the notice of proposed

rulemaking (NPRM) published by the

FCC proposed to create new flexible

use service rules in the 28-, 37-, 39-,

and 64–71-GHz bands. The NPRM

proposes to make these bands avail-

able using a variety of authorization

schemes, including traditional wide

area licensing, unlicensed, and a

shared approach that provides

access for both local area and wide

area networks. I n addition, the

NPRM provides a path for a variety

of platforms and uses, including sat-

ellite uses, to coexist and expand

through market-based mechanisms.

The FCC has proposed rules to

strengthen Wireless Emergency

Alerts (WEAs), a system that deliv-

ers critical warnings and informa-

tion to Americans on their wireless

phones. The proposals are intended

to promote the wider use and effec-

tiveness of this lifesaving service,

especially for state and local author-

ities to convey important informa-

tion to their communities. Since its

launch in 2012, WEA has informed

Americans about severe weather,

missing children, and other emer-

gencies via textlike alerts to their

wireless phones. I n an NPRM, the

FCC proposed changes to improve

WEA message content, ensure that

the messages reach only those peo-

ple for whom an alert is relevant and

to establish a WEA testing program

that will improve the effectiveness

of the system for public safety offi-

cials and the public.

Strategy Analytics reported that

smartphone data traffic increased

by over 300% between 2013 and

2015. The company said that during

the first half of 2015, on average, U.S.

smartphone users consumed 9.7 GB/

month. Only 1.6 GB of the total data

consumed per month was generated

on cellular networks. Strategy Ana-

lytics also noted that Wi-Fi traffic

is growing at more than double the

rate of cellular traffic.

t he nB-I o t Is aLso partIcuLarLy suItaBLe for the refarmIng of gsm channeLs.

关于3GPP标准中基站频谱发射模板和ACLR两个指标的考虑

关于3GPP 标准中频谱发射模板和 ACLR 两个指标的考虑 一. 指标 1. 3GPP 中频谱发射模板的指标要求: Table 6.14: Spectrum emissi on mask values, BS maximum output power P _ 43 dBm Table 6.15: Spectrum emissi on mask values, BS maximum output power

Table 6.16: Spectrum emissi on mask values, BS maximum output power 31 < P < 39 2. 3GPP 中ACLR 的指标要求： Table 6.22: BS ACLR

二.问题的提出： 在WCDMA高功放的测试中发现，在单载波满足ACLR指标要求时，频谱发射模板要求并 不满足，必须将输出功率回退，使其临道ACLR指标达到—48dBc左右，才有可能能满足频谱发射模板要求。为什么同为临近频带的线性指标要求，ACLR能满足指标甚至留有余量 2dB左右，而频谱发射模板指标却过不去？ 三.分析 定义分析： 1. 共性：频谱发射模板和ACLR两个指标在3GPP中是同属于“带外发射(out of band emission)”指 标。带外发射的定义是：由调制过程和传输中的非线性产生的紧邻有用信道外的有害发射，不包括杂散发射。 2. 区别：A.适用范围不同。频谱发射模板只是在特定的一些区域需要满足的一个指 标，而在其他某些地域则不一定要求。ACLR指标则是在任何情况都必须满足。 ACLR指标只是针对WCDMA系统自身干扰而言的，也就是不希望对同一系统内工作在其相邻载波 的其他基站造成干扰。而频谱发射模板更多的则是考虑非 WCDMA系统，如和工作在UMTS相邻频段的其他系统共存，或是和工作在PCS 频段的其他系统共存。因此其测量带宽也会和相应的系统对应起来，如30K测量 带宽就是对应PCS系统和卫星系统。B.对载波数要求不同。频谱发射模板指标都是在单载波情况下 定义的，如果是多载波功放，测辐射模板只用单载波。而ACLR 指标则是无论载波数多少，传输模式是什么，都必须满足。 指标分析： 以基站输出功率39 < P < 43 dBm为例，频谱发射模板指标为： Table 6.15: Spectrum emissi on mask values, BS maximum output power 39 _ P < 43 dBm 假设基站输出功率P=40dBm，将每一频段的要求转换成测量带宽为 3.84M的要求:

3GPP技术标准中文版

3GPP TS 25.401 V3.10.0 (2002-06) 翻译小组成员 翻译的部分姓名俱乐部ID 电子邮件 3GPP TS 25.401 V3.10.0 (2002-06) 5-9 孙扬 phaeton yang_sun_80@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/4c2164981.html, 3GPP TS 25.401 V3.10.0 (2002-06) 9-11 赵建青 happyqq zjqqcc@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/4c2164981.html, 3GPP TS 25.401 V3.10.0 (2002-06) 11-14 周翔babytunny babytunny@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/4c2164981.html, 3GPP TS 25.401 V3.10.0 (2002-06) 15-18 马进xma 2003xm@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/4c2164981.html, 3GPP TS 25.401 V3.10.0 (2002-06) 15-18 bluesnowing bluesnowing@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/4c2164981.html, 3GPP TS 25.401 V3.10.0 (2002-06) 21-24 tonyhunter tonyhunter@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/4c2164981.html, 3GPP TS 25.401 V3.10.0 (2002-06) 26-28,37 maggie maggiemail88@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/4c2164981.html, 3GPP TS 25.401 V3.10.0 (2002-06) 29-32 caisongjin caisongjin@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/4c2164981.html, 3GPP TS 25.401 V3.10.0 (2002-06) 33-36 陈华安 ny2k3d4c c_huaan@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/4c2164981.html, 关于“移动通信俱乐部3G本土化研究组” 移动通信俱乐部3G本土化研究组 3G Research&Localization Group of Mobile Club，简称3G RLG.MC 由移动通信俱乐部（https://www.sodocs.net/doc/4c2164981.html,）发起成立的。3G RLG.MC致力于3G的本土化研究工作，工作方式是开放式的，非盈利目的的。任何个人、组织均可参与3G RLG.MC。3G RLG.MC最高纲领：成为中国最大的3G 研究社区和中文化团队，推进中国3G通信事业健康发展。3G RLG.MC初级纲领：让每一个社区成员都能参与到3G中文化和学习中来，促进业界交流，营造一个深入探讨学习和交流3G的平台

3GPP规范命名规则解读

学习了解电信技术知识的一个很好的手段是阅读3GPP的规范。但是3GPP有大量的规范，我们可能经常面对这些规范觉得无从下手：应该从那里开始，究竟那些是与我们的工作内容直接相关的，等等。如果能够对3GPP规范的命名规则有所了解的话，可能会有很大的帮助。 3GPP规范的全名由规范编号加版本号构成（例如：3GPP TS 29.329 V6.3.0）。规范编号由被点号（“.”）隔开的4或5个数字构成(例如09.02或29.002)，其中点号之前的2个数字是规范的系列号，点号之后的2或3个数字是文档号。 这些信息很好的体现了规范所属的系统、规范的类别、版本等属性。下面分别进行说明。 关于系列号 了解了系列号含义实际上在很大程度上就掌握了3GPP规范的命名含义。系列号的前1个数字体现了规范所属的系统，后1个数字体现了规范的类别（与前1个数字结合）。 3GPP负责两个系统的规范：“3G系统”和“GSM系统”。所谓“3G系统”和“GSM系统”主要根据无线接入部分的不同来区分的。具体而言，"3G系统"是指的是使用UTRAN无线接入网的系统；"GSM系统"指的是使用GERAN 无线接入网的3GPP系统。 如果根据从分配的系列号来看，还可以更为细致的划分为3个系统：“3G系统”、“GSM系统”和“早期GSM系统”。这三个系列之间有着紧密的关联。简单来说，“早期GSM系统”代表的是过去，是后两者的前身，其本身已不再发展了，“3G系统”和“GSM系统”都是在“早期GSM系统”的基础上继承而来的。后二者是并行发展的，它们的区别主要在于无线接入部分。某种程度上“3G系统”的无线接入部分相对与“早期GSM系统”可以认为是一场革命，而“GSM系统”的无线接入部分则是对“早期GSM系统”的改良；对于核心网部分二者基本上是雷同的。 从系列号的命名上，可以很容易区分出这三个系统的规范。一般来说，系列号01~13用于命名“早期GSM系统”；系列号21~35用于“3G系统”；系列号41~55用于命名“GSM系统”。然而，由于“3G系统”和“GSM系统”许多内容（特别是在核心网方面）都是相同的，所以很多规范都是同时适用于“3G系统”和“GSM系统”，这样的规范通常也使用系统号21~35来命名，但是文档号的第1位必须为"0" 指示该规范可适用于两个系统。例如，29.002可以同时适用于“3G系统”和“GSM系统”，而25.101和25.201只适用于“3G系统”。 无论“3G系统”、“GSM系统”还是“早期GSM系统”它们的文档的类别的划分都是基本一致的，都可以基本可划分为：1）需求；2）业务方面；3）技术实现；4）信令协议（用户设备-网络）；5）无线方面；6）媒体编码CODECs；7）数据Data；8）信令协议(无线系统-核心网)；9）信令协议（核心网内）；10）Programme management；11）用户标识模块(SIM / USIM)；12）操作和维护O&M；等等若干方面。 规范的所属的类别也同样会体现在其系列号上，例如，09，29，49系列的规范是关于核心网信令协议方面的。 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07

3GPP标准

Agilent E1963A W-CDMA Mobile Test Application For the E5515C (8960) Wireless Communications Test Set Technical Overview Speed UMTS test plan development and get your devices to market sooner, while ensuring compliance with TS34.121 test standards. The E1963A W-CDMA Mobile Test Application, when used with the Agilent GSM, GPRS, and EGPRS applications, is the industry standard for Universal Mobile Telecommunications (UMTS) mobile test. Agilent’s 8960 (E5515C) test set provides you with a single hardware platform that covers all the UMTS/3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) radio formats: W-CDMA, HSPA, GSM, GPRS, and EGPRS. Exceed your calibration test time goals with the E1999A-202 fast device tune measurement. Simultaneously calibrate your device’s transmitter (Tx) output power and receiver (Rx) input level across level and frequency. E1999A-202 is a superset of the discontinued E1999A-201. It not only offers the equivalent capabilities of the E1999A-201, but is also further enhanced to reduce the calibration test times for W-CDMA, cdma2000?, and 1xEV-DO wireless devices with smaller step size support (10 ms step size versus 20 ms step size). Reach your high-volume production goals by moving prototypes quickly into production with this test solution’s fast and repeatable measurements, accurate characterization, and ease of programming. The HSPA, W-CDMA, GSM, GPRS, and EGPRS product combination delivers a complete and integrated UMTS test solution in a single box. FM radio source, a single channel GPS source (E1999A-206) and PESQ measurement (E1999A-301) are also added into the test box for FM radio receiver calibration, GPS receiver calibration and audio quality test without the need of an external audio analyzer. This fast, one-box approach simplifies your production process and increases your production line effectiveness. With the most complete test functionality for 3GPP TS34.121 Section 5 and 6 tests, E1963A Options 403,405 and 413 provide fast, flexible measurements and options in user equipment (UE) connectivity, giving design and manufacturing test engineers more flexibility in creating test plans and the assurance that designs meet technology standards. The option 423 supports 64QAM downlink modulation and RB test mode connection. Key Capabilities ?Fast device calibration across level and frequency simultaneously ?Test HSPA devices as defined in 3GPP TS34.121 ?Switch between HSPA sub-test conditions while on an active connection ?Test all UMTS technologies with one connection maintained throughout ?Test all frequency bands I through XIV ?FM and GPS receiver calibration in one box ?Test vocoder speech quality using the industry standard PESQ algorithm Tx measurements W-CDMA HSDPA HSUPA Thermal power Yes Yes Yes Channel power Yes Yes Yes Adjacent channel leakage ratio Yes Yes Yes Waveform quality Yes Yes Yes Spectrum emission mask Yes Yes Yes Phase discontinuity Yes Yes Yes Inner loop power Yes Occupied bandwidth Yes Yes Yes Code domain power Yes Yes Yes IQ constellation Yes Yes- Yes Tx on/off power Yes Yes Yes Frequency stability Yes Yes Yes Dynamic power analysis Yes Yes Yes Tx dynamic power Yes Spectrum monitor Yes Yes Yes Rx measurements W-CDMA HSDPA HSUPA Loopback BER Yes N/A N/A BLER on DPCH (W-CDMA)Yes N/A N/A HBLER on HS-DPCCH (HSDPA)N/A Yes N/A

关于3GPP标准中基站频谱发射模板和ACLR两个指标的考虑

关于3GPP标准中频谱发射模板和ACLR两个指标的考虑一．指标 1．3GPP中频谱发射模板的指标要求： Table 6.14: Spectrum emission mask values, BS maximum output power P ≥ 43 dBm Table 6.15: Spectrum emission mask values, BS maximum output power 39 ≤ P < 43 dBm

Table 6.16: Spectrum emission mask values, BS maximum output power 31 ≤ P < 39 dBm Table 6.17: Spectrum emission mask values, BS maximum output power P < 31 dBm 2. 3GPP 中ACLR 的指标要求： Table 6.22: BS ACLR

二．问题的提出： 在WCDMA高功放的测试中发现，在单载波满足ACLR指标要求时，频谱发射模板要求并不满足，必须将输出功率回退，使其临道ACLR指标达到－48dBc左右，才有可能能满足频谱发射模板要求。为什么同为临近频带的线性指标要求，ACLR能满足指标甚至留有余量2dB左右，而频谱发射模板指标却过不去？ 三．分析 ●定义分析： 1.共性：频谱发射模板和ACLR两个指标在3GPP中是同属于“带外发射（out of band emission）”指标。带外发射的定义是：由调制过程和传输中的非线性产生的紧邻有 用信道外的有害发射，不包括杂散发射。 2.区别：A. 适用范围不同。频谱发射模板只是在特定的一些区域需要满足的一个指 标，而在其他某些地域则不一定要求。ACLR指标则是在任何情况都必须满足。 ACLR指标只是针对WCDMA系统自身干扰而言的，也就是不希望对同一系统内 工作在其相邻载波的其他基站造成干扰。而频谱发射模板更多的则是考虑非 WCDMA系统，如和工作在UMTS相邻频段的其他系统共存，或是和工作在PCS 频段的其他系统共存。因此其测量带宽也会和相应的系统对应起来，如30K测量 带宽就是对应PCS系统和卫星系统。B.对载波数要求不同。频谱发射模板指标都 是在单载波情况下定义的，如果是多载波功放，测辐射模板只用单载波。而ACLR 指标则是无论载波数多少，传输模式是什么，都必须满足。 ●指标分析： 以基站输出功率39 ≤ P < 43 dBm为例，频谱发射模板指标为： Table 6.15: Spectrum emission mask values, BS maximum output power 39 ≤ P < 43 dBm 假设基站输出功率P=40dBm，将每一频段的要求转换成测量带宽为3.84M的要求：

3GPP规范-R15-TS38系列NR38331-f00

3GPP TS 38.331 V15.0.0 (2017-12) Technical Specification 3rd Generation Partnership Project; Technical Specification Group Radio Access Network NR Radio Resource Control (RRC) protocol specification (Release 15) The present document has been developed within the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP TM) and may be further elaborated for the purposes of 3GPP.. The present document has not been subject to any approval process by the 3GPP Organizational Partners and shall not be implemented. This Specification is provided for future development work within 3GPP only. The Organizational Partners accept no liability for any use of this Specification. Specifications and Reports for implementation of the 3GPP TM system should be obtained via the 3GPP Organizational Partners' Publications Offices.

3GPP的接入安全规范

3GPP的接入安全规范已经成熟，加密算法和完整性算法已经实现标准化。基于IP的网络域的安全也已制定出相应的规范。3GPP的终端安全、网络安全管理规范还有待进一步完善。 3GPP制定的3G安全逻辑结构针对不同的攻击类型，分为五类，即网络接入安全（Ⅰ）、核心网安全（Ⅱ）、用户安全（Ⅲ）、应用安全（Ⅳ）、安全特性可见性及可配置能力（Ⅴ）。 3GPP网络接入安全机制有三种：根据临时身份（IMSI）识别，使用永久身份（IMSI）识别，认证和密钥协商（AKA）。AKA机制完成移动台（MS）和网络的相互认证，并建立新的加密密钥和完整性密钥。AKA机制的执行分为两个阶段：第一阶段是认证向量（AV）从归属环境（HE）到服务网络（SN）的传送；第二阶段是SGSN/VLR和MS执行询问应答程序取得相互认证。HE包括HLR和鉴权中心（AuC）。认证向量含有与认证和密钥分配有关的敏感信息，在网络域的传送使用基于七号信令的MAPsec协议，该协议提供了数据来源认证、数据完整性、抗重放和机密性保护等功能。 3GPP为3G系统定义了10种安全算法：f0、f1、f2、f3、f4、f5、f6、f7、f8、f9、f1*、f5*，应用于不同的安全服务。身份认证与密钥分配方案中移动用户登记和认证参数的调用过程与GSM网络基本相同，不同之处在于3GPP认证向量是5元组，并实现了用户对网络的认证。AKA利用f0至f5*算法，这些算法仅在鉴权中心和用户的用户身份识别模块（USIM）中执行。其中，f0算法仅在鉴权中心中执行，用于产生随机数RAND；f1算法用于产生消息认证码（鉴权中心中为MAC-A，用户身份识别模块中为XMAC-A）；f1*是重同步消息认证算法，用于产生MAC-S；f2算法用于产生期望的认证应答（鉴权中心中为XRES，用户身份识别模块中为RES）；f3算法用于产生加密密钥CK；f4算法用于产生消息完整性密钥IK；f5算法用于产生匿名密钥AK和对序列号SQN加解密，以防止被位置跟踪；f5*是重同步时的匿名密钥生成算法。AKA由SGSN/VLR发起，在鉴权中心中产生认证向量AV=（RAND，XRES，CK，IK，AUTN）和认证令牌AUTN=SQN [AAK]‖AMF‖MAC-A。VLR发送RAND和AUTN至用户身份识别模块。用户身份识别模块计算XMAC-A=f1K（SQN‖RAND‖AMF），若等于AUTN中的MAC-A，并且SQN在有效范围，则认为对网络鉴权成功，计算RES、CK、IK，发送RES至VLR。VLR 验证RES，若与XRES相符，则认为对MS鉴权成功；否则，拒绝MS接入。当SQN不在有效范围时，用户身份识别模块和鉴权中心利用f1*算法进入重新同步程序，SGSN/VLR向HLR/AuC 请求新的认证向量。 3GPP的数据加密机制将加密保护延长至无线接入控制器（RNC）。数据加密使用f8算法，生成密钥流块KEYSTREAM。对于MS和网络间发送的控制信令信息，使用算法f9来验证信令消息的完整性。对于用户数据和话音不给予完整性保护。MS和网络相互认证成功后，用户身份识别模块和VLR分别将CK和IK传给移动设备和无线网络控制器，在移动设备和无线网络控制器之间建立起保密链路。f8和f9算法都是以分组密码算法KASUMI构造的，KASUMI算法的输入和输出都是64 bit，密钥是128 bit。KASUMI算法在设计上具有对抗差分和线性密码分析的可证明的安全性。

标准协议之3GPP标准协议

标准协议之3GPP标准协议 All 3G and GSM specifications have a 3GPP specification number consisting of 4 or 5 digits. (e.g. 09.02 or 29.002). The first two digits define the series as listed in the table below. They are followed by 2 further digits for the 01 to 13 series or 3 further digits for the 21 to 55 series. The term "3G" means a 3GPP system using a UTRAN radio access network; the term "GSM" means a 3GPP system using a GERAN radio access network. (Thus "GSM" includes GPRS and EDGE features.) A specification in the 21 to 35 series may apply either to 3G only or to GSM and 3G. A clue lies in the third digit, where a "0" indicates that it applies to both systems. For example, 29.002 applies to 3G and GSM systems whereas 25.101 and 25.201 apply only to 3G. Most specs in all other series apply only to GSM systems. However, as the spec numbering space has been used up, this guide is more frequently broken, and it is necessary to examine the information page for each spec (see the table below) or to check the lists in 01.01 / 41.101 (GSM) and 21.101 (3G) for the definitive specification sets for each system and each Release. 所有3G和GSM规范具有一个由4或5位数字组成的3GPP编号。（例如：09.02或29.002）。前两位数字对应下表所列的系列。接着的两位数字对应01-13系列，或3位数字对应21-55系列。词"3G"意味着采用UTRAN无线接入网的3GPP系统，词"GSM" 意味着采用GERAN无线接入网的3GPP系统（因而，"GSM"包括GPRS和EDGE 性能）。

3GPP最新NB-IoT标准

Javier Gozalvez New 3GPP Standard for IoT Internet of Things major milestone was achieved in the Third-Generation Partner- ship Project’s (3GPP’s) Radio Access Network Plenary Meeting 69 with the decision to standardize the narrow- band (NB) Internet of Things (IoT), a new NB radio technology to address the requirements of the IoT. The new technology will provide improved in- door coverage, support of a massive number of low-throughput devices, low delay sensitivity, ultralow device cost, low device power consump- tion, and optimized network archi- tecture. The technology can be deployed in-band, utilizing resource blocks within a normal long-term evolution (L TE) carrier, or in the un- used resource blocks within an L TE carrier’s guard-band, or stand alone for deployments in dedicated spec- trum. The NB-IoT is also particularly suitable for the refarming of Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) channels. Ericsson, AT&T, and Altair dem- onstrated over ten years of battery life using LTE power-saving mode (PSM) on a commercial LTE IoT chip set platform. The demonstration runs on Ericsson networks and Al- tair’s FourGee-1160 Cat-1 chip set fea- turing ultralow power consumption. Long-term battery life has become a prerequisite for a vast number of IoT applications. PSM is an Ericsson Evolved Packet Core (EPC) feature based on 3GPP (Release 12) for both GSM and LTE networks. The feature is able to dramatically extend I oT device battery life up to ten years or more for common use cases and traffic profiles. This capability is defined for both LTE and GSM tech- nologies and lets devices enter a new deep-sleep mode—for hours or even days at a time—and only wake up when needed. Ericsson, Sony Mobile, and SK Telecom conducted lab testing of the key functionalities of LTE device Category 0 and Category M (Machine- Type Communication). LTE Category 0 has been standardized in the 3GPP LTE Release 12 and is the first device category specifically target- ing reduced complexity and, thus, reduced cost for the IoT. LTE Category M is a key theme in LTE Release 13, representing further cost savings and improving battery lifetime. Wearable devices and related applications were selected for the user scenarios being tested and trialed. The wearable device test use cases are focused on consumer lifestyle and wellness ap- plications enabled through multiple sensors providing accelerometer, identification, pulse meter, and global positioning system functionality. Orange and Ericsson announced a trial of optimized, low-cost, low- complexity devices and enhanced network capabilities for cellular IoT over GSM and LTE. What the compa- nies claim will be the world’s first ex- tended coverage (EC) GSM trial will be conducted in France using the 900-MHz band, with the aim of en- hancing device reachability by up to 20 dB, or a sevenfold improvement in the range of low-rate applications. This further extends the dominant global coverage of GSM in Europe and Africa to reach challenging lo- cations, such as deep indoor base- ments, where many smart meters are installed, or remote areas in which sensors are deployed for agri- culture or infrastructure monitoring use cases. I n addition, EC-GSM will reduce device complexity and, thus, lower costs, enabling large-scale IoT deployments. In parallel, the compa- nies will carry, in partnership with Sequans, what they believe is the world’s first LTE IoT trial using low- cost, low-complexity devices with one receive antenna (instead of two), and half-duplex frequency division duplex (FDD). This simplifies the device hardware architecture and reduces expensive duplex filters, al- lowing for a 60% cost reduction in comparison with the existing LTE Category 4. Ericsson will also dem- onstrate, together with Sequans, energy efficiency over GSM and LTE networks with the PSM technology. The PSM feature is applicable to both GSM and LTE and supported by EPC. Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MVT.2015.2512358 Date of publication: 24 February 2016 A

3GPP简介

第三代移动通信标准化的伙伴项目 一、概述 3GPP（第三代伙伴计划）是积极倡导UMTS为主的第三代标准化组织，欧洲ETSI，美国T1，日本TTC，ARIB和韩国TTA以及我国CCSA都作为组织伙伴（OP）积极参与了3GPP的各项活动。 二、3GPP组织结构 图1说明了3GPP的结构。3GPP基本每一年出台一个版本（Release）,对于该版本的总体业务功能和网络总体框架由业务和系统结构组（SA）来确定，所以SA组有些象总体组。SA负责确定业务需求，以及实现该业务的总体技术方案，并将此要求映射到系统和终端等各部分，也就是下一层面的核心网（CN）组、无线接入网（RAN）组和终端（T）组。具体的协议是由这三个组来完成的。 图1 - 3GPP 技术委员会组织结构 业务和系统结构 业务和系统结构（SA）它具体负责3GPP所承担工作的技术合作，并且负责系统的整体结构和系统的完整性。应该指出的是，每个TSG都对它所涉及的规范有推进、批准和维护的责任。 SA1：业务需求

1.SA1：业务能力 a.业务和特征要求的定义 b.业务能力和蜂窝、固定、无绳应用的业务结构的发展 2.SA2：结构 a.整个结构的定义、演进和维护，包括对一些特别子系统（UTRAN，GERAN，核心网，终端，SIM/USIM）的功能分配，关键信息流的识别 b.在和其它TSG的合作中，定义所要求的业务，业务能力和由不同子系统提供的承载能力，包括使用分组和电路交换网的业务质量（QoS） 3.SA3：安全框架的定义，整个系统安全方面的评论 4.SA4：CODEC 方面 a.定义端到端传输的原则 b.相关规范的定义、推进和维护 5.SA5网管：网管结构以及具体的信息模型 核心网 TSG核心网（TSG-CN）负责基于3GPP规范系统的核心网络部分的规范。 具体来说，它负责以下几方面的工作： CN1：无线接口层三信令：用户设备-核心网层间无线接口的层三协议（呼叫控制，会话管理，移动性管理） CN2与CN4目前将合并：智能网以及核心网络信令协议合并为一组 CN3：与其他网络之间的互通业务 终端

3GPP协议编号-标准协议之3GPP标准协议

标准协议之3GPP标准协议 所有3G和GSM规范具有一个由4或5位数字组成的3GPP编号。（例如：09.02或29.002）。前两位数字对应下表所列的系列。接着的两位数字对应01-13系列，或3位数字对应21-55系列。词"3G"意味着采用UTRAN无线接入网 的3GPP系统，词"GSM" 意味着采用GERAN无线接入网 的3GPP系统（因而，"GSM"包括GPRS和EDGE性能）。 21-35系列规范只用于3G或既用于GSM也用 于3G。第三位数字为"0"表示用于两个系统，例如29.002用于3G和GSM系统，而25.101和25.201仅用于3G。其它系列的大多数规范仅用于GSM系统。然而当规范编号用完后，须查看每个规范的信息页面（见下表）或查看01.01 / 41.101 (GSM) 和21.101 (3G) 中的目录。

The 3GPP Specifications are stored on the file server as zipped MS-Word files. The filenames have the following structure: SM[-P[-Q]]-V.zip where the character fields have the following significance ... S = series number - 2 characters (see the table above) M = mantissa (the part of the spec number after the series number) - 2 or 3 characters (see above) P = optional part number - 1 or 2 digits if present Q = optional sub-part number - 1 or 2 digits if present V = version number, without separating dots - 3 digits

3GPP规范查询指引-Important

审核人：检查人：潘少安日期： 2013-12-6版本： V1.0 页码： 1 / 44 3GPP规范目录索引

目录 1:3GPP编号规则 (3) 2:GERAN协议目录 (3) 2.1:部分数据业务常用协议目录 (3) 2.2：GERAN总目录 (5) 3:UTRAN协议目录 (5) 3.1：部分数据业务常用协议目录 (5) 3.2 UTRAN总目录 (8)

3GPP规范目录索引 1:3GPP编号规则 所有 3G 和 GSM 规范具有一个由 4 或 5 位数字组成的 3GPP 编号。（例如： 09.02 或 29.002 ）。前两位数字对应下表所列的系列。接着的两位数字对应 01-13 系列，或 3 位数字对应 21-55 系列。词 "3G" 意味着采用 UTRAN 无线接入网的 3GPP 系统，词 "GSM" 意味着采用 GERAN 无线接入网的 3GPP 系统（因而， "GSM" 包括 GPRS 和 EDGE 性能）。 21-35 系列规范只用于 3G 或既用于 GSM 也用于 3G 。第三位数字为 "0" 表示用于两个系统，例如 29.002 用于 3G 和 GSM 系统，而 25.101 和 25.201 仅用于 3G 。其它系列的大多数规范仅用于 GSM 系统。然而当规范编号用完后，须查看每个规范的信息页面（见下表）或查看 01.01 / 41.101 (GSM) 和 21.101 (3G) 中的目录。 2:GERAN协议目录 本目录摘自3GPP TS 41.101 2.1:部分数据业务常用协议目录

2.2：GERAN总目录 由于3GPP的规范很多如果全部列举出来相对繁琐，上述只列举了一些常用的规范的。如果想要查找更多的3GPP规范可以查看TS 41.101，这个规范包含了所有的2G中的规范。 41101-b00.doc 3:UTRAN协议目录 本目录摘自3GPP规范TS 21.101 3.1：部分数据业务常用协议目录