英美文学选读(英国文学部分)
Period Life Time Name CN Nane Writings CN Writings Renaissance 1500-1660 Edmund 埃德蒙 . 斯宾赛The Faerie Queen 仙后
Spenser
Blank verse Christopher 克里斯扥夫 . 马洛 Tamburlaine 帖木耳大帝
University Marlowe Dr Fauctus 弗士德博士的悲剧
wit The Jew of Malta 马耳他的犹太人
William 威廉 . 莎士比亚The Merchant of 威尼斯商人
Shakespeare Venice 哈姆雷特
Hamlet 暴风雨
The Tempest 叙事诗
Sonnet 十四行诗
Francis 弗兰西斯 . 培根Essays 论说文
Bacon Of Studies 论学习
John Donne 约翰 . 邓恩The Sun Rising
Death Be Not Proud
John Milton 约翰 . 弥尔顿Lycidas 利西达斯
Paradise Lost 失乐园
Paradise Regained 复乐园
Samson Agonistes 力士参孙Neoclassica 1660-1798 John Bunyan 约翰 . 班杨The Pilgrim ’s 天路历程
l Period Progress
Alexander 亚历山大 . 蒲伯An Essay on 论批评
Pope Criticism
1660-1731 Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔 . 笛福Robinson Crusoe 鲁滨逊漂流记
Jonathan 乔纳森 . 斯威夫特 Gulliver ’s 格列佛游记
Swift Travels
Henry 亨利 . 菲尔丁The History of The 约瑟夫 . 安德鲁
Fielding Adventures of
Joseph Andrew
The History of 伟大的乔纳森 . 怀尔
Jonathan Wild the 德
Great
汤姆 . 琼斯
The History of
Tom Jones
Samuel 赛缪尔 . 约翰逊 A Dictionary of the 英语大词典
Johnson English Language
To the Right
Honorable The Earl 致切斯特菲尔德勋爵
的信
of Chesterfield
Richard 理查德德 . 比. 谢 The School of 造谣学校
Brinsley 立丹Scandal
Sheridan
Thomas Gray 扥马斯 . 格雷Elegy Written in a 墓畔哀歌
Country Churchyard
Romantic1798- William 威廉 . 布莱克Songs of Innocence 天真之歌1870 Blake Songs of 经验之歌
Experience 天堂与地狱联姻
Marriage of Heaven
and Hell
William 威廉 . 华兹华斯Lyrical Ballads 抒情歌谣集
Wordsworth Tintern Abbey 丁登寺旁
Prelude 序曲
Samuel 塞缪尔 . 特勒 . The Rime of The 古舟子咏
Taylor 科勒律治Ancient Mariner
Coleridge Kubla Khan 忽必烈汉
Christalbel 克丽斯塔贝尔
George 乔治 . 戈登 . 拜伦Childe Harold 洽尔德 . 哈罗德游记
Gordon Byron Don Juan 唐璜
Percy Bysshe 铂. 比. 雪莱Ode to the West西风颂
Shelley Wind
云雀颂
To a Skylark
解放了的普罗米修斯
Prometheus Unbound
诗辩
A Defence of Poetry
John Keats 约翰 . 济慈Ode to a 夜鹰颂
Nightingale 希腊古瓮颂
Ode to an Grecian
Urn 伊莎贝拉
Isabella
Jane Austen 简. 奥斯汀Sense and 理智与感情
Sensibility 诺桑觉寺
Northanger Abbey 曼斯菲尔德公园
Mansfield Park 傲慢与偏见
Pride and 爱玛
Prejudice 劝告
Emma
Persuasion
Walter Scott 华特 . 斯哥特
Victorian1870-1914 Charles 查尔斯 . 狄更斯Oliver Twist 雾都孤儿
Dickens
The Bronte 夏洛特 . 勃朗特Jane Eyre 简爱
Sister Wuthering Heights 呼啸山庄
Alfred 阿尔弗雷德 . 丁尼 In Memeriam 悼念
Tennyson 生Break Break Break 拍吧 , 拍吧 , 拍吧
Crossing The Bar 过沙洲
Ulysses 尤利西斯
Robert 罗伯特 . 布郞宁My Last Duchess 我逝去的公爵夫人
Browning Meeting at Night 黑夜相会
Parting at Morning 晨别
George Eliot 乔治 . 艾略特Middlemarch 米德尔马契
ThomasHardy 扥马斯 . 哈代Tess of The 德伯家的苔丝
D’Unverville
Modern 1914-1945 George 萧伯纳Widower’s House 鳏夫的房产
Bernard Shaw Mrs. Warren ’s 华伦夫人的职业
Profession
Man and Superman 人与超人
Pygmalion 皮格马利翁
ST. Joan 圣女贞德
The Apple Cart 苹果车
John 约翰 . 高尔斯华瑞 The Silver Box 银盒
Galsworthy The Manof Property 有产业的人
William 威廉 . 伯特勒 . 叶The Lake Isle of 茵尼斯弗利岛
Butler Yeats 芝Innisfree
Sailing to 驶向拜占庭
Byzantian 丽达及天鹅
Leda and The Swan
. Eliot . 艾略特The Love Song of 普鲁弗洛克的情歌
The Waste Land
Ash Wednesday 荒原
Four Quartets 灰星期三
四个四重奏
戴维 . 赫伯特 . 劳Sons and Lovers 儿子与情人
伦斯The Rainbow 虹
Woman in Love 恋爱中的女人James Joyce 詹姆斯 . 乔伊斯Dubliners 都柏林人
The Portrait of The 青年艺术家的肖像
Artist As a Young 尤利西斯
Man
Ulysses
《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点 1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements (此处可能会有填空,选择等小题) 2. Romance (名词解释) 3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’s story 4. Ballad(名词解释) 5. Character of Robin Hood 6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet) 7. Heroic couplet (名词解释)8. Renaissance(名词解释)9.Thomas More——Utopia 10. Sonnet(名词解释)11. Blank verse(名词解释)12. Edmund Spenser “The Faerie Queene” 13. Francis Bacon “essays” esp. “Of Studies”(推荐阅读,学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照,本文用词正式优雅,多排比句和长句,语言造诣非常高,里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句,非常值得一读) 14. William Shakespeare四大悲剧比较重要,此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了,这些剧的主题,背景,情节,人物形象都要熟悉,当然他最重要的是Hamlet这是肯定的。他的sonnet也很重要,最重要属sonnet18。(其戏剧中著名对白和几首有名的十四行诗可能会出选读) 15. John Milton 三大史诗非常重要,特别是Paradise Lost和Samson Agonistes。对于Paradise Lost需要知道它是blank verse写成的,故事情节来自Old Testament,另外要知道此书theme和Satan的形象。 16. John Bunyan——The Pilgrim’s Progress 17. Founder of the Metaphysical school——John Donne; features of the school: philosophical poems, complex rhythms and strange images. 18. Enlightenment(名词解释) 19. Neoclassicism(名词解释) 20. Richard Steele——“The Tatler” 21. Joseph Addison——“The Spectator”这个比上面那个要重要,注意这个报纸和我们今天的报纸不一样,它虚构了一系列的人物,以这些人物的口气来写报纸上刊登的散文,这一部分要仔细读。 22. Steel’s and Addison’s styles and their contributions 23. Alexander Pope: “Essay on Criticism”, “Essay on Man”, “The Rape of Lock”, “The Dunciad”; his workmanship (features) and limitations 24. Jonathan Swift: “Gulliver’s Travels”此书非常重要,要知道具体内容,就是Gulliver游历过的四个地方的英文名称,和每个部分具体的讽刺对象; (我们主要讲了三个地方)“A Modest Proposal”比较重要,要注意作者用的irony 也就是反讽手法。 25. The rise and growth of the realistic novel is the most prominent achievement of 18th century English literature. 26. Daniel Defoe: “Robinson Crusoe”, “Moll Flanders”, 当然是Robinson Crusoe比较重要,剧情要清楚,Robinson Crusoe的形象和故事中蕴涵的早期黑奴的原形,以及殖民主义的萌芽。另外注意Defoe的style和feature,另外Defoe是forerunner of English realistic novel。 27. Samuel Richardson——“Pamela” (first epistolary novel), “Clarissa Harlowe”, “Sir Charles Grandison” 28. Henry Fielding: “Joseph Andrews”, “Jonathan Wild”, “Tom Jones”第一个和第三个比较重要,需要仔细看。他是一个比较重要的作家,另外Fielding也被称为father of the English novel. 29. Laurence Sterne——“Tristram Shandy”项狄传 30. Richard Sheridan——“The School for Scandal” 31. Oliver Goldsmith——“The Traveller”(poem), “The Deserted V illage” (poem) (both two poems were written by heroic couplet), “The Vicar of Wakefield” (novel), “The Good-Natured Man” (comedy), “She stoops to Conquer” (comedy),
①Beowulf: The national heroic epic of the English people. It has over 3,000 lines. It describes the battles between the two monsters and Beowulf, who won the battle finally and dead for the fatal wound. The poem ends with the funeral of the hero. The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use if alliteration. Other features of it are the use of metaphors(暗喻) and of understatements(含蓄). ②Alliteration: In alliterative verse, certain accented(重音) words in a line begin with the same consonant sound(辅音). There are generally 4accents in a line, 3 of which show alliteration, as can be seen from the above quotation. ③Romance: The most prevailing(流行的) kind of literature in feudal England was the Romance. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse(诗篇), sometimes in prose(散文), describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, usually a knight, as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournament(竞赛), or fighting for his lord in battle and the swearing of oaths. ④Epic: An epic is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significantly to a culture or nation. The first epics are known as primacy, or original epics. ⑤Ballad: The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad which is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas(诗节), with the second and fourth lines rhymed. The subjects of ballads are various in kind, as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal-minded families, the conflict between love and wealth, the cruelty of jealousy, the criticism of the civil war, and the matters and class struggle. The paramount(卓越的) important ballad is Robin Hood(《绿林好汉》). ⑥Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里.乔叟: He was an English author, poet, philosopher and diplomat. He is the founder of English poetry. He obtained a good knowledge of Latin, French and Italian. His best remembered narrative is the Canterbury Tales(《坎特伯雷故事集》), which the Prologue(序言) supplies a miniature(缩影) of the English society of Chaucer’s time. That is why Chaucer has been called “the founder of English realism”. Chaucer affirms men and women’s right to pursue their happiness on earth and opposes(反对) the dogma of asceticism(禁欲主义) preached(鼓吹) by the church. As a forerunner of humanism, he praises man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life. Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic(抑扬格) meter(the “heroic couplet”) to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse. ⑦【William Langland威廉.朗兰: Piers the Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》】
英语文学史分时期总结作家作品
英国文学史及作品选读 (模拟试题二) Ⅰ. Multiple Choice(1′×20=20分) 1.______can be justly termed England’s national epic. A. The Canterbury Tales B. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight C. The Song of Beowulf D. The Romance of the Rose 2. Among of the following dramas, which is one of Shakespeare’s four tragedies? A.Macbeth B.As You Like it C. Twelfth Night D. The Merchant of Venice 3. _______ is called as “ father of English novels” A. William Shakespeare B. Christopher Marlowe C. Daniel Defoe D.John Donne 4. It was ____who made blank verse the principal vehicle of expression in drama. A. Thomas Wyatt B. William Shakespeare C. Edmund Spenser D. Christopher Marlowe 5. Absoulute monarchy in England reached its summit during the reign of ____, especially Britain’s sea power was established. A.James I B. Henry VIII C. Queen Elizabeth D. Charles I 6. Hamlet, the most popular of Shakespeare's plays for readers and theater audiences, tells about the story of Hamlet, Prince of _______, and son of the dead king, who seeks revenge for his father’s death. A. England B. Norway C. Scotland D. Denmark 7. Which comment on John Donne is wrong? A. He is the leading figure of metaphysical poetry. B. His poetry is characterized by mysticism and peculiar conceit. C. John Donne’s poetry is characterized regularity among irregularity D. He never shows positive attitude towards love. 8. Robinson Crosue can be termed as____. A. a self-dependent person B. a person with colonial mind C. an adventuous person D. all of the above 9. Robert Burns is the representative of _____. A. Sentimentalism B. Pre-Romanticism C. Romanticism D. English Renaissance 10. William Blake’s ____ paint a world of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone. A.Poetical Sketches B. The Book of Thel C. Songs of Experience D. Songs of Innocence 11. The notorious “Peterloo Massacre” happened in _____. A. English Romantic period B. English Renaissance C. period of Restoration D. Neo-classical period 12. Lyrical Ballads are made by ____. A. Wordsworth and Shelley B. Wordsworth and Southey C. Wordsworth and Coleridge D. Shelley and Byron 13. According to____, poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings which originates in emotion and recollected in tranquillity.
作家作品介绍 Francis Bacon弗朗西斯·培根(1561-1626)PPT55 Essays (1594) The Advancement of Learning (1605) Great Instauration and Novum Organum (1620) New Atlantis (posthumous) William Shakespeare As You Like It皆大欢喜 Mid-summer Night’s Dream仲夏夜之梦 Twelfth Night The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人 Hamlet (Oedipus complex) Othello (credulousness) King Lear (reap what one has sown) Macbeth (jealous ) Pericles Cymbeline The Winter’s Tale The Tempest John Donne (1572-1631) Never send to know for whom the bells tolls; it tolls for thee (Death, Be Not Proud)含义:We are humanbeings and we are all
in some way connected. We can’t feel free when someone else is in trouble. John Milton (1608-1674) 1. Short poems: “L’Allegro”and “Il Penseroso”; Lycidas (1637) 2. Prose work: Areopagitica (1644) 3. Long poems: Paradise Lost -- Fall of the angels (13 days) --Creation of the world (7days) --Fall of Man (13 days) (1667), Paradise Regained (1671), and Samson Agonistes (1671) Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce Joseph Addison约瑟夫·艾迪生(1672-1719) he founded The Spectator 《旁观者》magazine. Cato(a Tragedy)最出名Indeed, it was almost certainly literary inspiration for the American Revolution, being well known to many of the Founding Fathers.
英美文学选读(英国文学部分) Period Life Time Name CN Nane Writings CN Writings Renaissance1500-1660Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙.斯 宾赛 The Faerie Queen仙后 Blank verse University wit Christopher Marlowe 克里斯扥 夫.马洛 Tamburlaine Dr Fauctus The Jew of Malta 帖木耳大帝 弗士德博士的悲剧 马耳他的犹太人 William Shakespeare 威廉.莎士 比亚 The Merchant of Venice Hamlet The Tempest 威尼斯商人 哈姆雷特 暴风雨 叙事诗 十四行诗 Francis Bacon 弗兰西斯. 培根 Essays Of Studies 论说文 论学习 John Donne约翰.邓恩 The Sun Rising Death Be Not Proud John Milton 约翰.弥尔 顿 Lycidas Paradise Lost Paradise Regained Samson Agonistes 利西达斯 失乐园 复乐园 力士参孙 Neoclassical Period 1660-1798John Bunyan约翰.班杨The Pilgrim’s Progress 天路历程Alexander Pope 亚历山大. 蒲伯 An Essay on Criticism论批评 1660-1731Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔.笛 弗 Robinson Crusoe鲁滨逊漂流记Jonathan Swift 乔纳森.斯 威特 Gulliver’s Travels格列佛游记Henry Fielding 亨利.菲尔 丁 The History of The Adventures of Joseph Andrew The History of Jonathan Wild the Great The History of Tom Jons 约瑟夫.安德鲁 伟大的乔纳森.怀尔 德 汤姆.琼斯Samuel Johnson 赛缪尔.约 翰逊 A Dictionary of the English Language To the Right Honorable The Earl of Chesterfield 英语大词典 致切斯特菲尔德勋 爵的信 Richard Brinsley Sheridan 理查德德. 比.谢立丹 The School of Scandal造谣学校Thomas Gray 扥马斯.格 雷 Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard 写在教堂墓地的挽 歌 Romantic1798-1870William Blake 威廉.布莱 克 Songs of Innocence Songs of Experience Marriage of Heaven and Hell 天真之歌 经验之歌 天堂与地狱联姻 先知书 William Wordsworth 威廉.华兹 华斯 Lyrical Ballads Tintern Abbey Prelude 抒情歌谣集 丁登寺旁 序曲 Samuel Taylor Coleridge 塞缪尔.特 勒.科勒律 治 The Rime of The Ancient Mariner Kubla Khan Christalbel Biographia Literaria 老水手之行 忽必烈汉 克丽斯塔贝尔 文学传记 George Gordon Byron 乔治.戈登. 拜伦 Childe Harold Don Juan 洽尔德.哈罗德游记 唐璜 该隐 Percy Bysshe Shelley 铂.比.雪莱 Ode to the West Wind To a Skylark 西风颂 云雀颂
一、Geoffery Chaucer 杰弗里?乔叟1343~1400 (首创“双韵体”,英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。约翰·德莱顿(John Dryden)称其为“英国诗歌之父”。代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》。) The father of English poetry. Writing style: wisdom, humor, humanity. 作品: ①
History and Anthology of English Literature Part One The Anglo-Saxon Period Beowulf Questions: 1.The earliest literature falls into two divisions ___________, and_______________. 2.Christianity brings England not only __________ and___________but also the wealth of a new language. 3.Who is Beowulf? And What is Beowulf? 4.How did Beowulf come into being? 5.Who is Grendel? And what is the result of Grendel?s fight with Beowulf? 6.How did the Jutes hold the funeral for him? Key points of this part: The most important work of old English literature is Beowulf------- the national epic of the English people. It is of Germanic heritage, perhaps the greatest Germanic epic and contains evidently pre-Christian elements existing at first in an oral tradition, the poem was passed from mouth to mouth for generations before it was written down. The manuscript preserved today was written in the Wessex tongue about 1000A.D., consisting altogether of 3183 lines. There are three episodes related to the career of Beowulf: 1.the fight with the monster, Grendel. 2.The fight with Grendel?s mother, a still more frightful she-monster. 3.The moral combat with the fire Dragon. The significance lies in the vivid portrayal of a great national hero, who is brave, courageous, selfless, and ever helpful to his people. There are three important features:: 1.Alliteration (words beginning with the same consonant sound). This is characteristic of all old English verse. 2.Metaphors and understatements. There are many compound words used in the poem to serve as indirect metaphors that are sometimes very picturesque. , e.g. “riging-giver”is used for King; “hearth-companions “for his attendant warriors; “Whale?s road” for the sea; “spear-fighter” for soldier etc. And as understatement we can see: “not troublesome”for welcome; “need not praise”for a right to condemn. This quality is often regarded as characteristic of the English people and their language. 3.Mixture of pagan and Christian elements: the observing of omen, cremation, blood-revenge, and the praise of worldly glory.
一.作家作品连线 1.GeoffreyChaucer乔叟——TheCanterburyTales(坎特伯雷故事),TheBookofTheDuchess(公爵夫人之书)、TheParliamentofFowls(百鸟会议)TheHouseofFame(声誉之堂)、TroilusandCriseyde(特罗勒斯与克丽西德) 2.WilliamShakespeare莎士比亚——Hamlet,RomeoandJuliet,Sonnet TheMerchantofVenice,HenryIV,TwelfthNight,KingLear,Macbeth Othello,Winter’sTale,TheTempest 3.FrancisBacon培根——OfMarriageandSingleLife(论婚姻和单身),OfStudies,AdvancementofLearning,NewAtlantis,Essays 4.JohnDonne邓恩(Metaphysicalpoems玄学派诗人)——SongandSonnets(歌与十四行诗)TheGood-Morrow,BreakofDay,HolySonnets(圣十四行诗),AttheRou ndEarth’sImaginedCorners,Below,Death,BenotProud,Eleg ies,OnHisMistress,ToHisMistressGoingtoBed 5.JohnMilton弥尔顿——ParadiseLost(失乐园)、ParadiseRegained(复乐园)SamsonAgonistes(力士参孙),Lycidas(利西达斯),Areopagitica, 6.DanielDefoe笛福——TheLifeandstrangeSurprisingAdventuresofRobinsonCrusoe(鲁滨孙漂流记)、CaptainSingleton(辛格顿船长)、MollFlanders(摩尔·弗兰德斯)AJournalofthePlagueYear(大疫年日记)、Roxana(罗克萨娜) 7.JonathanSwift斯威夫特——Gulliver’sTravels(格列佛游记)ATaleofaTub(一只桶的故事),AModestProposal(一个温和的建议),TheBattleoftheBooks,TheDrapier’sLetter,JournaltoStella
所处 时期 姓名备注出身学校地位/评价流派作品 William Wordworth 威廉·华兹华斯1770-1850 在湖区接受教 育 Gerondists moderate Republicans 吉伦特派温和 共和主义者 后期:保守 党,坚定拥护 反革命政策 律师家 庭, 6岁成 为孤儿 剑桥 大学 Lake Poets湖畔诗人 Poet laureate 桂冠诗人1843 1797和柯勒律治同居湖畔 Distinguished by the simplicity and purity of his language以简洁洗练的语言 著称 Escapist romantic Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集(with柯勒律治) (标志着同18世纪传统诗歌即新古典主义诗歌决 裂,浪漫主义诗歌崛起) 对大自然的热爱:Lines Written in the Early Spring,To the Cuckoo,I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud,My Heart Leaps Up,Intimations of Immortality,Lines Composed a Few Miles above Tintern Abbey丁登寺杂咏(“lyrical hymn of thanks to nature”) 对劳动人民的同情:The Solitary Reaper,We Are Seven,Michael,The Ruined Cottage, Simon . 专业资料可编辑.
Roman t icism in Englan ists 早期 消极 浪漫 主义者 Lee, The Old Cumberland Beggar, Lucy露西组诗 自传体长诗:The Prelude 序曲 Samuel Taylor Coleridge 柯勒律治·塞缪 尔·泰勒 1772-1834 空想成立类似 乌托邦的“大 众平等社”, 晚年保守,为 教会做辩论 乡村牧 师家庭 基督 慈善 学 校, 剑桥 大学 肄业 Lake Poets湖畔诗人 Literary Critic 浪漫派的第一 个文学评论家 1797和华兹华斯同居湖畔 Supernatural subjects 超自 然 三幕诗剧poetical drama:(with Southey) The Fall of Robespierre罗伯斯皮尔的倒台 Lyrical Ballads抒情歌谣集(with华兹华斯) 诗歌:The Rime of the Ancient Mariner古舟子咏 梦幻诗:Kubla Khan忽必烈汗, 未完成:Christabel 克里斯塔贝尔 . 专业资料可编辑.
集美大学外国语学院英国文学简史主要作品作家 Beowulf King Arthur and his knights of the Round Table.亚瑟王和他的圆桌骑士 Sir Gawain and the Green Knight高文爵士和绿衣骑士 Robin Hood罗宾汉 William Langland wrote Vision of Piers the Plowman. 威廉·朗格兰(英国文学之父,著有《耕者皮尔斯》) Geoffrey Chaucer The Book of Duchess,Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷故事集诗体小说Thomas More Utopia Tottel’s Miscellany were Thomas Wyatt Spenser——The Faerie Queene《仙后》Spenserian stanza斯宾塞诗体 The Shepheardes Calendar(牧羊人日历 poetical father Philip Sidney——Astrophel and Stella《爱星者与星星》Apologie for Poetrie为诗一辩 John Lyly’s——Eupheus Euphemism委婉语 Christopher Marlowe克里斯托弗·马洛(英国戏剧家)The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus.浮士德博士的悲剧blank verse素体诗(rhyme-less iambic pentameter) William Shakespeare All these dramas end happily: A Midsummer Night’s Dream仲夏夜之梦 The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人 The Merry Wives of Windsor温莎的风流娘们 As You Like It皆大欢喜 Though Romeo and Juliet is essentially a tragedy and The Merchant of Venice is tragic for Shylock. All tragedies: Julius Caesar尤利乌斯?凯撒 Hamlet哈姆雷特 Othello奥赛罗 King Lear李尔王 Macbeth麦克白 Antony and Cleopatra安东尼与克里奥佩特拉 Timon of Athens雅典的泰门 Francis Bacon Bacon’s Essay was the first of its kind to appear in English literature. Ben Jonson: One of these was to bring the classic form of the three unities——unity of action, unity of time and unity of place——back to the stage.戏剧三一律 he first poet laureate(桂冠诗人 The Authorized Version of the Bible——授权版本的圣经 King James’ Bible——国王詹姆斯圣经The Bible consists of two parts——the Old Testament旧约and the New Testament新约. John Donne