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1-(25-28Use Heat Pump Technology to Extract Shallow Ground Source Energy and Achieve Heating in...

1-(25-28Use Heat Pump Technology to Extract Shallow Ground Source Energy and Achieve Heating in...
1-(25-28Use Heat Pump Technology to Extract Shallow Ground Source Energy and Achieve Heating in...

Evolution of world civilization is also a history of energy development and utilization. The 19th century’s industrial revolution in UK was also called “Steam Engine Revolution”, which discovered coal burning as a power which liberated people from heavy labor and increased productivity enormously. Trains and ships driven by steam engine have greatly expanded human being’s ability to conquer the world. Steam engine has become a symbol of human civilization of that time. In 20th century, a new energy--- oil has been discovered, together with the invention of internal combustion engine, which have made automobiles and airplanes popularized and accelerated development of modern industry. However, due to excessive exploitation, starting from 1970s, oil crisis emerged. At the same time, enormous amount of emissions and pollutions have endangered human being living environment.

According to the energy survey by the World Energy Commission (WEC) in 2004, oil reserves on the earth can be exploited for 40 years, natural gas for 60 years, and coal for 200 years. According to statistics in 1995 of the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), compared to the mid of 18th century of industrial revolution, nitride oxide content in air has increased by 15%, methane by 100%, carbon dioxide by 30% reaching to 360ppm and will increase to 425ppm by 2015 and 500ppm by the end of 21st century which is nearly two folds higher than the level of 280 ppm before industrial revolution. By then, under the greenhouse effect, the earth temperature will increase by 1-3.5o C. Climate change has highlighted environment protection as a strategic issue in sustainable development of human beings.

Before nuclear power was discovered, coal and oil products including natural gas took above 99% of energy consumption of human beings. People used coal to generate power and heating and oil to drive transport vehicles. New energy development and utilization has not been put on agenda until the 21st century when the enormous living crisis has forced all countries to actively explore new energies so as to improve ecological environment.

In 1954, the United States invented the heat pump system to make use of underground heat energy. After half a century evolution, heat pump has been very popular in western developed countries and maintained 20-30% of annual increase in number of users. Both the ranch of former President Bush in Texas and Buckingham Palace of British Queen have applied ground source heat pump technology.Heat pump system can be utilized to provide heating and cooling with ground source or water source which is a new type of green energy and should be actively promoted in China. Ground source or water source heat pump technology are mainly embodied in four types of products: underground thermal water heat pump, water source heat pump, ground (soil) source heat pump and sewage water heat pump (including river and sea water). In 1999-2000, I was engaged in the research and promotion work of water source heat pumps in Fengtai District of Beijing together with Beijing Geology and Mineral Administration. Since 2000, water source heat pumps have been applied in Beijing. Up to now, there are thousands of buildings and companies using water source heat pumps to get heating and cooling.

Use Heat Pump Technology to Extract Shallow Ground Source Energy and Achieve Heating in Winter and Cooling in Summer

■ by SHEN Mengpei

[serial 1]

In early 2005, Senior counselor of the State Council, Mr. Wang Bingchen flagged the proposal of rational utilization of ground thermal energy and prioritize the work of the Group on Urban Construction and Water Resource on development and utilization of ground thermal energy. Counselor Wu Xuemin and I both supported his proposal. China has been using fossil energy such as coal and oil as fuels and is now encountered with severe energy and environment problems. First of all, oil reserve in China is in great shortage and huge amount of oil is imported every year. Secondly, even though coal reserve is rich in China, coal burning causes serious environment pollution and CO 2 emission and imposes great threat on people’s health. Chinese government has come to realize the danger and promulgated the Law on Renewable Energy to advocate forceful development and utilization of renewable energies and green energies to replace conventional fossil fuels so as to promote energy conservation and emission reduction. However, when the country made the plan, it only prioritized the development of solar power, wind power and biomass power and put little emphasis on ground thermal energy.

During November 15-28th , 2005, the Counselors’ Office of the State Council sent three senior counselors to visit Egypt, Israel and Turkey, including Mr. Wang Bingchen, Mr. Wu Xuemin and me. In Turkey, the purpose of the visit was to understand its development and utilization technology in ground thermal energy sector as well as its government incentives and guiding policies. We were very enlightened. Turkish government has adopted a series of incentives including VAT exemption on companies with turnovers from ground thermal energy development being

lower than investment, half-priced electricity if it was used for utilization of ground thermal energy and free use of land etc.. The incentives have effectively promoted the growth of ground thermal sector. After the visit, we reported what we learnt in Turkey to the competent authority in China and suggested that we should learn from the experience of Turkey to render preferential policies to encourage development of ground thermal energy and enhance the importance of ground thermal energy in national energy development plan. During 2005-2006, I took part in several research projects on ground source energy development and utilization organized by the Counselors’ Office of the State Council. The projects have given me many opportunities of field and site visits to the buildings and companies in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei Province that were installed with water source or ground source heat pumps. We came to the conclusion that the shallow ground thermal energy (or the so called ground source energy) is a truly green energy being free of pollution and emission and highly effective in energy saving and environment protection, and its cost is similar to or even lower than conventional energies. As a new technology for sustainable development and a new generation environment system of cooling and heating, the technology enjoys enormous industrial and market development opportunities. It is acknowledged that distribution of traditional geothermal energy is very restrictive to four necessary special geological conditions including heat source, heat storage, heat conducting channel and cover layer. Whereas, shallow ground thermal energy is widely distributed in underground water and rock mass

that store solar heat. Taking use of ground source heat pump

The engineering site of one HYY Ground Source Heat Pump Project in the United States

technology, such energy is easy to extract and utilize with high performance and low energy consumption. Based on practices both in China and abroad, we believe that the ground source heat pump technology shall be actively used to forcefully develop shallow ground thermal energy as a solution to clean heating and cooling for buildings. With the government support, the technology enjoys enormous prospect of development.

■ What is shallow ground thermal energy?

Shallow ground thermal energy (ground source energy) is a renewable energy or an indirect solar energy. 30% of energy radiated by the sun to the earth is reflected back by clouds and ground surface, 19% is absorbed by clouds and 51% by land and oceans to formulate a constant temperature zone at around several hundreds meters under the ground surface, where shallow ground thermal energy is stored.

Cave that our ancient ancestor lived in was an original example of human beings in its early utilization of shallow ground thermal energy to achieve cooling in summer and heating in winter. After years of practice, people became aware that temperature change under ground surface is much slower. Normally the annual temperature difference at 15 meters deep underground is less than 0.3o C and can be less than 0.1o C if going deeper. In the crustal surface of the earth, usually within 400 meters, there forms a constant zone where temperatures of water, soil and rocks remain constant at under 25o C throughout the year regardless of its geographic location. For example, at the 15 meters depth, the temperature in Mudanjiang is approximately 10o C, Beijing approximately 13o C, Taian approximately 15o C and Changsha approximately 17o C. Geological survey shows that underneath the constant zone, there is a gradual increase of temperature with 3-4o C rise for every 100 meters depth, and that shallow ground thermal energy locates above constant zone or within 100 meters depth from the ground surface where solar effect is more substantial.

In 1964, a technology that uses shallow ground thermal energy to provide heating was developed abroad. Its rationale was to drill two boreholes with one pumping water out into heat pumps to exchange heat and the other injecting water after heat exchange back into underground. Heat pumps can upgrade the energy with constant heat exchanges to provide heating and cooling for architectures. Such a system is often referred to as underground water source heat pump system or multiple-well system.

Assuming that water temperature is 15o C in production well and 10o C in injection well and the flow rate from production well to injection well is 100 tons per hour, it is known from thermodynamics that heat output achieved by heat pumps from underground water is 580kw. In the process, power consumption by heat pumps and water pumps is about 180kw, which eventually transforms into heat as part of heat output. Therefore, the total heat output of the system shall be 580+180=760kw, with merely 180kw power consumption. The power energy efficiency is around 4.2. In contrast, when we use electric boilers for heating, we must consume 760kw power to achieve 760kw heat. Though the energy efficiency of electric boiler is 100%, it is still not comparable to the heat pump technology which saves three quarters electricity to produce same amount of heat.

Another merit of heat pump system using shallow ground thermal energy is that such system makes no combustion of any fuel and therefore produces no emission problems.

Due to its powerful effects in energy

conservation and environment protection, the new heating system when it came out has aroused much of a stir in the world and high expectations on it to solve the tension in energy and environment. However, many practices showed that such system might incur a series of problems of underground water system, such as changes of water flow, water contamination and serious impact on geological and structural situation. In addition, water flow also washes away sand and earth and may cause collapse of water production well and clogs in injection well, thus shorten life cycle of the system. It imposes threat on underground water system, and therefore on the security of human being. As such, since 1970s, such system has been strictly restricted.

However, studies have never stopped to experiment other ways of shallow ground thermal energy utilization. In Europe, a system in this regards called buried pipeline system soon became popular. There were two types, namely vertical buried pipeline system and horizontal system. The latter is to horizontally bury pipelines of certain length at 2-10 meters depth underground. It uses water or anti-frozen liquid as media flowing in the pipeline to exchange heat from the underground via pipe walls. After fluid media enters heat pumps, the process is exactly the same as underground water source system. That is to say, the only difference between buried pipeline system and underground water source system lies in the way to collect shallow energy. Since the pipeline is an entirely close loop, the system is highly secure to ground water. However, the system also has strong defect of occupying too much outdoor space to attain sufficient heat exchange. And because of it, it is difficult for it to get wide application. In the vertical system, the media circulates in a U-shaped pipe which is buried vertically under the ground. Compared to the horizontal system, the vertical system consumes less land space, but very high cost. However, balanced flow distribution among multiple U-shaped pipelines in parallel connection has been an insurmountable technical obstacle for the vertical system. Besides vertical and horizontal, there is also vertical spiral type which is invented to expand heat exchange surface. However, the spiral type also failed to achieve scale application due its highly complicate techniques, excessively high cost and difficulties in engineering.

The multiple-well system is banned in many regions due to its harmful impact on underground water system. Large scale application of horizontal pipeline system is difficult to achieve due to its high demand of land space and low heat output. Whereas, the vertical system is restricted from wide spread due to its unsolvable technical problem of balancing flow distributions in shallow energy collection.

The single-well system developed by the HYY Company has successfully managed to collect shallow ground thermal energy with no water loss, no water contamination and no potential danger to geological situations. Its working rational is as follow:

Collection and extraction of shallow ground thermal energy is often achieved through close contact between water/media flows and ground water and soil. Geologically speaking, there are two types of geo-structures, namely aqueous and non-aqueous. Correspondingly, there are two

heat extraction means.

1. Heat extraction in aqueous structures

A clap board is used to separate a water well into upper well for injection and lower well for water production. Pump at the lower part of the well transports water to devices that take away heat from it. Afterwards, the cooled water enters into the upper well. Under effects of water pressure difference between the upper and the lower well, the cooled water makes grand systematic circulation outside the well body and takes in heat from underground soil during the circulation to accomplish effective heat exchange process.

2. Heat collection in non-aqueous structures

In non-aqueous structures, heat can only be exchanged

with water/media flowing along well walls. Therefore, the size of surface in contact between water and well wall is crucially important. Meanwhile, heat loss shall be strictly prevented during the process. The essence of heat collection in non-aqueous structure is to maximally expand heat exchange areas and manage to realize no heat loss. ■

图1

图2

(To Be Continued)

chart 1chart 2

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一、简述数据、信息以及两者的关系。 数据是人们用来反应客观事物并可以记录、通信和识别的符号和数字的统称,它通过有意义的符号组合来表达现实世界中客观实体(具体对象、事件、状态和活动)的特征。一般来讲,广义的信息提供了有关现实世界事务的消息和知识;狭义的信息是一种已经被加工为特定形式的数据。 信息与数据的关系可以看作是原料与成品的关系,换言之,信息是经过系统加工过的数据。 二、什么是物流信息?它有哪些特点? 物流信息是指反映物流各种活动内容的知识、资料、图像、数据、文件的总称。 物流信息的特点:1.物流信息具有量大、分布广的基本特点。2.物流信息具有很强的时效性。3.物流信息种类多。 三、简述物流各主要功能的信息需求。 1.运输功能的信息:运输信息包括发货时间、发货地点、运输距离、到货时间、到货地点、运输方式、运输工具、运输费用、运输人员、接受方、运输损耗等。 运输信息系统要在充分分析运输距离、运输环节、运输工具、运输时间、运输费用“五要素”的信息的甚础上,制定出合理的实施方案,减小或避免空驶、对流运输、迂回运输、重复运输、倒流运输、过远运输、动力选择不当、运输方式选择不当等。要克服不合理运输,通常还需要掌握其它相关信息,如各地交通信息、地理信息、货源信息、社会运力信息、在途物品信息、各种额外费用信息等。 2.存储功能的信息:存储业务的基本信息分为描述仓库和描述库存物品的信息。仓库的基本信息包括仓库的地点、类型、面积、保管方式、储位信息等;库存物品的基本信息有存放地点、物品名称、结构、重量、形状、包装类别、数量、储存要求、入库时间、适用装卸方式等;其它信息还包括物品需求信息、供应商信息。 3.物流加工的信息:物流加工对物流起着补充、完善、提高和增强的作用。由于加工需要加工设备、加工人员等资源,所以物流加工业务需要的主要信息有加工要求、加工时间、加工能力、加工流程、加工成本等。相关的辅助决策信息有加工方式、加工周期、加工报价。 4.配送功能的信息:一般的配送集装卸、包装、保管、运输于一身。备货的基本信息包括货源供应信息与筹集情况(订货或购货、进货信息)及有关的质量检查、结算、交接等信息。配送加工、分拣及配货根据用户的要求,包括品种、数量、包装、运输方式等。 配送运输属于运输中的末端运输、支线运输,具有配送用户多、距离较短、线路较复杂、规模较小、额度较高等特点,一般使用汽车做运输工具。因此需要辅助的决策问题主要有选择最佳运输路线、配装和路线有效搭配等,它需要有关运输方面的信息支持。 四、物流信息是如何分类的? 物流信息可以按不同的分类标准进行分类。 1.按信息领域分类 按信息产生和作用的领域,物流信息可分为物流活动所产生的信息和提供物流使用而由其他信息源产生的信息。 2.按信息的作用不同分类 (1)计划信息(2)控制及作业信息(3)统计信息(4)支持信息 3.按信息加工程度的不同分类 (1)原始信息(2)加工信息 4.按活动领域分类 物流各个不同的功能领域由于其活动性质的不同,信息内涵和特征也有所不同。按这些领域功能分类,有运输信息、仓储信息、装卸信息等。甚至更细化而分成集装箱信息、托盘交换信息、库存信息、汽车运输信息等。按物流的不同功能领域对信息进行分类是物流管理具体化必不可少的。信息还可以从时间、使用频率、精确程度、流向、用途等方面去加以分类。

古文翻译

郑伯克段于鄢《左传》隐公元年 ----- 多行不义必自毙 【原文】 初,郑武公娶于申,曰武姜。生庄公及共叔段。庄公寤生,惊姜氏,故名曰寤生,遂恶之。爱共叔段,欲立之。亟请于武公,公弗许。 及庄公即位,为之请制。公曰:“制,岩邑也,虢叔死焉,佗邑唯命。”请京,使居之,谓之京城大叔。祭仲曰:“都城过百雉,国之害也。先王之制:大都不过叁国之一,中五之一,小九之一。今京不度,非制也,君将不堪。”公曰:“姜氏欲之,焉辟害?”对曰:“姜氏何厌之有?不如早为之所,无使滋蔓,蔓难图也。蔓草犹不可除,况君之宠弟乎?”公曰:“多行不义必自毙,子姑待之。” 既而大叔命西鄙、北鄙贰于己。公子吕曰:“国不堪贰,君将若之何?欲与大叔,臣请事之;若弗与,则请除之。无生民心。”公曰:“无庸,将自及。”大叔又收贰以为己邑,至于廪延。子封曰:“可矣,厚将得众。”公曰:“不义不昵,厚将崩。” 大叔完聚,缮甲兵,具卒乘,将袭郑。夫人将启之。公闻其期,曰:“可矣!”命子封帅车二百乘以伐京。京叛大叔须段,段入于鄢,公伐诸鄢。五月辛丑,大叔出奔共。 书曰:“郑伯克段于鄢。”段不弟,故不言弟;如二君,故曰克;称郑伯,讥失教也;谓之郑志。不言出奔,难之也。 遂置姜氏于城颖,而誓之白:“不及黄泉,无相见也。”既而悔之。颖考叔为颖谷封人,闻之,有献于公,公赐之食,食舍肉。公问之,对曰:“小人有母,皆尝小人之食矣,未尝君之羹,请以遗之。”公曰:“尔有母遗,?我独无!”颖考叔曰:“敢问何谓也?”公语之故,且告之悔。对曰:“君何患焉?若阙地及泉,隧而相见,其谁曰不然?”公从之。公入而赋:“大隧之中,其乐也融融!”姜出而赋:“大隧之外,其乐也泄泄。”遂为母子如初。 君子曰:“颖考叔,纯孝也,爱其母,施及庄公。《诗》曰:…孝子不匮,永锡尔类。?其是之谓乎。” 【译文】 从前,郑武公在申国娶了一妻子,叫武姜,她生下庄公和共叔段。庄公出生时脚先出来,武姜受到惊吓,因此给他取名叫“寤生”,所以很厌恶他。武姜偏爱共叔段,想立共叔段为世子,多次向武公请求,武公都不答应。 到庄公即位的时候,武姜就替共叔段请求分封到制邑去。庄公说:“制邑是个险要的地方,从前虢叔就死在那里,若是封给其它城邑,我都可以照吩咐办。”武姜便请求封给太叔京邑,庄公答应了,让他住在那里,称他为京城太叔。 大夫祭仲说:“分封的都城如果城墙超过三百方丈长,那就会成为国家的祸害。先王的制度规定,国内最大的城邑不能超过国都的三分之一,中等的不得超过它的五分之一,小的不能超过它的九分之一。现在,京邑的城墙不合规定,违反了制度,恐怕对您有所不利。”庄公说:“姜氏想要这样,我怎能躲开这种祸害呢?”祭仲回答说:“姜氏哪有满足的时候!不如及早处置,别让祸根滋长蔓延,一滋长蔓延就难办了。蔓延开来的野草还不能铲除干净,何况是您受宠爱的弟弟呢?”庄公说:“多做不义的事情,必定会自己垮台,你姑且等着瞧吧。” 过了不久,太叔段使原来属于郑国的西边和北边的边邑也背叛归为自己。公子吕说:“国家不能有两个国君,现在您打算怎么办?您如果打算把郑国交给太叔,那么我就去服待他;如果不给,那么就请除掉他,不要使百姓们产生疑虑。”庄公说:“不用除掉他,他自己将要遭到灾祸的。”太叔又把两属的边邑改为自己统辖的地方,一直扩展到廪延。公子吕说:“可以行动了!土地扩大了,他将得到老百姓的拥护。”庄公说:“对君主不义,对兄长不亲,土地虽然扩大了,他也会垮台的。” 太叔修治城廓,聚集百姓,修整盔甲武器,准备好兵马战车,将要偷袭郑国。武姜打算开城门作内应。庄公打听到公叔段偷袭的时候,说:“可以出击了!”命令子封率领车二百乘,去讨伐京邑。京邑的人民背叛

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