GRE-Argument-常用句型

调查

1, Selective sample:样本选择，一部分被排除在外

One major problem is about the sample the author studied in the survey. The author considers only(selective sub-groups) althoughtheyplaya significant role, however, (many other sub-groups), whose attitude is also important,are actually excluded from the survey. 2, Quantity of the sample样本数量

Pointing out that the current sample is too small in its sizecould hardly illustrate the assumption that...

The fact cited by the authorcould hardly illustrate the assumption that... because the author provides only a fewsamplesmight not be representative of the completely general group. 3, Do the statistics make any difference:调查只调查了部分情况，忽略了一部分

The survey only studies the situation of ...; however, many other more essential cases about… were ignored in the survey.

5, Who conducted the survey:结果扭曲，调查者为了自己的利益

The reliability of the survey is also open to doubt due to(The organization)who conducted the survey. Its conflict of interestin the result of the surveymight distort the actual answers of the respondents.Thus, the author should cite a survey thatis conducted by an independent institution.

6, When was the survey conducted:时间变化

The survey was conduct (during a special period, or a long time ago). It is true that the survey may reflect the opinions/situations of (respondents) at the time when it was conducted, but situation of/people’s opinion may have changed greatly during the past time. 7, Vague data:数据模糊—没有基数

The author only informs us that (the percentage/fraction of sub-groups), but we do not know the base amount of (the general group).If the base amount were low, the conclusion would be different.

8,Incomplete information:数据不完整

The author only informs us that... but what we care more about is that... which is not provided by the author.

9, Are the respondents forthright when answering the questions:回答者不真实

There is possibility that the respondents may not tell the truth about…because answering the questions honestly may lead to (undesirable consequences) for them.Under such

circumstances, it is almost impossible for us to expect the respondents to provide accurate information about their opinion toward...

10, Are the respondents representative:回答者没有代表性

We should also notice that the respondents studied in the survey may not represent the general group of ...We all know that in many cases, people who are interested in ...might be more willing to express their own opinions about the issue of ...than other people are.

比较

11, False analogy:错误类比AB，A适合B

In the argument the author recommends A to carry out same (policies, actions, solutions )as B, but the analogy between them might be unsubstantiated.

Before A decide to draw on B’s experiences, we should take …into account and make careful study on the comparability of the two (cities, companies, schools, etc).

While it is true that A and B share some common ground on ...there are still some obvious differences between them.

12, Incomplete comparison /selective comparison /ex parte information:错误对比AB，A不一定比B好

The author hastily implies that A is superior to B in ... but the comparison between A and B is incomplete.

The author only compares ... however, there are other factorswould influence the result while ignored by the author.

13, Confusing comparison and variation:只对比了一部分的变化or vice versa.

Same as above

14, Unrelated concepts:偷换概念

The author cites A to prove B, however, A is not a good indication of B.

15, Changing scopes:偷换范围

The autho r provides the (evidence that .../results of) might be true in nation level, butitdoes not means the results can suit forsomething. Somethingmay have totally different situation thus (the evidence/results of) could not be properly applied to them.

16, Inferring a future condition from a past condition:过去不能推未来

In the argument the author suggests that we can (solve current problems or achieve current goals)through methods which have successfully solved the same kind of problems in the past.There is a hidden assumption assumed by the author that all conditions and factors

upon which the effectiveness of (the method) depend have remained unchanged during the past (N years).However, many factors might have been changed during the past years. 17, Lack of controlled experiment/ comparison:没考虑其他变量

The causal relationship is convincing only if the author could demonstrate that all other factors that might affect ...remained constant during the same period.

Pointing out that corresponding controlled experiment is needed.

解决办法

18, Failing to consider the feasibility of the conclusion:解决办法没有可行性

The feasibility of the policy relies on an assumption that (the proposal could be successfully carried out); however, the assumption might be unwarranted due to some critical obstacles.

19, Failing to weigh the advantage and disadvantage thoroughly:没考虑解决方法带来的坏处

Before doing comprehensive research on both positive and negative effects of the policy, we cannot adopt it without doubt. Although the policymightsolve the problemto a certain degree, we cannot ignore the harmful effects the policy might bring about.

20, False dilemma:两者选一，没考虑其他解决办法

The author presented a false dilemma. Except for the two choices, there are many other solutions/explanations could be more justifiable.

Before ruling out all the possibilities above, the author could not convince us that there are only those two possible explanations for us to accept.

因果关系

21, Non-causal relationship:没有因果关系，其他因素的影响

The author unfairly assumes that it is ...that resulted in …But we can find no concrete evidence to testify the inevitable relationship between ...and ....

22, Confusing the cause and the effect:不是A导致B，而是B导致A(少见)

In the process of reasoning the author assumes that A is the reason for B.However, the author may confuse the cause and the effect.

23, Confusing concurrence with causality:同时发生不为因果

The author only points out that the two events occurred during the same period, however,

we all know that concurrence does not necessarily imply causation.Many other factors could also lead to ... which might include ...

Without ruling out such factors, we could not be convinced that ...is the actual cause of ... 24, Post hoc, ergo propter hoc:前后发生不为因果

Same as above

the sequence of the two events

Sequentially

证据

25, Insufficient evidence:证据不足

Same as below

26, Unwarranted assumption/credibility of the evidence:无证据假设，攻击背景

The assumption that ...is open to doubt, since the author does not provide any single evidence to substantiate the assumption.

27, Definition critique:对某一专用名词没有解释，比如药

28, Negative evidence:自相矛盾的证据

利润问题

29, Profit-cost analysis:

To evaluate the profitability of ...,we should consider both revenue and expense. Many aspects of the proposal may involve great expense, if the cost of carrying out the proposal exceeds revenue, the institution would be profitless. Without more information about production costs, it is impossible to assess whether the author’s proposal will be profitable.经济因素

30, Economical factors:通货膨胀+需求变化

First, we need to know how much did the price of ...actually increase after adjustment for inflation.If the rate of inflation exceeds the increase in the price of the product,….Second, the author fails to consider the variation in the demand for ... during the same period. If…, then there is good reason for …商业计划书

重点词汇

Demographic人口统计的

Demographics 人口特征（人口结构）

Demographic change/transition/situation/census人口转变，状况，调查

The placebo has been found to work with a lot of different cases.

关于survey 的文章：The generalizability of the survey result,the reliability of the reported need of sleep and other related issues.

综合格式

As we all know, correlation/concurrence does not necessarily implycausation.

Ambient conditions of

For one thing, comparing average price of the homes sold could be abit misleading, as the company could have sold one home at an extremely high price thatboost the average price while in reality most homes sold by the company were at a lower price.

But we do not know how widespread the problem is among all the parents in Centerville. Therefore, we need to control the bodysize if we want to better understand the effects of birth order on stimulation level.