土木专业英语英译汉第十一章.doc

Highway Engineering

Highway engineering includes highway planning, location, design, and maintenance. Before the design and construction of a new highway or highway improvement can be undertaken, there mus t be general planning and consideration of financing. As part of general planning, it is decided wha t the traffic needs of the area will be for a considerable period generally 20 years, and what constr uction will meet those needs. To assess traffic needs the highway engineer collects and analyzes in formation about the physical features of existing facilities, the volume, distribution, and character of present traffic and the changes to be expected in these factors. The highway engineer must deter mine the most suitable location, layout, and capacity of the new routes and structures. Frequently, a preliminary line, or location, and several alternate routes are studied. The detailed design is norm ally begun only when the preferred location has been chosen.

高速公路工程包括高速公路计划.选址.设计和高速公路保养。当一项高速公路工程设计建设或是改造之前，必须大致地计划考虑一下费用问题。作为概要计划的一部分，该地区在可预见的时段内（如20年）的交通流量，以及何种建设才能满足这种需求将是决定因素。为了评估交通需求量，高速公路工程师通过采集分析现有设备提供的物理数据信息——包括车流量，分布，现有交通工具的特征以及蕴涵在这些因素中的可以预知的变化。高速公路工程师必须决定新路线建筑最适合的位置.布局以及容量。通常情况下，一条初步的线路或选址和若干备选路线都会被拿来研究。细节方面设计通常在一个更佳的选址确定下来之后才开始。

In selecting the best route, careful consideration is given to the traffic requirements, terrain to be traversed, value of land needed for the right-of-way, and estimated cost of construction for the var ious plans. The photogrammetric method, which makes use of aerial photographs, is used extensiv ely to indicate the character of the terrain on large projects, where it is most economical. On small projects, ground-mapping methods are preferred.

为了选择最佳路线，需要仔细考虑的问题包括：交通需求，（路线）横贯的地带，可通行道路的土地价值以及各种方案的结构开销的预算。在一些大型项目中，利用了航拍技术的摄影测量法被广泛用于显示该地带的特征，这也是一种最经济的方法。在那些小型工程中，地面绘图法已经很完美了。

Financing considerations determine whether the project can be carried out at one time or whethe r construction must be in stages, with each stage initiated as funds become available. In deciding t he best method of financing the work, the engineer makes an analysis of whom it will benefit. Imp ortant highways and streets benefit, in varying degrees, three groups: users, owners of adjacent pro perty, and the general public.

资金方面的考虑决定了一项工程是一次性实施还是是否必须分阶段建设，每阶段建设等资金到位后才开始。在决定最经济的实施方案时，工程师通过分析它的盈利性来定夺的。高速公路，街道（考虑）盈利性的三个优先顺序（依次）为：使用者，所有权上（最）邻近的所有者，大众。

Users of improved highways benefit from decreased cost of transportation, greater travel comfo rt, increased safety, and saving of time. They also obtain recreational and educational benefits. Ow ners of abutting or adjacent property may benefit from better access, increased property value, mor e effective police and fire protection, improved street parking, greater pedestrian traffic safety, and the use of the street right-of-way for the location of public utilities, such as water lines and sewers

使用者通过降低运输费用，提高旅行舒适度，增加安全性，节约时间来提高高速公路利润。他们也获得娱乐的和教育上的好处。所有权毗邻的所有者可以通过更好的路线，提升所有权价值，更加高效的警察机关和消防保护，改善停车环境，为步行者提供更安全的交通环境，当地可通行道路（沿线）的公共设施，（诸如）水管和下水道的使用情况。.

Evaluation of various benefits from highway construction is often difficult but is a most phase o f highway engineering. Some benefits can be measured with accuracy, but the evaluation of others is more speculative. As a result numerous methods are used to finance construction, and much en gineering work may be involved in selecting the best procedure.

对通过高速公路建设获得的各种利益的评估通常是困难的，但对一个高速公路工程来讲也是一个最重要的阶段。有一些利益可以被精确计算出，另有一些就具有相当的投机性。因此要使用许多种办法来使（工程）建设（变的）更加经济，并且许多工程上的工作都会牵涉到最佳程序的选择上。

Environmental evaluation. The environmental impact of constructing highways has received inc reased attention and importance. Many projects have been delayed and numerous others canceled because of environmental problems. The environmental study or report covers factors, including n oise generation, air pollution, disturbance of areas traversed, destruction of existing housing, and p ossible alternate routes.

环境价值环境因素在高速公路建设中正被越来越重视，也突现出越来越高的重要性。由于环境问题导致工程被搁置甚至取消的事例，不胜枚举。环境方面的研究或调查涉及许多因素，包括噪声的产生，空气污染，对横贯地区的扰乱，对现有房屋以及可能的预备路线的破坏

Right-of-way acquisition．Highway engineers must also assist in the acquisition of right-of-wa y needed for new highway facilities. Acquisition of the land required for construction of expressw ays leading into the central business areas of cities has proved extremely difficult; the public is de manding that traffic engineers work closely with city planners, architects, sociologists, and all gro ups interested in beautification and improvement of cities to assure that expressways extending thr ough metropolitan areas be built only after coordinated evaluation of all major questions, includin g the following:

可通行道路的获得高速公路工程师也必须协助得到用于新高速公路设备的可通行道路。通向市区商业中心的高速公路建设的土地的获得已被证明是非常困难的。公众需要交通工程师和城市规划者，建筑师，社会学家，以及所有对美化城市环境，提升城市功能感兴趣的团体紧密合作以确保在协调好所有主要问题（方面）的利益后再（开始）建贯通首要区域的高速公路。主要问题包括以下几点：

（1）高速公路自身的美化问题是否给予了充分的注意？（2）是否为保护城市的自然风光而改变选址？（3）在某些区段需要高架高速公路的有没有一个逻辑上可以替换的降低设计被提出？（4）概略设计对降低由大流量的交通造成的噪音是否有帮助？（5）城市的一些部分是否因为这个提议选址而被独立开来？

Is sufficient attention being paid to beautification of the expre ssway itself? (2)Would a change in location preserve major natural be auties of the city?(3)Could a depressed design be logically substitut ed for those sections where an elevated expressway is proposed?(4)Can the general design be improved to reduce the noise created by large

volumes of traffic?(5)Are some sections of the city being isolated by the proposed location?（1）高速公路自身的美化问题是否给予了充分的注意？（2）是否为保护城市的自然风光而改变选址？（3）在某些区段需要高架高速公路的有没有一个逻辑上可以替换的降低设计被提出？（4）概略设计对降低由大流量的交通造成的噪音是否有帮助？（5）城市的一些部分是否因为这个提议选址而被独立开来？

Detailed design. Detailed design of a highway project includes pr eparation of drawings or blueprints to be used for construction. Th ese plans show, for example, the location, the dimensions of such ele ments as roadway width, the final profile for the road, the location and type of drainage facilities, and the quantities of work involved, including earthwork and surfacing.细节设计

高速公路工程的细节设计部分包括用于建设的图纸或者蓝图的准备工作。这些计划展示了诸如选址，道路宽度等此类要素的尺寸，道路的最终剖面图，排水设备的位置和种类，涉及的工程量，包括地下地表的工作。

Soil studies. In planning the grading operations the design engin eer considers the type of material to be encountered in excavating or in cutting away the high points along the project and how the materi al removed can best be utilized for fill or for constructing embankme nts across low areas elsewhere on the project. For this the engineer must analyze the gradation and physical properties of the soil, deter mine how the embankments can best be compacted, and calculate the vol ume of earthwork to be done. Electronic calculating procedures are no w sometimes used for the last step. Electronic equipment has also spe eded up many other highway engineering calculations. Powerful and hig hly mobile earth-moving machines have been developed to permit rapid and economical operations.

土质研究在做分层开挖的计划时，设计工程师要考虑在开挖过程中遇到的土的种类或者削平工程沿线的高地后如何处理余土才能把它们最佳地填到需要填土的地方，或是用于该工程穿越的其他地势较低地段的筑堤工程。为此，工程师必须分析土质的等级和物理特性，决定如何才能把路堤尽可能的压实，并且计算要完成的土方工程量。电算程序如今常常被用于最后一个阶段的计算。电子设备也加快了许多其他高速公路工程的计算。大功率，（具有）高度灵活性的土方机械已被研发出来用于快速.经济的（工程）操作的实现。

Surfacing. Selection of the type and thickness of roadway surfaci ng to be constructed is an important part of design. The type chosen depends upon the maximum loads to be accommodated, the frequency of t hese loads, and other factors. For some routes, traffic volume may be so low that no surfacing is economically justified and natural soil serves as the roadway. As traffic increases, a surfacing of sandy cla y, crushed slag, crushed stone, caliche, crushed oyster shells, or a combination of these may be applied. If gravel is used, it usually co ntains sufficient clay and fine material to help stabilize the surfac ing. Gravel surfaces may be further stabilized by application of calc ium chloride, which also aids in controlling dust. Another surfacing

is composed of Portland cement and water mixed into the upper few inc hes of the subgrade and compacted with rollers. This procedure forms a soil-cement base that can be surfaced with bituminous materials. Ro adways to carry large volumes of heavy vehicles must be carefully des igned and made of considerable thickness.

路面选择要建设道路表面的类型和厚度是设计中的重要部分。类型的选择取决于该类道路要承受的最大荷载，频率以及其他因素。对一些路来讲，交通量也许会如此之小以至于没有哪类路面被证明是经济的，天然土壤就被用作道路。随着交通量的增加，沙土，碎炉渣，碎石，钠硝石，碎牡蛎壳，或是以上的混合物可以被用来做路面。如果使用砂砾，通常应包含足够的黏土和优质材料来协助提高路面稳定性。氯化钙的使用可以进一步加强砂砾路面的稳定性，同时也有利于控制灰尘量。另一种路面由硅酸盐水泥加水混入路基的上面几英寸并由压路机压实。这一程序构成了土-混凝土复合路基并由沥青质材料做路面。用于大交通量的重型交通工具的道路必须仔细设计并要（设计具有）相当大的厚度。Drainage structures. Much of highway engineering is devoted to the planning and construction of facilities to drain the highway or street and to carry streams across the highway right-of-way.

Removal of surface water from the road or street is known as surf ace drainage. It is accomplished by constructing the road so that it has a crown and by sloping the shoulders and adjacent areas so as to control the flow of water either toward existing natural drainage, su ch as open ditches, or into a storm drainage system of catchbasins an d underground pipes. If a storm drainage system is used, as it would be with city streets, the design engineer must give consideration to the total area draining onto the street, the maximum rate of runoff e xpected, the duration of the design storm, the amount of ponding allo wable at each catchbasin, and the proposed spacing of the catchbasins along the street. From this information the desired capacity of the individual catchbasin and the size of the underground piping network are calculated．

排水结构高速公路工程的许多部分是计划和建设用于高速公路或街道排水设备的，以及使得小溪穿过高速公路的可通行段。

将道路或是街道表面的水移走就是表面排水。它是通过建成一条路，中间有顶以及使路肩及其附属区域倾斜，从而将水导向已有的天然沟渠，像敞开的壕沟，或是导向集水箱和地下管道的暴雨排水系统，（来实现表面排水）。如果使用了暴雨排水系统，由于它要和（城市）街道衔接，设计工程师必须考虑街道总的排水面积，期望的最大排水率，暴雨持续时间设计值，每一个集水箱的允许倾注量，以及计划的集水箱沿街间距。通过这些信息，每一个集水箱的期望容量以及地下管网的尺寸才被计算出来。

In designing facilities to carry streams under the highway the en gineer must determine the area to be drained, the maximum probable pr ecipitation over the drainage basin, the highest expected runoff rate , and then, using this information, must calculate the required capac ity of the drainage structure. Generally designs are made adequate to accommodate not only the largest flow ever recorded for that locatio

n but the greatest discharge that might be expected under the most ad verse conditions for a given number of years.

设计公路下的排水设施时，工程师必须确定需要排水的范围.排水区域最大可能的降雨量.最大可能的流速，然后利用这些资料，推算所需排水结构的负荷量。概略设计中要考虑充分，不仅要适合该地区已有记录的最大流量，而且要考虑在给定年限内在最不利条件下可能发生的最大流量。

Factors considered in calculating the expected flow through a cul vert opening include size, length, and shape of the opening, roughnes s of the walls, shape of the entrance and downstream end of the condu it, maximum allowable height of water at the entrance, and water leve l at the outlet

开放式管道在计算预期流量是要考虑的因素包括尺寸.长度.开口形状，管壁粗糙程度，入口和下游沟渠末端的形状，入口处允许的最大水位高度以及出口处水位。.

Rest facilities. Much engineering and construction work has b een done to provide rest stops along major expressway routes, especia lly the national system of interstate highways. These facilities must be carefully located in forested areas to permitted easy and safe ex it and return access to the highway. Many units have been built as sc enic locations in forested areas to permit picnic grounds and walkway s through the forest. These rest areas are especially beneficial to t hose drivers traveling long distances with few stops. 休息设施许多工程和建设工作是完成提供主要高速公路沿线休息场所的，特别是（属于）国家系统的州际高速公路。这些设施必须仔细布置以便能方便安全的出入高速公路。许多设施做成景观模样坐落于森林覆盖区以便（行人）可以在地上野餐或是在森林中散步。这种休息区特别受到那些跑长途而又很少停车休息的司机的欢迎。

Noise barriers. The control and reduction of noise along busy routes, especially expressways, has become an important part of highway engineering. In many communities high walls have been built along either side of the expressway. Such walls can be costly to construct, but can prove ver y beneficial. Barriers can reduce overall noise levels by over 50％.

噪声屏障控制.减少繁忙道路，特别是高速公路，沿线噪声已经变成高速公路工程中非常重要的一部分。在一些社区，人们沿高速公路两侧筑起了高墙。建造这些高墙会很花钱，但是提供了许多便利。隔音栅栏能减少全部噪声量的超过50%

Construction operations. Although much engineering and planning must be done preliminary to it, the actual construction is normally the costliest part of making highway and street improvement s.

建设工作尽管前期要做大量的工程和计划，但实际工程通常是建造高速公路以及街道改造中耗资最大的部分

Staking out. With the award of a construction contract following the preparation of the detaile d plans and specifications, engineers go onto the site and lay out the project. As part of this staking out, limits of earthwork are shown, location of drainage structures indicated, and profiles establis hed.

立杆定线根据一份基于细节计划准备和规范的授权建设合同，工程师来到工地现场布置工程。作为立杆定线的一部分，（工程师）要指出土方工程量，排水沟结构的位置，并建立剖面图。

Compaction. Heavy rollers are used to compact the soil or sub grade below the roadway in order to eliminate later settlement. Pneum atic-tired rollers and sheepsfoot rollers(steel cylinders equipped wi th numerous short steel teeth or feet)are often

employed for this operation. Vibratory rollers have been developed an d used on some projects in recent years. One type vibrates up to 3400 times/min, compacting the underlying material to an appreciable dept h.

压实（路基）重型压路机把道路下面的土壤和路基压实为了消除以后的沉降。气胎压路机和羊脚压路机（配有许多小轮齿和轮脚的钢柱轮）常常被租来完成此类工作。近年来，振荡压路机已被开发出用于某些工程。有一种振荡频率高达3400/分的振荡压路机可以压实到一个令人满意的深度范围内的地下材料。

Maintenance and operation. Highway maintenance consists of th e repair and upkeep of surfacing and shoulders, bridges and drainage facilities, signs, traffic control devices, guard rails, traffic stri ping on the pavement, retaining walls, and side slopes. Additional op erations include ice control and snow removal. Because it is valuable to know why some highway designs give better performance and prove l ess costly to maintain than others, engineers supervising maintenance can offer valuable guidance to design engineers. Consequently, maint enance and operation are important parts of highway engineering. 维护和操作

高速公路维护由路面路肩，桥梁排水设备，标志，交通控制设备，防护围栏，行人通道上的斑马线，挡土墙以及边坡的维护和维修等组成。附加工作包括控制结冰和移走积雪。因为搞清楚为什么有些高速公路的设计比另一些高速公路有更佳的功效和更少的用于维护的开销是很值得的，所以负责监理维护的工程师能提供很有价值的引导给设计工程师。总而言之，维护和施工都是高速公路工程的重要组成部分。

《土木工程专业英语》段兵延第二版全书文章翻译精编版

第一课 土木工程学土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 领域。因为包含范围太广，土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。一个项目开始的时候，土木工程师要对场地进行测绘，定位有用的布置，如地下水水位，下水道，和电力线。岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响，包括对空气和地下水的可能污染，对当地动植物生活的影响，以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。同时，结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划，设计和说明。从项目开始到结束，对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。根据其他专家所提供的信息，施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费，所有工作的进度表，订购工作所需要的材料和设备，雇佣承包商和分包商，还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。 贯穿任何给定项目，土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数元件（即计算机辅助设计，或者CAD）并对其进行管理。计算机成为了现代土木工程师的必备品，因为它使得工程师能有效地掌控所需的大量数据从而确定建造一项工程的最佳方法。 结构工程学。在这一专业领域，土木工程师规划设计各种类型的结构，包括桥梁，大坝，发电厂，设备支撑，海面上的特殊结构，美国太空计划，发射塔，庞大的天文和无线电望远镜，以及许多其他种类的项目。结构工程师应用计算机确定一个结构必须承受的力：自重，风荷载和飓风荷载，建筑材料温度变化引起的胀缩，以及地震荷载。他们也需确定不同种材料如钢筋，混凝土，塑料，石头，沥青，砖，铝或其他建筑材料等的复合作用。 水利工程学。土木工程师在这一领域主要处理水的物理控制方面的种种问题。他们的项目用于帮助预防洪水灾害，提供城市用水和灌溉用水，管理控制河流和水流物，维护河滩及其他滨水设施。此外，他们设计和维护海港，运河与水闸，建造大型水利大坝与小型坝，以及各种类型的围堰，帮助设计海上结构并且确定结构的位置对航行影响。 岩土工程学。专业于这个领域的土木工程师对支撑结构并影响结构行为的土壤和岩石的特性进行分析。他们计算建筑和其他结构由于自重压力可能引起的沉降，并采取措施使之减少到最小。他们也需计算并确定如何加强斜坡和填充物的稳定性以及如何保护结构免受地震和地下水的影响。 环境工程学。在这一工程学分支中，土木工程师设计，建造并监视系统以提供安全的饮用水，同时预防和控制地表和地下水资源供给的污染。他们也设计，建造并监视工程以控制甚至消除对土地和空气的污染。他们建造供水和废水处理厂，设计空气净化器和其他设备以最小化甚至消除由工业加工、焚化及其他产烟生产活动引起的空气污染。他们也采用建造特殊倾倒地点或使用有毒有害物中和剂的措施来控制有毒有害废弃物。此外，工程师还对垃圾掩埋进行设计和管理以预防其对周围环境造成污染。

土木工程专业英语全部

Lesson 1 Compression Members New Words 1. achieve achievement 2. eccentricity center, 中心; ec centric 偏心的；ec centricity 偏心，偏心距 3. inevitable evitable 可避免的avoidable; in evitable 不可避免的unavoidable 4. truss 桁架triangular truss, roof truss, truss bridge 5. bracing brace 支柱，支撑；bracing, 支撑，撑杆 6. slender 细长，苗条；stout; slenderness 7. buckle 压曲，屈曲；buckling load 8. stocky stout 9. convincingly convince, convincing, convincingly 10. stub 树桩，短而粗的东西；stub column 短柱 11. curvature 曲率；curve, curvature 12. detractor detract draw or take away; divert; belittle，贬低，诽谤； 13. convince 14. argument dispute, debate, quarrel, reason, 论据（理由） 15. crookedness crook 钩状物，v弯曲，crooked 弯曲的 16. provision 规定，条款 Phrases and Expressions 1. compression member 2. bending moment shear force, axial force 3. call upon (on) 要求，请求，需要 4. critical buckling load 临界屈曲荷载critical 关键的，临界的 5. cross-sectional area 6. radius of gyration 回转半径gyration 7. slenderness ratio 长细比 8. tangent modulus 切线模量 9. stub column 短柱 10. trial-and-error approach 试算法 11. empirical formula 经验公式empirical 经验的 12. residual stress 残余应力residual 13. hot-rolled shape 热轧型钢hot-rolled bar 14. lower bound 下限upper bound 上限 16. effective length 计算长度 Definition （定义） Compression members are those structural elements that are subjected only to axial compressive forces: that is, the loads are applied along a longitudinal axis through the centroid of the member cross section, and

土木工程专业英语词汇(整理版)

第一部分必须掌握，第二部分尽量掌握 第一部分： 1 Finite Element Method 有限单元法 2 专业英语Specialty English 3 水利工程Hydraulic Engineering 4 土木工程Civil Engineering 5 地下工程Underground Engineering 6 岩土工程Geotechnical Engineering 7 道路工程Road (Highway) Engineering 8 桥梁工程Bridge Engineering 9 隧道工程Tunnel Engineering 10 工程力学Engineering Mechanics 11 交通工程Traffic Engineering 12 港口工程Port Engineering 13 安全性safety 17木结构timber structure 18 砌体结构masonry structure 19 混凝土结构concrete structure 20 钢结构steelstructure 21 钢-混凝土复合结构steel and concrete composite structure 22 素混凝土plain concrete 23 钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete 24 钢筋rebar 25 预应力混凝土pre-stressed concrete 26 静定结构statically determinate structure 27 超静定结构statically indeterminate structure 28 桁架结构truss structure 29 空间网架结构spatial grid structure 30 近海工程offshore engineering 31 静力学statics 32运动学kinematics 33 动力学dynamics 34 简支梁simply supported beam 35 固定支座fixed bearing 36弹性力学elasticity 37 塑性力学plasticity 38 弹塑性力学elaso-plasticity 39 断裂力学fracture Mechanics 40 土力学soil mechanics 41 水力学hydraulics 42 流体力学fluid mechanics 43 固体力学solid mechanics 44 集中力concentrated force 45 压力pressure 46 静水压力hydrostatic pressure 47 均布压力uniform pressure 48 体力body force 49 重力gravity 50 线荷载line load 51 弯矩bending moment 52 torque 扭矩53 应力stress 54 应变stain 55 正应力normal stress 56 剪应力shearing stress 57 主应力principal stress 58 变形deformation 59 内力internal force 60 偏移量挠度deflection 61 settlement 沉降 62 屈曲失稳buckle 63 轴力axial force 64 允许应力allowable stress 65 疲劳分析fatigue analysis 66 梁beam 67 壳shell 68 板plate 69 桥bridge 70 桩pile 71 主动土压力active earth pressure 72 被动土压力passive earth pressure 73 承载力load-bearing capacity 74 水位water Height 75 位移displacement 76 结构力学structural mechanics 77 材料力学material mechanics 78 经纬仪altometer 79 水准仪level 80 学科discipline 81 子学科sub-discipline 82 期刊journal ,periodical 83文献literature 84 ISSN International Standard Serial Number 国际标准刊号 85 ISBN International Standard Book Number 国际标准书号 86 卷volume 87 期number 88 专着monograph 89 会议论文集Proceeding 90 学位论文thesis, dissertation 91 专利patent 92 档案档案室archive 93 国际学术会议conference 94 导师advisor 95 学位论文答辩defense of thesis 96 博士研究生doctorate student 97 研究生postgraduate 98 EI Engineering Index 工程索引 99 SCI Science Citation Index 科学引文索引 100ISTP Index to Science and Technology Proceedings 科学技术会议论文集索引 101 题目title 102 摘要abstract 103 全文full-text 104 参考文献reference 105 联络单位、所属单位affiliation 106 主题词Subject 107 关键字keyword 108 ASCE American Society of Civil Engineers 美国土木工程师协会 109 FHWA Federal Highway Administration 联邦公路总署

土木工程专业英语正文课文翻译

第一课土木工程学 土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 领域。因为包含范围太广，土木工程学又被细分为大量的技术专业。不同类型的工程需要多种不同土木工程专业技术。一个项目开始的时候，土木工程师要对场地进行测绘，定位有用的布置，如地下水水位，下水道，和电力线。岩土工程专家则进行土力学试验以确定土壤能否承受工程荷载。环境工程专家研究工程对当地的影响，包括对空气和地下水的可能污染，对当地动植物生活的影响，以及如何让工程设计满足政府针对环境保护的需要。交通工程专家确定必需的不同种类设施以减轻由整个工程造成的对当地公路和其他交通网络的负担。同时，结构工程专家利用初步数据对工程作详细规划，设计和说明。从项目开始到结束，对这些土木工程专家的工作进行监督和调配的则是施工管理专家。根据其他专家所提供的信息，施工管理专家计算材料和人工的数量和花费，所有工作的进度表，订购工作所需要的材料和设备，雇佣承包商和分包商，还要做些额外的监督工作以确保工程能按时按质完成。 贯穿任何给定项目，土木工程师都需要大量使用计算机。计算机用于设计工程中使用的多数元件（即计算机辅助设计，或者CAD）并对其进行管理。计算机成为了现代土木工程师的必备品，因为它使得工程师能有效地掌控所需的大量数据从而确定建造一项工程的最佳方法。 结构工程学。在这一专业领域，土木工程师规划设计各种类型的结构，包括桥梁，大坝，发电厂，设备支撑，海面上的特殊结构，美国太空计划，发射塔，庞大的天文和无线电望远镜，以及许多其他种类的项目。结构工程师应用计算机确定一个结构必须承受的力：自重，风荷载和飓风荷载，建筑材料温度变化引起的胀缩，以及地震荷载。他们也需确定不同种材料如钢筋，混凝土，塑料，石头，沥青，砖，铝或其他建筑材料等的复合作用。 水利工程学。土木工程师在这一领域主要处理水的物理控制方面的种种问题。他们的项目用于帮助预防洪水灾害，提供城市用水和灌溉用水，管理控制河流和水流物，维护河滩及其他滨水设施。此外，他们设计和维护海港，运河与水闸，建造大型水利大坝与小型坝，以及各种类型的围堰，帮助设计海上结构并且确定结构的位置对航行影响。 岩土工程学。专业于这个领域的土木工程师对支撑结构并影响结构行为的土壤和岩石的特性进行分析。他们计算建筑和其他结构由于自重压力可能引起的沉降，并采取措施使之减少到最小。他们也需计算并确定如何加强斜坡和填充物的稳定性以及如何保护结构免受地震和地下水的影响。 环境工程学。在这一工程学分支中，土木工程师设计，建造并监视系统以提供安全的饮用水，同时预防和控制地表和地下水资源供给的污染。他们也设计，建造并监视工程以控制甚至消除对土地和空气的污染。

土木工程专业英语翻译

a common way to construct steel truss and prestressed concrete cantilever spans is to counterbalance each cantilever arm with another cantilever arm projecting the opposite direction,forming a balanced cantilever. they attach to a solid foundation ,the counterbalancing arms are called anchor arms /thus,in a bridge built on two foundation piers,there are four cantilever arms ,two which span the obstacle,and two anchor arms which extend away from the obstacle,because of the need for more strength at the balanced cantilever's supports ,the bridge superstructure often takes the form of towers above the foundation piers .the commodore barry bridge is an example of this type of cantilever bridge 一种常见的方法构造钢桁架和预应力混凝土悬臂跨度是每一个悬臂抗衡预测相反的方向臂悬臂，形成一个平衡的悬臂。他们重视了坚实的基础，制约武器被称为锚武器/因此，在两个基础上建一座桥桥墩，有四个悬臂式武器，这两者之间跨越的障碍，和两个锚武器哪个延长距离的障碍，因为为更多的在平衡悬臂的支持力量的需要，桥梁上部结构往往表现为塔墩基础之上形成的准将巴里大桥是这种类型的例子悬臂桥 steel truss cantilever support loads by tension of the upper members and compression of the lower ones .commonly ,the structure distributes teh tension via teh anchor arms to the outermost supports ,while the compression is carried to the foundation beneath teh central towers .many truss cantilever bridges use pinned joints and are therefore statically determinate with no members carrying mixed loads 钢桁架悬臂由上层成员和下层的紧张压缩支持负载。通常，结构分布通过锚武器的最外层的支持紧张，而压缩抬到下方的中央塔的基础。桁架悬臂许多桥梁使用固定的关节，是静定，没有携带混合负载的成员，因此 prestressed concrete balanced cantilever bridges are often built using segmental construction .some steel arch bridges are built using pure cantilever spans from each sides,with neither falsework below nor temporary supporting towers and cables above ,these are then joined with a pin,usually after forcing the union point apart ,and when jacks are removed and the bridge decking is added the bridge becomes a truss arch bridge .such unsupported construction is only possible where appropriate rock is available to support the tension in teh upper chord of the span during construction ,usually limiting this method to the spanning of narrow canyons 预应力混凝土平衡悬臂桥梁往往建立使用段施工。一些钢拱桥是使用各方面的纯悬臂跨度既无假工作下面也临时支撑塔和电缆上面，这些都是再加入了一根针，通常在迫使工会点外，当插孔删除，并添加桥梁甲板桥成为桁架拱桥，这种不支持的建设，才可能在适当情况下的岩石可用于支持在施工期间的跨度弦上的张力，通常限制这狭隘的峡谷跨越方法 an arch bridge is a bridge with abutments at each end shaped as a curved arch .arch bridges work by transferring the weight of the bridge and its loads partially into a horizontal thrust restrained by the abutments at either side .a viaduct may be made from a series of arches ,although other more economical structures are typically used today 在拱桥桥台的桥梁，是一个在一个弧形拱状，每年年底。拱桥通过转移到由部分在两边的桥台水平推

土木工程专业英语课文原文及对照翻译

土木工程专业英语课文原 文及对照翻译 Newly compiled on November 23, 2020

Civil Engineering Civil engineering, the oldest of the engineering specialties, is the planning, design, construction, and management of the built environment. This environment includes all structures built according to scientific principles, from irrigation and drainage systems to rocket-launching facilities. 土木工程学作为最老的工程技术学科，是指规划，设计，施工及对建筑环境的管理。此处的环境包括建筑符合科学规范的所有结构，从灌溉和排水系统到火箭发射设施。 Civil engineers build roads, bridges, tunnels, dams, harbors, power plants, water and sewage systems, hospitals, schools, mass transit, and other public facilities essential to modern society and large population concentrations. They also build privately owned facilities such as airports, railroads, pipelines, skyscrapers, and other large structures designed for industrial, commercial, or residential use. In addition, civil engineers plan, design, and build complete cities and towns, and more recently have been planning and designing space platforms to house self-contained communities. 土木工程师建造道路，桥梁，管道，大坝，海港，发电厂，给排水系统，医院，学校，公共交通和其他现代社会和大量人口集中地区的基础公共设施。他们也建造私有设施，比如飞机场，铁路，管线，摩天大楼，以及其他设计用作工业，商业和住宅途径的大型结构。此外，土木工程师还规划设计及建造完整的城市和乡镇，并且最近一直在规划设计容纳设施齐全的社区的空间平台。 The word civil derives from the Latin for citizen. In 1782, Englishman John Smeaton used the term to differentiate his nonmilitary engineering work from that of the military engineers who predominated at the time. Since then, the term civil engineering has often been used to refer to engineers who build public facilities, although the field is much broader 土木一词来源于拉丁文词“公民”。在1782年，英国人John Smeaton为了把他的非军事工程工作区别于当时占优势地位的军事工程师的工作而采用的名词。自从那时起，土木工程学被用于提及从事公共设施建设的工程师，尽管其包含的领域更为广阔。 Scope. Because it is so broad, civil engineering is subdivided into a number of technical specialties. Depending on the type of project, the skills of many kinds of civil engineer specialists may be needed. When a project begins, the site is surveyed and mapped by civil engineers who locate utility placement—water, sewer, and power lines. Geotechnical specialists perform soil experiments to determine if the earth can bear the weight of the project. Environmental specialists study the project’s impact on the local area: the potential for air and

土木工程专业英语

non-destructive test 非破损检验 non-load—bearingwall 非承重墙 non—uniform cross—section beam 变截面粱 non—uniformly distributed strain coefficient of longitudinal tensile reinforcement 纵向受拉钢筋应变不均匀系数 normal concrete 普通混凝土 normal section 正截面 notch and tooth joint 齿连接 number of sampling 抽样数量 O obligue section 斜截面 oblique—angle fillet weld 斜角角焊缝 one—way reinforced(or prestressed)concrete slab “单向板” open web roof truss 空腹屋架， ordinary concrete 普通混凝土(28) ordinary steel bar 普通钢筋(29) orthogonal fillet weld 直角角焊缝(61) outstanding width of flange 翼缘板外伸宽度(57) outstanding width of stiffener 加劲肋外伸宽度(57) over-all stability reduction coefficient of steel beam·钢梁整体稳定系数(58) overlap 焊瘤(62) overturning or slip resistance analysis 抗倾覆、滑移验算(10) P padding plate 垫板(52) partial penetrated butt weld 不焊透对接焊缝(61) partition 非承重墙(7) penetrated butt weld 透焊对接焊缝(60) percentage of reinforcement 配筋率(34) perforated brick 多孔砖(43) pilastered wall 带壁柱墙(42) pit·凹坑(62) pith 髓心(?o) plain concrete structure 素混凝土结构(24) plane hypothesis 平截面假定(32) plane structure 平面结构(11) plane trussed lattice grids 平面桁架系网架(5) plank 板材(65) plastic adaption coefficient of cross—section 截面塑性发展系数(58) plastic design of steel structure 钢结构塑性设计(56) plastic hinge·塑性铰(13) plastlcity coefficient of reinforced concrete member in tensile zone 受拉区混凝土塑性影响系数

土木工程专业英语修正版

Take the road of sustainable development civil engineering Abstract: Civil Engineering is the oldest in human history "technical science" as a system of industrial activity, the essence of civil engineering production process, is a technical process Civil engineering is the construction of various facilities in science and technology, collectively, both refer to the construction of the object, that is built on the ground, underground, water facilities, a variety of projects, but also refers to the application of materials, equipment and carried out survey and design , construction, maintenance, repair and other technology. As an important basis for discipline, civil engineering has its important attributes: a comprehensive, social, practical, technical and economic and artistic unity. With the progress of human society and development, civil engineering has already evolved into large-scale comprehensive subject, and has many branches, such as: construction, railroad engineering, road engineering, bridge engineering, specialty engineering structures, water supply and drainage projects, port engineering, hydraulic engineering, environmental engineering and other disciplines. There are six professional civil engineering: architecture, urban planning, civil engineering, built environment and equipment engineering, water supply and drainage works and road and bridge projects. Civil engineering is a form of human activity. Human beings pursued it to change the natural environment for their own benefit. Buildings, transportations, facilities, infrastructures are all included in civil engineering. The development of civil engineering has a long history. Our seniors had left a lot of great constructions to us. For example, Zhao Zhou Bridge is the representative of our Chinese civil engineering masterpieces. It has a history of more than 1300 years and is still service at present. Civil engineering has been so rapid development of the period. A lot of new bridges have been constructed, and many greater plans are under discussion. China is a large county. And she is still well developing. However, civil engineers will be facing more complex problems. We should pay attention to the growing population and a lot of deteriorating infrastructures. We should prepare for the possibility of natural disasters. To meet grow needs in the

(完整版)土木工程专业英语常用词汇

Part IV：Commonly Used Professional Terms of Civil Engineering development organization 建设单位 design organization 设计单位 construction organization 施工单位 reinforced concrete 钢筋混凝土 pile 桩 steel structure 钢结构 aluminium alloy 铝合金 masonry 砌体（工程）reinforced ~ 配筋砌体load-bearing ~ 承重砌体unreinforced ~非配筋砌体 permissible stress (allowable stress) 容许应力plywood 胶合板 retaining wall 挡土墙 finish 装修 finishing material装修材料 ventilation 通风 natural ~ 自然通风 mechanical ~ 机械通风 diaphragm wall (continuous concrete wall) 地下连续墙 villa 别墅 moment of inertia 惯性矩 torque 扭矩 stress 应力normal ~ 法向应力shear ~ 剪应力 strain 应变 age hardening 时效硬化 air-conditioning system空调系统 (air) void ration（土）空隙比 albery壁厨，壁龛 a l mery壁厨，贮藏室 anchorage length锚固长度 antiseismic joint 防震缝 architectural appearance 建筑外观 architectural area 建筑面积 architectural design 建筑设计 fiashing 泛水 workability (placeability) 和易性 safety glass安全玻璃 tempered glass (reinforced glass) 钢化玻璃foamed glass泡沫玻璃 asphalt沥青 felt (malthoid) 油毡 riveted connection 铆接 welding焊接 screwed connection 螺栓连接 oakum 麻刀，麻丝 tee三通管 tap存水弯 esthetics美学 formwork 模板（工程） shoring 支撑 batching 配料 slipform construction (slipforming) 滑模施工 lfit-slab construction 升板法施工 mass concrete 大体积混凝土 terrazzo水磨石 construction joint 施工缝 honeycomb蜂窝，空洞，麻面 piled foundation桩基 deep foundation 深基础 shallow foundation浅基础 foundation depth基础埋深 pad foundation独立基础 strip foundation 条形基础 raft foundation筏基 box foundation箱形基础 BSMT=basement 地下室 lift 电梯electric elevator lift well电梯井 escalator 自动扶梯 Poisson’s ratio 泊松比μ Young’s modulus , modulus of elasticity 杨氏模量，弹性模量E safety coefficient 安全系数 fatigue failure 疲劳破坏 bearing capacity of foundations 地基承载力bearing capacity of a pile 单桩承载力 two-way-reinforcement 双向配筋 reinforced concrete two-way slabs钢筋混凝土双向板 single way slab单向板 window blind 窗帘sun blind wind load 风荷载 curing 养护 watertight concrete 防水混凝土 white cement白水泥 separating of concrete混凝土离折segregation of concrete mortar 砂浆~ joint 灰缝 pilaster 壁柱 fire rating耐火等级 fire brick 耐火砖 standard brick标准砖

《土木工程专业英语》课文翻译 作者 戴俊 第01单元

第一单元 课文 土木工程前言 或许，工程师对于人类文明形成所做出的贡献多于其他专业人才群体。在各个社会中，工程师的作用就是发展技术应用以满足实际需要。例如，应用电力系统向城市供电，应用水轮驱动水碾，应用人造心脏延长生命，等。向我们提供水、燃料、电力的系统，交通网络系统，通讯系统，以及带来其他方便的系统是工程技术应用的产物。尽管真正的工程师们在以上进步和人类幸福中所起的作用，但对他们所起作用的理解仍是不完全的。 工程是将知识转化为实际有效应用的技术，工程师则是在这样的转化中起关键作用的人。工程是服务人类的职业，人类环境是需要考虑的重要事项。通常，区分工程师和科学家一直存在困难，决定科学家的工作在哪里终止，工程师的工作从哪里开始也存在困难。 科学与工程中有联系的工作的基本区别在于它们的目的不同。科学家以发明为目的，而工程师坚持有效使用发明来满足人类的需要。例如，德国物理学家亨利奇·赫兹发现了无线电波，而古里耶尔莫·马克尼则利用无线电波发展了无线电信技术，这是一项工程奇迹。在相关科学家建立了核裂变的科学原理后，制造原子武器、建造核电厂的艰难工作则由电力、化学和机械工程师来完成。 土木工程是以向人类提供安全、舒适住所为目的的工程分支。住所是人类的基本需要之一，它由土木工程师负责提供。供水和灌溉系统的有效规划能增加一个国家的粮食产量。住所除了简单的掩蔽功能外，土木工程师还能将其建造来为居住者提供安宁、舒适的生活。世界上的工程奇迹——从塔形结构到今天的薄壳结构——都是土木工程发展的结果。道路、铁路、桥梁等交通网线是土木工程师的劳动果实，没有这样的交通网线，社会将不可能得到发展。 任何工程学科都是由各种专业分支构成的巨大领域，土木工程的主要专业分支如下： 1.结构工程 结构工程是土木工程的最重要专业分支，结构的建造需要有效的规划、设计和施工方法，以实现完整的建造目的。一般地，结构工程建造包含五个步骤： ●定位，并合理排列结构构件，形成确定的形式，以实现最佳的使用功能。 ●决定作用于结构上不同力的大小、方向和性质。 ●结构分析，弄清受上述作用力的结构构件的行为特征。 ●结构设计，以保证不同载荷作用下的结构稳定性。 ●结构施工，采用精心选择的材料，由熟练工人完成。 2.岩土工程 为了实现建筑于地面结构的有效功能，必须知道土的特征。岩土工程给出土的基本知识体系，这一分支涉及以下方面： ●土——“土力学”下的材料——的性质和行为特征。 ●结构、机器等基础的不同类型及其稳定性。 岩土工程也涉及基础的分析、设计和施工。 3.流体力学、水力学和水力机械