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高考英语语法讲义

高考英语语法讲义
高考英语语法讲义

高考语法讲义

一.非谓语动词

一.不定式:

一)不定式的常考形式:

1)一般形式:He decided to work harder in order to catch up with the others.

被动形式:He preferred to be assigned some heavier work to do.

语法功能:表示与谓语动词同步发生

2)完成形式:He pretended not to have seen me.

被动形式:The book is said to have been translated into many languages.

语法功能:表示发生在谓语动词之前

二)不定式常考的考点:

1)不定式做定语----将要发生

2)不定式做状语----目的

3)不定式充当名词功能---To see is to believe.

三)不定式的省略

1)感官动词see,watch,observe,notice,look at,hear,listen to,smell,taste,feel

+do表示动作的完整性,真实性;

+doing表示动作的连续性,进行性

I saw him work in the garden yesterday.

昨天我看见他在花园里干活了。(强调"我看见了"这个事实)

I saw him working in the garden yesterday.

昨天我见他正在花园里干活。(强调"我见他正干活"这个动作)

感官动词后面接形容词而不是副词:The cake tastes good?It feels comfortable.

2)使役动词have bid make let等词后不定式要省略但同1)一样被动以后要还原to

I‘d like to have John do it.

I have my package weighed.

Paul doesn’t have to be made to learn.

3)help help sb do help sb to do help do help to do

四)有些动词后只跟不定式如:

want,wish,hope,manage,promise,refuse,pretend,plan,offer,decide,agree,expect allow sb to do,cause sb to do,permit sb to do,enable sb to do

force sb to do.be more likely to do love to do warn sb to do be able to do

be ambitious to do.begin to do.start to do

We agreed_______here,but so far she hasn't turned up yet.(NMET

1995)

A.having met B.meeting C.to meet D.to have met(Key:C)

五)有的时候to后面要接-ing形式

accustom(oneself)to?be accustomed to?face up to?in addition to?look forward to?object to?be reduced to?resign oneself to?be resigned to?resort to?sink to?be used to?be alternative to?be close/closeness to?be dedication/dedicated to?be opposition/opposed to?be

similarity/similar to.

三、need/want后的-ing形式具有被动的意思。其中,want不太常用。

He needs(a lot of)encouraging.

二.动名词:具有动作性特征的名词

1)是名词seeing is believing

2)具有动词性特征可以带宾语starving troops is necessary.

一)动名词的形式:

一般形式:I don't like you smoking.

完成形式:I regret not having taken your advice.

被动形式:This question is far from being settled.

二)动名词常考的点

1)动名词做主语谓语动词为单数

2)在动名词和不定式中,做为介词的宾语是动名词

3)动名词的否定直接在其前加否定词,通过代词的宾格或所有格形式给出逻辑主语.

I would appreciate_______back this afternoon.(MET1992)

A.you to call B.you call C.you calling D.you're calling(Key:C your calling也对)

I regret not having taken your advice.

4)有些词后只能接动名词

admit?appreciate?avoid?celebrate?consider?contemplate?defer?delay?deny?detest?discontinue?dislike?dispute?enjoy?it entails?escape?excuse?explain?fancy?feel like?finish?forgive?can't help?hinder?imagine?it involves?keep?it means?mention?mind?miss?it necessitates?pardon?postpone?practice?prevent?recall?report?resent?resist?risk?suggest?understand...

另外还有一些接-ing形式的常用说法:

it's no good?it's no/little/hardly any/use?it's not/hardly/scarcely use?it's worthwhile?spend money/time?there's no?there's no point in?there's nothing worse than?what's the

use/point...

5有些词后加不定式和动名词均可

remember,forget,try,stop,go on,cease,mean后面用不定式和-ing形式,意义截然不容。

I remembered to post the letters.(指未来/过去未来的动作)

I remembered posting/having posting the letters(我记得这个动作)

forgot与remember的用法类似。

I regret to inform you that…我很遗憾地通知你…

I regretted having left the firm after twenty years.为了"二十年前的离开"而遗憾。

try to努力You really must try to overcome your shyness.

try–ing试验Try practicing five hours a day.

I mean to go,but my father would not allow me to.[打算、想]我想去,但我父亲不让我

去。

To raise wage means increasing purchasing power.[意味着]赠加工资意味着增加购买力。prefer的用法:

我宁愿在这里等。

I prefer to wait here.(所以啊,你不介意的话,我就等下去。)

I prefer waiting here.(我正在这里等,我就喜欢这么做。)

I prefer swimming to cycling.(这个句子里面就不能用不定式了。)

—The light in the office is still on.

—Oh,I forgot_______.(MET1991)

A.turning it off B.turn it off C.to turn it off D.having turned it off(Key:C)—You were brave enough to raise objections at the meeting.

—Well,now I regret_______that.(NMET1995)

A.to do B.to be doing C.to have done D.having done(Key:D)

3分词:

现在分词主动进行,过去分词被动状态

现在分词的形式:

1)一般式:Do you see the man talking to the dean(主任)?(与谓语动词同步发生)

2)完成形式:Not having made adequate preparations,they failed.(发生谓语动词之前)

3)完成被动形式:Having been adapted,the script seems perfect.(发生谓语动词之前且表示被动)

过去分词

1)过去分词表示被动:Fight no battle unprepared.

2)过去分词的进行形式:You'll find the topic being discussed everywhere.(强调正在被做)

这三种非谓语动词,都可以构成复合结构,非谓语动词所修饰的成分是这些非谓语动词的逻辑主语。他们之间的一致关系——主动还是被动,往往就是考点。独立主格结构中,要注意的是分词与他前面的逻辑主语之间的主动被动的关系。

二:虚拟语气和情态动词

情态动词的基本用法及其区别

最近几年高考试题中常常借助语境来考查情态动词的基本用法及其区别,因此在平时学习时准确理解和掌握情态动词的基本用法十分重要。情态动词的用法复杂多变,在高考试题中,命题者常常利用语境和句子之间意义上的细微差别来考查学生对情态动词的理解和掌握。对于情态动词,除了要求考生能够准确掌握它们的基本用法外,还要充分利用高考试题所设置的语境来分析句子之间所体现的特殊关系。下面就近几年来高考试题中出现的情态动词的考点进行归纳分析,以便同学们复习掌握。

一、用“情态动词+have+done”结构表示对过去动作的推测,高考试题中常用过去时态或过去的时间状语给以暗示。情态动词的这一用法可以用“对立统一”来概括。

1.当试题的前句和后句在动作和意义上相互补充说明,且整个句意在动作和时间上是一个整体时,我们可用“统一”关系来解决这样的试题。常见的结构有:

must have done:

表示对过去动作的肯定推测,常译作“一定做了……”,只能用于肯定句中。其否定形式为can’t /couldn’t have done

疑问式为Can/Could...have done﹖。

could/might have done:表示对过去发生的动作的可能性推测,常译作“可能做了……”。如:

1)My sister met him at the Grand Theater yesterday afternoon,so he

_____your lecture. (上海2000)

A.couldn’t have attended

B.needn’t have attended

C.mustn’t have attended

D.shouldn’t have attended

本题选A。

2)Jack____yet,otherwise he would have telephoned me.(上海’97)

A.mustn’t have arrived

B.shouldn’t have arrived

C.can’t have arrived

D.need not have arrived(C)

2.当试题的前后句在动作和意义上构成转折关系时,常借助“but,however,instead”等词来表示过去的动作与客观事实不符,这时我们就可以用“对立”关系来解决这样的试题。这种结构常见的有:

should have done/ought to have done:表示过去本应该做某事而实际上没有做。

should not have done/ought not to have done:表示过去本不应该做某事但事实上却做了。

need have done:表示过去本来有必要去做某事,但事实上没有做。

need not have done:表示过去本来没有必要做某事,但事实上却做了。如:

3)I was really anxious about you.You_____home without a word.

(NMET2001)

A.mustn’t leave B.shouldn’t have left

C.couldn’t have left D.needn’t leave

“本不应该离家出走却走了”,故本题选B。

4)I told Sally how to get here,but perhaps I_____for her.

(NMET’94)

A.had to write it out

B.must have written it out

C.should have written it out

D.ought to write it out

由句中的连词but可知前后句之间是对立关系,分析题意可知本题应选C。

二、考查情态动词基本用法之间的比较和辨析。最近几年高考试题中常借助具体的语境来考查考生对那些最常见的情态动词的基本用法的理解和掌握,因此在做这样的试题时应认真分析语境中所含的实际意义,并结合情态动词的基本含义和用法做出正确的选择。

5)—Is John coming by train﹖

—He should,but he______not.He likes driving his car.(NMET2002)

A.must B.can C.need D.may

mustn’t表示“禁止、不准”;cannot表示“不可能”;need not表示“不必要”;may not

表示“可能不”。分析语境可知本题应选D。

6)—I hear you’ve got a set of valuable Australian coins.______I have a look﹖

—Yes,certainly.(北京2002春)

A.Do B.May C.Shall D.Should

分析语境可知这是在征求对方的许可,may表示“允许、可以”,语气比较委婉 shall常用于第一、三人称作主语的疑问句中,表示征求对方意见和指示,如果此空用shall,则意为“要(我)看一下吗?”,不符合上下文意思。故本题选B。

7)Mr Bush is on time for everything.How____it be that he was late for the opening ceremony﹖(上海2001春)

A.can B.should C.may D.must

must be表示肯定的猜测,只能用于肯定句中,由题意可知本题应选A。

8)—Are you coming to Jeff’s party﹖

—I’m not sure.I____go to the concert instead.(NMET2000)

A.must B.would C.should D.might

由题意和下句中的“I’m not sure”

可知这段对话中存在一种可能性推测,might可以用来表示一种比较委婉的可能性判断,故本题选D。又如:I should have been there,but I_____not find the time.(上海2000春)A.would B.could C.might D.should

分析题意可知第二个分句表示过去的某种能力;C项只表示语气上的可能性,与题意不符。故本题选B。9)Johnny,you____play with the knife,you____hurt yourself.

(NMET’96)

A.won’t?can’t B.mustn’t?may

C.shouldn’t?must D.can’t?shouldn’t

mustn’t表示“不可以;禁止”,分析题意可知第二个空表示某种可能性,故本题选B。

10)—Will you stay for lunch﹖

—Sorry,______.My brother is coming to see me.(NMET’99)

A.I mustn’t B.I can’t

C.I needn’t D.I won’t

分析题意可知因为“我弟弟要来看我”,所以“不能留下”,因此对别人的邀请或要求应给予礼貌的拒绝。A项表示“禁止”;C项表示“不必要”;而D项表示“不会”,均不符合题意。故本题选B。又如:—Could I borrow your dictionary﹖

—Yes,of course you_____.(MET’92)

A.might B.will C.can D.should(C)

11)—When can I come for the photos﹖I need them tomorrow afternoon.

—They_____be ready by12 00.(NMET’98)

A.can B.should C.might D.need

该题考查情态动词should的基本含义,分析句意可知本题应选B。又如:

12)The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone____get out.(NMET’97)

A.had to B.would C.could D.was able to

该题考查了could和be able to的区别,二者都可表示过去时间的能力,但如果表示过去成功地做了某事只能使用was/were able to do,故本题选D。

13)—Shall I tell John about it﹖

—No,you_____.I’ve told him already.(NMET’94)

A.needn’t B.wouldn’t C.mustn’t D.shouldn’t

情态动词shall在试题中表示征询对方意见或请求指示。答句暗示“没有必要了”,故本题选A

虚拟语气

最自然的虚拟状态:由should/would+原型时态(不含时间只含状态)

本质上是过去将来时:即,时间固定在过去将来,状态不同:一般、进行、完成、完成进行。

这时"虚拟语气"的产生往往是因为我们要表达"本来应该……"(而现在却还没有……)

(本来可以……,本来能……)

I should go!(…but I'm still here!)(一般)

I should be working now!(进行)

I should have practiced more(than I did)!(完成)

我应该多多练习!(言下之意,现在我练习得不多。)

I shouldn't dream away my time too much!(完成的否定)

(actually I did dream away my time too much!)

It shouldn't have been leaking for such a long time!(完成进行)

I may/might/could have finished!(完成)

一些常见的句型中,就会出现这种虚拟语气,而处于从句之中,should常常被省略掉

o suggest,advise,propose,recommend,plan?

o demand,order,direct,arrange,command,decide?

o require,request?

o think,expect,believe,insist,suspect.

由于他们的含义中包含"建议,假设,应该"这类的含义,所以,由他们引起的从句中,就会包含有should+原型时态构成的虚拟语气。

这些动词(以及他们的名次形式,分词形式)引起的从句还有其他的变形:

主语从句,表语从句,同位语从句

It's suggested that…

My suggestion is that…

The only suggestion that...

The only suggestion I can give you now is that…

一些形容词引起的表语从句中,也会有同样的情况

important?necessary?essential

natural?strange?incredible that

a pity?a shame?no wonder

由lest,for fear that,in case引起的从句中多使用should

表达与事实相反

1.与现在相反:使用[过去时]:

I wish I were not here!(一般现在→一般过去)

Suppose we were not here.

He loved me as if I were his own son.(一般现在→一般过去)

Hope I weren't always losing things!(现在进行→过去进行)

If only/If I hadn't been there!(现在完成→过去完成)

What if I hadn't been waiting right here!(现在完成进行→过去完成进行)

常考句型:It's(high)time(that)…?would rather(that)…

这两个从句,只能表达对现在的看法,所以,从句中只有一般过去时。

2.与过去相反:过去完成时;

How nice it is if I had past the test!

How nice it is if I had slept a little more this morning!

3.与将来相反?将来的事情没有发生,所以只能推测且实现可能很小

I wish he could not smoke any more.

不过,由于可以用be to表示将来;所以,虚拟语气中经常出现were to;也是CET-4的常考语法点。 虚拟条件句

o if部分,做一个与事实相反的假设(所以只有一般过去和过去完成);

o主句部分,这是表示基于这个假设的推测,一般使用情态动词would,少数情况下使用could/might/should。

o注意:两个部分之间,是有逻辑关系,而在两部分的谓语动词时态上,没有必然的联系。

注意,虚拟条件句中的if可以省略,造成were/had提前,产生倒装。

隐含的非真实条件:由特殊的词给出条件:with,without,in,but for,otherwise,or How could I be happy without you?In his shoes,I would kill myself.

But for the storm,we would have arrived.

三、一致关系

一)主谓一致

1.主谓一致(与插入语无关)

1主谓的分隔原则:主谓之间可以用定语从句或者省略的定语从句分隔。

2定语从句中的主谓一致:

3随前一致:

n.+together with n2

as well as

including

along with

with/of

accompanied with/by

4就近原则:n1or n2+v(就近原则)

either n1or n2

5可数n1and可数n2+v(pl)

不可数n1and不可数n2+v(pl)

例外:war and peace is…war and peace是一个整体

但是如果主语表示的是同一个概念,同一人,同一事的时候,谓语动词用单数,这种结构的特征是and连接的两个词只有一个冠词。

The iron and steel industry is very important to our country.

The head master and mathematical teacher is coming.

The head master and the mathematical teacher are coming.

类似的还有:law and order bread and

butter black and white

To love and to be loved is…

A lawyer and a teacher are…

A lawyer and teacher is…

6随后原则:not A but B/not only A but also B+v.(与B一致)

7百分比结构:most,half,rest,some,majority,one+persent

of+n1+v.(由n1决定)

8倒装结构的主谓一致:

a)There be+n由名词决定动词

b)Among,between等介词位于句首引起倒装结构:

Among/Between…+系动词+n.(由名词决定动词)

9The+adj的主谓一致:

a)当表示“一类人”,

b)当表示某一抽象概念时

The good is always attractive.

10To do/doing/主从+vs

*More than one+n

many a+n.

a day or two

二)、倒装

1全部倒装

是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有:Up went the plane=the plane went up.

1)here,there,now,then,thus等副词置于句首,谓语动词常用be,come,go,lie,run。

2)表示运动方向的副词(back,down,off,up)或地点状语置于句首,谓语表示运动的动词。

注意:1)上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词,如果主语是人称代词则不能倒装。Here he comes.

Away they went.2)谓语动词是be的时候,不能倒装。Here it is.Here you are.

3)形容词短语/分词短语位于句首,引起倒装

*typical of characteristic of

*coinciding with+n

4)表示地点范围的介词短语位于句首,谓语动词为系动词,一定引起倒装

In…(表语)+系动词+主,主同。

*在倒装句型答案中不能出现there

*常考介词要倒装:among between in at beneath

常考的系动词:be lie exist remain rest

部分倒装

1.否定adv位于句首,引起倒装:not only,not until,hardly,scarcely,

seldom,rarely,no sooner…than

1)not until+时间+主谓倒装,not until+句子+主谓倒装

2)only+状语位于句首

only+ad.eg:recently

prep.短短语eg:in recently years

从句eg:when clause

only一个词本身不倒装

3)在比较级结构中,than后面可以倒装,也可以不倒装。

部分倒装是指将谓语的一部分如助动词或情态倒装至主语之前。如果句中的谓语没有助动词或情态动词,则需添加助动词do,does或did,并将其置于主语之前。

1)Neither,nor,so表示前面句子的共同否定或者肯定,产生倒装,一般主动词提前,谓语动词的

其他部分就

4)as/though引导的让步从句必须将表语或状语提前(形容词,副词,分词,实义动词提前)。

as〔让步〕虽然,尽管〔词序倒装。语气比though强〕。

Successful as he is,he is not proud.他虽成功,却不骄傲。

Women as she is,she's every brave.

Try hard as he will,he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.

注意:A)句首名词不能带任何冠词。B)句首是实义动词,其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语,随实义动词一起放在主语之前。

5)其他部分倒装

a)so…that句型中的so?such…that句型中的such位于句首时,需倒装。

So frightened was he that he did not dare to move an inch.

b)在某些表示祝愿的句型中:May you all be happy.

c)在虚拟语气条件句中从句谓语动词有were,had,should等词,可将if省略,把were,had,

should移到主语之前,采取部分倒装。Were I you,I would try it again.

四、复合句

从句可分为:

名词性从句→主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句

形容词性从句→定语从句

副词性从句→状语从句

常考的关系代词:that?which?who/whom/whose?where?when?what?as。

常见的同位语从句现行词(that之前的抽象名词):fact,idea,news,hope,conclusion,evidence, opinion,problem,thought,understanding…

常用的引导词

o时间状语从句:while?when?before?whenever?as?after?till?until?since?once?ever since?as/so long as?as soon as?no sooner…than?hardly…when?scarcely/barely…

when?the moment/minute/instant?on(the point of)doing…

o地点状语从句:where?wherever

o原因状语从句:because?since?as?seeing that?considering that?now that?in that?for fear that?lest?owing to the fact that?because of the fact that?due to the fact that…

o方式状语从句:as?as if?as though?how?save that…

o比较状语从句:as?than?as…as?not so…as?hardly…than?

o结果状语从句:so that?so…that?such…that?so as to…

o条件状语从句:if?unless?in case?so long as?so far as?provided/providing/that?supposing?granted/granting that…?giving that….

o让步状语从句:though?although?even if?even though?whether?as?however?no matter(what,how,when)?for all that?in spite of the fact that?granted that?

regardless of the fact that…

o目的状语从句:that?so that?in order that?lest?for the fear that?in case…

定语从句:

which引导的定语从句结构

1)which是关系代词,which后面应该加缺主语或者宾语的句子,

在这个句子中,which要作成分,作主语或者宾语

2)in which+完整的句子

which在定语从句中作in的宾语,所以不能作后面句子的主语

3)名词+of which+谓语动词

of which来修饰名词,名词在定语从句中作主语,所以后面直接跟谓语动词

I have five books three of which are borrowed from Mary.

4)介词+which+to do其功能相当于定语从句。

The key with which to open the door is lost.

5)定语从句的省略结构:

1.如果that/which在定从中作宾语,可以省略.

sub+vt+n+(which/that)+sub+vt

→s+vt+n+s+v

s+vt+n1+n2+vt

*当做题时,若发现两个名词在一起,但是似乎连不上,则一定省略that/

which,则动词为vt,做谓语。

6)定从的特殊省略

the way(in which)+句子

the reason(why that)+句子均为完整句

the time(that/when)+句子

I do remember the first time(that省)I ever heard the sweetest voice in the world.

By the time省that+句子,句子。

7)定从的主系省略(主+系可同时省)

即:which be,who be,that be可同时省

状语从句省略结构

这种省略从句主语的方式理论上需要满足以下两个条件:

第一、特定的状语从句引导词:although though even though when while if as 第二、从句主语和主句主语必须保持一致;

第三、从句的谓语必须是be动词,主语和be动词同进同出,

比如上面的they和are要么同时省略,要么同时保留。

高考英语插入语及插入句的用法

在NMET中,插入语屡见不鲜,由于插入语通常与句中其它成分没有语法上的关系,因此给考生的理解带来一定困难。插入语多半用逗号与句子隔开,用来表示说话者对句子所表达的意思的态度。插入语可能是一个词、一个短语或一个句子。

一、常用做插入语的副词

indeed的确,surely无疑,however然而,obviously显然,frankly坦率地说,naturally自然,luckily(或happily)for sb.算某人幸运,fortunately幸好,strangely奇怪,hone stly真的,briefly简单地说等。

1.Surely,she won t go to China Telecom with you.

当然她不会和你一起去中国电信。

2.Strangely,he has not been to China Unicom.Still more strangely,he has not called me.

奇怪,他未来过中国联通。更奇怪,他没给我打电话。

3.Fortunately,I found the book that I d lost.

幸亏我找到了已丢失的那本书。

二、常见的作插入语的形容词或其短语

true真的,funny真可笑,strange to say说也奇怪,needless to say不用说,most impor tant of all最为重要,worse still更糟糕的等。

1.Strange to say(或True),he should have done such a thing.

说也奇怪(或真的),他竟然做出这样的事。

2.Most important of all,you each over fulfilled your own task.

更为重要的,你们各自超额完成了自己的任务。

三、常用作插入语的介词短语

in a few words(或in sum,in short)简而言之,in other words换句话说,in a sense在某种意义上,in general一般说来,in my view在我看来,in his opinion(judgment)按照他的意见(判断),in conclusion总之,in summary概括地说,in fact事实上,in the first place首先,in addition此外,of course当然,to our knowledge据我们所知,to my joy(delight,satisfaction)使我欣慰(高兴、满意)的,to their surprise(astonis hment,amazement)使他们惊奇的,to her regret (disappointment)使她遗憾(失望)的,for instance(或example)例如,as a matter of fact事实上等。

1.Of course,he did not succeed for the lack of experience.

当然,他由于缺乏经验而未成功。

2.She knows much more about computer science than the other students do,for in stance.

例如,她在计算机科学方面就比其他同学懂得多。

高考高频难词

1.alter v.改变,改动,变更

2.burst vi.n.突然发生,爆裂

3.dispose vi.除掉;处置;解决;处理(of)

4.blast n.爆炸;气流vi.炸,炸掉

5.consume v.消耗,耗尽

6.split v.劈开;割裂;分裂a.裂开的

7.spit v.吐(唾液等);唾弃

8.spill v.溢出,溅出,倒出

9.slip v.滑动,滑落;忽略

10.slide v.滑动,滑落n.滑动;幻灯片

11.bacteria n.细菌

12.breed n.种,品种v.繁殖,产仔

13.budget n.预算v.编预算,作安排

14.candidate n.候选人

15.campus n.校园

16.liberal a.慷慨的;丰富的;自由的

17.transform v.转变,变革;变换

18.transmit v.传播,播送;传递

19.transplant v.移植

20.transport vt.运输n.运输,运输工具

21.shift v.转移;转动;转变

22.vary v.变化,改变;使多样化

23.vanish vi.消灭,不见

24.swallow v.吞下,咽下n.燕子

25.suspicion n.怀疑,疑心

26.suspicious a.怀疑的,可疑的

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/4f4899711.html,d a.温暖的,暖和的;温柔的,味淡的

28.tender a.温柔的;脆弱的

29.nuisance n.妨害,讨厌(的人或事物)

30.insignificant a.无意义的,无足轻重的

31.accelerate vt.加速,促进

32.absolute a.绝对的,无条件的;完全的

33.boundary n.分界线,边界

34.brake n.刹车,制动器v.刹住(车)

35.catalog n.目录(册)v.编目

36.vague a.模糊的,不明确的

37.vain n.徒劳,白费

38.extinct a.绝灭的,熄灭的

39.extraordinary a.不平常的,特别的,

40.extreme a.极度的,极端的n.极端,过分

41.agent n.代理人,代理商;动因,原因

42.alcohol n.含酒精的饮料,酒精

43.appeal n./vi.呼吁,恳求

44.appreciate vt.重视,赏识,欣赏

45.approve v.赞成,同意,批准

46.stimulate vt.刺激,激励

47.acquire vt.取得,获得;学到

48.accomplish vt.完成,到达;实行

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/4f4899711.html,work n.网状物;电视网;网络

50.tide n.潮汐;潮流

51.tidy a.整洁的,整齐的

52.trace vt.追踪,找到n.痕迹,踪迹

53.torture n./vt.拷打,折磨

54.wander vi.漫游,闲逛

55.wax n.蜡

56.weave v.织,编

57.preserve v.保护,保存,保持,维持

61.abuse v.滥用,虐待;谩骂

62.academic a.学术的;;研究院的

63.academy n.(高等)专科院校;学会

64.battery n.电池(组)

65.barrier n.障碍;棚栏

66.cargo n.(船、飞机等装载的)货物

67.career n.生涯,职业

68.vessel n.船舶;容器,器皿;血管

69.vertical a.垂直的

70.oblige v.迫使,责成;使感激

71.obscure a.阴暗,模糊

72.extent n.程度,范围,大小,限度

73.exterior n.外部,外表a.外部的,外表的

74.external a.外部的,外表的,外面的

75.petrol n.汽油

76.petroleum n.石油

77.delay vt./n.推迟,延误,耽搁

78.decay vi.腐烂,腐朽

79.decent a.像样的,体面的

80.route n.路;路线;航线

81.ruin v.毁坏,破坏n.毁灭,[pl.]废墟

82.sake n.缘故,理由

83.satellite n.卫星

84.scale n.大小,规模;等级;刻度

85.temple n.庙宇

86.tedious a.乏味道,单调的,

87.tend vi.易于,趋向

88.tendency n.趋向,趋势

89.ultimate a.最大的,最终的n.极端

90.undergo v.经历,遭受

91.abundant a.丰富的,充裕的,大量的

92.adopt v.收养;采用;采纳

93.adapt vi.适应,改编,改写vt.使适应

94.bachelor n.学士,学士学位;单身汉

95.casual a.偶然的,;临时的;非正式的

96.trap n.陷阱,圈套v.设陷阱捕捉

97.vacant a.空的,未占用的

最新高考英语语法知识讲解(完整版)

高考英语语法知识讲解 (名师详细讲解语法+配套实战练习,零基础也可以学 好英语,建议下载保存) (绝对精品文档,价值很高,值得下载打印收藏) (每天背诵提高英语语感。零基础学英语,每天进步一 点点!)

第一讲座:名词---基础篇 一、名词的复数: 1. 名词变复数的规则形式: 1). 一般情况下直接加s:book------books cup-----cups 2). 以辅音字母+y结尾的,先变y为i再加es: city-------cities family-----families 3). 以s、x、sh、ch结尾的加es: bus-----buses wish------wishes watch------watches 4). 以o结尾的多数加S 初中阶段只有三个单词加es: tomato-----tomatoes potato------potatoes hero-----heroes Negroes 5). 以f、fe 结尾的,先把f、fe变v 再加es: leaf----leaves self---selves shelf----shelves life----lives thief---thieves 2. 少数名词的复数形式是不规则的: man----men woman---women child----children foot-----feet tooth----teeth mouse---mice 3. 单数和复数形式相同: deer---deer fish----fish sheep----sheep Chinese ----Chinese Japanese---Japanese 4. 某国人的复数: 1). 中、日不变:Chinese----Chinese Japanese---Japanese 2). 英、法变:Englishman----Englishmen Frenchman----Frenchmen 3).其余s加后面:American-----Americans German----Germans Australian---Australians 二、不可数名词: 1. 不可数名词: 1). 不能直接用数字表数量;2). 不能直接加a或an;3). 没有复数形式; 4). 可用some、any、lots of、plenty of、much 修饰;5). 可用“量词短语”表示; 2. 不可数名词的数量的表示方法:a / 数字+ 量词+ of + 不可数名词: a piece of paper a cup of tea a glass of milk 三、名词的所有格: 1. ’s 所有格:

高考英语语法知识点总结

专题一定语从句 一、关系代词引导的定语从句 1、that 指人或物在从句中作主语,宾语或表语 which 指物在从句中作主语,宾语或表语(作宾语时可以省略) who 指人在从句中作主语,宾语或表语 whom 指人在从句中作宾语 whose 指人或物在从句中作定语 as 指人或物在从句中作主语,宾语或表语 but 指人或物在从句中作主语,宾语或表语 注意:指物时,whose+名词=the+名词+of which 或of which+the+名词 2、as 的用法 (1)常用于下列结构:such…as; so…as;the same…as; as…as 注意:the same…as 表示同一类,不同一个 the same…that 表示同一个 (2)as与which的区别 a、位置不同 as可放在主句后,主句前或主句中间;which只能放在主句后。 b、as起连接作用,表达说话人的观点、看法,并指出主句内容的根据或出处,意为“正如,正像”。 Which相当于并列句,可以用and this来代替,意为“这一点,这件事’”。 注意:as常用于下列结构:as we know/ as is known to all, as we all can see, as has been said before/above, as might be excepted, as is often the case, 一般不能用which代替as。 C、在从句中作主语时,which既可作系动词be的主语也可作实义动词的主语,而as只可作系动词be的主语。 3、but用作关系代词,相当于who/that…not 例:In China there is no one but knows Lei Feng. 二、只用that不用which的情况 1、.先行词为all , much, everything, nothing , something ,anything, nothing, none, the one等不定代词时 2、先行词被only, any, few, little, no , all, just , very ,right等修饰时. 3、当先行词是最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。 4、当先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。 5、当先行词是数词时. 6、当先行词既指人又指物时。 7、如有两个定语从句,其中一个关系代词已用which,另一个关系代词则宜用that。 8、主句是There be结构,修饰其主语的定语从句宜用that 作关系代词。 9、被修饰成分为表语,或者关系代词本身是定语从句的表语时,该关系代词宜用that。 10、先行词为what,关系代词用that。

高考英语语法必考知识点

名词性从句 区别什么从句应看主句,主句不完整时从句肯定是名词性从句。主句完整时,从句可能是定语从句,状语从句,或者同位语从句。 需要用什么引导词看从句。名词性从句中缺什么意思用什么意思的引导词; 缺名词性成 份时,指人用指物用不缺意思和成份时用That只有在宾语从句中可以省略。 引导主、宾、表语从句时,what要充当主语、宾语或表语等句子成分,that不作任何成分,只在语法上起连接的作用。 ◆____we can’t get∧seems better than ____ we have∧. A. What; what B. what; that C. That; that D. That; what 本句包含一个主语从句和一个宾语从句,且两个从句都缺乏宾语,可见两个引导词都必须充当成分,所以答案是A。 ◆____ ∧caused the accident is still a complete mystery. A. What B. That C. How D. Where 该题答案是A,what在主语从句中作主语,即作谓语动词caused的执行者。在下面的例句中,that不充当任何成份,只起语法连接作用(因为句子本身不缺成分): 〖2011江西卷〗The villagers have already known we’ll do is to rebuild the bridge. A.this B.that C.what D.which 考察宾语从句和主语从句。村民们已经知道我们将要做的事情是重建这座桥,后面的宾语从句的主语从句中缺少主语且指物,所以选择what。答案:C 〖2011四川卷〗Our teachers always tell us to believe in we do and who we are if we want to succeed. A. why B. how C. what D. which in介词后面接宾语从句,且从句中缺do的宾语,故选C项。why、how在句中作状语;which在名词性从句中作定语。选C. 〖2011陕西卷〗I’d like to start my own business –that’s I’d do if I had the money. A.why B.when C.which D.what 所填词引导的从句位于系动词之后,是表语从句,所填词在从句中做宾语,指物,用what,选D。其余选项与题意不符。 〖2011北京卷〗Barbara Jones offers to her fans is honesty and happiness. A. Which B. What C. That D. Whom 考察名词性从句中的主语从句。主语从句中缺少offer的宾语,选择what。

高考英语语法考点

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高考英语语法必考点

定语从句及连词 as与which均可替代整个主句 在非限制性定语从句中,均可替代整个主句. 如从句在主句之后,两者皆可用;如从句在主句之前,用as。介词/逗号后, 永远不用that! 关系代词as的考查。关系代词as引导限制性定语从句时既可指人又可指物。它只能替 代由such,the same等修饰的先行词;as引导非限制性定语从句时,可放于句首,句中或 置于句尾,而which则只能置于主句之后。但如果定语从句为否定句或表示否定意义,使 用which。As引导的定性定语从句有"正如"之意,而which引导的没有。 〖2010全国Ⅰ〗As a child , Jack studied in a village school ,_____ is named after his grandfather. A. which B. where C. what D. that 空格设置在名词school后, 且school后有逗号, 此题考查非限定性定语从句。定语从句所 修饰的先行词是school, 它在定于从句中做主语, 因此使用关系代词, 选项中的关系代词只 有which和that, 由于是非限定性定语从句, 不能使用that, 因此选择A。 〖2010四川〗After graduating from college, I took some time off to go travelling, turned out to be a wise decision. A. that B. which C. when D. where 此处应为which引导的非限制性定语从句, which代替前边整个句子。句意为:―大学毕 业后, 我们休假一段时间去旅游, 这结果证明是一个明智的决定。‖ 〖2009山东〗Whenever I met her, _________ was fairly often, she greeted me with a sweet smile. A. who B. which C. when D. that 不论何时遇见她, 她总是用甜美的微笑和我打招呼,这是非常经常的事。考查非限制性定语从句, 从句_________ was fairly often插在主句中的时间状语从句后, 关系代词which可代替主句整个句子的意思并在从句中作主语。答案B。 〖2009辽宁〗They‘ve won their last three matches, ________I find a bit surprising A. that B. when C. what D. which 此处意思是―他们赢得了最后的三场比赛, 我觉得这确实有点让人意外‖, which代替上句―They‘ve won their last three matches‖做find的宾语, 选D。A项不能用于非限制性定语从句中, B, C此处没有他们的意思。

高考英语语法中必考的18个重难点

1 主谓一致常考难题 1、一些有两个部分构成的名词表示衣物或工具作主语时,谓语通常用复数形式:glasses,clothes,trousers,shoes,compasses, chopsticks,scissors等。 2、如果主语用a kind of,a pair of,a series of等加名词构成时,谓语动词一般用单数形式。例如:A pair of shoes was on the desk. 3、并列主语如果指的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时,谓语动词用单数形式,这时and后面的名词没有冠词。例如:Truth and honesty is the best policy. 4、当主语后面跟有as well as,as much as,no less than, along with,with,like,rather than,together with,but, except,besides,including,in addition to等引导的词组时,其谓语动词的单、复数按主语的单、复数而定。例如:The teacher as well as the students was excited. 5、A(great)number of修饰可数复数名词,谓语动词用复数;a great deal of,a large amount of修饰不可数名词,其短语作主语时,谓语动词用单数。 6、关系代词who,that,which等在定语从句中作主语时,其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。例如:Those who want to go please sign your names here.

高考英语语法知识点总结

专题一定语从句 一、关系代词引导得定语从句 1、that 指人或物在从句中作主语,宾语或表语 which 指物在从句中作主语,宾语或表语(作宾语时可以省略) who 指人在从句中作主语,宾语或表语 whom 指人在从句中作宾语 whose 指人或物在从句中作定语 as 指人或物在从句中作主语,宾语或表语 but指人或物在从句中作主语,宾语或表语 注意:指物时,whose+名词=the+名词+ofwhich或of which+the+名词 2、as 得用法 (1)常用于下列结构:such…as;so…as;the same…as; as…as 注意:the same…as表示同一类,不同一个 the same…that表示同一个 (2)as与which得区别 a、位置不同 as可放在主句后,主句前或主句中间;which只能放在主句后。 b、as起连接作用,表达说话人得观点、瞧法,并指出主句内容得根据或出处,意为“正如,正像”。 Which相当于并列句,可以用and this来代替,意为“这一点,这件事’”。 注意:as常用于下列结构:aswe know/as is knowntoall, as we allcan see, ashas been said before/above, as might beexcepted,as is often the case, 一般不能用which代替as。 C、在从句中作主语时,which既可作系动词be得主语也可作实义动词得主语,而as只可作系动词be得主语。 3、but用作关系代词,相当于who/that…not 例:In China thereisnoone but knows LeiFeng、 二、只用that不用which得情况 1、、先行词为all , much, everything, nothing,something ,anything, nothing, none,the one 等不定代词时 2、先行词被only,any,few, little,no , all, just, very ,right等修饰时、 3、当先行词就是最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。 4、当先行词就是序数词或被序数词修饰时。 5、当先行词就是数词时、 6、当先行词既指人又指物时。 7、如有两个定语从句,其中一个关系代词已用which,另一个关系代词则宜用that。 8、主句就是Therebe结构,修饰其主语得定语从句宜用that作关系代词。 9、被修饰成分为表语,或者关系代词本身就是定语从句得表语时,该关系代词宜用that。

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