英美概况考试要点(美国部分)

The U.S has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometres. It is the fourth largest country in the world in size after Russia, Canada and China

Of all states of American, Alaska is the largest in area and Rhode Island the smallest. But on the mainland Texas is the largest state of the country.

所有州中，阿拉斯加是面积最大的州，罗得岛最小，在美国大陆，最大的州是得克萨斯州。

The Rockies, the backbone of the North American Continent, is also known as the Continental Divide.

落基山脉是北美大陆的脊梁，也被成为大陆分水岭。

The two main mountain ranges in American are the Appalachian mountains and the Rocky mountains.

阿巴拉契亚山脉和落基山脉是美国的两座大山脉。

The Mississippi River is the largest river in American, over 6000 kilometers.The Mississippi has been called "father of waters "or "old man river"

密西西比河是美国最长河流，有被称作“众水之父”或“老人河”。Many factors besides latitude influence the climate in the United States. Perhaps the most important forces are the Atlantic and Pacific oceans,the Gulf of Mexico ,and the Great Lakes.影响美国气候的最主要的因素为：太平洋，和大西泮，墨西哥湾，五大湖。

美国的地理位置

To the south of the United States lie Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico. On the west, the United States borders on the Pacific Ocean which provides convenient sea routes for America’s foreign trade with the Far East. To the east of American lies the large Atlantic Ocean. To the north near the Canada.

美国历史是第一批移民来自英国和荷兰。The first immigrants in the American history cane from England and Netherlands. The "first American "were the Indians. The first English colony in the Americas was founded at Jamestown ,Virginia, in 1607.Between 1607 and 1733 the British established 13 colonies along the east coast of North American.

最早的美国人”是印地安人，英国于1607年在美国建立了第一块殖民地，即在弗吉尼亚的詹姆斯，1607-1733年间，英国在北美洲的东海岸建立了十三个殖民地。

The first ten amendments to the U.S Constitution, which was called the Bill of Rights, adopted in 1791 which promise to protect individuals rights.

成为宪法的前十条修正案正案被称为《人权法案》。

The Union army under the command of Ulysses .Grant defeated the confederate army at Gettysburg, Pensylvania, this victory was the turning point of the Civil War.

北方联军在尤利西斯。格兰特的指挥下，在宾夕法尼亚的葛底斯堡击败了南方联盟军，葛底斯堡大捷是美国内战的转折点。

In the Civil war, Lincoln realized that he could win support for the Union at home and abroad by making the war a just war against slavery. So he issued the famous Emancipation Proclamation.美国内战期间，林肯发表了《解放奴隶宣言》

葛底斯堡演讲

Government of the people, by the people, for the people 1863年11月9日，林肯在葛底斯堡阵亡将士公墓落成仪式上发表了简短的演说，他以另人难忘的语言结束了演说“民有，民治，民享的政府永远不会从地球上消失。

On November 19,1863,Abraham Lincoln made a short speech on the occasion of dedicating the national cemetery at Gettysburg. He ended his speech with these memorable words: "That government of the people ,by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.

1880年美国钢产`量世界第一，1900年煤产量世界第一。In 1880,the U.S ranked first in the world in the production of steel; in 1900,the U.S. produced 245million tons of coal, ranking first in the world.

大公司的出现，城市化及新技术的迅速发展是美国20世纪初经济增长出现的三大特点。

Large corporation ,urbanization and new technology were the three features in the growth of American economy at the beginning of the 20th century.

1903年，莱特兄弟发明了第一架飞机，但只飞行了12秒。1911年格伦。E。库利斯设计了一架飞机，并成功试飞。In 1903,the Wright brothers flew a plane for a brief 12 seconds at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. This was the beginning of the appearance of the plane. In 1911,Glenn E.Curiss designed and flew a successful plane.

许多历史学家都把美国的二十世纪二十年代描写成一个物质上成功，精神是迷惘或漫无目标的时期The 1920s in the U.S. has been described by many historians as a period of material success and spiritual frustration or confusion and purposelessness. 股票市场的崩溃是1929-1933年的经济大萧条的开端。The stock market crash was the beginning of long economic depression in the late 1920S and 1930S.

罗斯福总统“新政：措施的目的在于”拯救美国民主“及克服资本主义制度有史以来最严重的经济制度。The aim of President Roosevelt’s New deal was to save American democracy and the capitalist system.

美国排名第一的农作物和出口的是玉米

The U.S ranks first in the production and export of corn.

美国的大米出口量仅次于泰国，居世界第二位。The U.S ranks second in the export of rice in the world after Thailand.

中西部是美国最重要的重工业中心，得克萨斯是美国石油和天然气储量最大的州。The Midwest is the nation’ leading center of heavy industry. Texas is the country’s leading state in oil and natural gas deposits。

肥沃的壤，广袤的森林，充足的水源和丰富的矿藏是美国的主要自然资源。Fertile soil, forests, water, and minerals are the major natural resources in the U.S.

美国的主要农作物有玉米，小麦，大米，大豆，桔子，肉类，牛奶，苹果，燕麦和烟草等。The leading farm products in the U.S are corn ,wheat ,rice ,soybeans, oranges, meat, milk, apple, oats, cotton, tobacco, etc.

美国宪法是世界上最早的成文宪法，它起草于1787年，生效于1789年。The American Constitution is the oldest written constitution in the world. It was draw up in 1787 and went into effect in 1789.

美国政府被分为3部分：立法机构，行政机构和司法机构。

The government is divided into three branched: the legislative ,the executive ,and the judicial.

有两种情可以提出修改宪法条款，但不管是哪种，修正案必须经过3/4的批准才能生效。

In either case, amendments must have the approval of three-fourths of the states before they enter into force.

国会由参议院和众议院组成，参议院由各州派出两名议员共同组成，众议院成员数则按各州人口及大小而定，因此众义员数宪法没有具体规定。Article I of the Constitution grants all legislative power of the federal government to a Congress composed of two chambers, a Senate and a House of Representatives. The Senate is composed of 2 members from each state, Membership in the House is based on population and its size is therefore not specified in the Constitution.

除了税收法案必须首先由众议院提出，国会的两院各自有权就任何提议立法。Each hours of the Congress has the power to introduce legislation on any subject, except revenue bills which must first come from the House of Representatives.

一般说来，美国实行的是两党制，两大主要政党为：民主党和共和党，美国政党的历史可分为四个时期。In general, American has a two-party system. There are two major political parties in America: the Democrats and the Republicans. There have been four periods in the history of political parties in American.

美国国会的职能Functions of congress 1.to make law 2.to lay and collect taxes 3.to coin money and regulate its value 4.to declare war 5.to promote progress of science by issuing patents 6.to create federal courts inferior to the supreme court define and punish felonies(重罪)

The powers of president 美国总统的权利

1. various federal appointments are made by president with advice and consent of the senate(参议院)

2. appoint US. Judges with consent of senate.

3. the constitution in titled president as commander in chief of American arrived forces. But president military power is limited y congress through its control over military spending. The president has power to recognize foreign states and goverments.

4. A bill passed by congress must be presented by president The president is commanded by the U.S. Constitution to :”preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States”and to “take care that the laws be faithfully executed.” He is Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces of the United States and has the power to raise, train, supervise Contribution Factors to Am Economy

Many factors have contributed to the development of American industries 1.The vast territory and natural resources 2.The endless streams of immigrants 3.New ideas, news skills new cultures brought by immigrants 4. The privilege of immunity from foreign aggression. 5.The US foreign policy: protectionism isolationism 6. The united states was never hampered by shackles of old conventions 7. The influence of puritanism freedom of migration continuity of major policies.

英国议会的职能

1.Theoretically equal in powers except taxation and expenditure.

2. A bill passed by Houses and commons must go to House of lords for its approval before signed into law by queen.

3. The premier can increase his or her supporters in House of Lords by seeking the queen to raise supporters to peers reducing greatly the powers of House of Lords.

4. A lord can’t join in any political parties.

76.Church of England 英国圣公会

77.Enclosure Movement 圈地运动

78.Privy Council 枢密院

79.The Hundred War 百年战争

80.Domesday Book 末日审判书