大学英语教学中的弊端及对策

大学英语教学中的弊端及对策

Abstract

English plays a more and more important role in the world nowadays. In the 21st c entury, with the development of society and science and technology, especially, afte r China entered into the WTO, China has a more important position in the world. T hough college English teaching in our country gets greater progress in recent years, it still has many serious problems. For example, to a great extent the college Engli sh teaching ignores the subjective positions of students in English learning, and the college English teaching is greatly influenced by test-oriented education. Most colle ge students can’t communicate with foreigners in English freely. The current college English teaching is in contradiction with the quick development of modern society, so it is very imperative to reform the college English teaching. The author puts for ward four solutions to the problems of the college English teaching, namely, ①cultiv ation of English learners autonomy, ②“student-centered” in English teaching, ③usi ng the multimedia to teach in the process of college English teaching, ④training th e college students’ English comprehensive application abilities.

Key Words

College English teaching; problems; test-oriented education；solutions; subjective posi tion;

摘要

英语在当今世界发挥着越来越重要的作用。在21世纪，随着社会的进步和科学技术的发展，特别是中国加入世贸组织后，中国有更多的机会与世界各国交流了，中国在世界上发挥着越来越重要的作用。尽管我国的大学英语教学取得了很大的进步，但仍然存在很多问题，比如，忽视大学生在学习英语中的主体地位；忽视学生兴趣的培养；大学英语教学当中仍然存在着较强的应试教学的色彩，其结果是尽管学了很多年的英语但却不能用英语与外国人熟练地交流。当前的大学英语教学与现代社会的快速发展存在着很多矛盾，因此改革大学英语教学就成了当务之急。就当前大学英语所存在的问题，作者提出了一系列的解决办法: ①增强学习者自主性，②教学中坚持以学生为中心，③利用多媒体增大课堂容量和提高兴趣，④培养大学生的英语综合运用能力，

关键词

大学英语教学；弊端；应试教育；解决办法；主体地位

Introduction

English is a lingual communication tool that plays a more and more important role i n China. In the 21st century, with the development of society and science and tech nology, especially, after China entered into the WTO, China has more opportunities to communicate with other countries in the field of economy, politics, science, cultur e, etc. The world develops and changes so quickly, so does China. Consequently, th e severe condition requires that the college students should have the superior Englis h level. In recent years, our country makes great progress in college English teachi ng, but at the same time it still has some problems. College English teaching does not lessen the color of the test-oriented education, and people still regard the “CET -4 and CET-6” as key points to evaluate students’ English proficiency, and “60 mark s is enough”. And some teachers ignore the subjective posit ion of students. So thes e problems hinder the college students from heightening their English level, and it i s very imperative to solve these problems, so as to improve their college English co mprehensive application abilities.

I. Problems of Contemporary College English Teaching

A. The Neglect of Students’ Subjective Position

People emphasize the teaching functions excessively. Accordingly, they ignore studen ts’ subjective position in college English teaching, and it seriously hinders their devel opment of individuality and exertion of innovative spirit. A famous educator Wei Shu sheng said: the intelligent people would become extremely stupid when he is in a p assive position. The teaching activities will become tedious if it has no students’ par ticipation. In our country most teachers attach importance to their own positions in college English teaching; they have plentiful experience in holding the teaching and controlling the classroom, but they ignore the importance of students’ subjective pos itions. Most teachers spend much time in explaining, but they seldom give students enough time and space to practice their English; students have few opportunities t o go to the platform, so their courage and interest decrease. And most teachers sel

dom lead students to learn English by themselves, and help them to master the cor rect study methods, they only infuse knowledge into them, and they can’t motivate their interest in learning English. Thus, it is difficult for them to improve their Englis h comprehensive application abilities.

B. The Neglect of Cultivation of Students’ Interest

To stimulate and keep the students’ interests in learning college English is a import ant aim for the college English teaching, at the same time it should try its best to help the college students cultivate their interest. Einstein said that interest is the be st teacher, and this tells us that interest is very important for us; it enables studen ts to acquire plentiful knowledge. Moreover a Russian famous educationalist Ushinski indicated that the study which has no any interest will prevent students from purs uing the truth, so we can say that if we want to learn the college English well, we must have enough interest in it. But on one hand, the college English teaching in our country ignores t he cultivation of students’ interest in learning English and teach ers don’t pay more attention to the reaction of students, so we can say that it is a cramming education. (It means in the process of teaching, the teacher only explain s knowledge correctly and clearly, but he ignores the reaction of students). On the other hand college students are afraid of the thousands of words, especially, the ba ld grammars rules. They can’t get enjoyment from the English learning. In their min ds, learning college English isn’t the real need and happiness, but a heavy task and a burden for them. The college English is so terrible and repulsive for them that t hey can’t learn it well. Now we can conclude that interest is important for the colle ge students. As teachers, they should try their best to foster students’ learning inter est.

C. Mute English

Though we have made progress in English, mute English still exists in our country and many other Asian countries; as a result it seriously influences many countries’ developments of English level. In our country most students hardly link English lear ning with their future employment; they only take the present into account, so it ca uses many students only to repeat a lesson, accumulate the words, and to a great extent, they neglect the practice of oral English. Of course their oral English will be come poorer, and they are not able to open their mouths to speak it freely. Mr. Zh ang Yujin has studied English for nearly 70 years. Once said “Many students have l earned English over 10 ye ars, but nearly 90 percent of students can’t use it freely (translated).” According to the investigations, we find that most companies are not

satisfied with students’ English comprehensive abilities, especially with their oral Engl ish, to be concrete, the companies deem that there are only 5 percent of students are good at oral English, but 37 percent of them are extremely poor in it. (Zou Yo ngzhen,1998.2). These college students can read, write, but they can not communic ate with others in English. So they are incapable of making good use of English to improve their English level. These college students who are not good at spoken Eng lish don’t like communicating with the good students, because they think that they will lose their faces during the communication. In fact, maybe the poor students ca n learn some beneficial methods from their communication; it is useful for them to improve their spoken English. And the college English teaching lays more stresses o n the accuracy and integrity of English and grammar. This concept seriously mislead s the students. In their opinion, English study requires integrity and accuracy, and t he spoken language also should be integrated and correct, the students have heavy pressure. Consequently they have no enough courage to speak English. The mute English heavily hinders the college students from improving oral English.

D. Impact of Test-oriented Education

Test-oriented education indicates that it separates from the real needs of developme nts of society and human. The final aim of test-oriented education is to pass the e xamination. It seriously breaches the development of students’ physical and mental health. And it only attaches great importance to the good students. To a great exte nt, it ignores most students, so it is easy to hurt their esteem, confidence and their interest in learning English. As a matter of fact, it is an eliminative education.

At present, the college English education does not reduce the influence on the test-oriented education, on the contrary, they regard CET-4 and CET-6 as keys, and dee m that 60 marks is enough, and this kind of wrong concept can’t reach the aim of applications of college English teaching. The oriented-education has no flexible teac hing methods. The students can’t use the knowledge flexi bly by this hidebound met hod. For example, though many students have accumulated a large number of word s, most of them can’t recognize them when they meet them in some concrete cont exts or in communications, as a result they know these words but can’t use them. As assistant premier Li Lanqing said that many students have learned English for ab out eight years or twelve years, but they can’t read the English books skillfully, esp ecially, their listening and speaking are very poor. They can’t communicate with fore igners directly; therefore it is easy for them to lose their confidence and interest in English. In order to pass the CET-4 and CET-6, most students cheat on an examin ation, so their marks can not reflect their own English level correctly. Sun Fuchu, a

famous English professor in Qinghua University, has taught English for nearly 30 y ears, and he has about a thousand students, he is an experienced English teacher. At present, he is anxious about the actualities of college English in our country. He said that college English has already become a test tool completely, he even appe aled that the Ministry of Education should cancel the examination of CET-4 and CET -6. We can see the test-oriented education has bad influence on students.

The best education is the individual education, but the test-oriented education can’t let the students obtain the individual development, therefore under this condition of test-oriented education, students’ life is very tedious; their only activity is to study. And they are short of necessary skills of social communication and human commun ication, so they are not easily accustomed to the new circumstances and facing the trouble, and they have no enough ability to solve the problems by themselves. At the same time, their psychology endurance is very weak. Students’ ability can’t deve lop completely under the test-oriented education. The test-oriented education hinder s the development of students’ individual character, and we can say that it cuts the throat of their creativity. Under the mode of test-oriented education, the education al aim is very narrow, the method is stiff, and the college will become an educatio n machine soon or later. The college English teaching ignores the development of s tudents’ individual character, so it is i mpossible for students to train and enrich thei r character sufficiently. At present, most countries think that the most important ai m for future education is to pursue the educational creativity, and the future educat ion needs a loose, democratic and colorful atmosphere, but the mode of test-oriente d education provides a close, narrow school prison for college students. Of course, students are not able to acquire free, sufficient development from it. It is difficult f or students to become a creator but an operator under this kind of college English teaching.

E. Student’s Passive Position in Learning English

At present, most students are in the passive position in college English learning. Th ey do not know what position they are in, and that is, they have no clear thought of their positions. They are lacking of the consciousness of participation in the Engli sh teaching. According to the investigations we can conclude that most of students believe that the study is accomplished by the explanations of teachers, but few stu dents deem that they should accomplish the study by themselves or do it through t heir own endeavors. So this wrong idea leads them to ignore their subjective positi ons.

Some educationalists in our country change the educational idea actively according t

o Deng Xiaoping’s motto (The education should face the modernizations, face the w orld and future), and they suggest that the student-centered is a teaching principle; consequently, students should study how to learn it actively. But in our country m any students are prone to depend on their teachers; they seldom conclude the cont ents, key points, difficult points and questions by themselves, and they are accusto med to accepting the ready-made conclusions. It is obvious that they don’t preview and review the English book; they seldom digest the knowledge by themselves, bu t wait for the teacher to help them digest it in class. In class they infrequently thin k over the problems, and they have no habit that cooperates with teachers actively, when the teacher asks them to answer the questions, they just keep silence and wait for the correct answers. So their thoughts are very confined, and have no nov el ideas. They just hope that the teacher can do it for them, and it heavily prevent s them from improving their English level. Some investigations reveal that nearly 6o percent of students are not used to learning by themselves, making some preparat ions and asking teachers some key or difficult questions. Most of them have no gre at ambition; they only pay attention to current condition, and hope that they can p ass the examination. In their minds, 60 marks is enough. Simply speaking, they are improvident men. They want to sail with the wind in their life; they dread trouble. These students ignore their position of learning college English, so it is difficult for them to learn it well.

II. The Counter-measures to College English Teaching

Our college English teaching has some problems, in order to meet the needs of dev elopment of society; we must improve college stud ents’ English level, so it is urgent for us to reform college English teaching.

A. The Cultivation of English Learners Autonomy

The college students in the 21st century take on heavy responsibilities and pressure s, especially; they should master certain English knowledge, so it is necessary for th em to know how to have the ability of English autonomous learning .The learners a utonomy means the students have ability to be responsible for their own study. (Ho lec 1981:3).Because the ability of English autonomous learning can effectively impro ve the quality, level, efficiency and innovation ability of study. In order to meet the demands of developing and studying in the future the teachers should help the stu dents cultivate the autonomic learning. Xu jinfen (2004a)、Dai Junrong(2004)and Zho u zhizhong(2004) have carried on the investigation on our country’s college student

s’ autonomous abilities, and the result indicated that, our college students’ autonom ous abilities are generally lower. So we should take measures to improve the colleg e students’ autonomous learning.

1. The Preconditions and Bases of Learners Autonomy

The learners autonomy requests the students to have two preconditions factors: the willingness and the ability, namely the students are willing to undertake the respon sibilities of his own English learning, even to undertake the responsibilities that belo ng to the teachers’, To be concrete, students’ responsibilities include: deciding on st udy goals, choosing study methods and evaluating study process and so on, only in this way can the students truly carry out their autonomous study. (Littlewood 199 6). At the same time, it is important for English learnerss to know the essence of l anguage leaning correctly (Cotterall 1999:508), and it is also an important spiritual prop for students to persist in learning English.

2. How to Cultivate the English Learners Autonomy

2.1. Instructing Students to Master the Right Study Method.

The college English has its individual characters, so we should master proper metho ds. The learning of college English should be accomplished by the cooperation of st udents and teachers. The teacher not only considers the teaching method and teach ing contents but also considers the characters of students’ physiology and psycholog y. Teache rs should try their best to attract the students’ attention. Because the teac hers teach students in order to let students learn it by themselves, therefore the te achers should attach great importance to the subjective position of the students, an d change t he classroom role during the lesson so as to mobilize the students’ initiat ive. Teachers ought to try their best to create more opportunities to stimulate the s tudents to think the question independently. For example, the teachers should creat e the proper condition for students when they explain the context, and instruct the student to find and solve the problems on his own .There is a good saying: the te acher should not give golden and silver mountains to students but give them a gol den key to open the knowledge treasury, so the teacher should instruct them to m aster the right study method.

2.2. Helping Students Form a Good Study Habit

A good study habit has very important functions for the students to gain the study success. Renowned educationalist Mr. Ye Shengtao said: “What is education, simply speaking, education is to form a good habit …”.Therefore, it is important for teache

r to help students to form a good study habit. An independent learner should have the following good habits: making good preparations initiatively, liking asking teach er questions, trying his best to think about and solve the problems on his own, ma king proper study plan and method, learning to conclude and generalize the content s, knowing how to find the technique.

2.3. Stimulating Students’ Initiatives of Learning College English

According to the investigation on 369 university students, it indicates that, the stude nts’ learning initiative is not high universally, and this is an important obstacle for s tudents to improve their English level. The initiatives of learning English play a very important role in the English learners’ autonomy. So how to stimulate their initiativ es is an important task for us .First, the teacher not only gives compliments to the good students but also gives more encouragement to the students who are in a pl ight. Second, the teacher should respect them and help them to set up confidence. Third, the teacher ought to let the students see their progress and achievement cl early. Fourth, the teacher has responsibilities to pay attention to the interests of tea ching contents and forms so as to cultivate the interest of learning college English, and the teacher should collect the students’ suggestions, and exchange views.

B. “Student-centered” in English Teaching

College students can improve their English abilities through student-centered teachin g mode. Student-centered mode emphasizes the function of students in teaching act ivities. To some extent, college students’ role of audience and spectators and suppo rting ro les are changed into leading roles. At the same time, teachers’ central and a uthoritative positions have changed.

Teachers become directors and organizers in teaching, and teachers’ jobs are to hel p and guide students in teaching. The teachers give suitable encouragement to stud ents when they are dealing with some difficult problems, and guide them to find th e correct methods gradually. It is inevitable for students to make some mistakes wh en they solve the difficult problems, so teachers ought to help them to set up confi dence, and it is the teachers’ responsibility to rectify their mistakes in time. “Studen t-centered” requires that teachers should master proper teaching methods, and be p roficient in English, and understand students’ English level, and they also realize the importance of students’ position in college English teaching. The teachers should n ot let the students remember knowledge mechanically; on the contrary, they should mobilize their interest to grasp it flexibly. In recent decades, the education literatur e has described a wide variety of student-centered instructional methods and offere

d countless demonstrations that properly implemented student-centered instruction l

e ads to increase motivation to learn, greater retention o

f knowledge, deeper understa nding, and more positive attitudes toward the subject bein

g taught(Bonwell and Eise n 1991; Johnson Johnson and Smit

h 1991a, b; Mckeachie 1986; Meyers and Jones 1993).

C. Using the Multimedia to Teach in the Process of College English Teaching

In 2003, according to relative investigations, there were more than14,000,000 stude nts in the college, which outnumbered the proportion of English teacher, and the n umber of students is still increasing, but the number of teachers’ does not change. So using t he traditional English educational model can’t satisfy the teaching require ment and the teaching quality. According to the investigation on the Guangdong Pro vince universities, there are 60-120 students in a class, on one hand, the students are from different places, so their English level is different, on the other hand, beca use of so many students, the teachers can’t organize the students to practice their spoken English effectively, moreover the teachers have more tasks. Under this condi tion, it is difficult for students to obtain the enhancement in their English proficienc y. Paramskas (1999) believed that under the multimedia teaching the students can make a lesson plan and choose the study method correctly, simultaneously; it can i ncrease students’ inte rest in learning English.

1. Fostering Students’ Interest by Using Multimedia

Using the multimedia teaching can stimulate their interests in English. A famous scie ntist Einstein said: “interest is the best teacher”. That is to say if a person is intere sted in a thing, he pursues its knowledge actively, and has a great passion to expl ore, and practice it, at the same time he acquires the amused mood and experienc e from it. So both modern educationalist and ancient educationalist attach importanc e to the function of interest. Consequently, first and foremost our task is to cultivat e the students’ interest during the English teaching. The students seldom have enou gh interest under the mechanical pattern, but the modern society requires that the college students should have high English level. The appearance of multimedia teac hing helps the college students enhance their English level more easily. Under the multimedia pattern teaching, the teachers have ability to prepare all kinds of teachi ng materials, the various teaching software, video, and VCD programs for students. The teacher can arrange students to find some interesting contents, to be concrete: downloading the listening materials, English songs, movies and so on. Using multim edia teaching enable the students to learn English with enjoyment, moreover these

methods can improve their listening, and oral English. Decid and Ryan (1985, quote s from Dickinson 1995) believed that, under the multimedia teaching condition, the study contents become more interesting and visible.

2. Reducing the Teachers’ Pressure by Using Multimedia

The multimedia teaching not only can motivate students’ interest in learning English, but also can reduce teachers’ heavy pressure and workload. All of us know that th e number of students is out of proportion to the number of English teachers. And t he teachers need to make a lesson plan according to different students. In order to get abundant information and gain the progress of English learning, the teachers w ill consult the massive materials to acquire relative information. They will do many t edious jobs, so it is difficult for teachers to do them well, but the multimedia can h elp teacher to solve these problems. The multimedia provides varied information for teachers; consequently, the teacher can find the relative information easily and qui ckly with definite aims.

D. Training the College Students’ English Comprehensive Application Abilities

1. Teaching the Students in Accordance with their Ability

According to the students’ different a bilities of English listening, speaking, reading, writing, the Ministry of Education stipulated the curriculum request in which the req uirements of college English teaching should be divided into three levels, namely ge neral requirement, superior requirement, and maximal requirement. The different coll ege students have different English levels; they have different aims, so it can assur e students’ English comprehensive application ability to acquire enough improvement s. This kind of method can let them see their progress clearly, and it can strengthe n their confidence in learning English.

2. Strengthening the Oral English and Listening

Language study is different from other subjects. It needs practice. At present, our c ollege students are poor in English, especially, in their listening and oral English. St udents should realize the importance of oral English and listening, and train their lis tening and oral English in their daily lives, the students should have enough patienc e and willpower in the process of the practice, and practice as much as they can, because practice makes perfect. Having a large enough vocabulary is the base to i mprove English comprehensive application ability. Teachers have responsibilities to te ach students grasp the proper study strategy, and teach them to accumulate vocab ulary and use them into communications flexibly. Because many students have no c

ourage to speak English in class, they feel nervous and shy, so teachers ought to h elp students to get over the shyness and build up the courage to speak it. The tea chers may find some interesting materials for students, and organize the English cor ner and establish the English club for students. In comparison with other students, college students have more spare time, and they can hold some activities about En glish, to be concrete, the competition of English songs, and English dramas, and En glish evenings, and so on. These methods not only motivate their interest but also i mprove their listening and oral English.

3. Carrying out the English Contest

In order to demonstrate the Chinese younger generations’ English proficiency and ar ouse the whole nation to learn English, the China Central Committee Television (CC TV), the Foreign Language Teaching and the Research Press sponsor the CCTV Cup national wide English speech contest each year. It unfolds the contemporary univer sity student elegant demeanor, sharpens English comprehensive capacity. So we kno w that the English contest is so important for us. The English contest can consolida te the English knowledge that has been learned, and it is able to increase the spok en English ability and confidence at the same time. In order to obtain satisfied resu lt the students need to get sufficient preparations before contest, they will look up the dictionary and collect massive information. So the English contest not only can i mprove the abilities of hearing, speaking, reading, writing, and translation but also c an train the abilities of memory, imagination .So it is easy for students to increase their English comprehensive application ability through the contest.

Conclusion

With the quick development of our economy, our country gains more opportunities t o communicate with other countries, especially after the entry into the WTO. Englis h is the main language tool in the world and its functions become more and more prominent. So our country has higher demands upon college students.

We must know that college English teaching has made great progress in the recent years. But it is far from being satisfactory. There exist some problems in current c ollege English teaching: college English teaching ignores the subjective position of st udents; it ignores the cultivation of students’ interests in learning English; the mute English also hinders the progress of English seriously.

It is urgent for us to find some effective methods to solve these problems. Cultivati ng English learners autonomy is the first step. College students have enough abilitie

s and time to learn it by themselves. Self-study is an effective way to improve their English levels. It can show their ability and increase their confidence, and it also c an enrich their school life. Student-centered teaching mode must be utilized in Engli sh teaching. We should attach great importance to the students’ position. Stu dents and teachers should discuss the college English learning together. Multimedia can be of great help in the process of college English teaching, because it is not only mor e vivid but also more interesting for them. And it can decrease teachers’ heavy a nd tedious tasks. It is crucial to train college students’ English comprehensive applicati on abilities in different ways.

Acknowledgements

I would like to take this opportunity to thank my tutor------Sun Peng. During my le arning of English Language Teaching, he gives much advice on my study, and offer s me many opportunities to do my teaching practice. Because of those opportunities, I can accumulate many practical experience and precious theories for my paper. In the process of composing this paper, he gives me much academic and constructive advice, and helps me to correct my paper.

At the same time, I want to thank my roommates, who offer me excellent environ ment to write my paper. I hope I can apply my knowledge to my job in the futur e.

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