21世纪工程硕士研究生英语-综合教程(下册)UNIT3课文翻译
Globalization – Erla Zwingle
1 “Globalization”—lots of people seem to think it means that the word is turning into some consumer colony of America. Coke ,CNN, McDonald’s , Levi’s, Nikes –if they haven’t taken over the word yet, the feeling goes ,they will soon. (Odd: Japan is the world’s s7econd largest economy ,and yet I’ve never heard of anyone who buys Sony or eats sushi believing that it’s part of some plot to turn the word into japan.) “全球化”—很多人似乎认为这意味着整个世界正在变成一些美国商品的殖民地。可口可乐，有线新闻网，麦当劳，利维斯，耐克—就算他们还没有占领世界，但是感觉上很快就会了。（奇怪的是：日本是世界第二大经济体，可是我从来没有从说那些买索尼或吃寿司的人认为那是世界正日本化的迹象）。
2 But regardless of whether you’re buying or selling, in the past 20 years much of the world’s economy has become increasingly integrated and foreign direct investment has grown tree times as fast as total domestic investment. From 1980 to 1995 the value of trade worldwide rose dramatically, with the total value of word exports estimated at U.S. $5.1 trillion in 1995,up from U.S. $2 trillion in 1980.
但是不管你是否参与到买卖中来，在过去的20 年里世界经济的大部分越来越一体化.(大多数经济体越来越一体化),(世界上大多数经济体越来越融合)，并且国外直接投资增长速度是国内投资的三倍。从1980到1995世界经济总量显著增长，世界（各国）出口总量从1980年的2万亿美金到1995年估计有5.1万亿美金。
3 Yet the globalization phenomenon is more than the mere transfer of goods. It’s the advent of cheap and ubiquitous information technologies that is dissolving our sense of boundaries. More and more television channels and the Internet have contributed to what expert Daniel Yergin calls a “woven world.”
然而全球化不仅仅是货物的流通。随处可见的廉价的通讯技术的出现改变着我们感知的界限。越来越多的电视频道以及因特网已经促成了这个被专家DY称作的交织的世界。
4 When we talk about “globality”, we’re trying to define a world in which cultures meet and, rather than fight ,they blend. Because when cultures receive outside influences, they ignore some and adopt others, and then almost immediately start to transform them.
当我们谈到全球化，我们在尝试定义一个世界，在这里各种文化相互踫撞，不是互相斗争而是相互融合。因为当文化遇到外界影响时，会忽略一些并接受另外的，接着几乎马上开始改变(转变)他们。
5”As things get more global,” commented Norman Klein, a communications professor in Los Angeles, ”They’re actually becoming more localized.”
“当事物越来越全球化，”洛杉矶的一个通讯教授NK评论道，“事实上他们正变得更本地化。”
Big Bird in China
6 I went to China, India, and Los Angeles to discover what globalization feels like in three of the most diverse places on Earth. Almost immediately I found that the ideas I started out with turned out to be too small, too old, or plain wrong.
我去过中国，印度和洛杉矶去了解全球化在地球上这三个最不同的地方(地球上这三个最不同的地方全球化)到底什么样子。几乎马上我就发现我一开始的想法原来多么狭隘，多么的陈旧，或者完全错误的。
7 For the past year and a half in Shanghai, for example, Chinese children have been tuning in to that American children’s classic TV show Sesame Street. But here it’s called Zhima Jie, and when you look closer, it’s not simply the American show. The show’s team of actors and educators has been collaborating to produce a program that promotes Chinese, rather than American, values. The kids are loving it.
过去的一年半,在上海,比如说，中国的儿童都在收看一档叫做SS的著名的美国儿童电视节目。但这里他们称之为芝麻街，而且当你仔细观察的话，它不是简单照搬美国节目。节目组的演员和教育工作者一起合作来制作这个节目来弘扬中国价值观，而不是美国价值观。孩子们都喜爱这个节目。
8 “The Chinese want an environment that’s relaxed and fun that their children can be learning in,” senior producer Cooper Wright told me on the phone from New York.”They think they have enough formal settings for learning already. But they wanted it to include a lot of their ancient culture. The parents get home late, they all work, and they don’t have time to teach their children this, so they feel the show will help with that.”
“中国人喜欢自己的孩子在一个宽松有趣的环境中学习，””在纽约的资深制片人
CW在电话采访中告诉我“(资深制片人CW从纽约打来电话告诉我)他们认为他们已经有足够的正规途径来学习。但是他们还想包含更多的古老文化。父母们回家很晚，他们都要工作，他们没有时间来教孩子这些，所以他们觉得这个节目可以帮助他们做到这些”
9 Da Niao, Big Bird’s Chinese cousin, is played here by a gentle young man who still works as a truck mechanic. The other characters are all Chinese: a lively three-year-old red monster called Little Plum; a furry blue pig, a kindly grandfather, a very sweet mother, and a little boy, An An, who is so funny and cute and smart.
大鸟，BB的中国表兄，在这里有一位年轻人扮演，他同时还是一个卡车机修工。(在这里由一位文雅年轻的卡车机修工兼职扮演)。其它成员都是中国人：一个叫做小李子的可爱的三岁大的红色怪物；一个毛茸茸的蓝色小猪，一个慈祥的老爷爷，还有一个既有趣又机智聪明的小男孩，安安。
10 This group does many of the usual Sesame Street activities—teaching numbers, for instance –but instead of the alphabet they teach the origin and meaning of Chinese characters. They explain the history and customs of certain festivals. They describe certain ancient art forms. And they also teach sharing and cooperation.
这个团队进行狠多芝麻街的一般活动—比如教数数字，但是他们教中文的来源和意义而不是字母表。他们讲解特殊节日的历史和传统习俗。他们描述特殊的古老的艺术形式。他们也教分享和合作。
11 “we want to concentrate on reflecting Chinese families,” explained professor Li Ji Mei, who designed part of the show’s curriculum,”such as what children could do to show their respect for the family. Another important part of the program is to make children realize how much their parents do for their well-being. In reflecting Chinese society, ” she concluded ,”we reflect how people should help other and how to share the joy sharing.”
“我们想集中反映中国的家庭，”设计了部分节目课程的李继美教授解释道，“例如
孩子们应该做什么来展现对家庭的尊重。节目的另外一个重要的部分是让孩子们意识
到父母们为了他们的幸福付出了多少(艰辛)。为了反映中国社会，”她最后说，“我们表达了人们应该怎样帮助他人以及怎样分享快乐。”
12 I asked professor Li if she thought there was much difference between Chinese and American children. “I think American children are more active,” she replied immediately.”They’re freer in expressing themselves, take the initiative more, and they’re more independent. When Chinese babies fall on the ground, they lie there and expect their parents to pick them up.” But Ye Chao, the show’s producer in Shanghai, notes, “I think the difference today between children in Chinese cities and rural areas is far bigger than between American and Chinese children.”
我询问李教授她认为中国的孩子跟美国的孩子之间是否有很大的差别。“我认为美国的孩子更加活泼，”她立马回答道。“他们更加自由的表达自己，更喜欢带头，而且更加的独立。当中国的宝宝摔跤的时候，他们就躺在哪里等爸爸妈妈来扶他们”但是叶超，上海的节目制片人，解释道“我认为今天中国城乡孩子之间的差异要比中美孩子之间的差异要大”
13 Cooper Wright , the senior producer in New York , believes American children could stand to gain from some of the material in the Chinese show.”I think we could benefit a lot from the aesthetics,” she said. “And the respect for elders. I think some of the segments with the grandfather are wonderful , and I’d hope they could influence our shows.”
纽约的资深制片人CW相信美国的孩子一定可以从中国节目中的一些内容里获利。“我认为从美学上获益匪浅”她说到“还有对长者的尊重。我认为一些跟老爷爷有关
的片段很棒，希望能影响到我们的节目。”
14 By now , 19 countries around the word are producing their own version of Sesame Street, using television to interpret their unique cultures. It seems to be working. Does Big Bird feel he’s promoting America to his tiny viewers?” I don’t think so, “Ye Chao said”we just borrowed an American box and put Chinese content into it.”
到目前为止，世界上有19个国家在制作他们自己的芝麻街版本，用电视机来解释他们独特的文化。看上去是有用的。大鸟是在对他的小观众推广美国吗？“我不这样认为，”叶超说到“我们只是借用的美国的盒子来装中国的东西。”
Maharaja Macs
15 McDonald ‘s may be the most notorious name in the whole complex business of American culture going abroad. There are approximately 24500 McDonald’s restaurants in over 115 countries; a new McDonald’s opens somewhere in the world every six hours. Like Coke, though, it’s easy to denigrate as the symbol of the unhealthy, commercial side of American culture. Some Japanese critics have blamed sugar-laden junk food for juvenile crime.
在美国文化走向世界的整个复杂过程中卖当劳可能是最臭名昭著的。在超过115
个国家有大约24500家麦当劳；每过6小时就有一家麦当劳在某个地方开张。就像可口可乐，就很容易被诟病为不健康商业化的美国文化的象征。一些日本评论家就为青少年犯罪抱怨过高糖的垃圾食物。
16 American scholar Benjamin Barber has gone even farther , summing up everyone’s fears of cultural homogenization in the simple but oddly distressing term, ”Mc World.”
美国学者本杰明巴伯理解的(说的)更透彻，用一个简单但是奇怪痛苦的词组“麦客世界”总结出每个人对文化统一化的恐惧。
17 But McDonald’s has actually been remarkably responsive to the local cultures; they offer ayran (a popular chilled yogurt drink )in Turkey, and teriyaki burgers in Japan. In New Delhi, India, where Hindus shun beef and Muslims refuse pork, the burgers are made of mutton and called maharaja Macs.
但是麦当劳事实上对本地文化非常支持的；他们在土耳其供应ayran(一种流行的冷冻奶酪饮料)，在日本供应红烧汉堡包。在印度新德里，印度教徒不吃牛肉，穆斯林不吃猪肉，汉堡包就做成羊肉的，叫做。。。。
18 “We even separated the two menus—being Indian, we had a good understanding that vegetarians wouldn’t want to have to read about meat dishes.” What this has meant is that mixed groups of people, with drastically different tastes and customs , have finally found a place where they can all eat together . Is this an American idea? Does it matter?
“我们甚至分成两种菜单—作为印度人（在印度？being Indian，We代表谁？），我们深深的理解素食主义者不愿意必须（不得不，被迫）读到肉类食物（的菜单）”这样做的意义是就算口味和风俗完全不一样的人群也可以找到一个地方一起进餐。这是一个美国思想吗？有关系吗？
19 Pamela Singh, my interpreter, was impressed. It was her first time in an Indian McDonald’s, and she didn’t mince words. “I’d eat here again,” she said “It’s quick, it’s clean, it’s cheap, and it’s better than those horrible oily place—you won’t get sick. If a local company did what McDonald’s does, they’d do just well. But I haven’t seen anywhere this concern for the level of cleanliness. I applaud these people”
我的翻译PS留下了深刻的印象。那是她第一次去一个印度麦当劳，她没有拐弯
抹角。“我会再次来这里吃的”她说“这里比较快捷，干净，便宜，比那些讨厌的油腻的地方好多了—你不会生病。如果一个本地公司做的像爱当劳一样，他们就干的很好了。但是我还没有看见任何地方这样关心干净程度。这些人值得参赞”
20 I did some reading up on McDonald’s around the world , and I found that while it undeniably represents change, it’s usually positive. Take bathrooms. Till McDonald’s arrived, customers of many Asian restaurants were resigned to bathrooms that were horrifying. Now they’re demanding better. (I approached one mother in a Shanghai McDonald’s whose toddler was gnawing French fries. Did she think the food was good? “No,” she replied. So why did she come here? “Because it’s clean,” she said.)
我读了一些世界各地关于麦当劳的报道，发现尽管它不可否认的代表了变化，但是经常是正面的。就拿盥洗室来说，直到麦当劳的出现，很多亚洲的消费者都忍受着恐怖的盥洗室。现在他们要求变高了。（在上海的一家麦当劳我找到一个妈妈，她的小孩正在痛苦的吃着法国薯条，她觉得这里的食物好吃吗？“不，”她回答道，那为什么还来这里？“因为这里干净”她说到）
21 But the fact that the staff are all local people means that the restaurant, though obviously foreign, isn’t instantly perceived as being American. In New Delhi， as in Brazil or Manila, you may well buy your burger from the kid down the street who speaks the local dialect.” People call us multinational. I like to call us multi-local,” commented James Cantalupo, president and CEO of McDonald’s International.
但是事实上雇员都是本地的，意味着餐馆尽管是国外的，但不是立马能感觉到是美国的。在新德里，巴西和马尼拉，你也许可以从路边一个说本地方言的孩子手里买到汉堡包。“人们称我们跨国公司。我喜欢叫自己本地的，”麦当劳国际公司总裁和CEO JC解释道。
How Many Americas?
22 “culture,” anthropologist James Watson has commented, “is not something that people inherit as an unchanging bloc of knowledge from their ancestors. Culture is a set of ideas, reactions, and expectations that is constantly changing as people and groups themselves change.”
“文化，”人类学家JW解释过，“不是一些人们从祖先那里继承的一成不变的知识集合。文化是一组思想，反应，以及期望，随着人们和群体自身的变化而不断变化的”
23 Which brings us around to the subject of America? Where does the U.S. really fit into the big global picture? After all, America isn’t the only purveyor of global goodies—it absorbs more foreign customs and objects than most Americans are probably aware of. But let me tell you first about a tiny moment I had in St. Petersburg, Russia.
是什么使我们把焦点转到美国？在宏大的全球背景中美国究竟处在什么位置？毕竟，美国不是唯一的全球化产品的提供者，-- 美国所吸收的国外习俗及物品是大多数美国人可能没意识到的。但让我先告诉你我在俄罗斯圣彼得堡的短暂经历。
24 One early summer evening I was wandering the fringes of a rock concert and political rally in the square outside the Winter Palace. The music was like rock music anywhere and the square was full of teenagers in running shoes and jeans and T-shirts, some with punk haircuts and green fingernails. One boy, who was dancing alone, wore a T-shirt that said –in English, oddly—“Thank God I’m not in America.”
在一个初夏的傍晚，我正在一个摇滚音乐会及政治集会的外围散步，这是在冬宫外的一个广场上。这里的音乐和别的地方的摇滚音乐没什么两样，广场上聚满了穿运动鞋、牛仔和T恤的年轻人，其中的一些人留着鬅克头，手指甲染成绿色的。一个在独自跳舞的男孩子，穿了件T恤，上头用英语地写着“感谢上帝我不是在美国“。
Let’s not dwell on the paradox to which he seemed oblivious: that in that moment he represented lots of Western, if not strictly American, elements, from the jeans to the
ironic slogan on his chest. Being able to enjoy the very things you’re criticizing strikes me as a fundamentally Western experience, and possibly a positive one.
他的话中有自相矛盾之处，他似乎没意识到这里有个矛盾，我们暂不深究：在那一刻，他身上有很多代表了即便不是严格意义上的美国，起码也是西方的元素，从他穿的牛仔裤到他胸口那句讽刺的标语都是。你所享受的东西恰恰是你所抨击的，这在我看来，从本质上讲是一种西方人做法，并且是有积极意义的做法。
But those who are quick to criticize America often seem unaware that America is not some one-size-fits-all culture, but arguably the most multicultural society on Earth. Thousands of things that we think of as American came from somewhere else: Christmas trees, hot dogs and beer. An elderly Indian professor of sociology named Yogendra Singh understands this better than the boy in St.Petersburg.
但是那些急于批评美国的人通常并不清楚，美国文化并非单一的适合所有人的文化，而是世界上一个有争议的多文化社会。有数以千计的我们以为是美国本土的东西其实来自别的什么地方，比如：圣诞树、热狗、啤酒。有一位名为Yogendra Singh的年长的印度社会学教授在对这一点的认识要比在圣彼得堡的那个男孩好得多。
“What is Western culture?”He asked as he sat barefoot in his New Delhi living room.” There’s very little understanding of the diversity of Western cultures. But American culture draws on so many other cultures. America could be the best example of how cultures appreciate each other.”
“什么是西方文化?”当他光脚坐在他新德里的起居室里问到。“西方文化的多样性很少被理解。但是美国文化吸收了这么多其它文化。美国是最好的例子来说明各种文化是如何相互促进的”
Americans are so quick to adopt foreign food, phrase, clothing, that it may be hard to see them as foreign for long. It has happened in India, too, a country with 25 states and more than 400 languages.” The history of India is based on linkages with other cultures,” Professor Singh said.” Even a local culture includes or incorporates elements from other cultures.”
美国很容易接受外来食物，词组，衣物，以至于很难长时间把那些东西看成是外国的。在印度也是这样，它是一个有着25个州以及400多种语言的国家。“印度的历史是以与其它文化的联系为基础的”S教授说道“每一个本地文化都包含或者吸收了来自其它文化的元素。”
In other words, people forget where certain things came from, and they don’t care. We adopt elements of myriad immigrant cultures because they help us express ourselves better. This, I think, is the essence of culture interchange: not adopting foreign things wholesale, but choosing them according to the values and ideas of your own culture.
换句话说，人们忘记了事物从哪里来的，也不会关心这些。我们接受来及无数移民文化的元素因为能帮助我们更好的表达自己。我想这就是文化交流的本质吧：不是完全的接受外来文化，而是根据我们自己文化的价值和思想来挑选他们。
“people complain about MTV, ”a graceful Indian dancer named Tripura Kashyap told me in Bangalore.”But the West is so much more than MTV. In Europe their minds are much more free than ours. Western culture has made them into human beings that are so confident, so outgoing. They’re more willing to take the risks to experiment. Here , we don’t risk experiment.”
“人们抱怨音乐电视“在班加罗尔，一个名叫Tripura Kashyap的优雅的印度舞者告诉我，“但是西方不只是音乐电视。欧洲人们的思想比我们的更加自由。西方文化使他们更加自信，更加开朗。他们更愿意尝试冒险。在这里，我们不愿意尝试冒险。“
Tripura studied classical Indian dance as a child. A beautiful, historic art form, but one that is also rigid and archaic. “I was very interested in moving away from traditional forms, because they were very limiting,” she explained,”I think if you want to express contemporary themes you need new forms.”
T在孩童时就学习了印度传统舞蹈。一种优美，历史悠久的艺术形式，但同时也
是死板陈旧的。“我对改变传统形式很感兴趣，因为他们很有限，“她解释道，”我认为如果你想表达当代的主题的话，你就需要新的形式“
She went to Wisconsin to study dance therapy, and returned to Bangalore to form her own dance company. Her style now includes traditional elements, an Indian martial art called “chhau” jazz, ballet, and modern dance.
她去了威斯康星州去学习舞蹈疗法，然后回到B组建了自己的舞蹈公司。她的风格现在包含了传统的元素，一种叫做c的印度武技艺术，爵士，芭蕾，以及现代舞蹈。
“My parents really hate my dance,”she said with a smile,”they just can’t take it. But I feel these cross-culture influences are very important. The way I express myself now is more authentic. It’s more me.”
“我的父母真的很讨厌我的舞蹈”，她笑着说道”他们只是不能接受它。但是我觉得这些跨文化的影响很重要。现在我表达自己的方式更真实，更像我自己“
The Russian boy with the sarcastic T-shirt has yet to discover what Tripura, Big Bird, and most Americans already know: You can love your own country without having to reject all the others. I am convinced that globalization will give new ways not only to appreciate other cultures more, but to look on our own with fresh wonder and surprise.
身穿带有讽刺风格衣服的俄罗斯男孩还有待于了解Tripura女士,中国大鸟和大部分美国人早就知道的道理:你爱自己国家的文化,但是并不代表要抛弃其他国家的文化.
我确信全球化赋予了我们新的方式使我们更加欣赏其他文化,并且能够以新的好奇和惊喜看待我们自己的文化.