Hydrothermal exfoliated molybdenum disulfide nanosheets as anode material for lithium ion batteries

fluid inclusions

The application of fluid inclusions in the mineralization lijin The department of geochemistry,Yangtze university Abstract. Fluid inclusion analysis is an important tool in modern studies of mineral deposits, as reflected by the statistics indicating that about a quarter of the papers published in Economic Geology contain fluid inclusion studies. Fluid inclusions play an important role in the classification of mineral deposits and in the study of the composition, temperature and pressure of mineralizing fluids. Among the principal mechanisms of ore precipitation, flu-id phase separation and fluid mixing derive their key evidence mainly from studies of fluid inclusions. Data on mineralizing fluid composition obtained from fluid inclusion analysis are key to understanding how metals were transported in hydrothermal fluids. Recent progresses in metal transport in vapor have been mainly contributed by fluid inclusion studies. Data on fluid temperature and pressure from fluid inclusion studies provide important constraints on hydrodynamic models of mineralization. Most metal ore deposits are formed in the geological fluid.The formation and characteristics of hydrothermal ore deposits are closely related including temperature, pressure and composition. Although these information can be gained through the study of macro geological characteristics of ore deposit and the geochemical characteristics of the mineral , but the composition of ore-forming fluid, temperature, and pressure from fluid inclusion is the most direct evidence.Fluid inclusion is the only remain in ancient ore-forming fluid. So, the study of fluid inclusion becomes one of the important ways of genesis research naturally. For Economic Geology sampling survey, the proportion of fluid inclusion research papers, from 5% in 1975 to 15% in 1985, 27% in 1995, then remained at about 25%, about 1 in 4 papers of deposits essay involves the study of fluid inclusions. Although the fluid inclusion research has expanded to petroleum geology, magma, and the earth's interior processes, etc.its mian application in the field of ore deposit research . The application of fluid inclusions in ore deposit has a lot of monographs. but these works focus on basic principles , methods of the study and the characteristics of different deposit types.This paper mainly discusses the application of fluid inclusions in the study of ore deposits. Keywords: geochemistry, fluid inclusions, hydrothermal deposits, mineralizing fluids, ore precipitation, metal transportation. 1.Fluid inclusion is one of the basis of the classification of the ore deposit According to the geological characteristics and genesis, ore deposit can be divided into different types, But at present very few scholars classify the ore deposits completely according to the geological characteristics, such as shear zone gold deposits, stratabound lead-zinc deposit or causes such as high temperature

(H2N(C2H4)2NH2)[V4O10]ic951237c

Hydrothermal Syntheses and Structural Characterization of Layered Vanadium Oxides Incorporating Organic Cations:r-, -(H3N(CH2)2NH3)[V4O10]and r-, -(H2N(C2H4)2NH2)[V4O10] Yiping Zhang,?,?Robert C.Haushalter,*,?and Abraham Clearfield*,? NEC Research Institute,4Independence Way,Princeton,New Jersey08540,and Department of Chemistry,Texas A&M University,College Station,Texas77843 Recei V ed September26,1995X Four new layered mixed-valence vanadium oxides,which contain interlamellar organic cations,R-(H3N(CH2)2- NH3)[V4O10](1a), -(H3N(CH2)2NH3)[V4O10](1b),R-(H2N(C2H4)2NH2)[V4O10](2a),and -(H2N(C2H4)2NH2)- [V4O10](2b),have been prepared under hydrothermal conditions and their single-crystal structures determined: 1a,triclinic,space group P1h,a)6.602(2)?,b)7.638(2)?,c)5.984(2)?,R)109.55(3)°, )104.749- (2)°,γ)82.31(3)°,Z)1;1b,triclinic,P1h,a)6.387(1)?,b)7.456(2)?,c)6.244(2)?,R)99.89(2)°, )102.91(2)°,γ)78.74(2)°,Z)1;2a,triclinic,P1h,a)6.3958(5)?,b)8.182(1)?,c)6.3715(7)?,R )105.913(9)°, )104.030(8)°,γ)94.495(8)°,Z)1;2b,monoclinic,space group P21/n,a)9.360(2)?,b )6.425(3)?,c)10.391(2)?, )105.83(1)°,Z)2.All four of the compounds contain mixed-valence V5+/V4+vanadium oxide layers constructed from V5+O4tetrahedra and pairs of edge-sharing V4+O5square pyramids with protonated organic amines occupying the interlayer space. Introduction The contemporary interest in vanadium oxide bronzes reflects not only their interesting electronic and magnetic properties1 but also their complex structural chemistry,associated with the ability of vanadium to adopt a variety of coordination geometries in various oxidation states.In addition to the conventional alkali-metal bronzes A x V2O5,2a class of organic-based vanadium bronzes are also known.While most of the alkali-metal bronzes have been prepared at high temperatures,the organic-based vanadium bronzes are prepared at room temperature or slightly higher via intercalation reactions with vanadium pentoxide xerogels,V2O5?n H2O.The V2O5?n H2O host possesses a porous layered structure and is capable of intercalating a variety of neutral and charged guest species such as alkali-metal ions,3 alkylamines,4alcohols,5pyridine,6benzidine,7etc.The insertion of amines or metal complexes into V2O5hosts has also been reported.8The resulting intercalation compounds usually retain the lamellar structure with the guest species and water molecules occupying the interlayer regions.Partial reduction of V5+to V4+of the oxide layers has been observed to accompany the intercalation reactions with organic amines.In the cases of aniline9and thiophene,10the reduction of the vanadium oxide host,and the simultaneous oxidative polymerization of the guest molecules in the interlayer regions,have been observed.These intercalation compounds with reduced vanadium sites constitute an interesting class of organic-inorganic composite materials that can be viewed as molecular or polymer vanadium bronzes by analogy to alkali-metal bronzes.2However,the structural information about these intercalation compounds is very limited due to their amorphous or semicrystalline nature and lack of high-quality single crystals. Hydrothermal techniques,in combination with organic tem-plates,have been recently demonstrated to be well suited for the synthesis and crystal growth of reduced oxomolybdenum and oxovanadium phosphates and vanadium phosphonates.A series of novel organically templated molybdenum and vana-dium phosphates and vanadium phosphonates with molecular, two-dimensional layered,and three-dimensional open-frame-work structures have been prepared under hydrothermal condi-tions.11In contrast,hydrothermal synthesis of vanadium oxides using organic templates remains relatively unexplored.12While there are many examples of alkali-metal vanadium oxide bronzes with three-dimensional or two-dimensional structures in which the alkali metals occupy the channels or the interlayer regions, analogous organically templated vanadium oxides with3-D open *To whom all correspondence should be addressed. ?Texas A&M University. ?NEC Research Institute. X Abstract published in Ad V ance ACS Abstracts,August1,1996. (1)Murphy,D.W.;Christian,P.A.Science1979,205,651. (2)Hagenmuller,P.In Non-Stoichiometric Compounds,Tungsten Bronzes, Vanadium Bronzes and Related compounds;Bevan,D.J.,Hagen-muller,P.,Eds.;Pergamon Press:Oxford,U.K.,1973;Vol.1. (3)Lemordant,D.;Bouhaouss,A.;Aldebert,P.;Baffier,N.Mater.Res. Bull.1986,21,273. (4)Paul-Boucour,V.;Aldebert,P.Mater.Res.Bull.1983,18,1247. (5)Aldebert,P.;Baffier,N.;Legendre,J.-J.;Livage,J.Re V.Chim.Miner. 1982,19,485.Aldebert,P.;Baffier,N.;Gharbi,N.;Livage,J.Mater. Res.Bull.1981,16,949.Lemordant,D.;Bouhaouss,A.;Aldebert, P.;Baffier,N.J.Chim.Phys.Phys.-Chim.Biol.1986,83,105. (6)Ruiz-Hitzky,E.;Casal,B.J.Chem.Soc.,Faraday Trans.11986,82, 1597. (7)Hasbah,H.;Tinet,D.;Crespin,M.M.;Erre,R.;Setton,R.;Van Damme,H.J.Chem.Soc.,https://www.sodocs.net/doc/542829289.html,mun.1985,935. (8)Kanatzidis,M.;Marks,T.J.Inorg.Chem.1987,26,783and references therein. (9)Kanatzidis,M.;Wu,C.-G.J.Am.Chem.Soc.1989,111,4139. (10)Kanatzidis,M.;Wu,C.-G.;Marcy,H.O.;DeGroot,D.C.;Kannewurf, C.R.Chem.Mater.1990,2,222. (11)Haushalter,R.C.;Mundi,L.A.Chem.Mater.1992,4,31.Soghomo- nian,V.;Chen,Q.;Haushalter,R.C.;Zubieta,J.;O’Connor,C.J. Science1993,259,1596.Soghomonian,V.;Chen,Q.;Haushalter,R. C.;Zubieta,J.Angew.Chem.,Int.Ed.Engl.1993,32,610.Soghomo- nian,V.;Chen,Q.;Haushalter,R.C.;Zubieta,J.Chem.Mater.1993, 5,1690.Soghomonian,V.;Chen,Q.;Haushalter,R.C.;Zubieta,J., Chem.Mater.1993,5,1595.Soghomonian,V.;Haushalter,R.C.; Chen,Q.;Zubieta,J.Inorg.Chem.1994,33,1700.Zhang,Y.; Clearfield,A.;Haushalter,R.C.J.Solid State Chem.1995,117,157. Zhang,Y.;Clearfield,A.;Haushalter,R.C.Chem.Mater.1995,7, 1221. (12)Huan,G.-H.;Johnson,J.W.;Jacobson,A.J.;Merola,J.S.J.Solid State Chem.1991,91,385.Duan,C.-Y.;Tian,Y.-P.;Lu,Z.-L.;You, X.-Z.;Huang,X.-Y.Inorg.Chem.1995,34,1. 4950Inorg.Chem.1996,35,4950-4956 S0020-1669(95)01237-7CCC:$12.00?1996American Chemical Society

Geological and isotopic evidence for magmatic-hydrothermal

ARTICLE Geological and isotopic evidence for magmatic-hydrothermal origin of the Ag –Pb –Zn deposits in the Lengshuikeng District,east-central China Changming Wang &Da Zhang &Ganguo Wu & M.Santosh &Jing Zhang &Yigan Xu &Yaoyao Zhang Received:7August 2012/Accepted:27March 2014/Published online:8April 2014#Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014 Abstract The Lengshuikeng ore district in east-central China has an ore reserve of ～43Mt with an average grade of 204.53g/t Ag and 4.63%Pb+Zn.Based on contrasting geological characteristics,the mineralization in the Lengshuikeng ore district can be divided into porphyry-hosted and stratabound types.The porphyry-hosted minerali-zation is distributed in and around the Lengshuikeng granite porphyry and shows a distinct alteration zoning including minor chloritization and sericitization in the proximal zone;sericitization,silicification,and carbonatization in the periph-eral zone;and sericitization and carbonatization in the distal zone.The stratabound mineralization occurs in volcano-sedimentary rocks at ～100–400m depth without obvious zoning of alterations and ore minerals.Porphyry-hosted and stratabound mineralization are both characterized by early-stage pyrite –chalcopyrite –sphalerite,middle-stage acanthite –native silver –galena –sphalerite,and late-stage pyrite –quartz –calcite.The δ34S values of pyrite,sphalerite,and galena in the ores range from ?3.8to +6.9‰with an average of +2.0‰.The C –O isotope values of siderite,calcite,and dolomite range from ?7.2to ?1.5‰with an average of ?4.4‰(V-PDB)and from +10.9to +19.5‰with an average of +14.8‰ (V-SMOW),respectively.Hydrogen,oxygen,and carbon iso-topes indicate that the hydrothermal fluids were derived main-ly from meteoric water,with addition of minor amounts of magmatic water.Geochronology employing LA –ICP –MS analyses of zircons from a quartz syenite porphyry yielded a weighted mean 206Pb/238U age of 136.3±0.8Ma considered as the emplacement age of the porphyry.Rb –Sr dating of sphalerite from the main ore stage yielded an age of 126.9±7.1Ma,marking the time of mineralization.The Lengshuikeng mineralization classifies as an epithermal Ag –Pb –Zn deposit. Keywords Stable isotope .Geochemistry .Porphyry .Stratabound .Ag –Pb –Zn .Lengshuikeng Introduction The Lengshuikeng ore district,located in the Jiangxi Province of east-central China (Fig.1a ),contains more than 50ore bodies belonging to seven deposits hosted in granite porphyry,pyroclastic,and carbonate rocks.The ore reserves in Lengshuikeng have been estimated at ～43Mt with average grades of 2.11%Pb,2.61%Zn,204.53g/t Ag,0.08g/t Au,and 0.01%Cd.The ores can be grouped into two types:(1)porphyry-hosted (Yinluling,Baojia,and Yinzhushan)and (2)stratabound (Xiabao,Yinkeng,Yinglin,and Xiaoyuan).The porphyry-hosted mineralization is distributed within and around the Lengshuikeng granite porphyry,whereas the stratabound mineralization occurs in volcano-sedimentary rocks at ～100–400m depth.The spatial distribution of the porphyry-hosted and stratabound ore bodies,their mineral constituents,and the zoning of alteration assemblages are markedly different from those of typical porphyry deposits. Editorial handling:T.Bissig and G.Beaudoin C.Wang (*): D.Zhang :G.Wu :M.Santosh :J.Zhang :Y .Xu :Y .Zhang State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources,China University of Geosciences,No.29,Xueyuan Road,Beijing 100083,People ’s Republic of China e-mail:wcm233@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/542829289.html, Y .Xu No.912Geological Surveying Team,Bureau of Geology and Mineral Exploration and Development,Yingtan 334000,China Miner Deposita (2014)49:733–749DOI 10.1007/s00126-014-0521-8

Hydrothermal synthesis of single-crystal CeCO3OH and their thermal conversion to CeO2

Original article Hydrothermal synthesis of single-crystal CeCO3OH and their thermal conversion to CeO2 Kun Gao a,Yi-Yang Zhu a,Da-Qing Tong a,Li Tian a,Zhao-Hui Wang a,b,Xiao-Zu Wang a,* a College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering,Nanjing University of Technology,Nanjing210009,China b State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering,Nanjing University of Technology,Nanjing210009,China 1.Introduction In recent years,cerium compounds have been widely used in catalysis[1–4],fuel cells[5]and chemical materials[6–8]due to their speci?c4f energy levels of the Ce-element[9,10].Among all the cerium compounds,cerium carbonate hydroxide,as an important functional material,has been attracted much attention because of its novel electronic properties,optical properties and chemical characteristics arising from their4f electrons[9–12]. Recently,cerium carbonate hydroxide with different morphol- ogies was synthesized by different methods,such as self-assembly, sonochemical[13,14],hydrothermal[15–18],and microwave- assisted hydrothermal route[19].Among all the preparation methods,the hydrothermal process is considered to be an effective and economical route due to its merits of low synthesis temperature,high powder reactivity and versatile shape control [20–23].In a hydrothermal system,CeCO3OH with different structures corresponding to distinct morphologies have been synthesized[18,24,25].There have been suf?cient studies report- ing on the synthesis of different morphologies,for example,Guo et al.reported the synthesis of triangular micro-plate,bundle-like, shuttle-like and?ower-like structures of CeCO3OH by hydrother- mal method[15,16,18].Li and Zhao synthesized single-crystalline CeCO3OH with dendrite-like structures through a facile hydro- thermal method and obtained CeO2by heating CeCO3OH at5008C for6h[26].Zhang et al.synthesized CeCO3OH rhombic micro- plates by the precipitation method in the presence of3- aminopropyltriethoxysilane[28].However,most of these reports on the synthesis of CeCO3OH micro/nanoparticles were prepared using CO(NH2)2or HMT as the alkaline and carbon resource[13– 18]and added surfactant or template to adjust the nucleation and crystal growth of CeCO3OH particles[13,15–18,28],which makes the process complex and raw materials more costly.So it is important to explore a facile method to synthesize morphology- controlled CeCO3OH micro/nanomaterials. In this paper,we report a simple method to synthesize dendrite- like CeCO3OH crystallites using CeCl3á7H2O as the cerium source, triethylenetetramine as both an alkaline and carbon source.The polycrystalline CeO2was obtained by calcination of the precursor at 5008C for4h,partly maintaining the dendrite-like morphology.The optical absorption properties of CeO2were also investigated. 2.Experimental All chemical reagents were of analytical grade without further puri?cation.In a typical synthesis,0.001mol of CeCl3á7H2O was dissolved in60mL deionized water to form a clear solution,and then0.30mL triethylenetetramine was added to the transparent solution in order to completely react with Ce3+at258C for about 0.5h with continued stirring.The resulting homogenous solution Chinese Chemical Letters25(2014)383–386 A R T I C L E I N F O Article history: Received10August2013 Received in revised form8September2013 Accepted26September2013 Available online1December2013 Keywords: CeCO3OH Hydrothermal Cerium carbonate hydroxide Nanostructures A B S T R A C T Hexagonal single-crystalline cerium carbonate hydroxide(CeCO3OH)precursors with dendrite morphologies have been synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method at1808C using CeCl3á7H2O as the cerium source,triethylenetetramine as both an alkaline and carbon source,with triethylenete- tramine also playing an important role in the formation of the dendrite structure.Polycrystalline ceria (CeO2)have been obtained by calcining the precursor at5008C for4h.The morphology of the precursor was partly maintained during the heating process.The optical absorption spectra indicate the CeO2 nano/microstructures have a direct band gap of2.92eV,which is lower than values of the bulk powder due to the quantum size effect.The high absorption in the UV region for CeO2nano/microstructure indicated that this material was expected to be used as UV-blocking materials. ?2013Xiao-Zu Wang.Published by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Chinese Chemical Society.All rights reserved. *Corresponding author. E-mail address:wangxiaozu@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/542829289.html,(X.-Z.Wang). Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Chinese Chemical Letters j o u rn a l h om e p a g e:w w w.e l s e v i e r.c o m/l o c a t e/c c l e t 1001-8417/$–see front matter?2013Xiao-Zu Wang.Published by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Chinese Chemical Society.All rights reserved. https://www.sodocs.net/doc/542829289.html,/10.1016/https://www.sodocs.net/doc/542829289.html,let.2013.11.047

Hydrothermal synthesis and photocatalytic properties of layered La2Ti2O7 nanosheets

I NSTITUTE OF P HYSICS P UBLISHING N ANOTECHNOLOGY Nanotechnology17(2006)4863–4867doi:10.1088/0957-4484/17/19/014 Hydrothermal synthesis and photocatalytic properties of layered La2Ti2O7nanosheets KunWei Li,Yan Wang,Hao Wang1,Mankang Zhu and Hui Yan The College of Materials Science and Engineering,Beijing University of Technology, Beijing100022,People’s Republic of China E-mail:haowang@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/542829289.html, Received17July2006,in?nal form1August2006 Published11September2006 Online at https://www.sodocs.net/doc/542829289.html,/Nano/17/4863 Abstract Layered La2Ti2O7nanosheets were prepared through a one-step hydrothermal method at low temperature.The concentration of NaOH mineralizer plays an important role in the synthesis.The scanning electron microscopy(SEM)and transmission electron microscopy(TEM)images show that the thickness of every nanosheet is about5–10nm,while the planar dimension is more than 1μm.The photo-catalytic activities of the nanosheets were characterized by the decolourization of methyl orange solution and the evolution rate of H2.The results demonstrated that the La2Ti2O7nanosheets possess signi?cantly improved photocatalytic properties in water puri?cation and evolution rate of H2from water–ethanol solution compared with those of samples prepared by conventional solid-state reaction. 1.Introduction Lanthanide titanate(La2Ti2O7),as one of the layered compounds,has attracted widespread attention[1,2]in the photocatalytic domain due to its unique layered structure and chemical activity[3].Hwang et al have reported that La2Ti2O7 loaded with Ni–NiO has good photocatalytic activity in the water-splitting reaction[4]and the destruction of volatile organic compounds(CH3Cl)[5].However,they obtained La2Ti2O7through the conventional solid-state reaction(SSR) or the polymerizable complex method[6].Both of these methods need high temperatures and produce materials with low speci?c surface areas,nonuniform particle sizes and low phase purity,which lead to a relatively low photocatalytic activity.Zhang et al[7]obtained nanopowders of La2Ti2O7 by a metallorganic decomposition method.However,no photocatalytic properties were reported in their study.The desired catalyst should have high speci?c surface area,uniform particle sizes and pure phase.Therefore,if we control the experimental parameters to synthesize the layered compounds with a few layers,that is to say,nanosheets,the products will better answer our desire for a catalyst. The use of solution-based soft chemical methods to prepare nanocrystalline materials is expected to result in 1Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed.chemically homogeneous and phase-pure specimens,a narrow particle size distribution,and low crystallization temperatures of the materials.Among many methods,hydrothermal synthesis is particularly promising for low-cost production of advanced catalysts on a large scale.Because crystalline powders are directly produced in a hydrothermal process, the needs for high-temperature calcination and milling procedures are eliminated.Chen and Xu[8]have prepared La2Ti2O7powders through the hydrothermal treatment of La2O3·2TiO2·n H2O coprecipitation,but this method needs two steps to get the?nal product,and they did not get the La2Ti2O7 nanosheets. Here,we report the simple hydrothermal synthesis of La2Ti2O7two-dimensional(2D)nanosheets.The products were used as photocatalysts for the decolourization of methyl orange solution and the evolution of H2from water–ethanol solution. 2.Experimental details 2.1.Synthesis All reagents were of analytical grade and purchased from Beijing Chemical Reagent Ltd without further puri?cation. The exact quantity of La in the lanthanum nitrate hydrate, 0957-4484/06/194863+05$30.00?2006IOP Publishing Ltd Printed in the UK4863