搜档网
当前位置:搜档网 › Macro-Awareness in Relative Value Trading

Macro-Awareness in Relative Value Trading

Macro-Awareness in Relative Value Trading
Macro-Awareness in Relative Value Trading

Fixed Income

Liquid Markets Research

October 2003

Macro-Awareness

in Relative Value Trading Bruce Tuckman

Lehman Brothers | LMR Quarterly LMR Quarterly, vol. 2003-Q3

Macro-Awareness in Relative Value Trading 1

Relative value trading assumes a stable macroeconomic environment. While this trading style may work well within macroeconomic regimes, it is dangerous across regimes. Focusing on 2s-5s-10s for concreteness, this paper 1) shows the empirical connection between the level of 2s-5s-10s and macroeconomic regimes; 2) uses term structure models to describe what goes wrong with relative value trades during a regime shift; 3) describes recent changes in the levels of 2s-5s-10s in terms of changing macroeconomic views; and 4) suggests ways in which to make relative value trading more macro-aware. 1.

A RELATIVE VALUE DREAM TRADE TURNS INTO A NIGHTMARE

While certainly an oversimplification, relative value trades are often analyzed and undertaken along the lines of the following case study. In mid-1999 there is talk that 5-year swaps are trading cheap on the curve. To check this claim, a trader might run a regression of changes in the 5-year swap rate on changes in the 2-year and 10-year swap rates over the sample period June, 1997 to June, 1999, obtaining regression coefficients of .45 on the 2-year and .60 on the 10-year. Then, these coefficients may be used to plot a time series of the “fly,” defined as

5210Fly .45.60y y y =?×?× (1)

This plot, with a constant added so as to center the fly about 0, is shown in Figure 1. High values of the fly indicate that 5s are cheap relative to 2s and 10s while low values indicate that 5s are rich. Also, the change in the fly gives the capital gain or loss, per unit of DV01, of a position in 5s hedged with 45% of its DV01 in 2s and 60% of its DV01 in 10s. For example, if the fly moves from -7 to 0bp, the capital gain from selling 5s while buying 2s and 10s, equals 7bp times the DV01 of 5s in the position. In any case, Figure 1 seems to support the claim that 5s are cheap. While their relative value oscillated sharply during the turmoil of the summer and fall of 1998, the time series does seem to fluctuate around 0. Should this behavior continue, buying 5s while selling 2s and 10s as of mid-1999 could produce 5bp or more of profit.

Most relative value traders would not rely on the history of the fly alone. They would ask around the street to determine why 5s were trading cheap. Has there been a lot of paying interest in 5s to hedge corporate issuance? Are one or two large players in the midst of a program to pay in 5s? In any case, only after understanding the reason for the seeming dislocation would most relative value traders actually put on the trade.

1

This paper was presented at the 2003 Liquid Markets Forum in Georgia. I thank Nicholas Strand for his research assistance.

Bruce Tuckman 212-526-2252

btuckman@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/524806505.html,

Figure 1.

The fly indicates a relative value trade opportunity

The fly works well as a relative value indicator

Figure 2.

Figure 3.

The fly fails miserably as a relative value indicator

A participant close to the turmoil of the fixed income markets in 1998 used the following analogy when responding to characterizations of the events of that time as 10-standard deviation outcomes. Imagine seeing leaves spread out over your back yard before retiring for the night. Waking the next morning, you see that the leaves are all stacked in a neat pile in the center of the yard. You may draw one of two conclusions. First, an extremely unlikely sequence of winds blew the leaves into that neat pile. Second, the gardener came. Just as it is more reasonable to conclude that the leaves were gathered by the gardener rather than by some unlikely winds, it is more reasonable to conclude that the behavior of the fly described in this section changed because of identifiable macroeconomic events rather than unlikely and unidentified random shock to 2s, 5s, and 10s.

2. CURVE RELATIONSHIPS ARE EMPIRICALLY RELATED TO

MACROECONOMIC REGIMES

When analyzing historical data for relative value trading, whether by a simple regression or by a complex estimation of a term structure model, a particular historical period must be selected for study. The difficulty of this choice can hardly be exaggerated. Since the relationships being estimated do change over time, there is no clear way to choose the historical period, or sets of periods, most relevant for predicting the future. Is there any reason to believe that the last two years, a period of Fed easing, is the most relevant for yield curve behavior over the upcoming tightening cycle? Is there any reason to believe that using a long time series spanning many macroeconomic cycles is the best way to predict behavior given all that is known about economic conditions today?

Figure 4 illustrates the extent of this problem. Using a relatively new statistical technique,2 the vertical lines divide the 10-year history into regimes of yield curve relationships. Specifically, coefficients estimated in a regression of changes in 5-year swap rates on changes in the third

2“Computation and Analysis of Multiple Structural Change Models,” by Jushan Bai and Pierrre Perron, Journal of Applied Econometrics 18 (2003), 1-22.

3. THE DANGER OF REGIME SHIFTS FOR RELATIVE VALUE TRADING The discussion of Figure 4 touched on how relative value traders might err if in ignorance of regime shifts, but the point is expanded upon in this section. Figure 6 presents a stylized example in which the solid line represents the true value of the fly. Three regimes are shown, with mean fly values of 15, 35, and 25bp. Note that the magnitude of these jumps is consistent with the recent history illustrated in Figures 4 and 5. The series in Figure 6 represents values of the fly on particular days. These values are made of the underlying, mean value of the fly plus some noise due to market forces.

Figure 6. Regime changes are misinterpreted as richness or cheapness

At times corresponding to the first regime, a relative value trader will buy when market forces push the fly sufficiently above 15bp and sell when market forces push it sufficiently below. But notice the danger if the trader does not realize that the regime is shifting to a fly value of 35bp. Increases in the value of the fly will be misinterpreted as a cheapening when the fly is, in fact, moving towards its new, macro-economically appropriate level. Similarly, after the trader adjusts to an appropriate fly level of 35bp, decreases in the value of the fly will be misinterpreted as a richening when the fly is again on its way to a new equilibrium level.

The point of Figure 6 is that a relative value trader cannot respond to the possibility of regime shifts by claiming that these shifts will work against the trade half the time but for the trade the other half of the time. Because a positive shift in the equilibrium level of the fly will be misinterpreted as a cheapening and generate buys while a negative shift will be misinterpreted as a richening and generate sales, the relative value trade is nearly always off sides.

4. A MACROECONOMIC INTERPRETATION OF TERM STRUCTURE

MODELS AND REGIME SHIFTS

Term structure models are sometimes viewed as black boxes in the sense that parameters are set by some complex empirical exercise and then relative values emerge from the objectivity of arbitrage-free pricing. This section briefly and intuitively reviews how term structure models may be interpreted as a description of the macro-economy. From this perspective it becomes possible to be more rigorous in defining a regime shift and in describing the effects of a regime shift on relative value trades.

The first component of a term structure model is a description of the level of rates. Suppose that the long-run, real rate of interest were 3%, that the long-run inflation rate were 2%, and that the economy were at its long-run equilibrium. Then, removing the effects of risk premium and convexity, the term structure of rates would be flat at 5%. This is the interpretation of the top, horizontal line in Figure 7.

Figure 7. The determination of rates in a simple term structure model

Now say that the economy were weaker than long-run equilibrium. This weakness is represented by the bottom curve in Figure 7. First, current economic weakness is summarized by the short-term interest rate being 3.75% below what it would be in equilibrium. Second, as the economy moves toward its long-run equilibrium, this manifestation of economic weaknesses will disappear. Hence, the lower curve in Figure 7 rises gradually from its initial level of -3.75% toward its equilibrium value of 0%. Combining this business-cycle curve with the long-term curve described earlier gives the middle curve of Figure 7, namely the observed term structure of rates (once again, without the effects of risk premium and convexity). To summarize, in this simple model the term structure of interest rates is determined by combining the long-run behavior of the economy with the current state of the business cycle. The second component of a term structure model is a description of how rates move. In the simple model of this section rates can move because of changes to long-run levels of rates or because of changes in current economic conditions. As an example of the former, the deflation experience in Japan and the deflation scare elsewhere in the world has led to speculation that policymakers will increase their inflation targets above 2%.5 If the target increased to 2.5%, then the long-run interest rate in the model would rise to 5.5%. Figure 8 depicts this change as a parallel shift of the topmost curve representing the long-run rate.6 The shift of this curve flows through to the current term structure of rates as a parallel shift of that curve.

5Professor Martin Feldstein made this observation in his remarks at the Liquid Markets Forum.

6In more realistic models this shift is not assumed to be parallel.

Figure 8. The effect of a change in the long-run rate on the term structure

The term structure can also change because current economic conditions change. The dotted curve at the bottom of Figure 9 illustrates an improvement of economic conditions summarized by a 100bp increase in the short-term interest rate. This sort of increase might be caused by a reduction in excess inventory, a lower than expected wealth effect from the decline in stock prices, an increase in corporate profits, etc. Because business cycle weakness is transitory, the improvement of economic conditions has a larger effect on the short-term interest rate than on interest rates of longer term. Put another way, economic weakness of 375bp hardly affects the 10-year rate because that weakness will have mostly disappeared in ten years. Therefore, an improvement of economic conditions reducing weakness by 100bp will also hardly affect the 10-year rate. Applying this business cycle shift to the current term structure flattens the curve by raising short-term rate more than long-term rates.

Figure 9. The effect of a change in current economic conditions on the term structure

A term structure model, which describes the level of rates and how rates change, completely specifies yield relationships and hedge ratios. In the simple model of this section, a 2s-5s-10s butterfly should be weighted with 34% of the 5-year DV01 in 2s and 66% of the DV01 in 10s.7 Furthermore, in this model, continuing for the present to ignore risk premium and convexity, the fly computed with the 34% and 66% weights should equal 0bp. In terms of relative value trading this means that 1) the fly may be expected to fluctuate around 0bp and 2) that a trader can profit from any deviation from 0bp without bearing rate or curve risk by buying or selling 5s and hedging with 34% 2s and 66% 10s.

Having reviewed the economic interpretation of term structure models and how these models are used in relative value trading, the discussion can turn to the meaning of a regime shift. The dotted lines in Figure 10 repeat the shift in current economic conditions shown in Figure 9. The light solid lines show another kind of shift. This new shift does not depict any change in economic conditions: the short-term rate remains at 5% minus 3.75% or 1.25%. Rather, this shift depicts a change in the perceived speed at which economic weakness disappears, that is the perceived speed of economic recovery.

Figure 10. An example of a regime shift: a change in the perceived speed of recovery

The shift introduced in Figure 10 represents a regime shift because it is not consistent with the shifts introduced in Figures 8 and 9. It is essentially a new term structure model. Put another way, after a change in the perceived speed of economic recovery, the established 2s-5s-10s relationship will break down. In the simple example, the value of the fly (still using the 34% and 66% hedge ratios) will no longer equal 0. Table 1 illustrates why this is a serious problem for relative value trades. In the base curve shown in each of the figures, the fly equals 0. If the curve moves as predicted by the shifts used to construct the 34% and 66% hedge ratios, then the fly still equals 0. This is true no matter how large the shifts, although the third and fourth columns of Table 1 use shift sizes of 50bp and 100bp for the long-run rate and business cycle effects, respectively. However, with an increase in the perceived speed of recovery shown in Figure 10, the fly equals 4.8bp. After this change a trader observing a fly of 4bp on a particular day might think that 5s are cheap, based on the original term structure model value of 0. But, in fact, relative to the new model, 5s are almost 1bp rich.

7In any two-factor model, one bond may be hedged by any other two bonds. Intuitively, the hedge portfolio must immunize against changes in the long-run rate and against changes in current economic conditions. By hedging with two bonds these two constraints can be satisfied.

Table 1.

The fair value of the fly changes only after a regime shift

Base Case

Long-Run Rate

+ 50bp

Current Weakness

+100bp

Increased in Perceived Speed of Recovery

2s 2.971% 3.471% 3.512% 4.326% 5s 3.952% 4.452% 4.231% 4.729% 10s 4.460% 4.960% 4.604% 4.865% Fly 0bp

0bp

0bp

4.8bp

5.

A MACROECONOMIC INTERPRETATION OF RECENT REGIME

SHIFTS AND THE IMPLICATIONS FOR RELATIVE VALUE TRADING

Section 2 argued that regimes in the relationships among rates shifted violently during the recent easing cycle. Section 4 argued that, through term structure models, regime shifts have macroeconomic interpretations. This section combines these arguments and interprets regime shifts since early 2001 by means of a relatively sophisticated term structure model.

Term structure models used in practice are more sophisticated than the simple example of the previous section. First, the shapes of the shocks to the term structure are more complex than those depicted in Figures 8 and 9. The extra complexity is used to match empirical regularities in changes to the shape of the yield curve. Second, while long-term rates and the effect of business cycle weakness or strength are important determinants of the term structure, the effects of risk premium and convexity must also be incorporated.

Using a state-of-the-art model and some strategic assumptions, Figure 11 uses rate and volatility data on three dates to extract the expected path of the short-term interest rate. Put another way, these are not forward rate curves, but forward rate curves adjusted for risk premium and convexity. Note how, unlike observed term structures themselves, the curves in Figure 11 flatten out as the effects of business cycle expectations die out.

Figure 11. The expected path of the short-term rate over the recent easing cycle

Each of these expected rate paths may be interpreted from a macroeconomic perspective. The curve on February 5, 2001, shows little current economic weakness with expectations of a small but quickly correcting bout of weakness. As a result, the evenly weighted 2s-5s-10s fly (that is, with weights of 50% on both 2s and 10s) traded at about 2bp: intuitively, with flat expectations about the state of the economy the value of the fly will not be far from zero.

The curve on September 4, 2001 reflects about 200bp of economic weakness that is expected to vanish relatively quickly. Note how the long-run rate of about 5.50% is achieved at a maturity of about three years, known at the time as the “V-shaped” recovery. In any case, the evenly-weighted fly traded at about 22bp. A quick recovery implies 2-year rate expectations well below approximately equal 5- and 10-year rate expectations which, all together, imply high values for the fly.

As can be seen from the bottom curve in Figure 11, by March 23, 2003, economic weakness had become more pronounced and, more importantly for the purpose of this paper, the perceived length of the recovery had increased dramatically. One way to measure this is to compare the assumed half-life of the recovery as of September 4, 2001, with that assumed as of March 23, 2003. As of September 4, 2001, short-term rate expectations rise from their initial level of 3.50% to 4.50% (halfway from the initial 3.50% to the terminal 5.50%) in about 1.5 years. On the other hand, as of March 23, 2003, it takes about three years for short-term rate expectations to rise from their initial value of 1.25% to 2.75% (halfway from the initial 1.25% to the terminal 4.25%).

As a result of the assumed lengthening of the period of economic recovery, the evenly-weighted fly on March 23, 2003 traded at about 4bp. A slow recovery means that even 5-year rate expectations reflect current economic weakness although not, of course, as much as 2-year rate expectations reflect that weakness. This relatively linear effect of current weakness on rate expectations leads to a very small value for the fly.

The changing macroeconomic outlook implicit in the curves in Figure 11 provide one explanation of the regime shifts in Figures 4 and 5: the 2s-5s-10s fly jumps around as assumptions change about the speed of recovery. This interpretation of the fly changes the relative value trading decision dramatically from the statistical view of the fly described in section 1. Using that statistical approach, a relative value trader would argue that 5s should be sold since a fly of 4bp on March 23, 2003 is very low by historical standards. With a more macro-aware perspective, the relative value trader would argue that a fly of 4bp is justified if the implied, slow speed of economic recovery is justified. At that point, the trader might argue that recoveries are never that slow and that intermediate-term rates have been pushed down by a reach for yield rather than legitimate expectations of a slow recovery, etc., and sell 5s anyway. But this reasoning is less likely to be surprised by a regime shift than is the pure statistical approach.

6. A MACROECONOMIC INTERPRETATION OF HEDGE RATIOS IN

RELATIVE VALUE CURVE TRADES

The previous section gave a macroeconomic interpretation of the value of the fly and, consequently, of relative value curve trades. This section gives a macroeconomic interpretation of butterfly hedge ratios. Table 2 lists model hedge ratios for 2s-5s-10s trades corresponding to the curves constructed in Figure 11.

Table 2. Butterfly hedge ratios over the recent easing cycle

Date DV01 of Wings/DV01 of 5s DV01 of 10s/DV01 of Wings February 5, 2001 105% 72%

September 4, 2001 108% 72%

May 23, 2003 112% 50%

In Table 2, the DV01 of the “Wings” refers to the total DV01 of 2s and 10s in a 2s-5s-10s trade. The third column of the table gives the DV01 of 10s as a fraction of the DV01 of the wings. Since the effect of current economic conditions on rates dies out with maturity, 10s and 5s tend to be more highly correlated than 2s and 5s. As a result, term structure models tend to put more weight on 10s than on 2s when hedging 5s. This result is particularly true when a fast recovery is expected. In that case current economic conditions do not affect the 5-year rate very much and 2s are of relatively limited use in hedging 5s. Because, as discussed in the previous section, quick recoveries were indeed expected on February 5, 2001, and September 4, 2001, the model weight on 10s was particularly high at 72%. On the other hand, with the expectations of a particularly slow recovery on May 23, 2003, current economic conditions affect the 5-year rate considerably, raising the correlation between 2s and 5s and giving butterfly weights of 50% on both 2s and 10s.

The second column of Table 2 gives the total DV01 in 2s and 10s as a fraction of the DV01 in 5s. To understand these results requires a digression into the effect of the term structure of volatility on hedging butterflies. Imagine that the volatilities of the 2-, 5-, and 10-year rates were 100bp, 100bp, and 80bp, respectively. This term structure of volatility means that a 1bp increase in 2s and 5s is normally accompanied by a 0.8bp increase in 10s. To hedge a butterfly under that assumption requires that

21051DV01.8DV011DV01×+×=× (2)

But this condition implies that

2102105DV01DV01DV01.8DV01DV01+>+= (3)

In words, because 10s are less volatile than 2s and 5s, a hedge position requires more DV01 in 2s and 10s than in 5s.

The term structure of volatility is usually downward sloping because longer-term rates are less affected by economic news that shorter-term rates. Also, the volatility of 5s tends to be closer to the volatility of 2s than the volatility of 10s is to the volatility of 5s. Together with the discussion in the previous paragraph, these facts argue that butterfly hedges will usually have more weight on the wings than in the center.

Returning to the second column of Table 2, the ratio of the DV01 of the wings to the DV01 of the center does indeed exceed 100%. Furthermore, this ratio has increased from February 5, 2001, to May 23, 2003. The discussion about the term structure of volatility revealed that the greater the curvature of the volatility curve the greater the fraction of DV01 on the wings. A macroeconomic interpretation of this statement is that the greater the intermediate-term uncertainty relative to the short- and long-term uncertainty, the greater the fraction of the DV01 on the wings. The ratios in the second column of Table 2 indicate, therefore, that relative intermediate-term economic uncertainty has increased over the past two years. The previous section used a change in the perceived speed of economic recovery as an example of a regime shift. A change in the curvature of the volatility curve, that is, in the relative uncertainty of the intermediate-term outlook, is another example. In fact, according to Table 2, the regime shift from February 5, 2001 to September 4, 2001 was due to an increase in the relative uncertainty of the intermediate-term outlook, while the regime shift to May 23, 2003, was due in part to such a change but mostly to the view of a slower economic recovery. In any case, these two effects can be used to explain the regime shifts in Figure 4.

7. MAKING RELATIVE VALUE TRADING STRATEGIES MORE

MACRO-AWARE

This paper argues that relative value trades and even the hedge ratios of these trades make implicit macroeconomic assumptions. Furthermore, these underlying macroeconomic assumptions have varied dramatically over the most recent easing cycle. How is a relative value trader supposed to respond to these realities? This section suggests four steps to incorporating macro-awareness into relative value trading.

The first step is to augment statistical and market flow analysis with an understanding of the implicit macroeconomic assumptions in a trade and its hedge construction. This means that making a decision to sell 5s and hedge with an evenly weighted portfolio of 2s and 10s on May 23, 2003, based on analysis of recent rate history must be supplemented with an understanding that the base case or mean-reverting value of the fly and these particular hedge ratios are predicated on a particularly slow speed of economic recovery and particularly great intermediate-term uncertainty.

The second step is to have a view about likely regime shifts. As of May 23, 2003, for example, it was reasonable to believe that the very slow speed of recovery implied by the market was not sustainable. In other words, a significant regime shift risk at that time was that any favorable economic news would be accompanied by an increase in the perceived speed of economic recovery.8

The third step in making relative value trades more macro-aware is to favor trades that have less regime shift risk, where trades can be favored both in deciding whether to initiate a trade and in how to scale a trade. Consider, for example, two possible situations as of May 23, 2003. If market flows have made 5s rich relative to their very recent history, selling 5s is a winner from two perspectives. First, they are relative-value rich. Second, the trade will do well in the likely regime shift, that is, in an increase in the perceived speed of economic recovery. By contrast, if market flows have made 5s cheap relative to their very recent history, buying 5s is not nearly as attractive. While they are relative-value cheap, the trade will fare poorly in the likely regime shift. To summarize, a trader taking account of regime shift risk on May 23, 2003, would establish sizeable short positions in 5s when they appear rich but would not establish similarly large long positions in 5s when they appear cheap.

The fourth and final step is to buy option protection against the risk of a specific regime shift. As of May 23, 2003, for example, the risk of an increase in the speed of recovery could be hedged with a combination of options that profit in a flattening sell-off. Since a trader or a group of traders often view the world in a particular way, whether informally or through a particular term structure model, many of their trades at any particular time are likely to be exposed to the same regime shift risk. Viewed this way, option protection can be used for a trading book as a whole and not just for an individual trade. Furthermore, any cost of this protection should be subtracted from expected trading gains to determine the true expected profitability of the relative value trading enterprise.

8This regime shift, highlighted at the Liquid Markets Forum in June, did subsequently take place.

Excel函数公式完整版

EXCEL函数公式大全(完整) 函数说明 CALL调用动态链接库或代码源中的过程 EUROCONVERT用于将数字转换为欧元形式,将数字由欧元形式转换为欧元成员国货币形式,或利用欧元作为中间货币将数字由某一欧元成员国货币转化为另一欧元成员国 货币形式(三角转换关系) GETPIVOTDATA返回存储在数据透视表中的数据 REGISTER.ID返回已注册过的指定动态链接库(DLL) 或代码源的注册号 SQL.REQUEST连接到一个外部的数据源并从工作表中运行查询,然后将查询结果以数组的形式返回,无需进行宏编程 ?数学和三角函数 ?统计函数 ?文本函数 加载宏和自动化函数 多维数据集函数 函数说明 CUBEKPIMEMBER返回重要性能指标(KPI) 名称、属性和度量,并显示单元格中的名 称和属性。KPI 是一项用于监视单位业绩的可量化的指标,如每月 总利润或每季度雇员调整。 CUBEMEMBER返回多维数据集层次结构中的成员或元组。用于验证多维数据集内 是否存在成员或元组。 CUBEMEMBERPROPERTY返回多维数据集内成员属性的值。用于验证多维数据集内是否存在 某个成员名并返回此成员的指定属性。 CUBERANKEDMEMBER返回集合中的第n 个或排在一定名次的成员。用于返回集合中的一 个或多个元素,如业绩排在前几名的销售人员或前10 名学生。 CUBESET通过向服务器上的多维数据集发送集合表达式来定义一组经过计算 的成员或元组(这会创建该集合),然后将该集合返回到Microsoft Office Excel。 CUBESETCOUNT返回集合中的项数。 CUBEVALUE返回多维数据集内的汇总值。

谈行政事业单位会计信息化建设

谈行政事业单位会计信息化建设 一、行政事业单位会计信息化建设的重要作用 (一)提高会计工作效率多年来,会计工作是会计人员纯手工完成,会计信息安全是由原始凭证、账簿等纸质工具记录。随着社会经济的迅猛发展,单位经济活动不断增加,传统的手工会计核算已不能满足单位发生的大量财务数据,并且也加大了会计人员的工作强度,会计信息化取代传统手工会计是发展的必然趋势。数字化、信息化赋能使得财务数据的创建、修改、存储、共享、分析更加高效,相较于此,纸质财务账簿、报表等材料容易丢失、空间体量大等缺点,会计信息化的建设不但节省人力物力,还提高了会计工作的准确率,对会计工作进入无纸化办公具有重要意义。 (二)提高预算工作的准确性预算是根据单位发展目标和计划编制的年度财务收支计划,是行政事业单位业务活动的财力支持和经济活动的基本依据。充足的资金是行政事业单位各部门之间正常运转的重要保障。在资金预算环节,会计信息化、数字化赋能可以帮助实现单位各部门之间会计信息数据的高速共享,整合各部门的会计信息数据能够提高领导部门的预算决策准确性;如果会计信息数据没有得到及时的更新共享,会计人员靠自己的主观臆断进行资金预算分析,有可能影响到单位预算数据的准确性和及时性,导致单位领导部门的预算决策出现偏失,造成不良后果。 (三)提高单位行政能力在部分行政事业单位的会计核算工作中,会计信息系统没有得到合理的运用,不能充分有效地发挥其应有的作用,财务信息数据共享、整合的滞后性导致会计核算与会计监督不能高效协调运作。建立规范高效的会计信息化系统,将会计核算、监督模块相连接,实现会计监督与会计核算同步进行,可以

降低单位财务管理中存在的各种风险;同时会计信息化使得行政事业单位的财务信息数据分类更加具体、人员责权更加清晰,不仅能够提升单位财务管理的效率与水平,还可以在内部稽核、员工考核评估、单位内外信息沟通、单位监督等方面加强单位的整体运作效率。 二、现阶段我国行政事业单位会计信息化建设存在的问题 (一)会计信息化建设不受重视在大数据时代,因对规模庞大的财务数据分析、管理的需求,我国大多数企业早已开始实行会计信息化,但部分行政事业单位依然没有意识到会计信息化建设的重要性,认为纯手工会计依然可以满足工作需要,尚未意识到会计信息化建设能够降低单位整体的运行成本、并提高其效率,而只将该建设视作单位财务部门内部工作,导致单位会计信息化建设缓慢、财务管理人力成本高、效率低下等问题。在国家鼓励推行财务管理数字信息化建设的同时,一些地方政F仍不愿意主动了解数字化、信息化赋能,是阻碍行政事业单位会计信息化建设的主要因素之一。 (二)制度管理缺乏规范性在对会计信息化有巨大需求的时代背景下,我国还没有统一的行政事业单位会计信息化管理标准。对于大部分行政事业单位来说,如何使财会人员依照行业标准规范使用网络和计算机进行会计财务工作,并在发生问题时有源可溯、有法可依,仍然是个亟待解决的问题。同时,会计信息化使得财务信息数据体量更加庞大、分支繁多,这就需要单位内部精细化的管控。然而很多事业单位内部并没有针对各个财务事务环节的监督控制部门,或依旧沿用手工会计时代的管理制度,并且一些单位的会计人员并未按照规章制度办事,事务处理缺乏流程规范性,导致财务管理混乱、职责分配不清;另一方面,有的单位只依照过往旧经验制

(完整word版)excel函数的说明及其详细的解释

excel 函数的说明及其详细的解释 数据库和清单管理函数 AVERAGE返回选定数据库项的平均值 DCOUNT计算数据库中包含数字的单元格的个数 DCOUNTA计算数据库中非空单元格的个数 DGET从数据库中提取满足指定条件的单个记录 DMAX返回选定数据库项中的最大值 DMIN返回选定数据库项中的最小值 DPRODUCT乘以特定字段(此字段中的记录为数据库中满足指定条件的记录)中的值 DSTDEV根据数据库中选定项的示例估算标准偏差 DSTDEVP根据数据库中选定项的样本总体计算标准偏差 DSUM对数据库中满足条件的记录的字段列中的数字求和 DVAR根据数据库中选定项的示例估算方差 DVARP根据数据库中选定项的样本总体计算方差 GETPIVOTDATA 返回存储在数据透视表中的数据

日期和时间函数 DATE返回特定时间的系列数 DATEDIF计算两个日期之间的年、月、日数 DATEVALUE 将文本格式的日期转换为系列数 DAY 将系列数转换为月份中的日 DAYS360按每年360 天计算两个日期之间的天数 EDATE返回在开始日期之前或之后指定月数的某个日期的系列数 EOMONTH返回指定月份数之前或之后某月的最后一天的系列数 HOUR将系列数转换为小时 MINUTE将系列数转换为分钟 MONTH将系列数转换为月 NETWORKDAYS 返回两个日期之间的完整工作日数 NOW 返回当前日期和时间的系列数 SECOND将系列数转换为秒 TIME返回特定时间的系列数 TIMEVALUE将文本格式的时间转换为系列数 TODAY返回当天日期的系列数 WEEKDAY将系列数转换为星期 WORKDAY返回指定工作日数之前或之后某日期的系列数YEAR 将系列数转换为年

电子表格常用函数公式

电子表格常用函数公式 1、自动排序函数: =RANK(第1数坐标,$第1数纵坐标$横坐标:$最后数纵坐标$横坐标,升降序号1降0升) 例如:=RANK(X3,$X$3:$X$155,0) 说明:从X3 到X 155自动排序 2、多位数中间取部分连续数值: =MID(该多位数所在位置坐标,所取多位数的第一个数字的排列位数,所取数值的总个数) 例如:612730************在B4坐标位置,取中间出生年月日,共8位数 =MID(B4,7,8) =19820711 说明:B4指该数据的位置坐标,7指从第7位开始取值,8指一共取8个数字 3、若在所取的数值中间添加其他字样, 例如:612730************在B4坐标位置,取中间出生年、月、日,要求****年**月**日格式 =MID(B4,7,4)&〝年〞&MID(B4,11,2) &〝月〞& MID(B4,13,2) &〝月〞&

=1982年07月11日 说明:B4指该数据的位置坐标,7、11指开始取值的第一位数排序号,4、2指所取数值个数,引号必须是英文引号。 4、批量打印奖状。 第一步建立奖状模板:首先利用Word制作一个奖状模板并保存为“奖状.doc”,将其中班级、姓名、获奖类别先空出,确保打印输出后的格式与奖状纸相符(如图1所示)。 第二步用Excel建立获奖数据库:在Excel表格中输入获奖人以及获几等奖等相关信息并保存为“奖状数据.xls”,格式如图2所示。 第三步关联数据库与奖状:打开“奖状.doc”,依次选择视图→工具栏→邮件合并,在新出现的工具栏中选择“打开数据源”,并选择“奖状数据.xls”,打开后选择相应的工作簿,默认为sheet1,并按确定。将鼠标定位到需要插入班级的地方,单击“插入域”,在弹出的对话框中选择“班级”,并按“插入”。同样的方法完成姓名、项目、等第的插入。 第四步预览并打印:选择“查看合并数据”,然后用前后箭头就可以浏览合并数据后的效果,选择“合并到新文档”可以生成一个包含所有奖状的Word文档,这时就可以批量打印了。

Excel函数名称解释大全..

Excel函数大全 数据库和清单管理函数 DAVERAGE 返回选定数据库项的平均值 DCOUNT 计算数据库中包含数字的单元格的个数 DCOUNTA 计算数据库中非空单元格的个数 DGET 从数据库中提取满足指定条件的单个记录 DMAX 返回选定数据库项中的最大值 DMIN 返回选定数据库项中的最小值 DPRODUCT 乘以特定字段(此字段中的记录为数据库中满足指定条件的记录)中的值 DSTDEV 根据数据库中选定项的示例估算标准偏差 DSTDEVP 根据数据库中选定项的样本总体计算标准偏差 DSUM 对数据库中满足条件的记录的字段列中的数字求和 DVAR 根据数据库中选定项的示例估算方差 DVARP 根据数据库中选定项的样本总体计算方差 GETPIVOTDATA 返回存储在数据透视表中的数据 日期和时间函数 DATE 返回特定时间的系列数 DATEDIF 计算两个日期之间的年、月、日数 DATEVALUE 将文本格式的日期转换为系列数 DAY 将系列数转换为月份中的日 DAYS360 按每年 360 天计算两个日期之间的天数 EDATE 返回在开始日期之前或之后指定月数的某个日期的系列数 EOMONTH 返回指定月份数之前或之后某月的最后一天的系列数 HOUR 将系列数转换为小时 MINUTE 将系列数转换为分钟

MONTH 将系列数转换为月 NETWORKDAYS 返回两个日期之间的完整工作日数 NOW 返回当前日期和时间的系列数 SECOND 将系列数转换为秒 TIME 返回特定时间的系列数 TIMEVALUE 将文本格式的时间转换为系列数 TODAY 返回当天日期的系列数 WEEKDAY 将系列数转换为星期 WORKDAY 返回指定工作日数之前或之后某日期的系列数 YEAR 将系列数转换为年 YEARFRAC 返回代表 start_date(开始日期)和 end_date(结束日期)之间天数的以年为单位的分数 DDE 和外部函数 CALL 调用动态链接库(DLL)或代码源中的过程 REGISTER.ID 返回已注册的指定 DLL 或代码源的注册 ID SQL.REQUEST 连接外部数据源,并从工作表中运行查询,然后将结果作为数组返回,而无需进行宏编程。 有关 CALL 和 REGISTER 函数的其他信息 工程函数 BESSELI 返回经过修改的贝塞尔函数 In(x) BESSELJ 返回贝塞尔函数 Jn(x) BESSELK 返回经过修改的贝塞尔函数 Kn(x) BESSELY 返回贝塞尔函数 Yn(x) xlfctBIN2DEC BIN2DEC 将二进制数转换为十进制数 BIN2HEX 将二进制数转换为十六进制数 BIN2OCT 将二进制数转换为八进制数 COMPLEX 将实系数和虚系数转换为复数 CONVERT 将一种度量单位制中的数字转换为另一种度量单位制

EXCEL表格函数公式大全

Excel常用函数公式及技巧搜集(常用的) 【身份证信息?提取】 从身份证号码中提取出生年月日 =TEXT(MID(A1,7,6+(LEN(A1)=18)*2),"#-00-00")+0 =TEXT(MID(A1,7,6+(LEN(A1)=18)*2),"#-00-00")*1 =IF(A2<>"",TEXT((LEN(A2)=15)*19&MID(A2,7,6+(LEN(A2)=18)*2),"#-00-00")+0,) 显示格式均为yyyy-m-d。(最简单的公式,把单元格设置为日期格式) =IF(LEN(A2)=15,"19"&MID(A2,7,2)&"-"&MID(A2,9,2)&"-"&MID(A2,11,2),MID(A2,7,4)&"-"&MID(A2,11,2)&"-"&MID(A2,13,2)) 显示格式为yyyy-mm-dd。(如果要求为“1995/03/29”格式的话,将”-”换成”/”即可) =IF(D4="","",IF(LEN(D4)=15,TEXT(("19"&MID(D4,7,6)),"0000年00月00日 "),IF(LEN(D4)=18,TEXT(MID(D4,7,8),"0000年00月00日")))) 显示格式为yyyy年mm月dd日。(如果将公式中“0000年00月00日”改成“0000-00-00”,则显示格式为yyyy-mm-dd) =IF(LEN(A1:A2)=18,MID(A1:A2,7,8),"19"&MID(A1:A2,7,6)) 显示格式为yyyymmdd。 =TEXT((LEN(A1)=15)*19&MID(A1,7,6+(LEN(A1)=18)*2),"#-00-00")+0 =IF(LEN(A2)=18,MID(A2,7,4)&-MID(A2,11,2),19&MID(A2,7,2)&-MID(A2,9,2)) =MID(A1,7,4)&"年"&MID(A1,11,2)&"月"&MID(A1,13,2)&"日" =IF(A1<>"",TEXT((LEN(A1)=15)*19&MID(A1,7,6+(LEN(A1)=18)*2),"#-00-00")) 从身份证号码中提取出性别 =IF(MOD(MID(A1,15,3),2),"男","女") (最简单公式) =IF(MOD(RIGHT(LEFT(A1,17)),2),"男","女") =IF(A2<>””,IF(MOD(RIGHT(LEFT(A2,17)),2),”男”,”女”),) =IF(VALUE(LEN(ROUND(RIGHT(A1,1)/2,2)))=1,"男","女") 从身份证号码中进行年龄判断 =IF(A3<>””,DATEDIF(TEXT((LEN(A3)=15*19&MID(A3,7,6+(LEN(A3)=18*2),”#-00-00”) ,TODAY(),”Y”),) =DATEDIF(A1,TODAY(),“Y”) (以上公式会判断是否已过生日而自动增减一岁) =YEAR(NOW())-MID(E2,IF(LEN(E2)=18,9,7),2)-1900 =YEAR(TODAY())-IF(LEN(A1)=15,"19"&MID(A1,7,2),MID(A1,7,4)) =YEAR(TODAY())-VALUE(MID(B1,7,4))&"岁" =YEAR(TODAY())-IF(MID(B1,18,1)="",CONCATENATE("19",MID(B1,7,2)),MID(B1,7,4)) 按身份证号号码计算至今天年龄

Excel常用的函数计算公式大全(一看就会)

EXCEL的常用计算公式大全 一、单组数据加减乘除运算: ①单组数据求加和公式:=(A1+B1) 举例:单元格A1:B1区域依次输入了数据10和5,计算:在C1中输入 =A1+B1 后点击键盘“Enter(确定)”键后,该单元格就自动显示10与5的和15。 ②单组数据求减差公式:=(A1-B1) 举例:在C1中输入 =A1-B1 即求10与5的差值5,电脑操作方法同上; ③单组数据求乘法公式:=(A1*B1) 举例:在C1中输入 =A1*B1 即求10与5的积值50,电脑操作方法同上; ④单组数据求乘法公式:=(A1/B1) 举例:在C1中输入 =A1/B1 即求10与5的商值2,电脑操作方法同上; ⑤其它应用: 在D1中输入 =A1^3 即求5的立方(三次方); 在E1中输入 =B1^(1/3)即求10的立方根 小结:在单元格输入的含等号的运算式,Excel中称之为公式,都是数学里面的基本运算,只不过在计算机上有的运算符号发生了改变——“×”与“*”同、“÷”与“/”同、“^”与“乘方”相同,开方作为乘方的逆运算,把乘方中和指数使用成分数就成了数的开方运算。这些符号是按住电脑键盘“Shift”键同时按住键盘第二排相对应的数字符号即可显示。如果同一列的其它单元格都需利用刚才的公式计算,只需要先用鼠标左键点击一下刚才已做好公式的单元格,将鼠标移至该单元格的右下角,带出现十字符号提示时,开始按住鼠标左键不动一直沿着该单元格依次往下拉到你需要的某行同一列的单元格下即可,即可完成公司自动复制,自动计算。 二、多组数据加减乘除运算: ①多组数据求加和公式:(常用) 举例说明:=SUM(A1:A10),表示同一列纵向从A1到A10的所有数据相加; =SUM(A1:J1),表示不同列横向从A1到J1的所有第一行数据相加; ②多组数据求乘积公式:(较常用) 举例说明:=PRODUCT(A1:J1)表示不同列从A1到J1的所有第一行数据相乘; =PRODUCT(A1:A10)表示同列从A1到A10的所有的该列数据相乘; ③多组数据求相减公式:(很少用) 举例说明:=A1-SUM(A2:A10)表示同一列纵向从A1到A10的所有该列数据相减; =A1-SUM(B1:J1)表示不同列横向从A1到J1的所有第一行数据相减; ④多组数据求除商公式:(极少用) 举例说明:=A1/PRODUCT(B1:J1)表示不同列从A1到J1的所有第一行数据相除; =A1/PRODUCT(A2:A10)表示同列从A1到A10的所有的该列数据相除; 三、其它应用函数代表: ①平均函数 =AVERAGE(:);②最大值函数 =MAX (:);③最小值函数 =MIN (:); ④统计函数 =COUNTIF(:):举例:Countif ( A1:B5,”>60”) 说明:统计分数大于60分的人数,注意,条件要加双引号,在英文状态下输入。

会计信息化建设存在的问题与对策

会计信息化建设存在的问题与对策 摘要:随着信息技术的不断发展,其使用的覆盖面积也越来越广。信息化已经成为当前经济发展的一种趋势,而会计信息化也成为我国会计发展的必然趋势。会计信息化是区别于会计电算化的一种新型管理方式,它可以有效地为企业管理与决策提供更多的信息数据,对于我国会计事业的发展与企业的运作有着不可忽视的作用。本文针对会计信息化进行阐述,分析我国会计信息化过程中存在的问题,并就这些问题提出对应的解决措施。希望能够为我国会计信息化建设提供有益参考,推动我过会计事业的持续发展。 关键词:会计;信息化建设;问题;对策 会计信息化是建立在信息技术不断发展并深入使用的 基础之上,它相比传统的会计电算化而言,具有一定的数据优势,决策更具有科学性。而会计事业作为一个不断发展的过程,其必然会从手工过渡到自动,会计信息化就是其自动化的一个表现方式,这对于我国市场经济秩序的稳定,宏观经济的发展有着十分重要的作用。尤其是在知识经济不断推动的前提之下,实现会计信息化具有更深层次的作用。然而,由于我国传统会计方式的制约,使得会计信息化的实现存在一些问题,需要人们在实践中不断的发展与调整。

一、会计信息化及其发展 会计信息化是一种区别于传统的会计电算化的概念,其是随着信息技术的不断发展而出现的。所谓会计信息化也就是企业或者单位利用计算机网络等现代信息技术来实现会 计信息的获取、加工、传送、储存等过程,从而建立其一个现代的会计信息管理系统,为企业经营的过程中,提供更加全面的信息保障,实现其决策的科学性。我国的会计信息化已经发展了20余年,在这期间其信息系统的功能不断增强,应用也越来越普遍,目前一些大、中型企业已经在不同程度上接纳并实现了会计信息化,使用核算型的会计软件,为企业的管理与发展提供了更大的便利。然而,由于我国会计电算化的使用背景较长,其具有的影响相对深厚,再加上会计信息化需要对应的系统建设与硬件更新,这使得我国会计信息化的发展面临着极大的阻碍,还需要对其进行研究与完善。 二、会计信息化存在的问题与现状 (一)企业管理层对于会计信息化的认识偏差。虽然 会计信息化目前已经得到了很多企业的认可,并也运用于实践。但是,受到传统管理理念的制约,很多企业并没有充分认识到会计信息化的作用以及其运用的意义。在这样的背景之下,其对于会计信息化建设的重视程度也就自然相对较低。更有一些企业安于现状,一味的排斥会计信息化,使得自身的发展受到了极大的制约。这些都严重阻碍了会计信息对于

Excel函数详解解读

Excel 函数(按字母顺序列出) 函数名称类型和说明 ABS 函数数学和三角:返回数字的绝对值 ACCRINT 函数财务:返回定期支付利息的债券的应计利息ACCRINTM 函数财务:返回在到期日支付利息的债券的应计利息ACOS 函数数学和三角:返回数字的反余弦值 ACOSH 函数数学和三角:返回数字的反双曲余弦值ACOT 函数 数学和三角:返回数字的反余切值 ACOTH 函数 数学和三角:返回数字的反双曲余切值 AGGREGATE 函数数学和三角:返回列表或数据库中的聚合 ADDRESS 函数查找和引用:以文本形式将引用值返回到工作表的单个单元格 AMORDEGRC 函数财务:使用折旧系数返回每个记帐期的折旧值AMORLINC 函数财务:返回每个记帐期的折旧值 AND 函数逻辑:如果其所有参数均为TRUE,则返回TRUE ARABIC 函数 数学和三角:将罗马数字转换为阿拉伯数字 AREAS 函数查找和引用:返回引用中涉及的区域个数 ASC 函数文本:将字符串中的全角(双字节)英文字母或片假名更改为半角(单字节)字符 ASIN 函数数学和三角:返回数字的反正弦值 ASINH 函数数学和三角:返回数字的反双曲正弦值 ATAN 函数数学和三角:返回数字的反正切值 ATAN2 函数数学和三角:返回X 和Y 坐标的反正切值ATANH 函数数学和三角:返回数字的反双曲正切值 AVEDEV 函数统计:返回数据点与它们的平均值的绝对偏差平均值AVERAGE 函数统计:返回其参数的平均值 AVERAGEA 函数统计:返回其参数的平均值,包括数字、文本和逻辑值

函数名称类型和说明 AVERAGEIF 函数统计:返回区域中满足给定条件的所有单元格的平均值(算术平均值) AVERAGEIFS 函数统计:返回满足多个条件的所有单元格的平均值(算术平均值)。 BAHTTEXT 函数文本:使用?(泰铢)货币格式将数字转换为文本 BASE 函数数学和三角:将数字转换为具备给定基数(base) 的文本表示 BESSELI 函数工程:返回修正的贝赛耳函数In(x) BESSELJ 函数工程:返回贝赛耳函数Jn(x) BESSELK 函数工程:返回修正的贝赛耳函数Kn(x) BESSELY 函数工程:返回贝赛耳函数Yn(x) BETADIST 函数 兼容性:返回beta 累积分布函数 在Excel 2007 中,这是一个统计函数。 BETA.DIST 函数 统计:返回beta 累积分布函数 BETAINV 函数 兼容性:返回指定beta 分布的累积分布函数的反函数 在Excel 2007 中,这是一个统计函数。 BETA.INV 函数 统计:返回指定beta 分布的累积分布函数的反函数BIN2DEC 函数工程:将二进制数转换为十进制数 BIN2HEX 函数工程:将二进制数转换为十六进制数 BIN2OCT 函数工程:将二进制数转换为八进制数 BINOMDIST 函数 兼容性:返回一元二项式分布的概率 在Excel 2007 中,这是一个统计函数。 BINOM.DIST 函数 统计:返回一元二项式分布的概率 BINOM.DIST.RANGE 函数 统计:使用二项式分布返回试验结果的概率

会计信息化建设方案详细

唐山市南湖通用设备制造有限公司会计信 息化解决方案 企业信息化管理整体解决方案包括一个开发平台和两个个业务系统组成进销存管理(即采购管理、存货管理、销售管理)和财务管理(即总账管理、现金、银行存款管理、应收账款管理、应付账款管理),这些系统对企业产供销、人财物进行全面管理,将企业资金流、物料流、信息流集成在一个平台上。四个系统既可单独使用,也可集成使用。由于所有系统都是基于同一个平台开发而成,故其操作方法、界面方案统一、标准,稳定可靠,而且能自由调整,甚至可重新开发一个新系统,以满足企业不断发展,业务不断变化的需要。 首先,企业通过实施ERP管理,财务与业务的管理得到了有机结合,解决长期困扰企业的管理部门与财务部门、仓库与财务部门、仓库与车间、车间与财务部门信息沟通不畅、账账不符、账证不符和账物不符的信息孤岛问题,架起了财务信息与物流信息沟通的桥梁,财务管理达到了运算速度快、成本核算精细的要求,而且解决了以往信息仅集中于少数岗位的不合理问题。 随着企业应用的深入,其业务系统更加复杂,同时企业对应用系统灵活性要求的提高,造成系统开发成本加大、风险性提高,软件开发商希望得到一款快速开发灵活性应用系统的平台性软件,来降低开发的难度,提高开发的效率,提升应用系统的灵活性和伸缩性,降低维护费用和缩短维护周期。 信息系统是指信息基础设施为基本运行环境,以信息技术设备为管理手段,以加工处理数据提供信息为目的而形成的,将信息的收集、传递、储存、加工、检索、输出等各过程有机融合的一个整体。 会计信息系统组成要素为:计算机硬件、数据文件、会计人员、会计信息系统的运行规程,其核心部分是功能完备的会计软件。 公司以前的供应链管理以生产为中心,力图提高生产效率,降低单件成本,来获得利润。在销售方面则采用促销方式试图将自己的产品推销给顾客,并通过库存来保证产品能不断地流向顾客。而电子商务下的供应链管理的理念是以顾客为中心通过顾客的实际需求和对顾客未来的需求的预测来拉动产品和服务。基于这种思想,我们开发出本供应链管理系统,她为企业管理者提供了多种现代化的供应链管理策略,如快速反应策略、有效客户响应策略、电子订货系统和建立企业间网络式供应链系统等。 (一)进销存管理系统 一、采购管理 采购业务管理

excel表格常用的函数公式

e x c e l表格常用的函数公 式 Prepared on 22 November 2020

1、如何一次性去掉诸多超链接 选中所有的超链接,按住Ctrl+c再按Enter键,就取消的所有的超链。 2、如何在每行的下面空一行 如A1列有内容,我们需要在B1、C2单元格输入1,选中周边四格 ,然后向下拉,填充序列,然后在选取定位条件,选中空值,最后点击插入行,就行了。 3、删除一列的后缀

若A1为此,在B1单元格输入=LEFT(A1,LEN (A1)-4),然后下拉填充公式。 删除前缀则相反RIGHT 4、把多个单元格串成一句 运用=CONCATENATE(“A1”,“B2”,“C2”),比如A1,B1单元格分别是8,个,我们可在C1单元格输入=CONCATENATE("我有",A1,B1,"苹果"),随即C1单元格显示我有8个苹果。 5、数据分类汇总后按需排序 在数据分类汇总后,我们选择左侧2,把数据折叠起来,然后选中你按需排序规则的那行,点击排序即可。 6、分类汇总后,只复制汇总的项 在把分类汇总后的数据折叠后(只显示分类汇总项),然后选中这些,定位——可见单元格——复制——黏贴即可。 7、【Vlookup函数】查找制定目标的相对应数值 公式:B13=VLOOKUP(A13,$B$2:$D$8,3,0) A13是所需要的值对应的属性(姓名);$B$2:$D$8是指查找的范围从B2开始一直到D8的区间范围内;3是指查找范围的第三列,即查找值所在的列;0表示精确查找或者也可填写false。 8、【sumif函数】在一定条件下求和 G2=sumif(D2:D8,”>=95”)

财务信息化建设

财务信息化建设 一、财务信息化建设的背景 神华集团公司站在建设世界一流企业、推动神华跨越式发展、打造百年神华的战略高度,前瞻性地作出了推进信息化工程建设的战略部署。在以“信息化带动工业化”精神的指引下,信息化建设作为管理提升的突破口,以管理提升带动世界一流企业战略目标的实现,“SH217”信息化工程应运而生。“SH217”信息化建设工程,旨在通过建设“产运销协同调度、人财物资源整合、一体化纵向管控”的“两横一纵”三大信息平台,支撑“集团管控、资源整合、业务协同、专业管理、安全管理、集约化管理、企业综合管理”七大业务能力的整体提升。 财务信息化ERP系统建设项目是“SH217”工程的十大重点项目之一,旨在借助“SH217”工程契机,为神华集团搭建统一的财务管理信息化平台,提高集团整体财务管理水平。 二、财务信息化助力,提高经营管理水平,提升企业竞争力 随着当今社会经济飞速发展,财务信息化已成为大势所趋。面对当前经济形势下滑,企业竞争日渐“白热化”,面对这样的经济环境唯有眼睛向内、苦练内功,努力挖潜增效,着眼管理提升。管理提升成为企业提高市场竞争力的必由之路,企业信息化建设已成为管理提升的主要手段,财务信息化成为企业信息化的核心。 准能集团公司通过建设ERP平台,形成了公司集中、高效、统一的管控机制,推动公司整体管理水平迈上了一个台阶,将管理思想通过系统落地,最终支撑准能经营转变和经济总量翻翻战略目标的实

现。财务信息化模式主要就是利用ERP系统,把人力资源管理、财务管理、物资管理纳入一个集中管理的系统平台来实现企业财务管理集约化的目标,以适应当前财务管理的“大数据”时代。 财务信息化要结合企业信息化平台系统建设,要最大限度的开发系统资源,充分做好前期调研工作,全面梳理业务流程,细化工作环节,全面纳入系统管理。 ERP信息化系统的运用,实现前端业务前移,工作落实到一线,基础核算工作落实到班组,以班组为核算单位,重点推行班组经济核算,让班组成员梳理经营理念,管理工作真正延伸到最前端,由具体操作人员负责,可以有效提升各单位及各车间的整体核算水平。 充分利用好信息化系统资源,把一些数据核对和处理这种繁琐工作交给信息化系统来完成,把财务人员腾出来全身心的投入到经营管理工作中来,实现身份转变,由财务会计转变为管理会计,有效节约人工核对和数据处理时间,提高整体工作效率,为经营者提供及时准确的财务分析资料,真正提高企业财务管理水平、提高各项工作质量和工作效率,实现真正管理提升,全面提升企业核心竞争力。 财务信息化建设不是单纯的计算机技术的应用问题,也不光是财务部门的事,它代表的是企业管理流程和管理方式的改变,需要企业所有部门的共同参与和配合才能完成。所以企业应该规范财务信息化系统管理运作,通过对整个信息化建设进行整体规划,以企业财务人员的集中管理为前提,在全企业制定统一的数据计算口径,统一上传与下达方式,优化业务流程,加快信息的流转,实现部门与部门之间

会计信息化建设取得高质量成果

会计信息化建设取得高质量成果 回顾2011年我国会计信息化工作取得的累累硕果,就不难理解为何会计信息化工作备受关注。过去的一年里,财政部会计司在有限的时间内全面打响了一场赢取高质量成果的战役。 首批实施形成会计信息化建设的优质成果 1月12日,通用分类标准贯彻实施会议在北京召开,标志着通用分类标准首批实施工作正式启动,也代表着我国会计信息化进程在2011年吹响了第一声号角。 为了保证首批实施事务所顺利开展实例文档编制和报送工作,5月12日至13日,财政部会计司在北京举行了实例文档填报软件培训工作会议,并选派专门技术人员为12家首批实施事务所提供技术支持。 “截至6月30日,通用分类标准首批实施单位均已完成了向我部的报送工作,共有606份实例文档。随后,我们组织权威机构对实施单位报送的材料进行了全面细致的测试,结果表明,所有实施单位均实现了最初设定的目标,其中首批15家企业的实施工作质量较高,达到了国际先进水平。”财政部会计司相关负责人表示。 2011年下半年,会计司又适时启动了石油行业的扩展分类标准研究,8月底,石油行业扩展分类标准研发工作启动,10月初举行了石油行业扩展分类标准联合工作组第一次会议,经公开征求意见稿,已于日前发布。这标志着行业扩展分类标准建设工作正式启动,为下一步通用分类标准在更大范围平稳实施奠定了基础。与此同时,中国银监会以通用分类标准为基础,扩展制定了满足银行非现场监管需要的银行监管报表扩展分类标准,并于近期与财政部联合发布。 成立会信标委:完成会计信息化标准制定的组织架构 在2011年年末,从年初就在筹备的全国会计信息化标准化技术委员会成立大会在北京召开,这标志着我国信息化标准体系建设全面拉开序幕。 “一直以来,财政部都在积极推动会计信息化标准化机构建设。 这次,我们是在国家标准化管理委员会的大力支持下,成立了由政府部门、大型企业、中介机构和科研院所等广泛参与的全国会计信息化标准化技术委员会。”财政部会计司相关负责人说。 在成立大会上,财政部副部长王军表示,标准化是信息化的基础工程,是实现信息共享和互联互通的必由之路,成立会信标委,对于夯实会计信息化基础建设,建立健全会计信息化标准体系,全面深入推进我国会计信息化建设具有重大而深远的意义。 会计信息化现状调查摸清“家底” 在推进相关工作的同时,调查研究始终贯穿于通用分类标准的实施过程中。 结合财政部2011年度会计重点研究课题《企业会计信息化问题研究》,会计司在江苏、广东、新疆、吉林和天津等课题单位前提研究基础上,自7月1日开始,在全国范围内组织了一次较大规模的问卷调查。 “这次问卷调查我们首次采用网上在线填报方式进行,全国共有10755家企业参与问卷填写工作。 课题总结和评价了我国企业会计信息化水平的现状、存在的不足和可能的改进方向,初步摸清了我国会计信息化的‘家底’,为推进我国会计信息化建设提供了有益参考和思路。”会计司相关负责人介绍说。 国际交流彰显中国会计信息化的影响力 2011年,也是我国会计信息化国际合作、交流不断深化的一年。 目前,财政部会计司和XBRL(可扩展商业报告语言)中国地区组织与国际财务报告准则基金会、XBRL国际组织等专业组织保持联系,定期交换意见,并推举国内专家出任上述

Excel表格函数公式大全

E x c e l表格函数公式大全-标准化文件发布号:(9456-EUATWK-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DDQTY-KII

目录按顺序整理,便于打印学习 EXCEL函数大全 (3) 1.数据库和清单管理函数 (3) 2.日期和时间函数 (3) 3.DDE 和外部函数 (4) 4.工程函数 (4) Excel2003常用函数 (6) 5.ABS函数 (6) 6.AND (7) 7.AVERAGE (7) 8.CELL (8) 9.CHOOSE (8) 10.COLUMN 函数 (9) 11.CONCATENATE函数 (9) 12.COUNT (10) 13.COUNTA (10) 14.COUNTIF (10) 15.DATEDIF函数 (11) 16.DATE函数 (11) 17.DAY函数 (12) 18.DCOUNT函数 (12) 19.FIND (13) 20.FREQUENCY函数 (13) 21.IF (13) 22.INDEX (14) 23.INT (15) 24.ISERROR函数 (16) 25.ISEVEN (16) 26.ISODD (17) https://www.sodocs.net/doc/524806505.html,RGE (17) 28.LEFT或LEFTB (17) 29.LEN或LENB (18) 30.LOOKUP (18) 31.MATCH (19) 32.MAX (20) 33.MIN (21) 34.MEDIAN (21) 35.MID或MIDB (22) 36.MOD函数 (22) 37.MONTH函数 (23) 38.NOW (23) 39.OR (24) 40.RAND (24) 41.RANK函数 (25) 42.RIGHT或RIGHTB (25) 43.ROUND (26) 44.SUBTOTAL函数 (26) 45.SUM (27) 46.SUMIF (27) 47.TEXT (28) 48.TODAY (29) 49.VALUE (29) 50.VLOOKUP (30) 51.WEEKDAY函数 (31) 关于EXCEL中函数COUNT的用法 (31)

2018会计信息化工作的试题及答案

2018会计信息化试题及答案 一、单选题 1、会计师事务所做强做大过程中运用信息化,包括三方面的内容,下列属于该内容的是()。 A、通过信息化手段对客户的财务报告进行审计,出具审计报告 B、通过全面推进会计信息化建设,能够进一步提升会计工作水平,促进经济社会健康发展 C、现代信息技术与传统会计模式相互适应 D、在企业组织内部实现内部业务和外部业务的一体化 【正确答案】A 【您的答案】A[正确] 【答案解析】暂无 2、关于会计信息化特征说法错误的是()。 A、从会计信息化的要求来看,首先就是现代信息技术在会计理论、会计工作、会计管理、会计教育诸领域的广泛应用,并形成完整的应用体系 B、会计信息化将对传统会计组织和业务处理流程进行重整,以支持“虚拟企业”、“数据银行”等新的组织形式和管理模式 C、动态性,又名实时性或同步性 D、会计数据的采集是静态的 【正确答案】D 【您的答案】B 【答案解析】会计数据的采集是动态的。所以选项D错误。 3、不属于推进会计管理和会计监督信息化建设强调的内容的是()。 A、在全国范围内逐步推广无纸化考试,提高会计从业资格管理工作效率和水平 B、推进信息系统在会计专业技术资格考试工作中的应用,完善会计人员专业技术资格考试制度,切实防范考试过程中的舞弊行为 C、在职会计人员无需采用后续教育系统

D、建立会计人员管理系统,创新会计人员后续教育网络平台,实现对全社会会计人员的动态管理 【正确答案】C 【您的答案】C[正确] 【答案解析】暂无 4、下列不是当前我国信息化发展也存在着一些亟待解决的问题的是()。 A、思想认识需要进一步提高 B、信息技术自主创新能力不足 C、信息技术应用水平不高 D、数字鸿沟有所下降 【正确答案】D 【您的答案】D[正确] 【答案解析】当前我国信息化发展也存在着一些亟待解决的问题,主要表现在: (1)思想认识需要进一步提高;(2)信息技术自主创新能力不足;(3)信息技术应用水平不高;(4)信息安全问题仍比较突出;(5)数字鸿沟有所扩大;(6)体制机制改革相对滞后。 5、下列不属于财政部职责的是()。 A、建立和完善会计信息化法规制度体系并组织实施,及时制定或修订会计基础工作规范及其他相关会计信息化管理规定 B、在全国范围内逐步推广无纸化考试,提高会计从业资格管理工作效率和水平 C、制定并实施会计信息化人才培养规划,特别重视复合型会计信息化人才的培养 D、制定会计信息化标准体系并组织实施,当前着重制定基于国家统一的会计准则制度的XBRL分类标准 【正确答案】B 【您的答案】B[正确] 【答案解析】其主要职责包括:(1)建立和完善会计信息化法规制度体系并组织实施,及时制定或修订会计基础工作规范及其他相关会计信息化管理规定;(2)制定会计信息化标准体系并组织实施,当前着重制定基于国家统一的会计准则制度的XBRL分类标准;(3)制定并实施会计信息化人才培养规划,特别重视复合型会计信息化人才的培养;(4)开展会

Excel表格乘法函数公式

更多课程传送门:点这里 Excel表格乘法函数公式 时间:2011-04-05 来源:Word联盟阅读:21051次评论18条 在Excel表格中,我们常常会利用Excel公式来统计一些报表或数据等,这时就少不了要用到加、减、乘、除法,在前面我们已经详细的讲解了Excel求和以及求差公式使用方法。那么我们又如何利用公式来对一些数据进行乘法计算呢?怎样快速而又方便的来算出结果呢?下面Word联盟就来教大家一步一步的使用Excel乘法公式! 我们先从简单的说起吧!首先教大家在A1*B1=C1,也就是说在第一个单元格乘以第二个单元格的积结果会显示在第三个单元格中。 1、A1*B1=C1的Excel乘法公式 ①首先,打开表格,在C1单元格中输入“=A1*B1”乘法公式。 ②输入完毕以后,我们会发现在 C1 单元格中会显示“0”,当然了,因为现在还没有输入要相乘的数据嘛,自然会显示0了。

③现在我们在“A1”和“B1”单元格中输入需要相乘的数据来进行求积,如下图,我分别在A1和B1单元格中输入10和50进行相乘,结果在C1中就会显示出来,等于“500”。 上面主要讲解了两个单元格相乘求积的方法,但是在我们平常工作中,可能会遇到更多数据相乘,下面主要说说多个单元格乘法公式运用,如:

“A1*B1*C1*D1”=E1。 2、Excel中多个单元格相乘的乘法公式 ①在E1单元格中输入乘法公式“=A1*B1*C1*D1”。 ②然后依次在A1、B1、C1、D1中输入需要相乘的数据,结果就会显示在“E1”中啦!

看看图中的结果是否正确呀!其实,这个方法和上面的差不多,只不过是多了几道数字罢了。 因为在工作中不止是乘法这么简单,偶尔也会有一些需要“加减乘除”一起运算的时候,那么当遇到这种混合运算的时候我们应当如何来实现呢?这里就要看你们小学的数学有没学好了。下面让我们一起来做一道小学时的数学题吧! 3、Excel混合运算的乘法公式,5加10减3乘2除3等于多少? 提示:加=+,减=-,乘=*,除=/。 ①首先,我们要了解这个公式怎么写,“5+10-3*2/3”这是错误的写法,正确写法应该是“(5+10-3)*2/3”。 ②好了,知道公式了,我们是不是应该马上来在Excel中的“F1”中输入“=(A1+B1-C1)*D1/E1”。 ③然后依次在A1、B1、C1、D1、E1中输入需要运算的数据。

Excel函数应用解读

目录 第1章Excel函数基础 1 1.1Excel 2003的基础知识 1 1.1.1工作簿、工作表与单元格 1 1.1.2函数与参数 3 1.2单元格的引用 3 1.2.1A1和R1C1引用样式 3 1.2.2绝对引用、相对引用和混合引用 5 1.2.3三维引用8 1.3使用公式10 1.3.1公式的基本元素10 1.3.2常见运算符10 1.3.3公式的使用12 1.3.4为公式命名14 1.4使用函数16 1.5函数的分类19 第2章数学与三角函数21 1.返回数字的绝对值:ABS21 2.返回数字的反余弦值:ACOS21 3.返回数字的反双曲余弦值:ACOSH22 4.返回数字的反正弦值:ASIN22 5.返回数字的反双曲正弦值:ASINH23 6.返回数字的反正切值:ATAN24 7.返回给定坐标值的反正切值:ATAN224 8.返回数字的反双曲正切值:ATANH25 9.按条件向上舍入:CEILING26 10.计算组合数:COMBIN27 11.计算余弦值:COS28 12.计算数字的双曲余弦值:COSH28 13.将弧度转换为度:DEGREES29

14.将数字舍入为偶数:EVEN29 15.返回e的n次幂:EXP30 16.计算数字的阶乘:FACT31 17.计算数字的双倍阶乘:FACTDOUBLE31 18.按条件向下舍入:FLOOR32 19.返回最大公约数:GCD33 20.将数字向下舍入取整:INT34 21.返回最小公倍数:LCM34 22.返回数字的自然对数:LN35 23.返回指定底数的对数:LOG35 24.返回以10为底的对数:LOG1036 25.返回数组的矩阵行列式值:MDETERM36 26.返回数组矩阵的逆矩阵:MINVERSE37 27.返回矩阵的乘积:MMULT39 28.求两数的余数:MOD39 29.返回按指定基数舍入数值:MROUND40 30.返回和的阶乘与阶乘乘积的比值:MULTINOMIAL41 31.返回舍入奇数:ODD42 32.返回数学常量:PI43 33.返回数字的乘幂:POWER43 34.返回乘积值:PRODUCT44 35.返回商的整数部分:QUOTIENT45 36.返回弧度值:RADIANS45 37.返回随机数:RAND46 38.返回指定两数之间的随机数:RANDBETWEEN46 39.转换成文本形式罗马数字:ROMAN47 40.返回按指定位数四舍五入的数字:ROUND48 41.向下舍入数字:ROUNDDOWN48 42.向上舍入数字:ROUNDUP49 43.返回幂级数之和:SERIESSUM50 44.返回数字的符号:SIGN50

相关主题