经济学原理 曼昆第五版英文答案Chapter22

3. An important implication is that people will try to find ways to commit their future selves to

following through on their plans.

F. In the News: This Is Your Brain on Economics

1. Research has increasingly focused on the intersection of economics and neuroscience.

2. This is an article from the New York Times describing the emerging field of neuro-economics. SOLUTIONS TO TEXT PROBLEMS:

Quick Quizzes

1. Buyers of life insurance will likely have higher than the average death rates. Two reasons for

this are moral hazard and adverse selection.

Moral hazard is the tendency of a person who is imperfectly monitored to engage in

dishonest or otherwise undesirable behavior. After purchasing insurance, an insured person

may engage in riskier behavior than do people who are not insured.

Adverse selection is the tendency for the mix of unobserved attributes to become undesirable

from the standpoint of an uninformed party. In this case, those with higher risk of death are

more likely to want to buy insurance. As a result, the price of life insurance will reflect the

costs of a riskier-than-average person. Buyers with low risk of death may find the price of

life insurance too high and may choose not to purchase it.

A life insurance company can mitigate moral hazard by trying to monitor behavior better and

charging higher rates to those who engage in risky behavior (such as smoking). It can

mitigate adverse selection by trying to collect better information on applicants; for example,

it may require that all applicants submit to a medical examination before issuing insurance.

2. According to the median voter theorem, if each voter chooses a point closest to his preferred

point, the district vote will reflect the preferences of the median voter. Therefore, the district

will end up with a student-teacher ratio of 11:1.

3. Human decision making can differ from the rational human being of conventional economic

theory in three important ways: (1) people aren’t always rational, (2) people care about

fairness, and (3) people are inconsistent over time.

Questions for Review

1. Moral hazard is the tendency of a person who is imperfectly monitored to engage in

dishonest or otherwise undesirable behavior. To reduce the severity of this problem, an

employer may respond with (1) better monitoring, (2) paying efficiency wages, or (3)

delaying part of a worker’s compensation to later in his work life.

2. Adverse selection is the tendency for the mix of unobserved attributes to become undesirable

from the standpoint of an uninformed party. Examples of markets in which adverse selection

might be a problem include the market for used cars and the market for insurance.

3. Signaling is an action taken by an informed party to reveal private information to an

uninformed party. Job applicants may use a college diploma as a signal of ability. Screening

is an action taken by an uninformed party to induce an informed party to reveal information.

A life insurance company may require applicants to submit to a health examination so that

the company will have more information on the person’s risk of death.

4. Condorcet noticed that the majority rule will fail to produce transitive properties for society.

5. The median voter’s preferences will beat out any other proposal in a two-way race because

the median voter will have more than half of the voters on his side.

6. Two volunteers are chosen and a coin toss determines which volunteer is Player A and which

is Player B. Player A proposes a split of a sum of money and then Player B decides whether

to accept or reject the proposal. If Player B accepts, the sum of money is divided as outlined

in the proposal. If Player B rejects the proposal, each player gets nothing.

Conventional economic theory predicts that Player A will offer only $1 to Player B and keep

the remainder for himself. This is predicted to occur because Player A knows that Player B

will be better off with $1 than with $0. However, in reality, Player B generally rejects small

proposals that he considers unfair. If Player A considers this, he will likely offer Player B a

more substantial amount.

Problems and Applications

1. Individuals who are relatively healthy may decide to forgo purchasing the policy if the

premium rises. Thus, the insurance company is left with only those policyholders who are

relatively unhealthy. This means that the firm’s revenues may in fact fall, but its costs could

remain the same. Therefore, the firm’s profits could fall.

2. Saying "I love you" is likely not a good signal. To be an effective signal, the signal must be

costly. In fact, the signal must be less costly, or more beneficial, to the person with the

higher-quality product. Simply professing one's love does not meet this requirement.

3. a. The landlord is the principal and the tenant is the agent. There is asymmetric information

because the landlord does not know how well the tenant will take care of the property.

Having a tenant pay a security deposit increases the likelihood that the tenant will take

care of the property in order to receive his deposit back when he vacates the property.

b. The stockholders of the firm (the owners) are the principals and the top executives are

the agents. The firm’s owners do not know in advance how well the top executives will

perform their duties. Tying some of the executives’ compensation to the value of the firm

provides incentive for the executives to work hard to increase the value of the firm.

c. The insurance company is the principal and the customer is the agent. Insurance

companies do not know whether the car owner is likely to leave the vehicle parked with

the keys in it or park it in a high crime area. Individuals who will go to the trouble of

installing anti-theft equipment are more likely to take good care of their vehicles.

Offering a discount on insurance premiums will induce car owners to install such devices.

4. If insurance companies were not allowed to determine if applicants are HIV-positive, more

individuals who are HIV-positive would be able to purchase insurance, but that insurance would be very expensive. Covering these individuals would raise the cost of providing health insurance and the company would have to raise premiums for all. Thus, individuals who are not HIV-positive would be forced to pay more for health insurance and may drop coverage.

Insurance companies would be left insuring only those who are ill (including those who are HIV-positive), increasing the adverse selection problem. The number of individuals without health insurance would likely rise as a result.

5. If the needy are given cash, they can use the cash to purchase whatever they most desire.

This will increase their utility by more than if the government predetermines what they

“need.” However, if the government is worried about how these individuals may spend the cash and wants to ensure that the needy receive proper nutrition, they may want to provide free meals at a soup kitchen instead.

6. Ken is violating the property of independence of irrelevant alternatives. Adding a choice of

strawberry after he chooses vanilla over chocolate should not induce him to change his mind and prefer chocolate.

7. a. If the three friends use a Borda count, the Chinese restaurant gets the most votes (10);

the Italian restaurant gets 9 votes; the Mexican restaurant gets 7 votes; and the French restaurant gets 4 votes.

b. In this scenario, the Italian restaurant gets 5 votes and the Chinese restaurant gets 4

votes. Thus, they will choose to eat at the Italian restaurant.

c. This voting violates the assumption of independence of irrelevant alternatives. The

presence of the Mexican and French restaurants should not alter the group’s preferences between the Italian and Chinese restaurants.

8. a. There would be a tie between the three television shows, with 6 votes each.

b. In a vote between Lost and Heroes, Lost would win. In a vote between Lost and Scrubs,

Scrubs would win. Thus, Monica’s first choice (Scrubs) would win.

c. No. He will want to vote between Heroes and Scrubs first, with the winner then

competing in a second vote with Lost. That way, his preferred choice (Lost) would win.

d. If Chandler says he prefers Heroes over Lost, Seinfeld will then compete in a vote against

Scrubs (which it will win). This way, Chandler will not have to watch his least preferred

show (Scrubs).

9. a. The efficient number of movies is three. Total surplus would be the sum of the

roommates’ willingness to pay (19 + 13 + 9 = 41) minus the cost of the movies (8 + 8 +

8 = 24) which is 17.

b. Quentin would want 4 movies; Spike would prefer 3; Ridley wants 2; Martin wants 1; and

Steven does not want to rent a movie.

c. The preference of the median roommate (Ridley) is 2 movies.

d. Quentin and Spike would vote for 3 movies, but the other three roommates would vote

for 2 movies.

e. No. Any other option besides 2 movies would get fewer votes.

f. No. The provision of the public good will likely be determined by the preferences of the

median voter. This may or may not be the efficient outcome.

10. You can consider only the outcome of one race. This is problematic, as Arrow’s impossibility

theorem rules out the possibility of such a dictatorship. An alternative would be to use a Borda count. But, this violates the third property listed as the outcome would change if one of the competitors were to drop out.

11. It is possible that a minority of voters is willing to contribute large sums of money to a

candidate who supports their viewpoint. Running a political campaign is very expensive and a candidate may be able to gain support through expensive advertising. Thus, the candidate may choose to support the views of those individuals who can help finance his campaign. 12. More than likely, the two stands will locate at the center of the beach. Thus, they will always

be closest for at least half of the beach goers.

13. a. An earthquake occurring in California does not increase the probability that another will

occur. Thus, nothing that affects the benefits from such insurance has really changed.

The individuals are simply putting more emphasis than necessary on the event. However, if it were true that the individuals had no idea of the possible risks until the earthquake

occurred, then purchasing the insurance would be a rational thing to do.

b. People often overestimate the number of times they will go to the gym. They are

overconfident in their ability to stick to a long-term goal such as exercising more often.

However, given that the pre-payment for the gym membership is a sunk cost, it should

not enter into the person’s day-to-day decision of going to work out.

曼昆经济学原理英文版文案加习题答案8章

144 WHAT’S NEW IN THE S EVENTH EDITION: A new In the News box on ―The Tax Debate ‖ has been added. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: By the end of this chapter, students should understand: how taxes reduce consumer and producer surplus. the meaning and causes of the deadweight loss from a tax. why some taxes have larger deadweight losses than others. how tax revenue and deadweight loss vary with the size of a tax. CONTEXT AND PURPOSE: Chapter 8 is the second chapter in a three-chapter sequence dealing with welfare economics. In the previous section on supply and demand, Chapter 6 introduced taxes and demonstrated how a tax affects the price and quantity sold in a market. Chapter 6 also described the factors that determine how the burden of the tax is divided between the buyers and sellers in a market. Chapter 7 developed welfare economics —the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-being. Chapter 8 combines the lessons learned in Chapters 6 and 7 and addresses the effects of taxation on welfare. Chapter 9 will address the effects of trade restrictions on welfare. The purpose of Chapter 8 is to apply the lessons learned about welfare economics in Chapter 7 to the issue of taxation that was addressed in Chapter 6. Students will learn that the cost of a tax to buyers and sellers in a market exceeds the revenue collected by the government. Students will also learn about the factors that determine the degree by which the cost of a tax exceeds the revenue collected by the government. 8 APPLICATION: THE COSTS OF TAXATION

曼昆经济学原理试题Chapter 08a

Chapter 8 Application: The Costs of Taxation Test A 1. A tax levied on the buyers of a product shifts the a. demand curve upward or to the right. b. demand curve downward or to the left. c. supply curve upward or to the left. d. supply curve downward or to the right. ANSWER: b. demand curve downward or to the left. TYPE: M KEY1: D SECTION: 1 OBJECTIVE: 1 RANDOM: Y 2. When a tax is levied on a good a. buyers are worse off but sellers are not. b. sellers are worse off but buyers are not. c. neither buyers nor sellers are worse off. d. both buyers and sellers are worse off. ANSWER: d. both buyers and sellers are worse off. TYPE: M KEY1: D SECTION: 1 OBJECTIVE: 1 RANDOM: Y 3. When a tax on a good is enacted, a. sellers always bear the full burden of the tax. b. buyers always bear the full burden of the tax. c. buyers and sellers share the burden of the tax regardless of which party it is levied on. d. sellers bear the full burden if the tax is levied on them, but buyers bear the full burden if the tax is levied on them. ANSWER: c. buyers and sellers share the burden of the tax regardless of which party it is levied on. TYPE: M KEY1: C SECTION: 1 OBJECTIVE: 1 RANDOM: Y 4. A tax placed on a good a. causes the price of the good to fall. b. causes the size of the market for the good to shrink. c. affects buyers of the good, but not sellers. d. is usually borne entirely by the seller of the good. ANSWER: b. causes the size of the market for the good to shrink. TYPE: M KEY1: C SECTION: 1 OBJECTIVE: 1 RANDOM: Y 5. When a tax is levied on a good a. the market price falls because demand declines. b. the market price falls because supply falls. c. the market price rises because demand falls. d. a wedge is placed between the price buyers pay and the price sellers receiv e. ANSWER: d. a wedge is placed between the price buyers pay and the price sellers receive. TYPE: M KEY1: C SECTION: 1 OBJECTIVE: 1 RANDOM: Y

曼昆经济学原理第四版课后习题中文答案_百度文库

产大量物品与劳务，才能使本国居民享有在国际贸易环境下的高生活水平。2．假定社会决定减少消费并增加投资。 A．这种变化会如何影响经济增长? 答：当社会决定减少消费并增加投资时，会使社会的储蓄增加，更多的资源用于生产资本品，结果，资本存量增加，引起生产率提高和 GDP 增长得更为迅速。B．哪些社会群体会从这种变化中获益?哪些集团会受到损害? 答：拥有资本品的人会从这种变化中获益，如拥有较多的物质资本和人力资本的人。而那些依靠政府援助的人将从这种变化中受损，因为社会减少了现期物品与劳务的消费。 3．社会选择把多少资源用于消费和把多少资源用于投资。这些决策中的一部分涉及私人支出；另一些涉及政府支出。 A．说明代表消费的一些私人支出形式，以及代表投资的一些私人支出形式。国民收入账户把学费作为消费支出的一部分。按你的看法，把资源用于教育是一种消费的形式，还是一种投资的形式。 答：如家庭购买食物和服装是消费的私人支出形式，而个人购买新住房、企业对厂房和设备的投资是代表投资的私人支出形式。资源用于教育即可以看作是一种消费的形式，也可以看作是一种投资的形式。 B．说明代表消费的一些政府支出形式，以及代表投资的一些政府支出形式。按你的看法，我们应该把政府用于医疗计划的支出作为一种消费的形式，还是投资的形式？你能区分青年人的医疗计划和老年人的医疗计划吗？ 答：社会保险、国防和退伍军人津贴等是代表消费的一些政府支出形式，政府修筑铁路、核电站是代表投资的一些政府支出形式。政府用于医疗计划的支出是一种对人力资本的投资。与老年人的医疗计划相比，青年人的医疗计划更接近对人力资本的投资。 4．投资于资本的机会成本是什么？你认为一国有可能对资本“过度投资”吗？人力资本投资的机会成本是什么？你认为一国可能对人力资本“过度投资”吗？解释之。 答：投资于资本的机会成本是牺牲现期的物品和劳务的消费。一国有可能对资本“过度投资”。人力资本投资也有机会成本。当学生上学时．他们放弃了他们本可以赚到的收入。即使在人力资本特别稀缺的发展中国家，一国也不会对人力资本“过度投资”，因为一国政府进行人力资本投资的方式是提供更多更好的学校，并鼓励人们利用这些学校。尽管受过教育的工人与未受过教育的工人之间的工资差距很大，但是很多儿童在小小年纪就退学了，因为他们需要用劳动来养家糊口。 5．假设一家完全由德国公民拥有的汽车公司在南卡罗来纳开办了一家新工厂。

曼昆经济学原理英文版文案加习题答案22章

WHAT’S NEW IN THE S EVENTH EDITION: A new Case Study on Left-Digit Bias has been added and a new In the News feature on "Can Brain Science Improve Economics" has been added. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: By the end of this chapter, students should understand: how to examine problems caused by asymmetric information. the market solutions to asymmetric information. why democratic voting systems may not represent the preferences of society. why people may not always behave as rational maximizers. CONTEXT AND PURPOSE: Chapter 22 is the last chapter in the microeconomics portion of the text. It is the second of two unrelated chapters that introduce students to advanced topics in microeconomics. These two chapters are intended to whet their appetites for further study in economics. The purpose of Chapter 22 is to give students a taste of three topics on the frontier of microeconomic research. The first topic addressed is asymmetric information , a situation when one person in an economic relationship has more relevant knowledge than the other person does. The second topic is political economy , the application of economic tools to the understanding of the functioning of government. The third topic addressed is behavioral economics , the introduction of psychology into the study of economic issues. 22 FRONTIERS OF MICROECONOMICS

曼昆经济学原理答案30—34

曼昆经济学原理答案30—34

第十二篇短期经济波动 第三十一章总需求与总供给 复习题 1．写出当经济进入衰退时下降的两个宏观经济变量的名字。写出当经济进入衰退时上升的一个宏观经济变量的名字。 答：当经济进入衰退时，实际GDP和投资支出下降，失业率上升。 2．画出一个有总需求、短期总供给和长期 总供给的曲线的图。仔细地标出正确的轴。 答： 图31—1 经济的长期均衡 3．列出并解释总需求曲线向右下方倾斜的 三个原因。 答：为了理解总需求曲线向右下 方倾斜的原因，我们必须考察物价水平如何影响消费、投资和净出口的物品与劳务需求量。 (1)庇古的财富效应

物价水平下降使消费者感到更富裕，这又鼓励他们更多地支出，消费支出增加意味着物品与劳务的需求量更大。 (2)凯恩斯的利率效应 较低的物价水平降低了利率，鼓励了家庭和企业更多地支出于投资物品，从而增加了物品与劳务的需求量。 (3)蒙代尔——弗莱明汇率效应 当美国物价水平下降引起美国利率下降时，实际汇率贬值，而且这种贬值刺激了美国的净出口，从而增加了国外对美国物品与劳务的需求量。 由于这三个原因，总需求曲线向右下方倾斜。 4．解释为什么长期总供给曲线是垂线。 答：在长期中，一个经济的物品与劳务的供给取决于它资本与劳动的供给，以及用来把资本与劳动变为物品与劳务的生产技术。由于物价水平并不影响这些实际GDP的长期决定因素，所以长期总供给曲线是一条垂线，即经济的资本、劳动和技术决定了物品与劳务供给量，而且，无论物价水平如何变动，供给量都是相同的。

5．列出并解释为什么短期总供给曲线向右上方倾斜的三种理论。 答：在短期中，总供给曲线向右上方倾斜，也就是说，在一个一两年的时期中，经济中物价总水平的上升增加了物品与劳务的供给量，而物价水平下降倾向于减少物品与劳务供给量。什么因素引起物价水平与产量之间的正相关关系呢?宏观经济学家提出了三种理论说明短期总供给曲线的向右上方倾斜。在每一种理论中，一种特殊的市场不完全性引起经济中供给一方的短期状况与长期不同。虽然每一种理论在细节上不同，但它们具有共同的内容：当物价水平背离了人们预期的物价水平时，供给量就背离了其长期水平或“自然水平”。当物价水平高于预期水平时，产量就高于其自然率。当物价水平低于预期水平时，产量就低于其自然率。 (1)新古典的错觉理论 根据这种理论，物价总水平的变动会暂时误导供给者对他们出售其产品的市场发生的变动的看法。由于这些短期的错觉，供给者对物价水平的变动作出了反应，而这种反应引起了向右上方倾斜的总供给曲线。假设物价总水平降到低于

曼昆《经济学原理(微观经济学分册)》(第6版)课后习题详解(第1章 经济学十大原理)

曼昆《经济学原理（微观经济学分册）》（第6版） 第1篇导言 第1章经济学十大原理 课后习题详解 跨考网独家整理最全经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题解析资料库，您可以在这里查阅历年经济学考研真题，经济学考研课后习题，经济学考研参考书等内容，更有跨考考研历年辅导的经济学学哥学姐的经济学考研经验，从前辈中获得的经验对初学者来说是宝贵的财富，这或许能帮你少走弯路，躲开一些陷阱。 以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。 一、概念题 1．稀缺性（scarcity） 答：经济学研究的问题和经济物品都是以稀缺性为前提的。稀缺性指在给定的时间内，相对于人的需求而言，经济资源的供给总是不足的，也就是资源的有用性与有限性。人类消费各种物品的欲望是无限的，满足这种欲望的物品，有的可以不付出任何代价而随意取得，称之为自由物品，如阳光和空气；但绝大多数物品是不能自由取用的，因为世界上的资源（包括物质资源和人力资源）是有限的，这种有限的、为获取它必须付出某种代价的物品，称为“经济物品”。正因为稀缺性的客观存在，地球上就存在着资源的有限性和人类的欲望与需求的无限性之间的矛盾。经济学的一个重要研究任务就是：“研究人们如何进行抉择，以便使用稀缺的或有限的生产性资源（土地、劳动、资本品如机器、技术知识）来生产各种商品，并把它们分配给不同的社会成员进行消费。”也就是从经济学角度来研究使用有限的资源来生产什么、如何生产和为谁生产的问题。 2．经济学（economics） 答：经济学是研究如何将稀缺的资源有效地配置给相互竞争的用途，以使人类的欲望得到最大限度满足的科学。时下经常见诸国内报刊文献的“现代西方经济学”一词，大多也都在这个意义上使用。 自从凯恩斯的名著《就业、利息和货币通论》于1936年发表之后，西方经济学界对经济学的研究便分为两个部分：微观经济学与宏观经济学。微观经济学是以单个经济主体（作为消费者的单个家庭或个人，作为生产者的单个厂商或企业，以及单个产品或生产要素市场）为研究对象，研究单个经济主体面对既定的资源约束时如何进行选择的科学。宏观经济学则以整个国民经济为研究对象，主要着眼于对经济总量的研究。 3．效率（efficiency） 答：效率指人们在实践活动中的产出与投入之比值，或者是效益与成本之比值，如果比值大，效率就高；反之，比值小，效率就低。效率与产出或者收益的大小成正比，而与成本或投入成反比，也就是说，如果想提高效率，必须降低成本或投入，提高收益或产出。 4．平等（equity） 答：平等指人与人的利益关系及利益关系的原则、制度、做法、行为等都合乎社会发展

经济学原理名词解释(英文版)

经济学原理名词解释 CHAPTER 1 Scarcity : the limited nature of society’s resources. Economics : the study of how society manages its scarce resources. Efficiency : the property of society getting the most it can from its scarce resources. Equity : the property of distributing economic prosperity fairly among the members of society. Opportunity cost : whatever must be given up to obtain some item. Marginal changes : small incremental adjustments to a plan of action. Market economy : an economy that allocates resources through the decentralized decisions of many firms and households as they interact in markets for goods and services. Market failure : a situation in which a market left on its own fails to allocate resources efficiently. Externality : the impact of one person’s actions on the well-being of a bystander. Market power : the ability of a single economic actor (or small group of actors) to have a substantial influence on market prices. Productivity : the quantity of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker’s time. Inflation : an increase in the overall level of prices in the economy. Phillips curve : a curve that shows the short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment. Business cycle : fluctuations in economic activity, such as employment and production. CHAPTER 2 Circular-flow diagram : a visual model of the economy that shows how dollars flow through markets among households and firms.

曼昆经济学原理试题及答案

一、名词解释（每小题5分，共50分） 1.机会成本 2.科斯定理 3.搭便车 4.囚徒困境 5.菲利普斯曲线 6.供应学派 7.凯恩斯革命 8.看不见的手 9.比较优势 10.外部性 二、简述题（第11、12、13题各12分，14题14分，共50分） 1.简述银行存款的创造过程。 2.简述失业的根源及其类型。 3.简述节俭的是非。 4.根据有关经济学原理，简析我国森林减少、珍稀动物来绝的原因及解决的措施。 三、论述题(每小题25分，共计50分) 1.论述人民币升值对中国经济的影响。 2.论述政府公共投资对国民经济的作用。 一、名词解释（每小题5分，共50分） 1.机会成本:指人们利用一定资源获得某种收入时所放弃的在其他可能的用途中所能够获取的最大收入。生产一单位的某种商品的机会成本是指生产者所放弃的使用相同的生产要素在其他生产用途中所能得到的最高收入。机会成本的存在需要三个前提条件。第一，资源是稀缺的；第二，资源具有多种生产用途；第三，资源的投

向不受限制。从机会成本的角度来考察生产过程时，厂商需要将生产要素投向收益最大的项目，而避免带来生产的浪费，达到资源配置的最优。机会成本的概念是以资源的稀缺性为前提提出的。从经济资源的稀缺性这一前提出发，当一个社会或一个企业用一定的经济资源生产一定数量的一种或者几种产品时，这些经济资源就不能同时被使用在其他的生产用途方面。这就是说，这个社会或这个企业所能获得的一定数量的产品收入，是以放弃用同样的经济资源来生产其他产品时所能获得的收入作为代价的。这也是机会成本产生的缘由。因此，社会生产某种产品的真正成本就是它不能生产另一些产品的代价。所以，机会成本的含义是：任何生产资源或生产要素一般都有多种不同的使用途径或机会，也就是说可以用于多种产品的生产。但是当一定量的某种资源用于生产甲种产品时，就不能同时用于生产乙种产品。因此生产甲种产品的真正成本就是不生产乙种产品的代价，或者是等于该种资源投放于乙种产品生产上可能获得的最大报酬。一种资源决定用于甲种产品，就牺牲了生产其他产品的机会；从事生产甲种产品的收入，是由于不从事或放弃其他产品生产的机会而产生的。 2.科斯定理:指一种产权理论。科斯本人并未将科斯定理写成文字，科斯定理的提出是由其好友斯蒂格勒首先根据科斯于20世纪60年代发表的《社会成本问题》这篇论文的内容概括出来的。其内容是：只要财产权是明确的，并且其交易成本为0或者很小，则无论在开始时财产权的配置是怎么样的，市场均衡的最终结果都是有效率的。科斯定理进一步扩大了“看不见的手”的作用。按照这个定理，只要那些假设条件成立，则外部影响就不可能导致资源配置不当。或者以另一角度来说，在所给条件下，市场力量足够强大，总能够使外部影响以最经济的办法来解决，从而仍然可以实现帕累托最优状态。西方学者认为，明确的财产权及其转让可以使得私人成本（或利益）与社会成本（或利益）趋于一致。以污染问题为例，科斯定理意味着，一旦所需条件均被满足，则污染者的私人边际成本曲线就会趋于上升，直到与边际社会成本曲线完全重合，从而污染者的利润最大化产量将下降至社会最优产量水平。 科斯定理解决外部影响问题在实际中并不—定真的有效。资产的财产权不一定总是能够明确地加以规定；已经明确的财产权不一定总是能够转让；分派产权会影响收入分配，而收入分配的变动可以造成社会不公平，引起社会动乱。在社会动乱的情况下，就谈不上解决外部效果的问题了。 3.搭便车：指不付成本或支付很低的成本而消费公共产品的行为。公共产品的特点决定了私人厂商不愿自动提供这种产品。这是因为在公用产品消费中存在“搭便车”问题，即每个人都想不付任何成本，或只支付很低的代价，来享受公共产品的服务。由于公共物品具有消费的非竞争性和受益的非排他性，人们可以在不付费的情况下享受公共物品所带来的效益。因此公共产品覆盖的消费者人数越多，搭便车问题就越严重，公共产品由私人厂商提供出来的可能性就越小。例如：1970年美国通用汽车公司研制出了一种汽车污染物排放控制装置，每个售价20美金，如果每个车尾都装上这一装置，可使汽车排放的污染下降30％至50％。然而，污染的降低是一种公共产品，每个人呼吸空气质量是否改善并不取决于自己的车上是否装上这个新发明，而是取决于该地区大多数车主的选择，于是大多数人都不想多花20美元而只是试图搭便车，结果，在私人市场上，这种公共产品的产量总难以达到最佳水平。私人不能提供公共产品，就只能由政府出面担当此项职能。事实上，私人经济中的政府，最初就是为了提供公共产品(法律、国防、公安等等)的目的由众多私人共同建立起来的。政府这一职能具体体现为：①尽可能正确地估价社会对公用产品的实际需求；②按照社会福利最大化的原则确定税收比率，并用税收收入购置公用产品，为公众提供服务。 4.囚徒困境：指两个被捕获的囚犯之间的一种特殊“博弈”，说明为什么甚至在合作对双方有利时，保持合作也是困难的。囚犯两难处境的故事包含着一个一般性的结论，这个结论适用于任何一个力图维持其成员合作的集团。这是博弈论中的一个经典例证，同一市场上的寡头在力图达到垄断结果时的博弈类似于两个处于两难处境的囚犯的博弈。具体情况如下：两囚徒被指控是一桩罪案的同案犯。他们被分关在不同的牢房且无法互通信息。各囚徒都被要求坦白罪行。如果两囚徒都坦白，各将被判入狱5年；如果两人都不坦白，则很难对他们提起刑事诉讼，因而两囚徒可以期望被从轻发落为入狱2年；另一方面，如果一个囚徒坦白而另一个囚徒不坦白，坦白的囚徒就只需入狱1年，而另一个将被判入狱10年。那么囚徒将会怎么选择呢？下表归纳了各种可能的结果。（其中“得益”是负的，表格右下角单元格意思是两个囚徒各2年徒刑）。该表说明，这两个囚徒面临着一种困境。如果他们都不坦白（以一种会遵守的方法），那么两人只需入狱仅仅2年。但他们不能相互讲话，如果囚徒A不坦白，他就冒着被B利用的危险。因为不管囚徒A怎么选择，囚徒B坦白总是最优方案。

曼昆经济学原理答案16—20

第十六章寡头 复习题 1．如果一个卖者集团可以形成一个卡特尔，它们想确定的产量和价格是什么? 答：如果一个卖者集团可以形成一个卡特尔，它们想确定的产量和价格是对整个卡特尔来说利润最大化的产量与价格。 2．比较寡头与垄断的产量与价格。 答：如果寡头们可以联合起来统一行动的话，寡头与垄断的产量和价格相等。当寡头企业个别选择利润最大化的产量时，它们的产量大于垄断的产量水平，小于竞争的产量水平。寡头价格小于垄断价格，大于竞争价格。 3．比较寡头与竞争市场的产量与价格。 答：寡头价格高于竞争价格。寡头产量低于竞争产量。 4．一个寡头市场上的企业数量如何影响市场结果? 答：随着寡头市场上卖者数量增加，寡头市场就越来越像竞争市场，价格接近于边际成本，生产量接近于有效率的水平。 5．什么是囚犯两难处境?它与寡头有什么关系? 答：囚犯两难处境是指两个被捕获的囚犯之间的一种特殊“博弈”，说明为什么甚至在合作对双方有利时，保持合作也是困难的。 囚犯两难处境的故事包含着一个一般性的结论，这个结论适用于任何一个力图维持其成员合作的集团。同一市场上的寡头在力图达到垄断结果时的博弈类似于两个处于两难处境的囚犯的博弈。 6．举出寡头之外的两个例子，说明囚犯的两难处境如何有助于解释行为? 答：例一，共有资源的使用。设想两个渔民——杰瑞和麦克，他们共同拥有一个湖泊，湖泊中价值2万美元的鱼类资源归他们共有。造一条渔船要花1 000美元。两人各有一条渔船，每人将得到一半的鱼类资源，可以赚9 000美元(1万美元收益减1 000美元成本)，两人都可以造第二条渔船。如果某个人在三条渔船中拥有两条，他就得到三分之二的鱼类资源，这将带来11 333美元的利润。但如果两人都造第二条船，又是平分鱼类资源，而且两人的利润都下降，是8 000美元。表16－1表示杰瑞和麦克的博弈。 表16－1 共有资源博弈 例二，广告博弈。考虑两家化妆品公司——甲和乙，面临决策。如果两家都不向用户赠送免费试用的化妆品，它们平分市场。如果两家都向用户赠送免费试用的化妆品，他们仍平分市场，但利润少了，因为要承担送赠品的成本。但如果一家公司送赠品而另一家不送，送赠品的一家就把另一家公司的顾客吸引走了。表16—2是这两家公司的博弈。 表16—2 化妆品公司的博弈利己行为使这两家公司得到不良后果。

曼昆经济学原理英文版第11章

Examine why people tend to use common r esour ces too much Consider some of the impor tant common r esour ces in our economy Consider some of the impor tant public goods in our economy Lear n t he def ini ng characteristics of public goods and common r esour ces Examine why private markets fail to pr ovide public goods See why the cost-benefit analysis of public goods is both necessar y and dif ficult An old song lyric maintains that “the best things in life are free.” A moment’s thought reveals a long list of goods that the songwriter could have had in mind. Na-ture provides some of them, such as rivers, mountains, beaches, lakes, and oceans.The government provides others, such as playgrounds, parks, and parades. In each case, people do not pay a fee when they choose to enjoy the benefit of the good.Free goods provide a special challenge for economic analysis. Most goods in our economy are allocated in markets, where buyers pay for what they receive and sellers are paid for what they provide. For these goods, prices are the signals that guide the decisions of buyers and sellers. When goods are available free of charge,however, the market forces that normally allocate resources in our economy are absent. In this chapter we examine the problems that arise for goods without market prices. Our analysis will shed light on one of the Ten Principles of Economics P U B L I C G O O D S A N D C O M M O N R E S O U R C E S 225

曼昆经济学原理 课后答案

第一篇导言 第一章经济学十大原理 复习题 1．列举三个你在生活中面临的重要权衡取舍的例子。 答：①大学毕业后，面临着是否继续深造的选择，选择继续上学攻读研究生学位，就意味着在今后三年中放弃参加工作、赚工资和积累社会经验的机会；②在学习内容上也面临着很重要的权衡取舍，如果学习《经济学》，就要减少学习英语或其他专业课的时间；③对于不多的生活费的分配同样面临权衡取舍，要多买书，就要减少在吃饭、买衣服等其他方面的开支。 2．看一场电影的机会成本是什么? 答：看一场电影的机会成本是在看电影的时间里做其他事情所能获得的最大收益，例如：看书、打零工。 3．水是生活必需的。一杯水的边际利益是大还是小呢? 答：这要看这杯水是在什么样的情况下喝，如果这是一个人五分钟内喝下的第五杯水，那么他的边际利益很小，有可能为负；如果这是一个极度干渴的人喝下的第一杯水，那么他的边际利益将会极大。 4．为什么决策者应该考虑激励? 答：因为人们会对激励做出反应。如果政策改变了激励，它将使人们改变自己的行为，当决策者未能考虑到行为如何由于政策的原因而变化时，他们的政策往往会产生意想不到的效果。 5．为什么各国之间的贸易不像竞赛一样有赢家和输家呢? 答：因为贸易使各国可以专门从事自己最擅长的活动，并从中享有更多的各种各样的物品与劳务。通过贸易使每个国家可供消费的物质财富增加，经济状况变得更好。因此，各个贸易国之间既是竞争对手，又是经济合作伙伴。在公平的贸易中是“双赢”或者“多赢”的结果。 6．市场中的那只“看不见的手”在做什么呢? 答：市场中那只“看不见的手”就是商品价格，价格反映商品自身的价值和社会成本，市场中的企业和家庭在作出买卖决策时都要关注价格。因此，他们也会不自觉地考虑自己行为的(社会)收益和成本。从而，这只“看不见的手”指引着千百万个体决策者在大多数情况下使社会福利趋向最大化。 7．解释市场失灵的两个主要原因，并各举出一个例子。 答：市场失灵的主要原因是外部性和市场势力。 外部性是一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响。当一个人不完全承担(或享受)他的行为所造成的成本(或收益)时，就会产生外部性。举例：如果一个人不承担他在公共场所吸烟的全部成本，他就会毫无顾忌地吸烟。在这种情况下，政府可以通过制定禁止在公共场所吸烟的规章制度来增加经济福利。 市场势力是指一个人(或一小群人)不适当地影响市场价格的能力。例如：某种商品的垄断生产者由于几乎不受市场竞争的影响，可以向消费者收取过高的垄断价格。在这种情况下，规定垄断者收取的价格有可能提高经济效率。 8．为什么生产率是重要的? 答：因为一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与劳务的能力，而对这种能力的最重要的衡量度就是生产率。生产率越高，一国生产的物品与劳务量就越多。

曼昆经济学原理宏观经济学第六版答案

曼昆经济学原理宏观经济学第六版答案【篇一：曼昆经济学原理(宏观部分答案)】 >第二十三章一国收入的衡量 复习题 1 ．解释为什么一个经济的收入必定等于其支出? 答：对一 个整体经济而言，收入必定等于支出。因为每一次交易都有两方： 买者和卖者。一个买者的1 美元支出是另一个卖者的1 美元收入。 因此，交易对经济的收入和支出作出了相同的贡献。由于gdp 既衡 量总收入 135 又衡量总支出，因而无论作为总收入来衡量还是作为 总支出来衡量，gdp 都相等. 2 ．生产一辆经济型轿车或生产一辆豪华型轿车，哪一个对gdp 的 贡献更大？为什么? 答：生产一辆豪华型轿车对gdp 的贡献大。因 为gdp 是在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终物品与劳务的 市场价值。由于市场价格衡量人们愿意为各种不同物品支付的量， 所以市场价格反映了这些物品的市场价值。由于一辆豪华型轿车的 市场价格高于一辆经济型轿车的市场价格，所以一辆豪华型轿车的 市场价值高于一辆经济型轿车的市场价值，因而生产一辆豪华型轿 车对gdp 的贡献更大. 3 ．农民以2 美元的价格把小麦卖给面包师。面包师用小麦制成面包，以3 美元的价格出售。这些交易对 gdp 的贡献是多少呢? 答： 对gdp 的贡献是3 美元。gdp 只包括最终物品的价值，因为中间物 品的价值已经包括在最终物品的价格中了. 4 ．许多年以前，peggy 为了收集唱片而花了500 美元。今天她在 旧货销售中把她收集的物品卖了100 美元. 这种销售如何影响现期gdp? 答：现期gdp 只包括现期生产的物品与劳务，不包括涉及过去生产的东西的交易。因而这种销售不影响 现期gdp. 5 ．列出gdp 的四个组成部分。各举一个例子. 答：gdp 等于消费(c)+投资(i)+政府购买(g)+净出口(nx) 消费是家庭用于物品与劳务的支出，如汤姆一家人在麦当劳吃午餐. 投资是资本设备、存货、新住房和建筑物的购买，如通用汽车公司 建立一个汽车厂. 政府购买包括地方政府、州政府和联邦政府用于物品与劳务的支出，如海军购买了一艘潜艇.

曼昆经济学原理-习题答案

曼昆经济学原理-习题答案 第一篇导言 第一章经济学十大原理 1(列举三个你在生活中面临的重要权衡取合的例子。 答:?大学毕业后(面临着是否继续深造的选择，选择继续上学攻读研究生学位，就意味着在今后三年中放弃参加工作、赚工资和积累社会经验的机会;2、在学习为什么各国之间的贸易不像竞赛一样有赢家和输家呢? 答:因为贸易使各国可以专门从事自己最擅长的话动，并从中享有更多的各种各样的物品与劳务。通过贸易使每个国家可供消费的物质财富增加，经济状况变得更好。因此，各个贸易国之间既是竞争对手，又是经济合作伙伴。在公平的贸易中是“双赢”或者“多赢”的结果。 6(市场巾的那只“看不见的手”在做什么呢， 答:市场中那只“看不见的手”就是商品价格，价格反映商品自身的价值和社会成本，市场中的企业和家庭在作出买卖决策时都要关注价格。因此(他们也会不自觉地考虑自己行为的(社会)收益和成本。从而，这只“看不见的手”指引着干百万个体决策者在大多数情况下使社会福利趋向最大化。 7 解释市场失灵的两个主要原因，并各举出一个例子。 答:市场失灵的主要原因是外部性和市场势力。 外部性是一个人的行为对旁观者棉利的影响。当一个人小完全承担(或享受)他的行为所造成的成本(或收益)时，就会产生外部性。举例:如果一个人不承担他在公共场所吸烟的全部成本，他就会毫无顾忌地吸烟。在这种情况下，政府可以通过制定禁止在公共场所吸烟的规章制度来增加经济福利。

市场势力是指一个人(或一小群人)不适当地影响市场价格的能力。例如:某种商品的垄断生产者由于几乎不受市场竞争的影响，可以向消费者收取过高的垄断价格。在这种情况下，规定垄断者收取的价格有可能提高经济效率。 8(为什么生产率是重要的? 答:因为一国的生活水平取决于它生产物品与劳务的能力，而对这种能力的最重要的衡量度就是生产率。生产率越高，一国生产的物品与劳务量就越多。 9什么是通货膨胀，什么引起了通货膨胀? 答:通货膨胀是流通中货币量的增加而造成的货币贬值生活中价格总水平上升。货币量增长引起了通货膨胀。 10(短期中通货膨胀与失业如何相关? 答:短期中通货膨胀与失业之间存在着权衡取台，这是由于某些价格调整缓慢造成的。政府为了抑制通货膨胀会减少流通中的货币量，人们可用于支出的货币数量减少了，但是商品价格在短期描写下列各种情况所面临的权衡取舍: A(一个家庭决定是否买一辆车。 答:如果买新车就要减少家庭其他方面的开支，如:外出旅行，购置新家具;如果不买新车就享受不到驾驶新车外出的方便和舒适。 B国会议员决定对国家公园支出多少。 答:对国家公园的支出数额大，国家公园的条件可以得到改善，环境会得到更好的保护。但同时，政府可用于文通、邮电等其他公共事业的支出就会减少。 C一个公司总裁决定是否开一家新厂。 答:开一家新厂可以扩大企业规模，生产更多的产品。但可能用于企业研发的资金就少了。 这样(企业开发新产品、利用新技术的进度可能会减慢。 D(一个教援决定用多少时间备课。

曼昆经济学原理试题Chapter 09a

Chapter 9 Application: International Trade Test A 1. When the United States engages in international trade with China, a. it is an equal tradeoff so neither country benefits nor loses. b. China reaps economic benefits and the United States loses. c. both China and the United States reap economic benefits. d. China loses and the United States reaps economic benefits. ANSWER: c. both China and the United States reap economic benefits. TYPE: M KEY1: C OBJECTIVE: 1 RANDOM: Y 2. Countries usually impose restrictions on free foreign trade to protect a. domestic consumers. b. foreign consumers. c. foreign producers. d. domestic producers. ANSWER: d. domestic producers. TYPE: M KEY1: D SECTION: 1 OBJECTIVE: 1 RANDOM: Y 3. If a country allows trade and the domestic price of a good is higher than the world price, a. the country will become an importer of the good. b. the country will become an exporter of the good. c. the country will neither export nor import the goo d. d. additional information about demand is needed to determine whether the country will export or import the good. ANSWER: a. the country will become an importer of the good. TYPE: M KEY1: C SECTION: 1 OBJECTIVE: 1 RANDOM: Y 4. A country has a comparative advantage in a product if the world price is a. equal to its domestic price. b. higher than its domestic price. c. lower than its domestic price. d. There is no way to tell by comparing the world price with the domestic pric e. ANSWER: b. higher than its domestic price. TYPE: M KEY1: D SECTION: 1 OBJECTIVE: 1 RANDOM: Y 5. When a country allows trade and becomes an exporter of a good, a. both domestic producers and domestic consumers are better off. b. both domestic producers and domestic consumers are worse off. c. domestic producers are better off, and domestic consumers are worse off. d. domestic producers are worse off, and domestic consumers are better off. ANSWER: c. domestic producers are better off, and domestic consumers are worse off. TYPE: M KEY1: D SECTION: 2 OBJECTIVE: 2 RANDOM: Y