Analysis of HRTEM images for carbon nanostructure quantification

Analysis of HRTEM images for carbon nanostructure quanti?cation

Randy L.Vander Wal1,Aaron J.Tomasek1,Michael I.Pamphlet1,Christina D.Taylor1and

William K.Thompson2

1NCMR c/o NASA-Glenn,NCMR,M.S.110-3,21000Brookpark Road,Cleveland,OH44135,USA;

2NASA-Glenn;(Tel.:216-433-9065;Fax:216-433-3793;E-mail:randy@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/545412414.html,)

Received12December2003;accepted in revised form23September2004

Key words:carbon,nanostructure,HRTEM(High resolution transmission electron microscopy),image processing,soots

Abstract

Image processing algorithms have been developed to extract fringe length,tortuosity and separation from high resolution transmission electron microscopy images.To validate the separation algorithm,a com-parison is made between the image-based fringe separation and that obtained by analysis of X-ray dif-fraction data for a progressively heat-treated carbon black.Agreement is favorable.To illustrate the utility of the analysis parameters for a range of carbon nanostructures,analysis is applied to a series of pyro-lytically prepared carbon soots–qualitatively described as containing amorphous,graphitic or fullerenic nanostructure.For all processing,the intermediate image,in the form of a skeletonized binary image of the original high resolution transmission electron micrograph,is shown and found to accurately re?ect the nanostructural organization within the carbon as visually observed.Statistical results for each analysis parameter,extracted from the binary images,are presented in the form of histograms and quantitatively distinguish the di?erent carbon nanostructures.

Introduction

Carbons derived from natural and man-made sources are known to exhibit a variety of structures ranging from nanoscale to microscale(Burchell 1999).The carbon structures di?er from each other on the basis of size,orientation and orga-nization of the carbon lamella.This atomic level organization is referred to hereafter as the carbon nanostructure.To date a variety of methods have been used to characterize the nano-or micro-structure of carbons,including Raman spectros-copy and di?raction techniques.

Though not rigorously based in theory,Raman spectroscopy has been routinely used to qualita-tively characterize the amorphous versus graphitic ‘content’of carbons based on the relative intensi-ties of the D and G peaks(Dennison et al.,1996).Additionally,the in-plane length within crystallites has been extracted through empirical correlations based on the ratio of the peak intensities(Tuinstra &Koenig,1970;Nemanich&Solin,1979;Knight &White,1989).However,crystallite size only pertains to one organizational aspect of the carbon nanostructure.Alternatively,di?raction tech-niques based on X-ray(Franklin,1950;Marsh et al.,1970;Marsh et al.,1971;Buseck et al.,1987; Fujimoto,2003)or electron di?raction(Heiden-reich et al.,1968;Hess et al.,1968)have been used to characterize the microcrystalline structure of carbons.Both techniques are?rmly based on theory for interpretation of structural character-ization,https://www.sodocs.net/doc/545412414.html,anization of carbon layer planes. Each method compliments the other;X-ray dif-fraction provides a global measure while electron di?raction provides a spatially localized measure

Journal of Nanoparticle Research(2004)6:555–568óSpringer2005 DOI:10.1007/s11051-004-3724-6

of the carbon crystallinity.In both methods,the peak position indicates the layer plane separation, while the width corresponds to the heterogenity thereof.

Di?raction methods have proven value for characterization of the carbon crystallite structure, in particular the stacking distance between carbon lamella,yet electron di?raction su?ers from reso-lution accuracy and X-ray di?raction lacks the ability to examine localized,nano-quantities of sample.Although a mean lattice plane size and distribution can be extracted from the di?raction peak widths,it is convoluted with other aspects of the carbon lamella structure.Di?raction methods also leave other aspects of carbon nanostructure poorly quanti?ed.For example,linearity of the carbon layer planes and their orientational rela-tion with respect to the more macroscopic struc-ture of the sample are at best only observed as intensity variations and asymmetries within the di?raction pattern.Still other measures of carbon nanostructure are not addressed by either di?rac-tion or conventional spectroscopic methods, including the curvature of the carbon layers. Curvature or tortuosity of lamella is a very complimentary aspect of carbon nanostructure.It can directly re?ect the extent of odd numbered5-and7-membered carbon rings within the aromatic framework(Pope et al.,1993;Harris et al.,1997; Grieco et al.,2000).Such curvature introduces ring strain into the carbon framework.Alterna-tively,curvature may be considered to arise from sp3orbital hybridization within the aromatic sp2 framework.(Frankcombe et al.,2002).Therein all the properties dependent upon the electronic structure of the carbon will also be a?ected. Notably curvature of carbon lamella can occur within either individual or grouped layers.For the aforementioned techniques,there is no analytical basis for extraction of curvature or tortuosity. Layer plane lengths are also critical to carbon chemical and physical properties.Carbon seg-ments of extended length possess a larger fraction of carbon atoms in basal plane compared to edge sites.Carbon atoms in basal plane sites are gen-erally far less reactive towards oxidation than those at edge sites(Smith&Polley,1956;Levy& Wong,1964;Thomas,1965;Henning,1966; Rosner&Allendorf,1968;Marsh,1989).For this same reason carbon activation(i.e.representing partial oxidation)is also dependent upon the rel-ative proportion of the two types of carbon sites. Larger lamella also present the opportunity for anisotropic orientation with respect to the external carbon surface and hence variable strength of interaction with adsorbates(Park et al.,2000; Yang&Yang,2002;Chen et al.,2003;Peng et al., 2003)and deposited catalysts(Rodriquez et al., 1994;Ma et al.,2001;Steigerwalt et al.,2002; Marotta&Baker2003).

Though not measured by the aforementioned techniques,curvature/tortuosity are clearly ob-servable within high-resolution transmission elec-tron microscopy(HRTEM)images of carbon. Other measures such as lamella size,orientational ordering,relative fringe density and even separa-tion distance are also readily seen within the ima-ges.A particular advantage of HRTEM imaging is that subtle di?erences in the carbon nanostructure are readily visible.For these reasons,HRTEM has become the preferred method for characterizing the nanostructure of carbons.

In recognition of the direct information of the structure conveyed by HRTEM images,early at-tempts at quanti?cation of the information con-tained therein used optical di?raction of a coherent light beam passing through an image of the sample(Ban et al.,1972).The complex dif-fraction pattern then served as a signature of the particular structure.Unfortunately,the same variety within carbon lamella and their organiza-tions that provide motivation for HRTEM imag-ing created an exceedingly complex di?raction pattern.Additionally,the pattern was to closely tied to the particular image rather than providing measures applicable to the sample as a whole. With the advent of computer-aided image pro-cessing,recent e?orts have sought to extract and quantify various measures such as lattice fringe length,curvature,tortuosity,fringe density and separation.One early study applied image pro-cessing of lattice fringe images to spherocarbon. Changes in fringe density were used to correlate development of porosity with burnout rate(Zhang et al.,1996).Perhaps the most complete demon-stration of semi-quantitative digital analysis of002 lattice fringe images was developed by Shim et al. in addition to fringe length and tortuosity,the algorithm also provided various measures of the orientational order among the graphene layers. These measurements were applied to track nano-structural organization of a variety of solid fuel

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chars as a function of residence time(Shim et al., 2000).A similar approach was used by Galvez to track the structural evolution of soot with increasing?ame temperature as produced by laser pyrolysis of hydrocarbons(Galvez et al.,2002). From skeletonized images,plots of structural evolution as characterized by average fringe length and fringe density were used to track the nano-structural evolution.Corresponding histograms of fringe length and orientation were also developed. Studies by Goel et al.relied upon curvature and arc length as a measure of the fullerenic content of the soot(Goel et al.,2002).In other work,histo-grams of curvature,arc length and diameter were used to track the fullerenic content of soot, re?ecting the need for multiple parameter charac-terization to clearly distinguish fullerenic content (Vander Wal&Tomasek,2003).

To date,there has not been a broad comparison between di?erent soots.Our purpose here was to apply a range of measures to a variety of com-bustion-generated soots.As the earliest forerunner of nanoscale carbons,soot in the form of carbon blacks has been widely used for absorption and catalyst support applications.As discussed else-where,the utility of soot and carbon for each of these applications will depend upon its nano-structure,as for nanotubes.Our particular interest lies in the correlation of carbon nanostructure and oxidation rate where recent work has found an oxidation rate variation of over400%,correlating with the carbon nanostructure,speci?cally the la-mella length(Vander Wal&Tomasek,2003).The work here represents an expansion upon our initial results where fringe length was reported(Vander Wal et al.,2004).Here we report fringe separation and validation by comparison to X-ray di?raction data.Additionally,comparison is made across a spectrum of carbon soots for amorphous,gra-phitic and fullerenic content as quanti?ed by the analysis parameters of fringe length,separation and tortuosity.

Experimental

Heat-treated carbon black samples were produced as described previously(Vander Wal et al.,2004). Additional soot samples were produced by thermal pyrolysis of hydrocarbons entrained by a He carrier?ow.Acetylene was mixed with helium and directed into a1/4inch I.D.alumina tube extending the length of the furnace.With total ?ow rates of0.1and1slpm,the fuel concentrations were4.0·10)3and8.0·10)4M respectively.Ethanol was introduced by entraining its vapor within a carrier?ow of helium through a bubbler.Similar concentrations were achieved by adjusting the ratio of helium?ows through the bubbler and a bypass in addition to the liquid temperature.For the He?ow rates of0.1or 1slpm,the fuel concentration was maintained at 1.5·10)3and5.0·10)4M.

The1/4inch I.D.alumina tube was placed within a3/4inch I.D.tube to provide additional support.Furnace temperatures were set based upon measured temperature in the furnace center. Single zone tube furnaces have a temperature pro?le resembling a trapezoid.The temperatures reported here are those corresponding to the peak temperature of this pro?le.Regardless of peak temperature,the pro?les along the furnace axis were similar.The two peak temperatures used to produce soots in this study were1650°C and 1250°C.

For the tube furnace-produced soots,the soot was collected at the exit point of the tube furnace directly upon a lacey TEM grid,while the heat-treated carbon black soots were deposited on the grid by adding a drop of carbon sonicated in an ethanol matrix onto the grid.Further instrumental details have been reported previously(Vander Wal et al.,2004).The real-space lattice fringe analysis program,as described later was based on Optimas v.6.5with a custom windows-based macro inter-face,using the Gatan images as input. Nomenclature

Fringe.Because the carbon layer plane segments appear as‘fringes’in the HRTEM images,the anal-ysis algorithms and their output use this same term. Fringe https://www.sodocs.net/doc/545412414.html,ttice fringe length is a measure of the physical extent of the atomic carbon layer planes as seen in the HRTEM image.Their size is analogous to the lattice plane dimensions within inorganic https://www.sodocs.net/doc/545412414.html,rger lengths correspond to a higher level of organization(fewer crystallites or grain boundaries)and hence the material is con-sidered to more closely resemble graphite.

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Fringe https://www.sodocs.net/doc/545412414.html,ttice fringe separation is the mean distance between adjacent carbon layer planes. Di?erent factors can cause the lamella separation to be greater than that of graphite.For example,tur-bostratic stacking of atomic layer planes results in a slight increase in the interlayer distance due to elec-tronic repulsion between molecular orbitals on adjacent layers.Additionally,layer plane curvature results in a spatial o?set to decrease the curvature-induced molecular orbital overlap.

Tortuosity.Tortuosity is a measure of the undulation of carbon lamella.It is de?ned here as the ratio of the actual fringe length to the straight-line distance between the endpoints of the carbon segment(fringe).Undulation of the layer planes gives rise to tortuosity.Such curvature,whether positive or negative,can arise from5-and7-mem-bered ring structures within the aromatic frame-work.Tortuosity gives rise to disorder within the carbon framework by preventing development of stacked layers and increasing the separation be-tween adjacent sections of carbon lamella. HRTEM Lattice Fringe Image Analysis.The analysis of the HRTEM images utilized two sep-arate algorithms.Each algorithm is a macro, running under Optimas version 6.5(Media Cybernetics,1999).The?rst provided the fringe length and tortuosity while the second provided the fringe separation.All outputs were in tabu-lated format from which histograms were derived using commercial software.Operational details for the fringe length and tortuosity algorithm have been provided previously.

As input to the fringe separation algorithm,the user must specify a binary image,which can be ob-tained from the fringe length/tortuosity algorithm. To avoid errors in arti?cial pairing of adjacent frin-ges,the user must select each pair of fringes manu-ally.The fringes can be shortened in order to obtain actual‘pairs’of fringes with similar lengths.Execu-tion of this macro calculates the separation distance between two fringes by averaging the separation be-tween the closest points of each pair.The program then outputs the average separation distance of each fringe pair.The data is then calibrated against the highly graphitic sample obtained from heat-treating carbon black at3000°C,where the physical separa-tion is set to the interlayer spacing of turbostratic graphite,0.344nm.All fringe pairs that have distances greater than0.5nm or less than0.32nm are then discarded as artifacts.Histograms are readily created from the aforementioned length, tortuosity and separation distance data.

Results and discussion

HRTEM images of heat treated Cabot R250are shown in Figure1,each representative of nearly50 images.The evolution of graphitic nanostructure is evident upon increasing heat-treatment temper-ature,ultimately leading to hollow,polyhedral shells(Millward&Je?erson1970).Skeletonized images,produced previously(Vander Wal et al., 2004)for analysis of fringe length are shown in Figure2and are analyzed here for fringe separa-tion.

Figure3shows the interplanar spacing(d002),or fringe separation extracted from the skeletons for the series of heat treated carbons.As seen in these histograms,the spread in fringe spacing decreases while the population near the mean increases. Thus as anticipated,heat treatment of graphitiz-able carbon black increases crystallite order by decreasing the fringe separation distance,as quanti?ed by the fringe spacing algorithm.Fig-ure4presents a comparison between the fringe spacing values for the heat-treated carbons,mea-sured through X-ray di?raction and the results of the fringe analysis algorithm.The mean and standard deviation of d002obtained from the fringe separation algorithm were calculated from the histograms shown in Figure3.The two measures of d002in general agree,thereby validating the separation distance algorithm results.The di?er-ences,which become greater with decreasing tem-perature treatment re?ects both the?nite size and curvature of the graphene segments upon the X-ray results.

Figures5and6show HRTEM images of soots derived from acetylene and ethanol,(respectively) produced at both1250°C and1650°C using both 1.0and0.1slpm total?ow rates.The corre-sponding processed binary images can be seen in Figures7and8.As seen in these?gures,soots obtained at1250°C(Figures5(a)–(b)and6(a)–(b) contain fringes that are short,randomly oriented and not tightly packed.In contrast,the acetylene-derived soot obtained at1650°C using a0.1slpm ?ow rate(Figure5c)contains fringes that are

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Figure 1.HRTEM images of carbon black (Cabot R250)after heating for 30min at (a)1350°C,(b)1575°C,(c)1675°C,(d)1950°C,(e)2300°C,(f)2425°C,(g)2750°C and (h)3000°

C.

Figure 2.Skeletonized (binary)output images obtained by applying the fringe processing algorithm to the HRTEM images in Figure 1.

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extended,straight and exhibit parallel organiza-tion.By comparison,the ethanol-derived soot obtained at1650°C using a0.1slpm?ow rate (Figure6c)also contains fringes that are extended;however,the fringes are curved.Both soots ob-tained at1650°C using a1.0slpm?ow rate(Fig-ures5(d)and6(d)contain fringes that are elongated and highly curved.

Fringe length histograms extracted from Figures 7and8are shown in Figures9and10respectively. These graphs clearly indicate that the soots ob-tained at1250°C(Figures5(a–b),6(a–b)have a higher percentage of short fringes(less than 1.4nm)than those obtained at1650°C(Figures 5(c)–(d),6(c)–(d),an indication of a more amor-phous soot.Fringe separation histograms ex-tracted from Figures7and8are shown in Figures 11and12respectively.Again,the soots produced at1250°C show signatures of being amorphous as the histograms show a greater spread of interlayer spacing than the acetylene soot produced at 1650°C and0.1slpm.Despite having protracted fringe lengths,neither of the soots produced at 1650°C and1.0slpm?ow rate,nor the ethanol soot produced at1650°C and0.1slpm?ow rate show a high percentage of fringe pairs with small interplanar spacing.The presence of5-membered rings,responsible for the curvature,likely causes

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Figure 5.HRTEM images of soots derived from acetylene under the following conditions:(a)1250°C/0.1slm total ?ow,(b)1250°C/1.0slm total ?ow,(c)1650°C/0.1slm total ?ow,(d)1650°C/1.0slm total

?ow.

Figure 6.HRTEM images of soots derived from ethanol under the following conditions:(a)1250°C/0.1slm total ?ow,(b)1250°C/1.0slm total ?ow,(c)1650°C/0.1slm total ?ow,(d)1650°C/1.0slm total ?ow.

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Figure 7.Skeletonized (binary)output images obtained by applying the fringe processing algorithm to the HRTEM images in Figure

5.

Figure 8.Skeletonized (binary)output images obtained by applying the fringe processing algorithm to the HRTEM images in Figure 6.

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loss of registry between adjacent lattice segments.As a result,adjacent lamella separate to minimize overlap between molecular orbitals associated with the layers.In contrast,the acetylene soot obtained at 1650°C and 0.1slpm ?ow rate,which consists primarily of long,straight fringes,shows a higher percentage of small interplanar spacing (Fig 11c),an indicator of a more graphitic soot.

Figures 13and 14are additional skeletons pro-duced by hand-drawing the skeletonized images directly over the HRTEM image to prevent skewing the distribution by direct analysis of the HRTEM images.Otherwise,arti?cial curvature could be created when the fringes were skeleton-ized from apparent widths of up to 7pixels,down to 1.Figures 15and 16show the tortuosity his-tograms obtained from the acetylene and ethanol-derived soots ?rst shown in Figures 5and 6.As expected,the soots obtained at 1650°C and a 1.0slpm ?ow rate and additionally,the ethanol-derived soot obtained at 1650°C and a 0.1slpm ?ow rate show fringes that contain a wide range of tortuosity,indicating high degree of curvature among the lamella of the soot.In contrast,the

acetylene-derived soot obtained at 1650°C and 0.1slpm contains fringes that have an extremely low level of tortuosity,with nearly 80%of the measured fringes having a tortuosity ratio of less than 1.2.All of the soots obtained at 1250°C show a widely scattered tortuosity pro?le,another indicator of limited (nano)structural order,char-acteristic of amorphous soot.Conclusions

Our image processing algorithm has been ex-panded to extract fringe separation and tortuosity in addition to fringe length from HRTEM images.Validation of the lattice fringe separation distance has been tested against a series of heat-treated carbon blacks representing samples possessing di?erent levels of graphitic structure.The results are compared to XRD data and found to be in reasonable agreement.The ability of this algo-rithm to further distinguish soots based on fringe length and tortuosity is tested using a series of soots synthesized by pyrolysis of

hydrocarbon

Figure 13.Skeletonized (binary)output images obtained by applying the fringe processing algorithm to an image based upon the HRTEM images in Figure 5.

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Figure 14.Skeletonized (binary)output images obtained by applying the fringe processing alogrithm to an image based upon the HRTEM images in Figure 6.

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fuels at di?erent?ow rates and temperatures within a tube furnace.Amorphous soots produced at low temperatures are contrasted with those produced using high synthesis temperatures. Fringe length increases and interlayer spacing de-creases with the observable increase in graphitic structure and order.Alteration of fuel or mass growth species(achieved by varying?ow rate in the pyrolysis process)produces signi?cant curva-ture within the carbon lamella.The curvature is shown to result in an increase in the fringe spacing. Tortuosity provides a measure of the curvature of the layer planes which further distinguishes the nanostructure of these carbons from those with graphitic structure.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by a NASA NRA 99-HEDs-01combustion award(RVW)adminis-tered through NASA cooperative agreement NCC3-975with The National Center for Micro-gravity Research on Fluids and Combustion (NCMR)at The NASA-Glenn Research Center. The authors gratefully acknowledge Derrick John-son for assistance with the experiments,Dr.Y.L. Chen and David R.Hull for the TEM imaging and Ralph Garlick for XRD data.Ms.C.Taylor acknowledges partial support as an accompanying student with the NASA Faculty Fellowship Pro-gram and Mr.M.Pamphlet acknowledges support through NASA-Glenn L.E.R.C.I.P.

Disclaimer

Trade names or manufacturers’names are used for identi?cation only.This usage does not constitute an o?cial endorsement,either expressed or im-plied by either the National Aeronautics and Space Administration or The National Center for Microgravity Research.

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的、地、得的用法和区别

“的、地、得”的用法和区别 导入（进入美妙的世界啦~） “的、地、得”口诀儿歌 的地得，不一样，用法分别记心上， 左边白，右边勺，名词跟在后面跑。 美丽的花儿绽笑脸，青青的草儿弯下腰， 清清的河水向东流，蓝蓝的天上白云飘， 暖暖的风儿轻轻吹，绿绿的树叶把头摇， 小小的鱼儿水中游，红红的太阳当空照， 左边土，右边也，地字站在动词前， 认真地做操不马虎，专心地上课不大意， 大声地朗读不害羞，从容地走路不着急， 痛快地玩耍来放松，用心地思考解难题， 勤奋地学习要积极，辛勤地劳动花力气， 左边两人双人得，形容词前要用得， 兔子兔子跑得快，乌龟乌龟爬得慢， 青青竹子长得快，参天大树长得慢， 清晨锻炼起得早，加班加点睡得晚， 欢乐时光过得快，考试题目出得难。 知识典例（注意咯，下面可是黄金部分！） 的、地、得 “的”、“地”、“得”的用法区别本是中小学语文教学中最基本的常识，但在使用中也最容易发生混淆，再加上一段时间里，中学课本中曾将这三个词的用法统一为“的”，因此造成了很多人对它们的用法含混不清进而乱用一通的现象。

一、“的、地、得”的基本概念 1、“的、地、得”的相同之处。 “的、地、得”是现代汉语中高频度使用的三个结构助词，都起着连接作用；它们在普通话中都读轻声“de”，没有语音上的区别。 2、“的、地、得”的不同之处。 吕叔湘、朱德熙所著《语法修辞讲话》认为“的”兼职过多，负担过重，而力主“的、地、得”严格分工。50 年代以来的诸多现代汉语论著和教材，一般也持这一主张。从书面语中的使用情况看，“的”与“地”、“得”的分工日趋明确，特别是在逻辑性很强的论述性、说明性语言中，如法律条款、学术论著、外文译著、教科书等，更是将“的”与“地”、“得”分用。 “的、地、得”在普通话里都读轻声“de”，但在书面语中有必要写成三个不同的字：在定语后面写作“的”，在状语后面写作“地”，在补语前写作“得”。这样做的好处，就是可使书面语言精确化。 二、“的、地、得”的用法 1、的——定语的标记，一般用在主语和宾语的前面。“的”前面的词语一般用来修饰、限制“的”后面的事物，说明“的”后面的事物怎么样。结构形式一般为：形容词、名词（代词）+的+名词。如： ①颐和园(名词)的湖光山色（主语）美不胜收。 ②她是一位性格开朗的女子(名词，宾语)。 2、地——状语的标记，一般用在谓语（动词、形容词）前面。“地”前面的词语一般用来形容“地”后面的动作，说明“地”后面的动作怎么样。结构方式一般为：形容词（副词）+地+动词（形容词）。如： ③她愉快(形容词)地接受(动词，谓语)了这件礼物。 ④天渐渐(时间副词)地冷(形容词，谓语)起来。 3、得——补语的标记，一般用在谓语后面。“得”后面的词语一般用来补充说明“得”前面的动作怎么样，结构形式一般为：动词（形容词）+得+副词。如： ⑤他们玩(动词，谓语)得真痛快(补语)。

of与for的用法以及区别

of与for的用法以及区别 for 表原因、目的 of 表从属关系 介词of的用法 （1）所有关系 this is a picture of a classroom （2）部分关系 a piece of paper a cup of tea a glass of water a bottle of milk what kind of football，American of soccer？ （3）描写关系 a man of thirty 三十岁的人 a man of shanghai 上海人 （4）承受动作 the exploitation of man by man．人对人的剥削。 （5）同位关系 It was a cold spring morning in the city of London in England． （6）关于，对于 What do you think of Chinese food？ 你觉得中国食品怎么样？ 介词 for 的用法小结 1. 表示“当作、作为”。如: I like some bread and milk for breakfast. 我喜欢把面包和牛奶作为早餐。What will we have for supper? 我们晚餐吃什么?

2. 表示理由或原因,意为“因为、由于”。如: Thank you for helping me with my English. 谢谢你帮我学习英语。 Thank you for your last letter. 谢谢你上次的来信。 Thank you for teaching us so well. 感谢你如此尽心地教我们。 3. 表示动作的对象或接受者,意为“给……”、“对…… (而言)”。如: Let me pick it up for you. 让我为你捡起来。 Watching TV too much is bad for your health. 看电视太多有害于你的健康。 4. 表示时间、距离,意为“计、达”。如: I usually do the running for an hour in the morning. 我早晨通常跑步一小时。We will stay there for two days. 我们将在那里逗留两天。 5. 表示去向、目的,意为“向、往、取、买”等。如: let’s go for a walk. 我们出去散步吧。 I came here for my schoolbag.我来这儿取书包。 I paid twenty yuan for the dictionary. 我花了20元买这本词典。 6. 表示所属关系或用途,意为“为、适于……的”。如: It’s time for school. 到上学的时间了。 Here is a letter for you. 这儿有你的一封信。 7. 表示“支持、赞成”。如: Are you for this plan or against it? 你是支持还是反对这个计划? 8. 用于一些固定搭配中。如: Who are you waiting for? 你在等谁? For example, Mr Green is a kind teacher. 比如,格林先生是一位心地善良的老师。

to与for的用法和区别

to与for的用法和区别 一般情况下, to后面常接对象; for后面表示原因与目的为多。 Thank you for helping me. Thanks to all of you. to sb.表示对某人有直接影响比如，食物对某人好或者不好就用to; for表示从意义、价值等间接角度来说，例如对某人而言是重要的，就用for. for和to这两个介词，意义丰富，用法复杂。这里仅就它们主要用法进行比较。 1. 表示各种“目的” 1. What do you study English for? 你为什么要学英语？ 2. She went to france for holiday. 她到法国度假去了。 3. These books are written for pupils. 这些书是为学生些的。 4. hope for the best, prepare for the worst. 作最好的打算，作最坏的准备。 2．对于 1．She has a liking for painting. 她爱好绘画。 2．She had a natural gift for teaching. 她对教学有天赋/ 3．表示赞成同情，用for不用to. 1. Are you for the idea or against it? 你是支持还是反对这个想法？ 2. He expresses sympathy for the common people.. 他表现了对普通老百姓的同情。 3. I felt deeply sorry for my friend who was very ill. 4 for表示因为，由于（常有较活译法） 1 Thank you for coming. 谢谢你来。 2. France is famous for its wines. 法国因酒而出名。 5．当事人对某事的主观看法，对于（某人），对…来说（多和形容词连用）用介词to，不用for.. He said that money was not important to him. 他说钱对他并不重要。 To her it was rather unusual. 对她来说这是相当不寻常的。 They are cruel to animals. 他们对动物很残忍。 6．for和fit, good, bad, useful, suitable 等形容词连用，表示适宜，适合。 Some training will make them fit for the job. 经过一段训练，他们会胜任这项工作的。 Exercises are good for health. 锻炼有益于健康。 Smoking and drinking are bad for health. 抽烟喝酒对健康有害。 You are not suited for the kind of work you are doing. 7. for表示不定式逻辑上的主语，可以用在主语、表语、状语、定语中。 1．It would be best for you to write to him. 2．The simple thing is for him to resign at once. 3．There was nowhere else for me to go. 4．He opened a door and stood aside for her to pass.

(完整版)介词for用法归纳

介词for用法归纳 用法1：(表目的)为了。如： They went out for a walk. 他们出去散步了。 What did you do that for? 你干吗这样做？ That’s what we’re here for. 这正是我们来的目的。 What’s she gone for this time? 她这次去干什么去了？ He was waiting for the bus. 他在等公共汽车。 【用法说明】在通常情况下，英语不用for doing sth 来表示目的。如： 他去那儿看他叔叔。 误：He went there for seeing his uncle. 正：He went there to see his uncle. 但是，若一个动名词已名词化，则可与for 连用表目的。如： He went there for swimming. 他去那儿游泳。(swimming 已名词化) 注意：若不是表目的，而是表原因、用途等，则其后可接动名词。(见下面的有关用法) 用法2：(表利益)为，为了。如： What can I do for you? 你想要我什么？ We study hard for our motherland. 我们为祖国努力学习。 Would you please carry this for me? 请你替我提这个东西好吗？ Do more exercise for the good of your health. 为了健康你要多运动。 【用法说明】(1) 有些后接双宾语的动词(如buy, choose, cook, fetch, find, get, order, prepare, sing, spare 等)，当双宾语易位时，通常用for 来引出间接宾语，表示间接宾语为受益者。如： She made her daughter a dress. / She made a dress for her daughter. 她为她女儿做了件连衣裙。 He cooked us some potatoes. / He cooked some potatoes for us. 他为我们煮了些土豆。 注意，类似下面这样的句子必须用for： He bought a new chair for the office. 他为办公室买了张新办公椅。 (2) 注意不要按汉语字面意思，在一些及物动词后误加介词for： 他们决定在电视上为他们的新产品打广告。 误：They decided to advertise for their new product on TV. 正：They decided to advertise their new product on TV. 注：advertise 可用作及物或不及物动词，但含义不同：advertise sth＝为卖出某物而打广告；advertise for sth＝为寻找某物而打广告。如：advertise for a job=登广告求职。由于受汉语“为”的影响，而此处误加了介词for。类似地，汉语中的“为人民服务”，说成英语是serve the people，而不是serve for the people，“为某人的死报仇”，说成英语是avenge sb’s death，而不是avenge for sb’s death，等等。用法3：(表用途)用于，用来。如： Knives are used for cutting things. 小刀是用来切东西的。 This knife is for cutting bread. 这把小刀是用于切面包的。 It’s a machine for slicing bread. 这是切面包的机器。 The doctor gave her some medicine for her cold. 医生给了她一些感冒药。 用法4：为得到，为拿到，为取得。如： He went home for his book. 他回家拿书。 He went to his friend for advice. 他去向朋友请教。 She often asked her parents for money. 她经常向父母要钱。

“的、地、得”的用法和区别

的、地、得的用法和区别 的、地、得的用法和区别老班教育 一、的、地、得的基本概念 1、的、地、得的相同之处。 的、地、得是现代汉语中高频度使用的三个结构助词，都起着连接作用；它们在普通话中都读轻声de，没有语音上的区别。 2、的、地、得的不同之处。 吕叔湘、朱德熙所著《语法修辞讲话》认为的兼职过多，负担过重，而力主的、地、得严格分工。50 年代以来的诸多现代汉语论著和教材，一般也持这一主张。从书面语中的使用情况看，的与地、得的分工日趋明确，特别是在逻辑性很强的论述性、说明性语言中，如法律条款、学术论著、外文译著、教科书等，更是将的与地、得分用。 的、地、得在普通话里都读轻声de，但在书面语中有必要写成三个不同的字：在定语后面写作的，在状语后面写作地，在补语前写作得。这样做的好处，就是可使书面语言精确化。 二、的、地、得的用法 （一）、用法 1、的——定语的标记，一般用在主语和宾语的前面。的前面的词语一般用来修饰、限制的后面的事物，说明的后面的事物怎么样。 结构形式一般为：形容词、名词（代词）+的+名词。如： 颐和园(名词)的湖光山色（主语）美不胜收。 她是一位性格开朗的女子(名词，宾语)。 2、地——状语的标记，一般用在谓语（动词、形容词）前面。地前面的词语一般用来形容地后面的动作，说明地后面的动作怎么样。 结构方式一般为：形容词（副词）+地+动词（形容词）。如： 她愉快(形容词)地接受(动词，谓语)了这件礼物。 天渐渐(时间副词)地冷(形容词，谓语)起来。 3、得——补语的标记，一般用在谓语后面。得后面的词语一般用来补充说明得前面的动作怎么样。 结构形式一般为：动词（形容词）+得+副词。如： 他们玩(动词，谓语)得真痛快(补语)。 她红(形容词，谓语)得发紫(补语)。 （二）、例说 的，一般用在名词和形容词的后面，用在描述或限制人物、事物时，形容的词语与被形容的词语之间，表示一种描述的结果。如：漂亮的衣服、辽阔的土地、高大的山脉。结构一般为名词（代词或形容词）+的+名词。如，我的书、你的衣服、他的孩子，美丽的景色、动听的歌曲、灿烂的笑容。 地，用法简单些，用在描述或限制一种运动性质、状态时，形容的词语与被形容的词语之间。结构通常是形容词+地+动词。前面的词语一般用来形容后面的动作。一般地的后面只跟动词。比如高兴地跳、兴奋地叫喊、温和地说、飞快地跑；匆匆地离开；慢慢地移动......... 得，用在说明动作的情况或结果的程度时，说明的词语与被说明的词语之间，后面的词语一般用来补充和说明前面的情况。比如。跑得飞快、跳得很高、显得高雅、显得很壮、馋得直流口水、跑得快、飞得高、走得慢、红得很……得通常用在动词和形容词（动词之间）。

常用介词用法(for to with of)

For的用法 1. 表示“当作、作为”。如: I like some bread and milk for breakfast. 我喜欢把面包和牛奶作为早餐。 What will we have for supper? 我们晚餐吃什么? 2. 表示理由或原因,意为“因为、由于”。如: Thank you for helping me with my English. 谢谢你帮我学习英语。 3. 表示动作的对象或接受者,意为“给……”、“对…… (而言)”。如: Let me pick it up for you. 让我为你捡起来。 Watching TV too much is bad for your health. 看电视太多有害于你的健康。 4. 表示时间、距离,意为“计、达”。如: I usually do the running for an hour in the morning. 我早晨通常跑步一小时。 We will stay there for two days. 我们将在那里逗留两天。 5. 表示去向、目的,意为“向、往、取、买”等。如: Let’s go for a walk. 我们出去散步吧。 I came here for my schoolbag.我来这儿取书包。 I paid twenty yuan for the dictionary. 我花了20元买这本词典。 6. 表示所属关系或用途,意为“为、适于……的”。如: It’s time for school. 到上学的时间了。 Here is a letter for you. 这儿有你的一封信。 7. 表示“支持、赞成”。如: Are you for this plan or against it? 你是支持还是反对这个计划? 8. 用于一些固定搭配中。如: Who are you waiting for? 你在等谁? For example, Mr Green is a kind teacher. 比如,格林先生是一位心地善良的老师。 尽管for 的用法较多，但记住常用的几个就可以了。 to的用法: 一：表示相对，针对 be strange (common, new, familiar, peculiar) to This injection will make you immune to infection. 二：表示对比，比较 1：以-ior结尾的形容词，后接介词to表示比较，如：superior ,inferior,prior,senior,junior 2: 一些本身就含有比较或比拟意思的形容词，如equal，similar，equivalent，analogous A is similar to B in many ways.

的地得的用法和区分

《“的、地、得”的用法》语文微课教案 一、教学背景 在语言文字规范化大背景下，帮助学生解决应用“的地得”的疑惑与困难。 二、设计思路 针对学生对于“的地得”的误用与忽视展开教学，规范结构助词“的地得”的使用。按照“问题的提出、问题的分析、问题的解决”的思路展开教学，总结归纳优化的方式方法。 三、教学目标 1、知道“怎么样的什么、怎么样地干什么、干得怎么样”三种固定搭配。 2、掌握“的、地、得”的区别与联系。 3、运用小儿歌“动前土、名前白、行动后面双人来”的口诀帮助正确使用“的、地、得”。 四、教学重难点 1、知道“的、地、得”的区别。 2、在实际情境中正确运用“的、地、得”。 五、教学时间 8分钟微课堂 六、教学适用对象 义务教育九年制内的学生 七、教学准备

多媒体课件、录屏软件 八、教学设计与过程 开场白： 同学们好！今天我们一起来学习“的、地、得”的正确用法。首先我们来了解一下它们的区别。 1、相同之处：原来它们都是念轻声“de”，都是结构助词，起连接作用。 2、不同之处：在书面语中要写成三个不同的字，而且它们的搭配及用法也各不相同。 （1）怎么样的什么 （2）怎样样地干什么 （3）干得怎么样 下面我们就来学习一下它们的正确用法。 白勺“的”的结构是用“形容词或名词或代词+的+名词”来表示，而我们最常见，用得最多的还是“形容词+的+名词”的结构。 而土也“地”的用法可以用“形容词+地+动词”的结构来表示。 双人“得”是用“动词+得+形容词”的结构来表示 3、练习巩固 （1）形近区分 静静（的）河面静静（地）写字欢乐（的）山谷

欢乐（地）歌唱满意（地）点头满意（的）作品 （2）类别区分 1）跑（得）飞快飞快（地）跑 2）愉快（的）旅行旅行（得）愉快 3）强烈（的）渴望强烈（地）渴望 （3）综合杂糅 小雏鹰飞到大树的上方，高兴地喊起来：“我真的会飞啦！而且飞（得）很高呢！” 小结：能填对这个句子的你肯定就已经学会它们的用法了！ 4、特殊情况 质疑：假如遇到特殊情况怎么办呢？ 我从书包里拿出书交给她们，她们高兴得．围着我跳起舞来。（出自二年级上册《日记两则》） （1）质疑：为什么这里要使用“得”呢？ （2）释疑：原来这里强调的是心情，动词在后，形容词在前，相当于后置，“得”修饰“跳舞”而非“围”。现在你明白了吧？ 5、小结归纳： 怎么样，你们学会了吗？为了让同学们能够更快的记住它们的用法，老师送给大家一首口诀来帮助你们熟记三个“的”的正确使用方法：动前土、名前白、行动后面双人来。

of和for的用法

of 1....的,属于 One of the legs of the table is broken. 桌子的一条腿坏了。 Mr.Brown is a friend of mine. 布朗先生是我的朋友。 2.用...做成的;由...制成 The house is of stone. 这房子是石建的。 3.含有...的;装有...的 4....之中的;...的成员 Of all the students in this class,Tom is the best. 在这个班级中,汤姆是最优秀的。 5.(表示同位) He came to New York at the age of ten. 他在十岁时来到纽约。 6.(表示宾格关系) He gave a lecture on the use of solar energy. 他就太阳能的利用作了一场讲演。 7.(表示主格关系) We waited for the arrival of the next bus. 我们等待下一班汽车的到来。

I have the complete works of Shakespeare. 我有莎士比亚全集。 8.来自...的;出自 He was a graduate of the University of Hawaii. 他是夏威夷大学的毕业生。 9.因为 Her son died of hepatitis. 她儿子因患肝炎而死。 10.在...方面 My aunt is hard of hearing. 我姑妈耳朵有点聋。 11.【美】(时间)在...之前 12.(表示具有某种性质) It is a matter of importance. 这是一件重要的事。 For 1.为,为了 They fought for national independence. 他们为民族独立而战。 This letter is for you. 这是你的信。

的地得的用法教案

“的、地、得”的用法教案 教学目标： 1.能通过看视频知道“的、地、得”的用法区别。 2.能在小组合作中正确掌握“的、地、得”的用法。 3.能正确熟练地运用“的、地、得”。 教学重点：通过看视频知道“的、地、得”的用法区别。 教学难点：正确熟练地运用“的、地、得”。 教学过程： 一、导入（板书课题：“的、地、得”的用法“的、地、得”） 这三个字认识吧！虽然它们都有一个相同的读音de，但用法却不一样，可不能把他们用错了。究竟他们的用法有什么不同，我们来听听他们的故事吧！ 二、看微视频，学习“的、地、得”的用法区别。 三、小结： 1.孩子们，刚才看了视频知道他们是谁吗？（白勺的，土也地，双人得。） （1）白勺的是个杂货铺老板，她的店里都有什么？（彩色的毛巾美味的汉堡结实的帐篷舒适的儿童车捕捉风的网会唱歌的小树开个没完的花朵优美动听的歌曲飘来飘去的云……）还可能有什么？ 你们一定会发现，白勺的的用法有什么特点？（后面是名词。）板书：名词 （2）土也地是个运动男孩，他喜欢？（悠闲地散步欢快地跳舞兴奋地跳跃开心地捕蝴蝶看图书踢球骑自行洗澡吃冰淇淋……）他还可能喜欢干什么呢？你发现了吗？土也地的用法特点？（后面是动词。）板书：动词 （3）双人得呢？她是个总喜欢评价别人的小妹妹。（球踢得真棒舞跳得精彩长得好高呀……） 她可能还怎么评价别人？（歌唱得动听饭吃得很饱人长得漂亮）你们会发现，双人得的前面通常都是——动词。板书：动词 2.小结：所以，他们的用法也很简单，区别就在这里。 （白勺的用在名词前面；土也地用在动词前面；双人得用在动词后面。）你明白了吗？ 四、我来考考你们，看哪一组完成得又对又快！ 1.菜鸟级练习 2.老鸟级练习 3.大虾级练习 五、总结

for和of的用法

for的用法： 1. 表示“当作、作为”。如: I like some bread and milk for breakfast. 我喜欢把面包和牛奶作为早餐。 What will we have for supper? 我们晚餐吃什么? 2. 表示理由或原因,意为“因为、由于”。如: Thank you for helping me with my English. 谢谢你帮我学习英语。 Thank you for your last letter. 谢谢你上次的来信。 Thank you for teaching us so well. 感谢你如此尽心地教我们。 3. 表示动作的对象或接受者,意为“给……”、“对…… (而言)”。如: Let me pick it up for you. 让我为你捡起来。 Watching TV too much is bad for your health. 看电视太多有害于你的健康。 4. 表示时间、距离,意为“计、达”。如:

I usually do the running for an hour in the morning. 我早晨通常跑步一小时。 We will stay there for two days. 我们将在那里逗留两天。 5. 表示去向、目的,意为“向、往、取、买”等。如: Let’s go for a walk. 我们出去散步吧。 I came here for my schoolbag.我来这儿取书包。 I paid twenty yuan for the dictionary. 我花了20元买这本词典。 6. 表示所属关系或用途,意为“为、适于……的”。如: It’s time for school. 到上学的时间了。 Here is a letter for you. 这儿有你的一封信。 7. 表示“支持、赞成”。如: Are you for this plan or against it? 你是支持还是反对这个计划? 8. 用于一些固定搭配中。如:

双宾语 to for的用法

1.两者都可以引出间接宾语，但要根据不同的动词分别选用介词to 或for：(1) 在give, pass, hand, lend, send, tell, bring, show, pay, read, return, write, offer, teach, throw 等之后接介词to。 如： 请把那本字典递给我。 正：Please hand me that dictionary. 正：Please hand that dictionary to me. 她去年教我们的音乐。 正：She taught us music last year. 正：She taught music to us last year. (2) 在buy, make, get, order, cook, sing, fetch, play, find, paint, choose,prepare, spare 等之后用介词for 。如： 他为我们唱了首英语歌。 正：He sang us an English song. 正：He sang an English song for us. 请帮我把钥匙找到。 正：Please find me the keys. 正：Please find the keys for me. 能耽搁你几分钟吗(即你能为我抽出几分钟吗)? 正：Can you spare me a few minutes? 正：Can you spare a few minutes for me? 注：有的动词由于搭配和含义的不同，用介词to 或for 都是可能的。如：do sb a favour＝do a favour for sb 帮某人的忙 do sb harm＝do harm to sb 对某人有害

英语形容词和of for 的用法

加入收藏夹 主题： 介词试题It’s + 形容词 + of sb. to do sth.和It’s + 形容词 + for sb. to do sth.的用法区别。 内容： It's very nice___pictures for me. A.of you to draw B.for you to draw C.for you drawing C.of you drawing 提交人：杨天若时间：1/23/2008 20:5:54 主题：for 与of 的辨别 内容：It's very nice___pictures for me. A.of you to draw B.for you to draw C.for you drawing C.of you drawing 答：选A 解析：该题考查的句型It’s + 形容词+ of sb. to do sth.和It’s +形容词+ for sb. to do sth.的用法区别。 “It’s + 形容词+ to do sth.”中常用of或for引出不定式的行为者，究竟用of sb.还是用for sb.，取决于前面的形容词。 1) 若形容词是描述不定式行为者的性格、品质的，如kind，good，nice，right，wrong，clever，careless，polite，foolish等，用of sb. 例： It’s very kind of you to help me. 你能帮我，真好。 It’s clever of you to work out the maths problem. 你真聪明，解出了这道数学题。 2) 若形容词仅仅是描述事物，不是对不定式行为者的品格进行评价，用for sb.，这类形容词有difficult，easy，hard，important，dangerous，（im）possible等。例： It’s very dangerous for children to cross the busy street. 对孩子们来说，穿过繁忙的街道很危险。 It’s difficult for u s to finish the work. 对我们来说，完成这项工作很困难。 for 与of 的辨别方法： 用介词后面的代词作主语，用介词前边的形容词作表语，造个句子。如果道理上通顺用of，不通则用for. 如： You are nice.(通顺，所以应用of)。 He is hard.(人是困难的，不通，因此应用for.) 由此可知，该题的正确答案应该为A项。 提交人：f7_liyf 时间：1/24/2008 11:18:42

双宾语tofor的用法

1. 两者都可以引出间接宾语，但要根据不同的动词分别选用介词to 或for： (1) 在give, pass, hand, lend, send, tell, bring, show, pay, read, return, write, offer, teach, throw 等之后接介词to。 如： 请把那本字典递给我。 正：Please hand me that dictionary. 正：Please hand that dictionary to me. 她去年教我们的音乐。 正：She taught us music last year. 正：She taught music to us last year. (2) 在buy, make, get, order, cook, sing, fetch, play, find, paint, choose,prepare, spare 等之后用介词for 。如： 他为我们唱了首英语歌。 正：He sang us an English song. 正：He sang an English song for us. 请帮我把钥匙找到。 正：Please find me the keys. 正：Please find the keys for me. 能耽搁你几分钟吗(即你能为我抽出几分钟吗)? 正：Can you spare me a few minutes? 正：Can you spare a few minutes for me? 注：有的动词由于搭配和含义的不同，用介词to 或for 都是可能的。如： do sb a favou r do a favour for sb 帮某人的忙 do sb harnn= do harm to sb 对某人有害

常用介词用法(for-to-with-of)

常用介词用法(for-to-with-of)

For的用法 1. 表示“当作、作为”。如: I like some bread and milk for breakfast. 我喜欢把面包和牛奶作为早餐。 What will we have for supper? 我们晚餐吃什么? 2. 表示理由或原因,意为“因为、由于”。如: Thank you for helping me with my English. 谢谢你帮我学习英语。 3. 表示动作的对象或接受者,意为“给……”、“对…… (而言)”。如: Let me pick it up for you. 让我为你捡起来。Watching TV too much is bad for your health. 看电视太多有害于你的健康。 4. 表示时间、距离,意为“计、达”。如: I usually do the running for an hour in the morning. 我早晨通常跑步一小时。 We will stay there for two days. 我们将在那里逗留两天。

5. 表示去向、目的,意为“向、往、取、买”等。如: Let’s go for a walk. 我们出去散步吧。 I came here for my schoolbag.我来这儿取书包。 I paid twenty yuan for the dictionary. 我花了20元买这本词典。 6. 表示所属关系或用途,意为“为、适于……的”。如: It’s time for school. 到上学的时间了。 Here is a letter for you. 这儿有你的一封信。 7. 表示“支持、赞成”。如: Are you for this plan or against it? 你是支持还是反对这个计划? 8. 用于一些固定搭配中。如: Who are you waiting for? 你在等谁? For example, Mr Green is a kind teacher. 比如,格林先生是一位心地善良的老师。

的 地 得 用法辨析

的、得、地的用法：动词前提土旁、动词后双人旁、一动不动白字旁 （一） 的地得，不一样，用法分别记心上， 左边白，右边勺，名词跟在后面跑。 美丽的花儿绽笑脸，青青的草儿弯下腰， 清清的河水向东流，蓝蓝的天上白云飘， 暖暖的风儿轻轻吹，绿绿的树叶把头摇， 小小的鱼儿水中游，红红的太阳当空照， 左边土，右边也，地字站在动词前， 认真地做操不马虎，专心地上课不大意， 大声地朗读不害羞，从容地走路不着急， 痛快地玩耍来放松，用心地思考解难题， 勤奋地学习要积极，辛勤地劳动花力气， 左边两人就使得，形容词前要用得， 兔子兔子跑得快，乌龟乌龟爬得慢， 青青竹子长得快，参天大树长得慢， 清晨锻炼起得早，加班加点睡得晚， 欢乐时光过得快，考试题目出得难。 （二）“的、地、得”快板 的地得、的地得，用作助词都读de. 作文写话用不准，朗读往往会念错。 有趣的活动、绿的树，活动是事，树是物。 事物前面用的字，小朋友们都记着。 认真地想、快快地跑，想跑看摸是动作。 动作前面用地字，位置千万不要挪。 看得清，记得准，唱得好，飞得高。 动作后面用得字，补充说明要记牢。 （三）“的、地、得”用法简要口诀 名词前面“白勺”“的”， 动词前面“土也”“地”， 形容动后“双人”“得”， 当作助词都读“de”。 二、“的、地、得”用法小析 “的”后面跟的都是表示事物名称的词或词语，如：敬爱的总理、慈祥的老人、戴帽子的男孩、珍贵的教科书、鸟的天堂、伟大的祖国、有趣的情节、优雅的环境、可疑的情况、团结友爱的集体、他的妈妈、可爱的花儿、谁的橡皮、清清的河水...... “地”后面跟的都是表示动作的词或词语，如：高声地喊、愉快地唱、拼命地逃、疯狂地咒骂、严密地注视、一次又一次地握手、迅速地包围、沙沙地直响、斩钉截铁地说、从容不迫地申述、用力地踢、仔细地看、开心地笑笑......” “得”前面跟的多数是表示动作的词或词语，后面跟的都是形容事物状态的词或词语，表示怎么怎么样的，如：走得很快、踩得稀烂、疼得直叫唤、瘦得皮包骨头、红得发紫、气得双脚直跳、理解得十分深刻、乐得合不拢嘴、惊讶得目瞪口呆、大得很、扫得真干净、笑得多甜啊...... 三、“的、地、得”的用法补充说明：

的地得的用法和区别

“的、地、得”的用法和区别（一） “的、地、得”的用法和区别（一） “的”、“地”、“得”的用法区别本是中小学语文教学中最基本的常识，但在使用中也最容易发生混淆，再加上一段时间里，中学课本中曾将这三个词的用法统一为“的”，因此造成了很多人对它们的用法含混不清进而乱用一通的现象。 结合实例，谈谈“的、地、得”的用法。 一、“的、地、得”的基本概念 1、“的、地、得”的相同之处。 “的、地、得”是现代汉语中高频度使用的三个结构助词，都起着连接作用；它们在普通话中都读轻声“de”，没有语音上的区别。 2、“的、地、得”的不同之处。 吕叔湘、朱德熙所著《语法修辞讲话》认为“的”兼职过多，负担过重，而力主“的、地、得”严格分工。50 年代以来的诸多现代汉语论著和教材，一般也持这一主张。从书面语中的使用情况看，“的”与“地”、“得”的分工日趋明确，特别是在逻辑性很强的论述性、说明性语言中，如法律条款、学术论著、外文译著、教科书等，更是将“的”与“地”、“得”分用 “的、地、得”在普通话里都读轻声“de”，但在书面语中有必要写成三个不同的字：在定语后面写作“的”，在状语后面写作“地”，在补语前写作“得”。这样做的好处，就是可使书面语言精确化。 二、“的、地、得”的用法 1、的——定语的标记，一般用在主语和宾语的前面。“的”前面的词语一般用来修饰、限制“的”后面的事物，说明“的”后面的事物怎么样。结构形式一般为：形容词、名词（代词）+的+名词。如： ①颐和园(名词)的湖光山色（主语）美不胜收。 ②她是一位性格开朗的女子(名词，宾语)。

2、地——状语的标记，一般用在谓语（动词、形容词）前面。“地”前面的词语一般用来形容“地”后面的动作，说明“地”后面的动作怎么样。结构方式一般为：形容词（副词）+地+动词（形容词）。如： ③她愉快(形容词)地接受(动词，谓语)了这件礼物。 ④天渐渐(时间副词)地冷(形容词，谓语)起来。 3、得——补语的标记，一般用在谓语后面。“得”后面的词语一般用来补充说明“得”前面的动作怎么样，结构形式一般为：动词（形容词）+得+副词。如： ⑤他们玩(动词，谓语)得真痛快(补语)。 ⑥她红(形容词，谓语)得发紫(补语)。 三、“的、地、得”用法的常见错误 一般而言，在特约记者和通讯员来稿中常见的“的、地、得”用法错误，主要表现在该用“地”、“得”的地方全部用了“的”。如： ① 这两年，该公司的职工不断的（地）转变观念。 我们说“地”是状语的标记，用在谓语的前面。此例中主语是“职工”，谓语是“转变”。很显然，用“的”是错误的，应该用“地”。 ②该项目不仅创下了该公司单项工程总产值之最，更为重要的是成功的（地）闯进了上海的国际石油化工项目建设市场，踏上了一个更高的平台。 这个例句虽然比较长，但谓语“闯”前的“的”明显用错了，应该改为“地”。 ③各项安全工作做得很到位，安全防范措施都落实的（得）很好。 补语一般回答“怎么样”的问题，前面一句回答“做”得怎么样，用了“得”，很对；可接下来回答“落实”得怎么样问题时，作者却用了“的”。这个错误非常明显，可惜作者没有发现，正确的用法应该是“得”。 ④身体更不敢碰到被太阳炙烤的(得)滚烫的铁车梯。 如果我们问“炙烤”得怎么样，就知道例句里用错了，应该用“得”。

keep的用法及of 、for sb.句型区别

keep的用法 1. 用作及物动词 ①意为"保存；保留；保持；保守"。如： Could you keep these letters for me, please? 你能替我保存这些信吗？ ②意为"遵守；维护"。如： Everyone must keep the rules. 人人必须遵守规章制度。 The teacher is keeping order in class.老师正在课堂上维持秩序。 ③意为"使……保持某种(状态、位置或动作等)"。这时要在keep的宾语后接补足语，构 成复合宾语。其中宾语补足语通常由形容词、副词、介词短语、现在分词和过去分词等充当。如： 例：We should keep our classroom clean and tidy.(形容词) 我们应保持教室整洁干净。 You'd better keep the child away from the fire.(副词)你最好让孩子离火远一点。 The bad weather keeps us inside the house.(介词短语)坏天气使我们不能出门。 Don't keep me waiting for long.(现在分词)别让我等太久。 The other students in the class keep their eyes closed.(过去分词) 班上其他同学都闭着眼睛。 2. 用作连系动词 构成系表结构：keep＋表语，意为"保持，继续(处于某种状态)"。其中表语可用形容词、副词、介词短语等充当。如： 例：You must look after yourself and keep healthy.(形容词) 你必须照顾好自己，保持身体健康。 Keep off the grass.(副词)请勿践踏草地。 Traffic in Britain keeps to the left.(介词短语)英国的交通是靠左边行驶的。 注意：一般情况下，keep后接形容词较为多见。再如： She knew she must keep calm.她知道她必须保持镇静。 Please keep silent in class.课堂上请保持安静。 3. ①keep doing sth. 意为"继续干某事"，表示不间断地持续干某事，keep后不 能接不定式或表示静止状态的v-ing形式，而必须接延续性的动词。 例：He kept working all day, because he wanted to finish the work on time. 他整天都在不停地工作，因为他想准时完成工作。 Keep passing the ball to each other, and you'll be OK.坚持互相传球，你们就