王守仁《英国文学选读》(第2版)笔记和课后习题详解(第3单元 弗朗西斯

第3单元弗朗西斯?培根

3.1复习笔记

Francis Bacon（1561-1626）（弗朗西斯·培根）

1.Life（生平）

Bacon was an English philosopher,statesman,scientist,lawyer,jurist,author and the father of empiricism and modern science.Bacon was born in a noble family, son of Sir Nicholas Bacon.In1573,he entered Trinity College,Cambridge.After graduating at16he took up law.He completed his legal education and was called to the bar.At23,he became a member of the House of Commons.During the reign of James I,Bacon was appointed Lord High Chancellor,the head of the legal system of England and made a peer with the titles of Baron Verulam and Viscount St Alban. But three years later,he was accused of bribery and was deprived of his office and banished from London.In his after years,he focused on philosophy and science.

培根是英国著名的哲学家、政治家、科学家、律师、法官、作家，被称为“经验主义和现代科学之父”。培根出生于一个贵族家庭,其父为尼古拉斯培根爵士。1573年，他进入剑桥大学三一学院读书。16岁毕业，然后从事法律事务。完成法律学习后，取得律师资格，23岁时成为众议院议员。詹姆士一世当政时，他当上了大法官（英格兰法律体系的头领），同时还被授予维勒拉姆男爵、圣·阿本斯子爵称号。但三年后他因受贿丢了职务，被赶出伦敦。培根晚年致力于哲学著述和科学研究。

2.Major Works（主要作品）

Advancement of Learning《学术的演进》（1605）

New Instrument《新工具》（1620）

Essays《随笔》

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/565661299.html,ment on Bacon（对培根的评价）

Bacon was an English philosopher,statesman,scientist,lawyer,jurist,author and pioneer of the scientific method.Bacon has been called the father of empiricism.His works established and popularised inductive methodologies for scientific inquiry,often called the Baconian method,or simply the scientific method.

培根是英国著名的哲学家、政治家、科学家、律师、法官、作家和科学方法论的先驱。被称为“经验主义之父”。他的作品为科学研究建立了方法论。

4.Selected works（作品选读）

◆Of marriage and Single Life《论婚姻和单身》

Of marriage and Single Life is an argumentation which has a clear argument that man and women should get married.Bacon also argue that marriage is good for both themselves and the society.

《论婚姻和单身》作为一篇论说文，观点明确，叙述条理清楚。培根认为：男大当婚，女大当嫁。他还认为婚姻无论是对个人还是社会都不是坏事。

◆Of Study《论读书》

Of Study discussed the purposes,functions and different views towards study. It used the device of parallelism to give the description.

《论读书》详细讨论了读书的目的和功能，分析了诗人对读书的不同态度，介绍了读书的各种方法。文中用了排比的修辞手法来表述观点。

5.The style of Bacon’s essay（培根散文的风格）

The language is very neat,prêt and weighty.The sentences are very short and the author likes to use more loose and compound sentences,which are called loose and free style in Bacon’s time.Bacon also likes to use more co-ordinate conjunctions than the subordinated ones,such as“as,since,because”.What’s more important is that he likes to use parallelism,and his topics are very clear and exact,full of epigrams like a poem.So we can say his style is conciseness of expression and simplicity of diction.

语言简洁有力。文章句子通常很短，因为培根喜欢用松散的复合句。相对于从属连词，培根更喜欢用并列连词，比如“因为，因此”。更明显的特点是他喜欢用排比句。而且文章的观点非常明确，用了很多像短诗似的隽语。所以我们可以归纳他的写作风格为表达简介，用语简单。

3.2课后习题详解

Of Marriage and Single Life

1.Is marriage an impediment or help to one’s career development?

Key:Sometimes,marriage can be an impediment,and sometimes,it can help one develop his or her career as well,because it depends on the quality of the marriage.As the saying goes“A peaceful family will prosper”,so we can say that husbands and wives can benefit a lot from good marriages,while a terrible marriage will ruin both sides.In a good marriage,husband and wife will be happier and more joyful,and they will help and encourage each other,which will be good for their careers.On the contrary,in an unhappy marriage,husband and wife usually quarrel a lot and things tend to be worse.

2.In what sense are wife and children“a kind of discipline of humanity”?

Key:A single man has no others to think about,so he is likely to think of himself and spend a lot of money for himself.What’s more,he tends to take any risks if he wants to,for he does not need to be responsible for anyone.However,a married man cannot be so go-as-you-please,because he has wife and children, and he must be responsible for them.Furthermore,he has to work hard to fulfill his wife and children’s expectation.He becomes a loving man,who not only loves his wife and children,but also loves others.A loving husband and a qualified father can contribute the greatest merit to the public to a large extent. Who make this?Of course,wife and children make it.In this sense,we can say that wife and children are“a kind of discipline of humanity”.

3.Bacon prefers marriage to single life.Do you find his arguments convincing?

Key:Yes,I think Bacon’s arguments are convincing.He proves his points by the means of comparison.He clearly points out the disadvantages of single life and the advantages of a marriage life.Such as,a single person only cares about himself,and does not pay attention to the future;a married man tends to become responsible,tender,enthusiastic and warm-hearted.As the sentence goes “wives are young men’s mistresses,companions for middle age,and old men’s nurses”which means that when a man is young,his wife can make many decisions and arrangements for the family;when he comes to middle age,wife always stays with him as a companion;when he becomes old,wife will take care of him till the end of life.Even though a woman marries a bad husband,marriage offers a chance for husband to correct themselves.These points all are reasonable,which make Bacon’s arguments very convincing.

Of Study

1.We are now living in the age of“information explosion”.What lessons can we learn from Bacon’s“Of Studies”in our access to information?

Key:Today,information is flooding into our life.According to Bacon’s opinion:“studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large,except they be bounded in by experience”,we should combine theory and practice together. That is,practicing is quite important.

In terms of books,we have paper books and E-books as well.When we read them,we can learn lesson from Bacon’s idea:“some books are to be read only

in parts;others to be read,but not curiously;and some few to be read wholly,and with diligence and attention.”When we face information,we should do some selections.We can not easily trust the information in books or on the computers. More importantly,we should have an independent mind.

2.In what sense does reading make a full man?

Key:As Bacon says“Histories make men wise,poets,witty;the mathematics, subtle;natural philosophy,deep;moral,grave;logic and rhetoric,able to contend”,we can know that different books and subjects have their different uses and functions on people.Some books can make people wiser and make fewer mistakes;some books can make people wittier and sense more beauty and pleasure of life;some books can make people more scientific and consider about things in a more accurate way…so,reading can cultivate and better a man.In this sense,reading makes a full man.

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4That takes me back to the time I climbed to the top of Mount Fuji. 5The members of the party took it in turns to steer the boat. 6They took it for granted that someone would pick up their signals and come to their aid. Stems 7proclaim: to announce officially and publicly; to declare 8percentage: a proportion or share in relation to a whole; a part 9confirm: to support or establish the certainty or validity of; to verify 10affirm: to declare positively or firmly; to maintain to be true 11centigram: a metric unit of mass equal to one hundredth of a gram 12exclaim: to express or utter(something) suddenly or vehemently Synonyms

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4That takes me back to the time I climbed to the top of Mount Fuji. 5The members of the party took it in turns to steer the boat. 6They took it for granted that someone would pick up their signals and come to their aid. Stems 7proclaim: to announce officially and publicly; to declare 8percentage: a proportion or share in relation to a whole; a part 9confirm: to support or establish the certainty or validity of; to verify 10affirm: to declare positively or firmly; to maintain to be true 11centigram: a metric unit of mass equal to one hundredth of a gram 12exclaim: to express or utter(something) suddenly or vehemently Synonyms