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语言学考试试卷2

语言学考试试卷2
语言学考试试卷2

Model 3

I. Define the following terms, giving examples for illustration if it is necessary.

1.Phonology: __________________________

2. Co-occurrence: ______________________

3. Lingua franca: _______________________

4. Language acquisition: _________________

5. category: ________________________

6. Domain: ____________________________

7. Interlanguage: _______________________

8. Acculturation: _______________________

9. endocentric: ____________________________

10.Narrow transcription:__________________

II. Indicate the following statements true or false.

1) . Print serves as a map of linguistic structure, readers use the clues to morphological structure that are embedded in orthography in reading the printed words.

2) . Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studies the sentence patterns of a language.

3). The long vowels are all lax vowels, and the short vowels are all tense vowels.

4). Language is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject to personal and situational

constraints.

5). It takes a baby about one year and half listening to its mother tongue before actually producing meaningful words.

6). Modern linguists regard the spoken language as primary, not the written.

7). An excessive use of euphemism may have negative effect.

8). Language determines the ways we perceive the objective world.

9). Chomsky classifies conceptual metaphors into three categories: ontological metaphors, structural metaphors and orientational metaphors.

10). What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered.

III. Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given.

1)In addition to the motor area which is responsible for physical articulation of utterances, three areas of the left hemisphere are vital to language: B _____ area, W_____ and angular g_____.

2)Language varieties other than the standard are called v______.

3)Social d_____ are varieties of language used by people belonging to particular classes.

4)Like sound and morphological changes, syntactic change in English involves l_____, g _____ and modification.

5)The history of English lexical expansion is one that is characterized with heavy b ____ and word f _____.

6. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human c______.

7. One general principle of linguistic analysis is the primacy of s_____ over writing.

8. The idea of Paul Grice is that in making conversation, the participants must first of all be willing to c______; otherwise it would be impossible for them to go on with the talk. The general principle is called the C_____P____.

9. The maxim of relation requires that what the conversation participants say must be r_____.

10. The relationship between an embedded clause and its matrix clause is one of a p____ to a whole.

IV. Mark the choice that would best complete the statement.

1. Predication analysis refers to the kind of analysis which involves the breaking down of predications into their constituents: ______ and predicate.

A. verb

B. subject

C. object

D. arguments

2. Language has at least seven basic functions: phatic, directive, informative, interrogative, expressive, evocative, and

______.

A. emotional

B.

communicative C. performative D. interactive

3. Black English is characterized by the following

Except_______.

A. omit auxiliary verb

B. drop the final phoneme.

C. the double negation construction

D. absence of the copula

4. Langue refers to the abstract 1inguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community and _______ refers to actualized language, or realization of langue.

A. speech

B. parole

C. word

D. lexeme

5. Lin guistic potential is similar to Saussure’s ―langue‖ and Chomsky’s ―_____‖.

A. performance

B. ability

C. competence

D. structure

6. The vocal ______ are similar to strings such as one on a violin or a piano.

A. strings

B. bands

C. cords

D. sounds

7. Through the ______ of La-La sound, Engla-land came to be pronounced England.

A. elaboration

B. simplification

C. assimilation

D. internal borrowing

8. The word ― zoo‖ was formed in the way of ______.

A. shortening

B. clipping

C.

abbreviation D. blending

9. By ______, we refer to word forms which differ from each other only by one sound, e. g., "pin" and "bin".

A. complementary distribution

B. minimal pair

C. free variation

D. adjacency pair

l0. Jacob Grimm’s great contribution to historical linguistics is his discovery of___.

A. the Great Vowel Shift

B.the Indo-European languages

C. the sound shift

D. the Universal grammar

l1. Morphologically the______ is the smallest unit that cannot be further divided.

A. phoneme

B. morpheme

C.

lexeme D. sememe

12. Which of the following sounds is a voiced affricate?

A. [ j ]

B. [ t ]

C. [ z ]

D. [ ? ]

l3. _____ is the study of the rules governing the ways words, word groups and phrases are combined to form sentences in language.

A. Structure

B. Syntax

C. Grammar

D. Linguistics

14. ______ construction is just the opposite of endocentric construction.

A. Extralinguistic

B.

Exocentric B. Internal D. External

l5. Traditional grammarians began with ____ definition of the sentence and its components.

A. prescriptive

B. descriptive

C.

notional D. structural

l6. The semantic components of the word _____ are + Human, +Adult, +male, - Married.

A. husband

B. man

C. bachelor

D. widow

17. Dutch, English, Flemish, German, etc. are usually considered as West Germanic _______ Languages.

A. Tone

B. Indo-European

C.

Syllabic D. Agglutinative

18. The view that language can be regarded as the dress of thought can be dated back to the time of ______.

A. Plato

B. Shakespeare

C. Chau

D. Saussure

19. The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis has two major thrusts: linguistic determinism and linguistic _______.

A. domain

B. relativity

C. performance

D. competence

20. In sociolinguistics, ______ refers to a group of institutionalized social situations typically constrained by a common set of behavioral rules.

A. domain

B. situation

C. society

D. community

V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible, giving examples if necessary.

1. Decide the meaning of the following affixes and roots and give each affix two examples.

re- un- anti- super- mis- audi- ge ne- semi- ~path ~wise ~ize ~age

2. How can consonants be classified?

3. Why do we say language is arbitrary?

4. For each of the underlined constructions or word groups do the following:

1). State whether it is headed or non-headed

2). If headed, state its headword

3). Name the type of constructions

Ex. His son will be keenly competing.

Answer: headed, headword 一competing; verbal group.

( a ) Ducks quack.

( b ) The ladder in the shed is long enough.

( c ) I saw a bridge damaged beyond repair.

( d ) Singing hymns is forbidden in some countries.

5. Explain the main characteristics of subjects in English.

Keys

I 1. The study of sound system---the inventory of distinctive sounds that occur in a language and the patterns into which they fall.

2. It means that words of different sets of clauses may permit, or require, the occurrence of a word of another set or class to form a sentence or a particular part of a sentence. For instance , what can precede a noun ( dog ) is usually the determiners and adjectives , and what can follow it when it takes the position of subject will be predicators such as bark , bite , run , etc . In short, co-occurrence is the syntactic environment in which a construction, with its relevant elements, can appear grammatically and conventionally. Thus relations of co-occurrence partly belong to syntagmatic relations, partly to paradigmatic relations.

3. Lingua franca is a variety of language that serves as a common speech for social contact among groups of people who speak different native languages or dialects.

4. It is a general term used to refer to the development of a person’s first, second, or foreign language. That is, h ow he understands and to speak the language of his community.

5. The term category in some approaches refers to classes and functions in its narrow sense ,e.g., noun , verb , subject , predicate , noun phrase , verb phrase , etc . More specifically, It refers to the defining properties of these general units: the categories of the noun, for example, include number, gender, case and countability; and of the verb, for example, tense, aspect , voice , and so on.

6. Domain refers to a phenomenon that most bilingual communications have one thing in common, that is, a fairly clear functional differentiation of the two languages in respect of speech situations, for instance the Home Domain, Employment Domain etc.

7. It refers to a separate linguistic system based on the observable out-put which results from a learner’s attempted production of a target language form. It is formed when he attempts to learn a new language, and it has features of both the first and the second language but is neither.

8. Acculturation refers to the process of adapting to the culture and value system of the second language Community.

9. Endocentric construction is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents, i.e., a word or a group of words, which serves as a definable Centre or Head. In the phrase two pretty girls, girls, is the Centre or Head of this phrase or word group.

10. Narrow transcription —— diacritics are added to the

one – letter symbols to show the finer differences between sounds.

For example, the sound [ l ] in the above mentioned words differ slightly. The [ l ] in leaf [ l:f ], occurring before a vowel is called a clear [ l ] and the [ l ] in feel [fi:l] , occurring at the end of a word or before another consonant is called a dark [ l ] and in narrow transcription the diacritic [ ~ ] is used to indicate it is a dark [ ? ]. Then in the sound combination [helθ] the sound is called a dental [l ] because it is followed by dental [θ ]

II. 1.T 2.F 3.F 4.T 5.F 6.T 7.T 8.F 9.F 10.T

III. 1. Broca’s; Wernicke’s; gyrus 2. vernacular; 3. dialect; 4. loss, gain; 5. borrowing, formation;

6. communication;

7.speech;

8. communicate, Cooperative Principle;

9.relative; 10. part;

IV. 1.D 2.B 3.A 4.B 5.C 6.C 7.C 8.B 9.B 10.A 11.B 12.D 13.B 14.B 15.A 16.C 17.B 18.A 19.B 20.A

V. 1. again; not or the opposite action; greater or more than usual; badly or wrong(ly); listening; life; heat; half; emotion; in

the

manner of; disease of inflection of; to make of the stated

type or put into the stated condition; the process of an action;

2.Consonants ca be classified in two ways:

1) according to the manner of articulation;

2) according to the place of articulation;

3. Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between the sounds that people use and the objects to which these sounds refer. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration the arbitrary nature of language. It is only our tacit agreement of utterance.

4. ( a. ) ( nonheaded, independent clause )

( b ) ( non-head , prepositional phrase )

( c ) ( headed; headword 一damaged ; adjectival group ) ( d ) ( headed; headword 一singing ; gerundial phrase )

5. The grammatical category ―subject‖ in different language possesses different characteristics. In English, "subject" may have the following characteristics:

A. Word order: Subject ordinarily precedes the verb in a statement such as "Sally collects stamps."

B. Pronoun forms: The first and third person pronouns In English appear in a special form when the pronoun is a subject. This form is not used when the pronoun occurs in other positions:

He loves me I love him. We threw stones at them. They threw stones at us.

C. Agreement with verb: In the simple present tense, an -s is added to the verb when a third person subject is singular. However , the number and person of the object or any other element in the sentence have no effect at all on the form of the

verb :

She angers him.They anger him. She angers them.

D. Content questions: if the subject, is replaced by a question word (who or what),

the rest of the sentence remains unchanged, as in ( b ) But when any other element of the sentence is replaced by a question word , an auxiliary verb must appear before the subject . If the basic sentence does not contain an auxiliary verb, we must Insert did or do (es) immediately after the question word, as in (d, e).

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