英国文学史复习资料整理 (1)
?historical background: the making of Britain
A. Briton (Celtic tribes)
B. the Roman Conquest---Roman Briton
1th Julius Caesar
A.D.43 Claudius
C. mid-5th Anglo-Saxons (Angles, Saxons, Jutes)
Anglo-Saxon period
D. Danish invasion
late 8th, Danes
late 9th, Alfred the Great
the literature
the literature of this period falls naturally isto two divisions—pagan and Christian
pagan represents the poetry which the Anglo-Saxons probably brought with them in the form of oral sagas
Christian represents the writings developed under teaching of the monks..
All of the earliest poetry of England was copied by the monks, and seems to have been more or less altered to give it a religious coloring.
The angles, an important Teutonis tribe, furnished the name for the new home, which was called Angle-land afterward shortened into England. The language spoken by these tribes is generally called Anglo-Saxon or Saxon.
Literary term
★Epic: a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down.
(examples: Iliad, Odyssey, Chanson de Roland)
2.Beowulf– national epic
★the longest and most monument of A-S poems
★the oldest surviving epic in British literature.
?oral form (6th), earliest written record (7th or 8th)
?set in Denmark and Sweden
Beowulf
1. 3183 lines
2. contents:
Beowulf centers on the narration of the exploits of the heroic figure beowulf.
3 adventures
Monster---Grendel
Grendel’s mother
fiery dragon
Theme: primitive people’s struggle against hostile forces o f the natural world under a wise and mighty leader.
Beowulf is not simply a man of great military prowess but he is forever eager to help others in distress and in his last adventure with the dragon he shows himself a worthy leader ready to sacrifice his own life for the welfare of his people.
Features:
＊part-historical and part legendary
＊heathen tribal society, feudal elements, Christian coloring
＊A-S or old English; alliteration metaphor
In the year 1066, at the battle of Hastings, the Normans headed by William, Duke of Normandy, defeated the Anglo-Saxons.
Brought to England is remarkable for its bright, romantic tales of love and adventure.
England literature is also a combination of French and Saxon elements.
The three chief effects of the conquest were
1.the bringing of Roman civilization to England
2.the growth of nationality a strong centralized government,
instead of the loose union of Saxon tribes
3.the new language and literature were proclaimed in Chaucer
1 the Norman conquest accelerated the development of feudalism.
on land: the ruling class possessed large tracts of land
on society: distinct class division, miseries of peasants
on language: scholar wrote in French and Latin; enriched English.
The development of romance and knights’legends
★Romance: A long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble man. The central character is the Knight, who has a noble birth, is skillful in the use of weapon and devotes to the church or King. The rules governing the manners and morals of a knight are known as chivalry.
?Themes of romance:
the matter of Britain—king Arthur and his knights of the Round Table (Arthurian romances)
the matter of France—Charlemagne and his knights (Chanson de
Roland)
the matter of Rome—from the Trojan War to Alexander the Great
King Arthur:
＊historical figure of Celts; mythological figure in Welsh literature; ＊legendary hero in
?Geoffery of Monmouth: “History of the Kings of Britain”
?Layamon: “Brut”
?Sir Tom as Malory: “Le Morte D?Arthur”
?Anglo-Saxon
?Later legends about a hero named Arthur were placed in this period of violence. The invaders were variously Angles, Saxons, Frisians, Jutes, but were similar in culture and eventually identified themselves indifferently as Angles or Saxons.
The most outstanding single romance on the Arthurian legend—―Sir Gawain and the Green Knight‖ (four sections)
a.The fight between Sir Gawain and the Green Knight at King Arthur?s Christmas feast.
b. Gawain?s adventures on the way to find the Green Knight of the Green Chapel
c. three days of Gawain?s stay at the castle.
d. the finding the Green Knight and Gawain?s returning to king Arthur.
?Themes:
?loyalty to the king and lord
?Temptation and testing (Knights of Gawain's time were tested in their ability to balance the male-oriented chivalric code with the female-oriented rules of courtly love. The test of Gawain's adherence to the code of chivalry.
Alliteration
A repeated initial consonant to successive words. Alliteration is not an unusual or expressive phenomenon but a regularly recurring structural feature of the verse, occurring on the firt and third. Legend
A song or narrative handed down from the past, legend differ from myths on the basis of the elements of historical truth they contain.
Geoffrey Chaucer
—Father of English literature
—Founder of English poetry
1. Life story: court page, in the army fighting France and was taken
prisoner, ten years diplomatic errands (nine times to Europe), contact with Renaissance in Italian literature, met Petrarch, had many public employments, died in 1400 and was the first to be buried in the Poet’s Corner of Westminster Abbey.
Chaucer served in a great variety of occupation (courtier, office-holder, soldier, ambassador, legislator) and had broad and intimate acquaintance with persons high and low in all walks of life and knew well of the whole social life, which later had great impact in his literary career.
Chaucer?s creative work vividly reflected the changes which had taken root in English culture of the second half of the 14th century. Translated various works of French authors Romance of the Rose. Being specially fond of the great Italian writer Boccaccio, Chaucer composes a long narrative poem Troilus and Cressis, based upon Boccaccio?s poem Filostrato.Is distinguished for its profound delineation of character and truthful description of human relations.
Chaucer chose the metrical form which laid the foundation of the English tonico-syllabic verse. Contribution: The basis of which was formed by the London dialect, so profusely used by the poet.
Meter(格律):
“In English when applied to poetry, meter refers to the regular pattern (?) of stressed and unstressed syllables. Usually, a stressed syllable is marked with 'ˊ', and unstressed one is marked with ‘ˇ'” (Li, 2006:280).
Word stress:
Mark the stressed and unstressed syllables in the following words: Sentence stress:
In general situations, notional words (e.g. nouns, verbs, adjectives, numerals, adverbs) are normally stressed while structural words (e.g. articles, prepositions, conjunctions, pronouns) are unstressed.
Rhyme(压韵): “In English versification, standard rhyme consists of the repetition, in the rhyming words, of the last stressed vowel and all the sounds following that vowel… End rhymes, by far the most frequent type, occur at the end of a verse line”(Abrams, 2005: 273).
Rhyme scheme (押韵模式)is the pattern of alternating end rhymes in a stanza or poem, each rhyme is represented by a smaller letter, thus a rhyme scheme looks like “ababcc”.
Heroic Couplets（英雄双韵体）
Heroic couplets are lines of iambic pentameter that rhyme in pairs (aa, bb, cc···).
The Canterbury Tales
Represent the wide sweep of English life by gathering a motley company together and letting each class of society tell its own favorite stories.
The prologue is a splendid masterpiece of realistic portrayal, the first of its kind in the history of English literature.
He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions and a blind belief in fate
He is always keen to praise man’s energy, adroitness, intellect, quick wit and the love for life.
1. General Prologue + 24 tales (unfinished)
Outline of the story: in April, Tabard Inn, 30 pilgrims to St. Thomas Becket’s tomb in Canterbury, beguile the journey by story-telling, two going and two returning, the best story-teller will be given a free supper, 24 were written. (General Prologue)
The Prologue: framework; vivid sketches of all classes of the English feudal society through 32 pilgrims.
＊tales: most notable group tales: ―marriage group‖: whether
husband or wife should be the dominating person in marital relationship.
?couplet: two successive lines of poetry that rhyme (aa bb cc dd)
examples:
This were to be new made when thou art old,
And see thy blood warm when thou feel'st it cold.
To give away yourself, keeps yourself still,
And you must live, drawn by your own sweet skill.
?heroic couplet: two successive lines of rhymed poetry in iambic pentameter.It is a traditional form for English poetry, commonly used for epic and narrative poetry. (first used by Chaucer in British literature)
When that April with his shower swoote
The drought of March hath pierced to the root
and bathed every vein in such licour
Of which virtue engendered is the flower
social significance
①true-to-life picture of the society
②affirm men and women’s rights to pursue happiness and pleasure as opposed to the dogma of asceticism
③praise man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life
④expose and satirize the evil of the time (social distinction, religious conflict, hypocrisy)
4. Contributions to E.L.
①middle English; vivid and exact
②great master of language: introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types, esp. heroic couplet (first)
③first great poet who wrote in English language.
④did much in making the dialect of London the standard for modern English speech.
Popular ballads
Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission. Although any stage of a given culture may produce ballads, they are most characteristic of primitive societiies. The ballads of Robin Hood.
The Renaissance
The 16th century in England was a period of the breaking up of feudal relations and the establishing of the foundations of capitalism. Thomas More: “sheep devoured men”
I. Introduction to Renaissance
1. the origin of Renaissance
Against the medieval religious darkness, the Renaissance sprang first in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe
2. Characteristics of the Renaissance
Humanism (against asceticism)
Individualism (against negation of human beings)
Questioning Attitude (towards religious matters)
Interest in Secular, or non-religious worldly matters.
Rise of the middle class (Disposable income)
Great achievements in the arts.
3. Humanism
Humanism is the idea that is focused on human achievements and potential rather than religious themes. Focused on the man and his world.
Concentrated on everyday human problems and relationships.
Humanists focus on pleasure rather than morality.
The secular nature of humanism, as well as it?s questioning attitude, often brought it into conflict with the traditional teachings of the Catholic Church and Medieval thinking.
II. Renaissance in England
In simple terms, the Renaissance in England was caused by the spread of Renaissance learning and ideology from Italy and France. The Renaissance embraced not only literature, but also art and architecture. In literary terms, the study of the classical poets led not only to their translation into English but the adaptation of their verse forms and systems of poetical metre, as well as the embracing of their themes and genres.
1. Poetryd
The Renaissance poetry was addressed to REASON as a universal moral guide; it was composed on the assumption that the function of poetry was to teach by delighting —to “interpret” and to influence men?s actions.
Renaissance
The term Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical
(Greek and Roman) arts and sciences after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism. Indeed, a great number of the works of classical authors were translated into English during the 16th century. The study and propagation of classical learning and art was carried on by the progressive thinkers of the humanists. They held their chief interest not in ecclesiastical knowledge, but in man, his environment and doings and bracely fought for the emancipation of man from the tyranny of the church and religious dogmas.
At the beginning of the 16th the outstanding humanist Thomas More wrote his Utopia in which he gave a profound and truthful picture of the people?s sufferings and put forward his ideal of a future happy society.
At the end of the century the great English scientist and philosopher Francis Bacon wrote his famous philosophical and literary works.
Lyrical poems by Thomas Wyatt who was the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature.
In the second half of the 16th century lyrical poetry became widespread in England.
Edmund Spenser was the author of the greatest epic poem of the time The Fairy Queen.
Various types of novel were developed in the 16th century.
Thomas Loge was authors of novels dealing with court life and gallantry.
John Lyly?s novel Eupheus gave rise to the term “euphuism”, designating an affected style of court speech.
Realistic tendencies developed in Thomas Deloney
The epoch of Renaissance witnessed a particular development of English drama. The greatest of the pioneers of English drama was Christopher Marlowe who reformed that genre in England and perfected the language and verse of dramatic works. It was Marlowe who made blank verse the principal vehicle of expression in drama.
2. the development of drama
Drama became very popular
The first theatre houses “the globe” and “the theatre” were built First companies of actors were formed
1. Definition
Greek meaning of drama: “things done”
Aristotle: drama “imitated human action.”
Manly: Drama is a story told in action by actors who impersonate
the characters of the story.
Drama is “a composition in prose or verse, adapted to be acted upon a stage, in which a story is related by means of dialogue and action, and is represented with accompanying gesture, costume, and scenery, as in real life.”
Drama: a play written in prose or verse that tells a story through dialogue and actions performed by actors impersonating the characters of the story.
Greek rituals
Celebrating the death and rebirth of Dionysus
3. Greek drama
Greek drama arose from those phases of the Dionysian rites, dealing with life and death
One character and the chorus (more characters added later)
1. Religious Period
(1) Mystery plays presented stories from the Old and New Testament of the Bible.
Creation of the World, the Fall, the Great Flood, Redemption, Final Judgment, etc.
accorded with the earth?s renewal in spring, and the promise of harvest at midsummer.
(2) Miracle plays
Dramatizing the lives and miracles of saints, or divine intervention in human affairs, that is, stories from the lives of saints.
Often focused on blessed virgin Mary
(3) Morality plays
Presenting stories containing abstract virtues and vices as characters. They were plays which had a moral message: Good and Evil fight for domination of the human soul.
2. Artistic Period
The first Comedy, Ralph Roister Doister written by the schoolmaster, Nicholas Udall between 1550 and 1553
The first English tragedy, Gorboduc written in 1561 by Thomas Sackville and Thomas Norton
III. Elements of drama
1. Plot
The structure of a play?s action, the order of the incidents, their arrangement and form
2. Character
The vital center of a play
How they look, what they say and in what manners they say; what
they do and how their actions reveal who they are and what they represent
The human qualities are the most engaging feature.
3. Dialogue
Drama is described as “persons moving about on stage using words.”
Major functions of Dialogue: to advance the plot, to establish setting, and to reveal character.
4. Staging
Things like positions of actors, nonverbal gestures and movements, scenic background, props and costumes, lighting and sound effects 5. Theme
It is the central idea of the play.
6. Some Key Dramatic Terms
Script
A script is the written work from which a drama is produced. It contains stage directions and dialogue.
Stage Directions
Notes provided by the playwright to describe how something should be presented or performed on stage.
Spectacle
Stage directions often describe elements of the spectacle: lighting,
music, sound effects, costumes, properties, and set designs. Monologue
A monologue is a long speech given by an actor.
Soliloquy
A soliloquy is a speech given by a character who is alone (or thinks he is alone) on stage.
Aside
A statement intended to be heard by the audience or by a single other character but not by all the other characters on stage is an aside.
Act
An act is a major division of a drama.
Scene
A scene is a division of an act. A scene typically begins with the entrance of one or more characters and ends with the exit of one or more characters.
Set
The set is everything placed upon the stage to give the impression of a particular setting.
Three Unities
Time: One day—24 hours
Place: One setting
Action: One plot: no comic relief or sub-plot
Dramatic Irony
Playwrights use dramatic irony when they allow the audience to know more than the characters do about a specific situation or incident.
The reader?s awareness of a discrepancy between a character?s perception of his or her own situation or activities, or of their consequences, and the true nature of that situation or those consequences. It is used to make some actor or actress on the stage do certain ridiculous or pathetic things just because he or she is ignorant of some information known to other characters and the audience.
Tragedy is concerned with the harshness and apparent injustice of life. It usually recounts an important and causally related series of events in the life of a person of significancee. The tragic action arouses feelings of awe in the audience, who often leave the theatre with a renewed sense of the seriousness and significance of human life.
Comedy: Broadly it is any literary work designed to amuse. The term is usually reserved fro palys whose tone is lighthearted and humorous, that are amusing, and that have a happy ending.
William Shakespeare
英国文学史复习资料(三年级专业生期末考试必备)[1] (1)
英国文学史资料British Writers and Works I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages
英国文学史及选读 复习要点总结概要
《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点 1. Beowulf: national epic of the English people; Denmark story; alliteration, metaphors and understatements (此处可能会有填空,选择等小题 2. Romance (名词解释 3. “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’ s story 4. Ballad(名词解释 5. Character of Robin Hood 6. Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry; The Canterbury Tales (main contents; 124 stories planned, only 24 finished; written in Middle English; significance; form: heroic couplet 7. Heroic couplet (名词解释 8. Renaissance(名词解释 9.Thomas More—— Utopia 10. Sonnet(名词解释 11. Blank verse(名词解释12. Edmund Spenser “The Faerie Queene” 13. Francis Bacon “essays” esp. “Of Studies” (推荐阅读,学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照,本文用词正式优雅,多排比句和长句,语言造诣非常高,里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句,非常值得一读 14. William Shakespeare四大悲剧比较重要,此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了,这些剧的主题,背景,情节,人物形象都要熟悉,当然他最重要的是 Hamlet 这是肯定的。他的sonnet 也很重要,最重要属 sonnet18。 (其戏剧中著名对白和几首有名的十四行诗可能会出选读 15. John Milton 三大史诗非常重要,特别是 Paradise Lost 和 Samson Agonistes。对于 Paradise Lost 需要知道它是 blank verse写成的,故事情节来自 Old Testament,另外要知道此书 theme 和 Satan 的形象。
英国文学史及选读__期末试题及答案
考试课程：英国文学史及选读考核类型：A 卷 考试方式：闭卷出卷教师: XXX 考试专业：英语考试班级：英语xx班 I.Multiple choice (30 points, 1 point for each) select from the four choices of each item the one that best answers the question or completes the statement. 1._____，a typical example of old English poetry ,is regarded today as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. A.The Canterbury Tales B.The Ballad of Robin Hood C.The Song of Beowulf D.Sir Gawain and the Green Kinght 2._____is the most common foot in English poetry. A.The anapest B.The trochee C.The iamb D.The dactyl 3.The Renaissance is actually a movement stimulated by a series of historical events, which one of the following is NOT such an event? A.The rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture. B.England’s domestic rest C.New discovery in geography and astrology D.The religious reformation and the economic expansion 4._____is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. A.The Pilgrims Progress B.Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners C.The Life and Death of Mr.Badman D.The Holy War 5.Generally, the Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries, its essence is _____. A.science B.philosophy C.arts D.humanism 6.“So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,/So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.”(Shakespeare, Sonnets18)What does“this”refer to ? A.Lover. B.Time. C.Summer. D.Poetry. 7.“O prince, O chief of my throned powers, /That led th’ embattled seraphim to war/Under thy conduct, and in dreadful deeds/Fearless, endangered Heaven’s perpetual king”In the third line of the above passage quoted from Milton’s Paradise Los t, the phrase“thy conduct”refers to _____conduct. A.God’s B.Satan’s C.Adam’s D.Eve’s
英国文学史复习资料
Beowulf English literature began with the Anglo-Saxon settlement in England.Beowulf is the national epic of the English people. Beowulf is a folk legend brought to England by Anglo-Saxons from their continental homes.Its main stories are evidently folk legends of primative Northern tribes.The most striking feature of Beowulf is the use of alliteration（头韵）.In alliterative verse,certain accented word in a line begin with the same consonant sound,there are generally 4 accents in a line,three of which show alliteration.Other features are the use of metaphors and of understatements(掩饰). ―Ring-giver‖ is used for king, ―sea-wood‖for ship.Ironical humour is often regarded as a permanentcharacteristic of English. Chaucer (About 1340-1400.) His literature career can be divided into three periods:French Period (The Romaunt of the Rose) ,Italian Period,England period.Troilus and Criseyde is his longest complete poem(8000 lines) and his greatest artistic achievement.The Canterbury Tales is Chaucer’s masterpiece and one of the monumental works in English literature.Taking the stand of the rising bourgeoisie,he affi rms men and women’s right to pursue their happiness on earth and opposes the dogma of asceticism(禁欲主义) preached by the church.As a forerunner of humanism,he praises man’s energy,intellect,quick wit and love of life.Chaucer’s language,called Middle English,is vivid and exact.Contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types,especially the rhymed couplet(双韵诗体)of 5 accents in iambic(抑扬格) meter(the heroic couplet)to English poetry,instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse. Marlowe(1564-1593)
大三_英国文学史(绝对标准中文版)
英国文学源远流长，经历了长期、复杂的发展演变过程。在这个过程中，文学本体以外的各种现实的、历史的、政治的、文化的力量对文学发生着影响，文学内部遵循自身规律，历经盎格鲁-撒克逊、文艺复兴、新古典主义、浪漫主义、现实主义、现代主义等不同历史阶段。下面对英国文学的发展过程作一概述。 一、中世纪文学（约5世纪-1485） 英国最初的文学同其他国家最初的文学一样，不是书面的，而是口头的。故事与传说口头流传，并在讲述中不断得到加工、扩展，最后才有写本。公元5世纪中叶，盎格鲁、撒克逊、朱特三个日耳曼部落开始从丹麦以及现在的荷兰一带地区迁入不列颠。盎格鲁-撒克逊时代给我们留下的古英语文学作品中，最重要的一部是《贝奥武甫》（Beowulf），它被认为是英国的民族史诗。《贝奥武甫》讲述主人公贝尔武甫斩妖除魔、与火龙搏斗的故事，具有神话传奇色彩。这部作品取材于日耳曼民间传说，随盎格鲁-撒克逊人入侵传入今天的英国，现在我们所看到的诗是8世纪初由英格兰诗人写定的，当时，不列颠正处于从中世纪异教社会向以基督教文化为主导的新型社会过渡的时期。因此，《贝奥武甫》也反映了7、8世纪不列颠的生活风貌，呈现出新旧生活方式的混合，兼有氏族时期的英雄主义和封建时期的理想，体现了非基督教日耳曼文化和基督教文化两种不同的传统。 公元1066年，居住在法国北部的诺曼底人在威廉公爵率领下越过英吉利海峡，征服英格兰。诺曼底人占领英格兰后，封建等级制度得以加强和完备，法国文化占据主导地位，法语成为宫廷和上层贵族社会的语言。这一时期风行一时的文学形式是浪漫传奇，流传最广的是关于亚瑟王和圆桌骑士的故事。《高文爵士和绿衣骑士》（Sir Gawain and the Green Knight，1375-1400）以亚瑟王和他的骑士为题材，歌颂勇敢、忠贞、美德，是中古英语传奇最精美的作品之一。传奇文学专门描写高贵的骑士所经历的冒险生活和浪漫爱情，是英国封建社会发展到成熟阶段一种社会理想的体现。 14世纪以后，英国资本主义工商业发展较快，市民阶级兴起，英语逐渐恢复了它的声誉，社会各阶层普遍使用英语，为优秀英语文学作品的产生提供了条件。杰弗利·乔叟（Geoffrey Chaucer， 1343-1400）的出现标志着以本土文学为主流的英国书面文学历史的开始。《坎特伯雷故事》（The Canterbury Tales）以一群香客从伦敦出发去坎特伯雷朝圣为线索，通过对香客的生动描绘和他们沿途讲述的故事，勾勒出一幅中世纪英国社会千姿百态生活风貌的图画。乔叟首创英雄诗行，即五步抑扬格双韵体，对英诗韵律作出了很大贡献，被誉为"英国诗歌之父".乔叟的文笔精练优美，流畅自然，他的创作实践将英语提升到一个较高的文学水平，推动了英语作为英国统一的民族语言的进程。 二、文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期-17世纪初） 相对于欧洲其他国家来说，英国的文艺复兴起始较晚，通常认为是在15世纪末。文艺复兴时期形成的思想体系被称为人文主义，它主张以人为本，反对中世纪以神为中心的世界观，提倡积极进取、享受现世欢乐的生活理想。托马斯·莫尔（Thomas More， 1478-1535）是英国最主要的早期人文主义者，他的《乌托邦》（Utopia）批评了当时的英国和欧洲社会，设计了一个社会平等、财产公有、人们和谐相处的理想国。Utopia现已成为空想主义的代名词，但乌托邦是作者对当时社会状况进行严肃思考的结果。《乌托邦》开创了英国哲理幻想小说传统的先河，这一传统从培根的《新大西岛》（The New Atlantis）、斯威夫特的《格列佛游记》（Gulliver's Travels）、勃特勒的《埃瑞璜》（Erewhon）一直延续到20世纪
英国文学史期末复习重点
英国文学史 Part one: Early and Medieval English Literature Chapter 1 The Making of England 1. The early inhabitants in the island now we call England were Britons, a tribe of Gelts. 2. In 55 B.C., Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar. The Roman occupation lasted for about 400 years. It was also during the Roman role that Christianity was introduced to Britain. And in 410 A.D., all the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned. 3. The English Conquest At the same time Britain was invaded by swarms of pirates（海盗）. They were three tribes from Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes. And by the 7th century these small kingdoms were combined into a United Kingdom called England, or, the land of Angles. And the three dialects spoken by them naturally grew into a single language called Anglo -Saxon, or Old English. 4. The Social Condition of the Anglo -Saxon Therefore, the Anglo -Saxon period witnessed a transition from tribal society to feudalism. 5. Anglo -Saxon Religious Belief and Its Influence The Anglo -Saxons were Christianized in the seventh century. Chapter 2 Beowulf 1. Anglo -Saxon Poetry But there is one long poem of over 3,000 lines. It is Beowulf, the national epic of the English people. Grendel is a monster described in Beowulf. 3. Analysis of Its Content Beowulf is a folk lengend brought to England by Anglo -Saxons from their continental homes. It had been passed from mouth to mouth for hundreds of years before it was written down in the tenth century. 4. Features of Beowulf The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration, metaphors and understatements. Chapter 3 Feudal England 1）T he Norman Conquest 2. The Norman Conquest The French -speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066. After defeating the English at Hastings, William was crowned as King of England. The Norman Conquest marks the establishment of feudalism in England.
英国文学史_复习资料大二英语专业必考
一．作家作品连线 1.GeoffreyChaucer乔叟——TheCanterburyTales(坎特伯雷故事)，TheBookofTheDuchess（公爵夫人之书）、TheParliamentofFowls（百鸟会议）TheHouseofFame(声誉之堂)、TroilusandCriseyde（特罗勒斯与克丽西德） 2.WilliamShakespeare莎士比亚——Hamlet,RomeoandJuliet,Sonnet TheMerchantofVenice，HenryIV，TwelfthNight，KingLear，Macbeth Othello,Winter’sTale,TheTempest 3.FrancisBacon培根——OfMarriageandSingleLife（论婚姻和单身）,OfStudies,AdvancementofLearning,NewAtlantis,Essays 4.JohnDonne邓恩(Metaphysicalpoems玄学派诗人)——SongandSonnets（歌与十四行诗）TheGood-Morrow,BreakofDay,HolySonnets（圣十四行诗）,AttheRou ndEarth’sImaginedCorners,Below,Death,BenotProud,Eleg ies,OnHisMistress,ToHisMistressGoingtoBed 5.JohnMilton弥尔顿——ParadiseLost（失乐园）、ParadiseRegained（复乐园）SamsonAgonistes（力士参孙）,Lycidas(利西达斯），Areopagitica, 6.DanielDefoe笛福——TheLifeandstrangeSurprisingAdventuresofRobinsonCrusoe（鲁滨孙漂流记）、CaptainSingleton(辛格顿船长)、MollFlanders（摩尔·弗兰德斯）AJournalofthePlagueYear（大疫年日记）、Roxana（罗克萨娜） 7.JonathanSwift斯威夫特——Gulliver’sTravels（格列佛游记）ATaleofaTub（一只桶的故事）,AModestProposal（一个温和的建议）,TheBattleoftheBooks,TheDrapier’sLetter,JournaltoStella
(完整)最全面英国文学史知识点总结,推荐文档
英国文学史 I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages
(完整word版)吴伟仁--英国文学史及选读--名词解释
①Beowulf: The national heroic epic of the English people. It has over 3,000 lines. It describes the battles between the two monsters and Beowulf, who won the battle finally and dead for the fatal wound. The poem ends with the funeral of the hero. The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use if alliteration. Other features of it are the use of metaphors(暗喻) and of understatements(含蓄). ②Alliteration: In alliterative verse, certain accented(重音) words in a line begin with the same consonant sound(辅音). There are generally 4accents in a line, 3 of which show alliteration, as can be seen from the above quotation. ③Romance: The most prevailing(流行的) kind of literature in feudal England was the Romance. It was a long composition, sometimes in verse(诗篇), sometimes in prose(散文), describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, usually a knight, as riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournament(竞赛), or fighting for his lord in battle and the swearing of oaths. ④Epic: An epic is a lengthy narrative poem, ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing details of heroic deeds and events significantly to a culture or nation. The first epics are known as primacy, or original epics. ⑤Ballad: The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad which is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas(诗节), with the second and fourth lines rhymed. The subjects of ballads are various in kind, as the struggle of young lovers against their feudal-minded families, the conflict between love and wealth, the cruelty of jealousy, the criticism of the civil war, and the matters and class struggle. The paramount(卓越的) important ballad is Robin Hood(《绿林好汉》). ⑥Geoffrey Chaucer杰弗里.乔叟: He was an English author, poet, philosopher and diplomat. He is the founder of English poetry. He obtained a good knowledge of Latin, French and Italian. His best remembered narrative is the Canterbury Tales(《坎特伯雷故事集》), which the Prologue(序言) supplies a miniature(缩影) of the English society of Chaucer’s time. That is why Chaucer has been called “the founder of English realism”. Chaucer affirms men and women’s right to pursue their happiness on earth and opposes(反对) the dogma of asceticism(禁欲主义) preached(鼓吹) by the church. As a forerunner of humanism, he praises man’s energy, intellect, quick wit and love of life. Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic(抑扬格) meter(the “heroic couplet”) to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse. ⑦【William Langland威廉.朗兰: Piers the Plowman《农夫皮尔斯》】
英国文学史复习资料
V The Romantic Period The romantic period began in 1798 the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s
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