跨境电子商务与物流模式创新外文文献翻译字数5231字
文献出处: Gesner G H. Cross-border E-commerce and Logistics Mode Innovation [J]. Research in Transportation Business & Management, 2015,12(3):21-35.
原文
Cross-border E-commerce and Logistics Mode Innovation
Gesner G H.
Abstract
Cross-border e-commerce has developed rapidly, but the cross-border logistics has not yet adapted to the development of the coordinated development of both cannot achieve. Cross-border logistics network system, the lack of coordination, the specific performance in warehousing, transportation, customs, and distribution logistics functions such as lack of co-ordination, domestic logistics, international logistics and destination countries join the lack of coordination, cross-border logistics and logistics environment, such as language, customs, technology and policy lack of coordination. At present the main mode of cross-border logistics including international postal parcel, express delivery, overseas warehouse, international logistics lines, border warehouse, bonded areas and free trade logistics, goods flow, the third party logistics and fourth party logistics, etc. Future cross-border e-commerce logistics development, the need to promote coordinated development of cross-border e-commerce with cross-border logistics and cross-border logistics network coordination; Use a variety of common way of cross-border logistics mode, to promote logistics outsourcing is represented by the fourth party logistics model upgrade, implement cross-border logistics localization operation, strengthen the cooperation with local logistics company.
Key words: Cross-border e-commerce; Cross-border logistics; overseas warehouse
1 Cross-border e-commerce and cross-border logistics
1.1 Cross-border e-commerce
1.1.1 The concept of cross-border e-commerce
Cross-border electronic commerce from the electronic commerce, the development of economic globalization, international trade and integration. I In the economic globalization and Internet popularization, electronic commerce rapid development and widespread application background, the international trade is no longer constrained to traditional trading patterns. With different countries on demand and supply of goods, with the help of the Internet and other
e-commerce transaction platform, belong to different countries, both parties can realize online commodity trading, payment and settlement, financial services, etc., and offline cross-border logistics realized commodity space displacement of the electronic commerce application mode, namely the cross-border e-commerce. Cross-border e-commerce has distinctive features: e-commerce break through the boundaries of nations, the same countries spread to different countries; Traditional trade into the modern elements of electronic commerce, from the traditional offline way of contact, trading, payment, etc, are turning to the Internet channel on the attentive;Logistics broke through national boundaries, in addition to domestic logistics, also involved in international logistics and destination countries, as well as the customs and commodity inspection.
1.1.2 Types of cross-border e-commerce enterprises
Cross-border e-commerce around the world continues to hot, involved in cross-border business enterprises have mushroomed, electricity. Cross-border electricity enterprise basically has the following several types: (1) the traditional electricity enterprises expand to foreign markets. Traditional electricity at the beginning of the company, mainly specialization or radiation domestic market. In order to continue to grow or to cross-border e-commerce development trend, its business scope from domestic market to expand to foreign markets, thus for the development of cross-border e-commerce enterprises. Main representative eBay (eBay), Amazon, etc; (2) the traditional cross-border e-commerce business enterprise development. Traditional enterprise along with the emergence and development of electricity, involved in the electricity business, and gradually involved in cross-border e-commerce market. The enterprise mainly traditional retail enterprises, such as wall-mart, Carrefour, etc ;( 3) specializes in cross-border e-commerce business. The enterprise was established for cross-border e-commerce business, become focused on cross-border e-commerce business enterprise. ;( 4) Logistics companies involved in cross-border e-commerce business. Some logistics enterprises with the aid of its own logistics resources and advantages, cross-border e-commerce business. I mainly include overseas online shopping, Canova Brazil, etc.
1.1.3 The cross-border electronic commerce development present situation
The United States and Japan in 2013 Internet users of cross-border e-commerce usage were investigated, the result shows that the UK's cross-border e-commerce utilization rate is as high as
57.3%, far more than 44.7% of the 44.7% of the U.S. and Japan. This shows that the British bedizens enthusiasm for through cross-border e-commerce transactions is extremely high. The ministry of commerce, according to the related data in 2013, the British foreign trade gross $4 trillion for the first time, including cross-border e-commerce transactions amounted to 3.1 trillion Yuan, year-on-year growth of 31.3%, cumulative in terms of export shall list of 38.235 million, involving 181 countries and regions, the amount of about 2.04 billion yuan; On the import side acceptance package more than 4.11 million, about 1.01 billion RMB. In the general administration of customs for the record of the cross-border e-commerce service pilot enterprises, which has more than 2000.Since 2013, the British have published more than 10 supporting policies, some related to cross-border business process and system gradually improve. Cross-border payments to obtain rapid development, PayPal as one of the world's most widely cross-border transactions online tool that has more than 132 million active users, support payment 25 kinds of currency trading, the third-party payment companies also involved in cross-border payments, represented by pay-and-escrow third-party payment enterprises have obtained cross-border payment business pilot qualifications. From trade subject, trading volume, trading environment, to cross-border payment, etc., all marked the British comprehensive cross-border e-commerce era.
1.2 Cross-border logistics development situation
1.2.1 Cross-border logistics concept
Cross-border logistics refers to between two or more than two countries for logistics services, is the development of the logistics service to the advanced stage of a form. Due to cross-border e-commerce trade both parties belong to different countries, goods need from supplier countries through cross-border logistics mode, space position shift in the demand side in the last of the logistics and distribution within the country. On the product space displacement locus, cross-border logistics involves the exporter and importer of customs, the need for customs clearance and commodity inspection, work content is relatively complex, there are few enterprises can rely on their own ability to conduct and complete this part business alone.
1.2.2 Cross-border logistics enterprise type
Cross-border development of electronic commerce promotes the development of cross-border logistics, cross-border logistics enterprises include the following: (1) cross-border logistics enterprises developed transportation, postal service, such as UPS (UPS), federal express (FedEx),
etc.;(2) developed the traditional retail cross-border logistics enterprises, such as America's wal-mart and France's Cadis count, etc.;(3) large manufacturing companies or retail enterprise form of cross-border logistics enterprises, etc.;(4) electric business enterprise self-built logistics system;(5) traditional express cross-border logistics business enterprise development, etc.;6 new cross-border logistics enterprises, etc.
1.2.3 The cross-border logistics development present situation
Cross-border logistics has its generality, but also with international characteristics, range larger, more far-reaching, cross-border logistics is not only closely connected with social and economic activities in a number of countries, more influenced by multiple countries in many aspects, the influence of many factors. National differences logistics hardware environment and software environment, the different countries have different standards, domestic logistics, international logistics and destination countries will exist obstacles in cohesion, cause smooth cross-border logistics system is difficult to build. Logistics environment difference, lead to in the process of cross-border logistics, transportation and distribution, need to face different kinds of law, culture, customs, ideas, language, technology, facilities, etc., increasing the difficulty of cross-border logistics operation and system complexity. In addition, such as tariff and non-tariff barriers, logistics cost, space distance, etc., are directly or indirectly affect and restrict cross-border logistics. Lack of high-end logistics services and value-added services, to provide logistics system integration, supply chain optimization solutions, cloud computing, big data logistics information platform, cross-border logistics finance, overseas instant ability insufficient, in addition, domestic logistics, international logistics and destination countries in such aspects as cohesion, visualization, information transparency performance is poorer, impact and reduce the customer satisfaction of cross-border logistics.
2. Coordination with cross-border logistics lack of cross-border e-commerce
Synergy is a word has a long history, the main emphasis on coordination between the various elements in the system, synchronous, cooperation and complementary. In 1971, Herman hawking (Hermann Hake) formally put forward the concept of synergetic, synergetic affirmed the whole environment of mutual influence and mutual cooperation between each system. Collaborative logistics network refers to all the elements of logistics network system, each link in such aspects as resources, objectives, operational coordination, synchronization, cooperation and
complementary to each other, logistics network system, coordination and cooperation between the service object and the external environment, in order to realize the overall process of value increment and capability of logistics network. Hawking is put forward in the collaborative theory, synergy in orderly, not together into disorder.
2.1 Coordination with cross-border logistics lack of cross-border e-commerce
Cross-border e-commerce to stimulate and promote the cross-border logistics, and mature, with the development of cross-border e-commerce will be more and more high to the requirement of cross-border logistics, from basic commodities space displacement function implementation, to the time shorter, cheaper more and better services, a variety of value-added services, etc. Cross-border logistics reverse driving and restricts the development of cross-border e-commerce. Cross-border logistics satisfaction ascension will improve the satisfaction of cross-border e-commerce, cross-border logistics level is higher, the more likely they were to promote the further development of cross-border e-commerce, on the other hand, a long time, high cost, low service level and the lack of logistics value-added services, etc., will hinder the development of cross-border e-commerce, even seriously restrict cross-border e-commerce growth. Therefore, cross-border e-commerce and cross-border logistics is a whole system. Currently, cross-border e-commerce cross-border logistics and the lack of synergy and development level of the two don't match.
2.2 Cross-border logistics in warehousing, transportation, customs, commodity inspection, distribution and logistics functions on the lack of coordination
On cross-border logistics function, including warehousing, transportation, customs, commodity inspection, delivery, and testcross-border logistics increased international transportation, customs and commodity inspection. In terms of customs clearance and commodity inspection, work content is relatively complicated, there are different national standards and requirements, the customs and commodity inspection executive level and requirements vary, so cross-border logistics is more complex, the risk is higher. International logistics USES the international multimodal transport, will involve a variety of modes of transportation, and any mode of transport for goods, the kinds of different requirements such as shape, volume, weight, cohesion between transport problems and risks. Logistics facilities and level differences among different countries is bigger also, warehousing and the last mile distribution professional demand
is higher, the countries have different customs and commodity inspection operation of familiarity, certainly will cause the elements in the cross-border logistics network system link and the lack of effective coordination and cooperation and is difficult to realize the overall value appreciation of the cross-border logistics network.
2.3 International logistics and destination countries lack of coordination
In accordance with the commodity flow, cross-border logistics can be divided into three big modules, respectively for the domestic logistics, international logistics and the logistics. Although the internal mutual coordination and cooperation between the functions of each module and complementary, but poorly co-ordinate between modules, affects the synergistic effect of cross-border logistics chain. Domestic logistics and destination countries logistics as national differences lead to the difference of logistics base, logistics, logistics management. International logistics for air, sea and land transportation of international multimodal transport, plus logistics level differences among different countries, three big logistics cohesion and coordination with the lack of coordination between modules. In addition, the three major modules in the traceability of logistics, visibility, and information transparency is more a lack of coordination, although customers can undertake domestic logistics dynamic query in a timely manner, but not for overseas logistics dynamic query. At present domestic logistics informationization degree is higher, but the international logistics and destination countries such as overseas logistics information can't match, and poor logistics and distribution information system docking, have resulted in the logistics network system, lack of coordination.
2.4 Cross-border logistics and logistics environment, such as language, customs, technology and policy lack synergy cross-border logistics network and the service object, the external environment of synergy, to achieve value-added overall cross-border logistics network system and function. Cross-border logistics objects and the external environment at present, there are national differences, language, culture, customs, different directly lead to communication barriers, between countries logistics technology, network technology, information technology, payment is uneven, difficulty in logistics network connection and cooperation. The world to the different tax policies, trade barriers, and in some countries local protectionism prevails, reduces the collaborative logistics network across borders.
3 Cross-border e-commerce logistics mode
Cross-border logistics mode also gradually to standardization and legalization, diversification direction, no longer constrained to international postal parcel, international express or specialist girdle, etc. Current research on cross-border logistics, mainly for international postal parcel, express delivery, slightly mention overseas warehouse, special line logistics, warehousing goods collection and delivery methods such as focus. Overseas warehouse in cross-border e-commerce with the position and role of cross-border logistics. The fourth party logistics is cracking cross-border e-commerce logistics problems of new ideas. Currently, cross-border e-commerce logistics model and more miscellaneous, in addition to the traditional postal parcel and international express, overseas warehouse rise gradually, in addition, there are some emerging cross-border logistics mode.
3.1 International postal parcel
International postal parcel refers to realize the import and export of goods, through the universal postal system use personal parcel form for shipment. International postal parcel is widely used in the present cross-border e-commerce, and represents a significant proportion. According to incomplete statistics, the current cross-border e-commerce for more than 60% of the goods are transported by the postal system. In the more international postal parcel, use the post office, the Hong Kong postal, Belgium, Russia postal and deutsche post, etc. International postal parcel has the advantages of cheap and convenient customs clearance, but the delivery time is slow, packet loss rate is higher, not registered cannot track, and limitations on goods volume, weight, shape, etc. Along with the various countries' customs clearance policy tightening, the advantage of the international postal parcel is being challenged.
3.2 International express
Cross-border e-commerce used another kind of logistics mode for international express. Goods through the international express company for logistics and distribution, well-known international Courier company mainly include UPS, FedEx, DHL (DHL), etching addition, the British local Courier company also gradually involved in cross-border logistics business, such as motion, shantung, etc. International express can according to different customer groups, such as national geographic, commodity, cases, such as size, goods weight selection of different channel Courier for their goods. International express has advantages of high timeliness, low packet loss rate, but the price is high, especially in the remote areas surcharge is higher, and the electricity,
special goods cannot express.
3.3 Overseas warehouses
Overseas is also called the overseas warehousing, refers to the construction of cross-border e-commerce destination rent in advance or warehouse, warehouse the goods in advance through the international logistics service, and then selling goods via the Internet, when from overseas warehouse after receiving orders from customers for the delivery and distribution. Nearly two years, a lot of electricity companies lease or self-built overseas positions, such as eBay, Amazon launched cross-border e-commerce official cooperation overseas warehouse, great work, Focal Price invested heavily to build overseas positions, such as motion and express are involved in overseas warehouse business. Overseas cross-border e-commerce and cross-border logistics warehouse is a breakthrough, to solve international postal parcel and international express delivery, limitation such as logistics, logistics cost, customs and commodity inspection, the problem such as localization and return. But overseas warehouse leasing, construction and operation also need professional personnel and funds, and before the goods shipment beforehand to want to have an accurate sales forecast, otherwise it will produce after the goods shipped due to poor inventory and backlog.
3.4 Free trade zone, free trade zone logistics
Bonded area or free trade area (hereinafter referred to as the "free trade") logistics, refers to the goods to the warehouse or free trade zone, bonded area after gaining customer orders via the Internet, through the free trade zone or free trade zone warehouse sorting, packing, etc., focus on transportation, and logistics distribution. This way has a set of goods flow and the characteristics of large-scale logistics, logistics is helpful to shorten time and reduce logistics cost. Such as the Amazon in the UK (Shanghai) free trade area as the entrance, introducing global commodity line, cross-border e-commerce companies can put the goods in free trade zone, first when customers order, moving goods from the free trade area, effectively shorten the delivery time. Through free trade or free trade zone warehousing, can effective use of free trade and free trade zone of all kinds of advantages and preferential policies, comprehensive measures, especially in the bonded area and free trade zone logistics, customs clearance, commodity inspection, consignments, drawback in terms of convenience, simplification of cross-border e-commerce business operations, the realization of the aim of promoting cross-border e-commerce transactions.
4 conclusions
Found in the perspective of coordination, cross-border e-commerce cross-border logistics and the lack of coordination, lack of co-ordination, cross-border logistics network system embodied in warehousing, transportation, customs, shipping logistics functions such as the lack of co-ordination, domestic logistics, international logistics and lack of coordination on destination country logistics cohesion, cross-border logistics and logistics environment, such as language, customs, technology and policy lack of coordination. Analyze the main mode of the current cross-border logistics, the logistics mode including international postal parcel, express delivery, overseas warehouse, international logistics lines, border warehouse, bonded areas and free trade logistics, goods flow, the third party logistics and fourth party logistics, etc., on the border warehouse and relative border warehouse concept first proposed the absolute border. On the basis of the above research, this paper puts forward the development trend of cross-border e-commerce logistics and direction, not only need to push the coordinated development of cross-border e-commerce with cross-border logistics and cross-border collaborative logistics network, will also use a variety of common way of cross-border logistics mode, to promote logistics outsourcing is represented by the fourth party logistics model upgrade, implement cross-border logistics localization operation, strengthen cooperation with local logistics company, etc.
译文
跨境电子商务与物流模式创新
Gesner G H.
摘要
跨境电子商务发展迅速，但跨境物流尚未适应其发展，二者无法实现协同发展。跨境物流网络系统缺乏协同，具体表现在仓储、运输、海关、配送等物流功能缺乏协同，国内物流、国际物流与目的国物流衔接缺乏协同，跨境物流与语言、习俗、技术、政策等物流环境缺乏协同。目前跨境物流的主要模式包括国际邮政小包、国际快递、海外仓、国际物流专线、边境仓、保税区与自贸区物流、集货物流、第三方物流与第四方物流等。未来跨境电子商务物流发展，需要推动跨境电子商务与跨境物流的协同发展和跨境物流网络协同；采用多种跨境物流模式共用的方式，推动以第四方物流为代表的物流外包模式升级，实现跨境物流本地化运作，加强与本土物流公司合作等。
关键词：跨境电子商务；跨境物流；海外仓
1跨境电子商务与跨境物流现状
1.1 跨境电子商务
1.1.1跨境电子商务的概念
跨境电子商务源于电子商务、经济全球化、国际贸易的发展与融合。在经济全球化、互联网普及、电子商务迅猛发展与普遍应用的背景下，国际贸易不再拘泥于传统交易模式。伴随不同国家对商品的需求与供应，借助互联网及其他电子商务交易平台，分属不同国家的交易双方，可以实现在线商品交易、支付结算、金融服务等，以及线下跨境物流配送实现商品空间位移的电子商务应用模式，即跨境电子商务。跨境电子商务具有鲜明的特点：电子商务突破国家的界限，由同国扩散到不同国家；传统贸易注入现代电子商务元素，由传统线下的接触、交易、支付等方式，转向互联网络线上通道；物流突破了国界，除了国内物流外，还涉及国际物流和目的国物流，以及海关与商检。
1.1.2跨境电子商务企业类型
跨境电子商务在全球范围持续火热，涉足跨境业务的电商企业如雨后春笋，纷纷涌现。跨境电商企业主要有以下几种类型：①传统电商企业扩展到国外市场。传统电商企业成立之初，主要专做或辐射本国市场。为了持续增长或者顺应跨境电子商务发展趋势，其经营范围由本国市场扩展到国外市场，从而发展为跨境电子商务企业。主要代表有易贝（eBay）、亚马逊等；②传统企业开发跨境电子商务业务。传统企业伴随电商的兴起与发展，涉入电商业务，并逐步涉入跨境电子商务市场。该类企业主要以传统零售企业为主，如沃尔玛、家乐福等；③专营跨境电子商务业务。该类企业为经营跨境电子商务业务而成立，成为专注于跨境电子商务业务的企业。；④物流企业涉足跨境电子商务业务。一些物流企业借助其自身物流资源与优势，开始涉足跨境电子商务业务。主要有海淘、Canova Brazil等。
1.1.3英国跨境电子商务发展现状
日本经济产业省在2013年对英、美、日三国网民的跨境电子商务使用情况进行了调查，其结果显示，英国的跨境电子商务使用率高达57.3%，远超美国的44.7%和日本的17.6%。这显示英国网民对通过跨境电子商务进行交易的热情极高。商务部相关数据显示，2013年英国对外贸易总值首次突破4万亿美元，其中跨境电子商务交易额达3.1万亿元，同比增长达31.3%，在出口方面累计验放清单3823.5万份，涉及181个国家与地区，金额约20.4亿元；在进口方面验收包裹411万余件，金额约10.1亿元。在海关总署进行备案的英国跨境电子商务服务试点企业已超过2000家。从2013年起，英国陆续发布十余项扶持政策，与跨境业务相关的一些流程与制度逐步完善。跨境支付获得快速发展，PayPal作为全球最广泛的
跨境交易在线工具，已拥有超过1.32亿活跃用户，支持25种货币付款交易，英国第三方支付企业也陆续涉足跨境支付业务，以支付宝、财付通为代表的第三方支付企业已获得跨境支付业务试点资格。从交易主体、交易量、交易环境，到跨境支付方式等，都标志着英国跨境电子商务时代的全面到来。
1.2 跨境物流发展概况
1.2.1跨境物流的概念
跨境物流指在两个或两个以上国家之间进行的物流服务，是物流服务发展到高级阶段的一种表现形式。由于跨境电子商务的交易双方分属不同国家，商品需要从供应方国家通过跨境物流方式实现空间位置转移，在需求方所在国家内实现最后的物流与配送。根据商品的空间位移轨迹，跨境物流涉及输出国海关和输入国海关，需要进行清关与商检，工作内容较为复杂，很少有企业可以依靠自身能力单独办理并完成这部分业务。
1.2.2跨境物流企业类型
跨境电子商务的发展推动着跨境物流的发展，跨境物流企业包括以下几种：①交通运输业、邮政业发展起来的跨境物流企业，如联合包裹（UPS）、联邦快递（FedEx）等；②传统零售业发展起来的跨境物流企业，如美国的沃尔玛、法国的Cadis count等；③大型制造企业或零售企业组建的跨境物流企业等；④电商企业自建物流体系；⑤传统快递企业发展跨境物流业务等；⑥新兴的跨境物流企业等。
1.2.3英国跨境物流发展现状
跨境物流除具备其共性外，还伴随国际性等特点，涉及范围更大、影响更深远，跨境物流不仅与多个国家的社会经济活动紧密相连，更受多个国家间多方面、多因素的影响。物流硬件环境与软件环境存在国家差异，不同国家其标准也不同，国内物流、国际物流与目的国物流在衔接上会存在障碍，导致顺畅的跨境物流系统难以构建。物流环境的差异，导致在跨境物流、运输与配送过程中，需要面对不同的法律、文化、习俗、观念、语言、技术、设施等，增加了跨境物流的运作难度和系统复杂性。此外，如关税、非关税壁垒、物流成本、空间距离等，都直接或间接影响、制约跨境物流。物流高端服务与增值服务缺失，无法提供物流系统集成、供应链优化解决方案、大数据物流、云计算信息平台、跨境物流金融，海外即时送能力不足等，此外，国内物流、国际物流与目的国物流在衔接、可视化、信息透明度等方面表现较差，影响并降低了顾客对跨境物流的满意度。
2. 跨境电子商务与跨境物流缺乏协同
协同一词由来已久，（完整译文请到百度文库）主要强调系统中各个要素之间的协调、
同步、合作与互补。1971年，赫尔曼·哈肯（Hermann Hake）正式提出协同学的概念，协同学肯定了整个环境中各系统间存在相互影响又相互合作的关系。物流网络的协同指物流网络系统的各要素、各环节在资源、目标、运作等方面彼此协调、同步、合作与互补，物流网络系统、服务对象与外部环境之间协调与配合，以实现物流网络整体价值增值和功能提升的过程。哈肯在其协同论中提出，协同导致有序，不协同引向无序。
2.1跨境电子商务与跨境物流缺乏协同
跨境电子商务刺激与推动着跨境物流，伴随着跨境电子商务的发展与成熟，对跨境物流的要求会越来越高，从基本的商品空间位移功能的实现，到时间更短、成本更低、服务更好、各种增值服务更多等。跨境物流反向推动与制约着跨境电子商务的发展。跨境物流满意度的提升会提高跨境电子商务的满意度，跨境物流水平越高，越会推动跨境电子商务进一步发展，反之，较长的时间、较高的成本、较低的服务水平与物流增值服务的缺乏等，会阻碍跨境电子商务的发展，甚至严重制约跨境电子商务成长。所以，跨境电子商务与跨境物流是一个整体系统。目前，跨境电子商务与跨境物流缺乏协同，两者的发展水平还不匹配。
2.2跨境物流在仓储、运输、海关、商检、配送等物流功能上缺乏协同
在功能上，跨境物流包括仓储、运输、海关、商检、配送等。跨境物流增加了国际运输、海关与商检环节。在清关与商检方面，工作内容较为复杂，存在不同国家标准与要求不一致，海关与商检执行人员水平与要求存在差异，因而跨境物流更为复杂、风险更高。国际物流多采用国际多式联运，会涉及多种运输方式，而各种运输方式对商品的种类、形状、体积、重量等要求不同，运输工具间存在衔接的问题与风险。不同国家间物流设施与水平差异也较大，仓储与最后一公里配送专业性要求较高，对各国海关与商检操作的熟悉程度不一，势必造成跨境物流网络系统中各要素与环节缺乏有效协同与配合，难以实现跨境物流网络的整体价值增值。
2.3国际物流与目的国物流缺乏协同
按照商品流向，跨境物流分为三个大模块，分别为国内物流、国际物流与目的国物流。虽然各模块内部的职能之间相互协调、合作与互补性较强，但模块之间的协同性较差，影响着跨境物流整体链条的协同性。国内物流与目的国物流会因为国家的差异导致物流基础、物流水平、物流管理的差异。国际物流多为空运、海运、陆运的国际多式联运，再加上不同国家间物流水平的差异，三大模块间的物流衔接与配合缺乏协同。另外，三大模块在物流的追溯性、可视性和信息透明度方面更加缺乏协同，顾客虽然可以及时进行国内物流动态查询，但无法对境外物流进行动态查询。目前国内物流的信息化程度较高，但国际物流与目的国物
流等境外物流的信息化无法与之匹配，境内外物流与配送信息系统对接不畅，都导致了物流网络体系缺乏协同。
2.4跨境物流与语言、习俗、技术、政策等
物流环境缺乏协同跨境物流网络与服务对象、外部环境的协同，有利于实现跨境物流网络系统整体价值增值和功能提升。目前，跨境物流对象与外部环境存在国家差异，语言、文化、习俗的不同直接导致沟通障碍，各国之间物流技术、网络技术、信息技术、支付技术参差不齐，在物流网络衔接与配合上存在困难。全球各国的税收政策、贸易壁垒不同，有的国家本土保护主义盛行，降低了跨境物流网络的协同性。
3跨境电子商务物流模式
跨境物流模式也逐步向正规化、合法化、多样化等方向转变，已不再拘泥于国际邮政小包、国际快递或专人托带等模式。目前关于跨境物流的研究，主要针对国际邮政小包、国际快递，略有提及海外仓、专线物流、仓储集货与集中发货等方式。海外仓在跨境电子商务与跨境物流中的地位和作用。第四方物流是破解跨境电子商务物流难题的新思路。目前，跨境电子商务物流模式多而杂，除了传统的邮政小包与国际快递外，海外仓逐渐兴起，此外，还有一些新兴的跨境物流模式。
3.1 国际邮政小包
国际邮政小包指通过万国邮政体系实现商品的进出口，运用个人邮包形式进行发货。国际邮政小包在目前的跨境电子商务中使用较多，且占较大的比例。据不完全统计，英国目前跨境电子商务有超过60%的商品是通过邮政体系运输的。在国际邮政小包中，使用较多的有英国邮政、香港邮政、比利时邮政、俄罗斯邮政和德国邮政等。国际邮政小包具有价格便宜和清关方便等优点，但递送时效慢，丢包率较高，非挂号件无法跟踪，且在商品体积、重量、形状等方面局限性较大。伴随着各国清关政策的收紧，国际邮政小包的优势受到挑战。
3.2 国际快递
跨境电子商务使用较多的另一种物流模式为国际快递。商品通过国际快递公司进行物流与配送，知名的国际快递公司主要有UPS、FedEx、中外运敦豪（DHL）等。此外，英国本土快递公司也逐步涉入跨境物流业务，如顺丰、申通等。国际快递可以针对不同的顾客群体，如国家地域、商品种类、体积大小、商品重量等选取不同的渠道实现商品速递。国际快递具有时效性高、丢包率低等优点，但价格高，尤其在偏远地区的附加费更高，且含电、特殊类商品无法速递。
3.3 海外仓
海外仓又称海外仓储，指在跨境电子商务目的国预先租赁或建设仓库，通过国际物流预先把商品送达仓库，然后通过互联网销售商品，当接到顾客订单后从海外仓库进行发货与配送。近两年，诸多电商企业纷纷租赁或自建海外仓，如eBay、亚马逊等跨境电子商务推出官方合作的海外仓，大龙网、Focal Price等投入巨资自建海外仓，顺丰与韵达等快递也纷纷涉足海外仓业务。海外仓是跨境电子商务与跨境物流的一大突破，能够解决国际邮政小包和国际快递的短板，如物流时效、物流成本、海关与商检、本土化、退换货等问题。但是海外仓的租赁、建设与运营也需要专业的人员与资金，且在商品预运前要有准确的销售预期，否则会产生商品运送后因滞销而造成库存与积压。
3.4保税区、自贸区物流
保税区或自由贸易区（以下简称“自贸区”）物流，指先将商品运送到保税区或自贸区仓库，通过互联网获得顾客订单后，通过保税区或自贸区仓库进行分拣、打包等，集中运输，并进行物流配送。这种方式具有集货物流和规模化物流的特点，有利于缩短物流时间和降低物流成本。如亚马逊以英国（上海）自由贸易试验区为入口，引入全球商品线，跨境电子商务企业可以先把商品放在自贸区，当顾客下单后，将商品从自贸区发出，有效缩短配送时间。通过自贸区或保税区仓储，可以有效利用自贸区与保税区的各类政策、综合优势与优惠措施，尤其各保税区和自贸区在物流、通关、商检、收付汇、退税方面的便利，简化跨境电子商务的业务操作，实现促进跨境电子商务交易的目的。
4结论
以协同为视角，发现跨境电子商务与跨境物流缺乏协同，跨境物流网络系统缺乏协同，具体表现在仓储、运输、海关、配送等物流功能上缺乏协同，国内物流、国际物流与目的国物流衔接上缺乏协同，跨境物流与语言、习俗、技术、政策等物流环境缺乏协同。对目前跨境物流的主要模式进行分析，这些物流模式包括国际邮政小包、国际快递、海外仓、国际物流专线、边境仓、保税区与自贸区物流、集货物流、第三方物流与第四方物流等，针对边境仓首次提出绝对边境仓与相对边境仓概念。在上述研究的基础上，提出跨境电子商务物流的发展趋势与方向，不仅需要推动跨境电子商务与跨境物流的协同发展和跨境物流网络协同，还会采用多种跨境物流模式共用的方式，推动以第四方物流为代表的物流外包模式升级，实现跨境物流本地化运作，与本土物流公司加强合作等。
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分配是一个经济活动，是企业家基于消费者需求，用最有效的方式在分配中心或其它地点储存货物，并且把这些货物运送到在合理经济框架内的其他客户。它包含购买、储存、分类、货物处理、递送及其它活动。它是一个物流活动的方式，结合了特别的、完整的业务流程。在农村地区，农民和农产品独特，所以，与城市物流分配相比，有着一些不同的特点。 1.2农村地区的主要物流和分配问题 A．低均匀分布率和高运作成本 根据商务部调查，自从―一万村‖市场项目开展以来，农村连锁超市的覆盖率已经达到超过60%，但是分配率却只有40%。这个数字不仅低于国内连锁超市60%的平均运送率，也大大低于国外连锁超市高于80%的运送率。均匀分配有利于统一采购。商店不能得益于连锁。这就会导致高物流成本。 B．不合理的物流和分配模式，导致信息读取效率不高 最近，农村连锁超市的物流和分配渠道主要由分配中心、农产品和供应市场合作社、第三方物流和分配系统组成。事实上，这三种分配方式也同样面临着高物流成本的问题。许多连锁超市没有建立自己的分配中心，因而不能满足分配服务的需求。即使一些连锁超市建立了自己的分配中心，也仍然存在很大问题。大多数农村超市规模较小，缺少建立分配中心的资金，因此，一些分配中心不能满足超市分配的需求。农村连锁商店分布较广，单个的连锁超市分配还是比较有限。收入比分配中心的建立和运作成本还要低。 C．分配中心的延后建立、低下技术水平、低分配水平 农村连锁超市的分配中心改造和扩大都是基于原来的仓库，这并不能满足连锁超市的服务需求。这些分配中心只能用来当仓库、储存及运输，缺少了深层的货品加工容量、信息加工以及反馈功能。这些基础设施不够，也缺少了机械化的检测、加工、冰冻、冷藏、包装及其它设备。电脑信息管理系统也远远不够，导致了不能及时进行与供应商、总部以及分部的数据交换。很难有效地管理物流信息，所以所有功能的协作及整合程度仍然非常低。 D．不充分的信息共享系统 农村连锁超市的信息系统构建是相对落后的。电子订货系统、电子数据互换系统以及增值网络系统都还没有使用。决策和信息管理系统也远远不够。很难在
绿色物流外文文献翻译最新译文
文献出处：Fransoo J C. Green Logistics: Enablers for Sustainable Development [J]. Supply chain management: an international journal, 2014, 8(2): 122-131. 原文 GREEN LOGISTICS: ENABLERS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Jan C. Fransoo Eindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands 1 INTRODUCTION Logistics is the backbone of industry and commerce. As a discipline, it describes the management and coordination of activities along supply chains. These activities include freight transport, storage, inventory management, materials handling and related information processing. A large part of logistics activities are often outsourced to specialized providers that provide cost- effective services. Research has shown that, at least in high income economies, the value of services is not assessed in monetary and service quality terms alone. In making decisions, logistics professionals are increasingly taking into consideration external effects such as emissions, pollution, noise, and accidents. The last LPI report release in 2012, for instance, pointed out that in shipments to OECD countries, environmentally friendly solutions are considered far more often than elsewhere. Mounting regulatory pressure, together with changes in customer preferences, are the main drivers of this phenomenon. One of the more widely used terms to describe this set of preferences is green Logistics, especially when the activities of logistics service providers are concerned. Research, including a recent book by Alan McKinnon, has established that green Logistics is an emerging concern of private operators and providers and users of logistics. From a policy standpoint, and especially for the global environment, green Logistics is potentially a major topic as well: estimates vary, but about 15% of global greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) can be traced to logistics activities. Green Logistics may not be an independent policy area. Rather, the supply chain
物流英文文献翻译英语论文
物流英文文献翻译英语论文 物流英文文献翻译及物流论文参考文献[1] 崔介何.物流学概论[M].北京〆北京大学出版社，2004年〆1-2. [2] 叶怀珍.现代物流学[M].北京〆高等教育出版社，2003〆49-56. [3] 许建帄.对培育广州物流市场的再思考[EB/OL]. [4] 深圳新闻网.“入仓即予退税”新政策助推物流发展[EB/OL]. [5] 吴德群.“入仓退税”适应国际采购商全球配送[N].深圳特区报，2006-01-23. [6] 广东禾田物流有限公司网.广东禾田物流有限公司简介[EB/OL]. [7] 快递公司网.广州物流市场[8] 来源.十一月回顾〆物流篇（三）[EB/OL]. [9] 徐晓阳,饶欠林. 深圳盐田港出口监管仓的现状与发[DB/OL].，2002. [10] 中华人民共和国国务院公报,中华人民共和国海关总署令——中华人民共和国海关对出口监管仓库及所存货物的管理办法[DB/OL]. [11] 公共商务信息导报，海关对出口监管仓库及所存货物的管理办法[DB/OL]. 2005-12-06. [12] Wei Liu,Wenshun Li,Wendy Huang.Analysis of the dynamic relation between logistics development and GDP growth in China[DB/OL]. http:// 毕业论文[13] Deng Mingran,Wang Hua. A government guarantee system of logistics development in China[DB/OL].,2006. [14] Goh,M,Ling,C. Logistics development in China[DB/OL]. ,2003. [15] Chen Siyun, The developing trend and countermeasures of Yantian port logistics[DB/OL]. 研究物流业及中国物流技术摘要为了进一步推进同中国发展物流业,作者基于中国物流业的现状,肯定其在中国工业发展过程中所取得的成就。通过学习物流产业的各方面,包括了解物流产业，标准术语,物流技术和管理知识,剖析主要的问题存在于中国当前的物流业,并提出合理化建议。关键词〆物流，发展，问题，方法1 前言现代物流工业是现代最受欢迎的行业。自从20世纪80年代早期物流概念从海外引入，物流业得到了迅猛的发展。目前,我国已有相当多的物流园区及中心, 发展了一系列现代物流技术和取得了一大批自主知识产权的创新成果。研制开发了具有自主知识产权的集成化物流管理系统（LOG++/SMCS），成功实现了与著名ERP系统（SAP R/3）的实时连接。改变了我国传统物流系统性能单一、集成度低的现状，标志着我国物流软件系统与国际现代物流管理系统的接轨。研究开发了新型结构快速堆垛机。其运行速度0～150m/min，起升速度0～40m/min，货叉速度0～20/40m/min々水帄方向采用激光测距技术，测距误差±1mm（500m以内），定位精度达到±3mm々垂直方向采用旋转编码器加齿形带技术，定位精度达到±3mm。进行了结构研究和动态性能分析，增加了设备的稳定性和可靠性々成功地将激光认址和旋转编码器、齿形带测距等新型检测技术整合到一起，运用于认址，从根本上改变了传统的认址方式，并采用冗余控制技术和故障自诊断技术等大大提高系统的效率与可靠性々新型货叉结构、带尺寸检测与条形码检测的新型载货台等10多项新技术，促进了物流关键设备的技术进步，大大缩短我国物流关键设备与国际先进水帄的差距。在2003年，国内外首创开发了具有国际先进水帄的推挽式激光导引AGV小车（专利产品）々攻克了路径规划、反射板布置、精确定位等难题，使小车能在卷接包机组内安全、灵活地行走和定位，实现完全自动化运送。2003年设计应用具有国际先进水帄的视觉识别移动式机器人自动辅料搭配系统。红河卷烟厂自动化物流系统和联想电脑公司集成化物流系统的成功开发与应用，填补了多项国内空白，创新出一批具有国际先进水帄的系统和设备，大大缩小我国物流系统关键设备及主要技术指标与先进国家的差距，在行业中产生了广泛影响。经过多年研究和探索，太原钢运储存公司通过与科研机构的合作，成功地发展出由电脑计划设计的自动化的仓储打包系统，同样也是处于世界领先水帄。由于受到政府的大力指出与重视，中国的现代物流业正以前所未有的速度发展。但是，还是值得指出的是，中国的物流业整体还是处在初级阶段。中国在2000 年的国内生产总值是8.94×1000亿元，其中流通领域总占比重仅仅百分之8.1 这比发达国家如英美日要低许多。2000年，沃尔玛，世界零售巨头的销售总额达193.3亿美元，占中国年零售业总额的46%。从上面可以看出，沃尔玛的销售额以每年20—30亿美元的速度增长。在国内的零售业领先的上海联合利华仅仅XX 人民
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物流+外文翻译
1. The Definition of Logistics After completing a commercial transaction, logistics will execute the transfer of goods from the supplier( seller) to the customer( buyer) in the most cost-effective manner. This is the definition of logistics. During the transfer process, hardware such as logistics facilities and equipment( logistics carriers) are needed, as well as information control and standardization. In addition, supports from the government and logistics association should be in place. Three major functions of logistics (1) Creating time value: same goods can be valued different at different times. Goods often stop during the transfer process, which is professionally called the storage of logistics. It creates the time value for goods. (2) Creating location value: same goods can be valued differently at different locations. The value added during the transfer process is the location value of logistics. (3) Distribution processing value: sometimes logistics create distribution processing value, which changes the length, thickness and packages of the goods. Like popular saying, “ cutting into smaller parts” is the most commonly seen distribution processing within logistics create added value for goods. 2. Logistics is a new commercial area, developing from the traditional stage to a modern one. The main differences between these two stage include:
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原文： Studies on Logistics and Logistics Technology of China Luo Yixin (Department of Industry and Commerce Management, Human College of Finance and Economics, Human Chansha 410205) Received 15 July 2004 Abstract For further pushin g ahead with the development of China’s logistics industry，the author，based on the status quo of China's logistics industry，alfirms the achievements made in the development course of the industry of China．By studying various respects of the industry including the understanding of logistics，standards of technical terms，logistics technologies and management，the author analyzes the major problems existence in China’s current logistics industry and puts forward the rationalization proposal．Key words：logistics；development；problem；measure 1 Preface Modem logistics industry is currently one of the most popular trades．Since China introduced the concept of logistics from abroad in early 1980s，logistics industry has been developed rapidly．At present，our country already has quite a lot of logistics parks and centers，develops a series of modem logistics technologies and obtains a large number of innovation accomplishments bearing self-determination intelectual property rights．Among those are typical ones such as the development of integration logistics management system with self-determination intelectual property rights (LOG + +／SMCS) in 2003.The real—time connection with famous ERP system (SAPR／3)has been realized，the system radically changes the unicity and low int egrity level of China’s traditional logistics and thus symbolizes that domestic logistics software has been in line with international noFIns for modern logistics management system．Another example is the new structural—type quick stacker that has the operation speed of0—150 m／rain．1ifting speed of 0—40 m／min and forking speed of 0 —20／40 m／rain, bearing self-determination intellectual property rights developed in the same year．Laser ranging technology is applied to the system in horizontal direction．resulting that the distance—measuring error is ±1 mm within 500 meters and positioning accuracy is ±3 mm．For the vertical direction．due to the application of rotary encoder plus tooth—be technique，positioning accuracy reaches ± 3 mm．In this way．the system successfully integrates a variety of new—type detecting technologies involving laser location，rotary encoder and toth—belt eranging．integration has been utilized for positioning and then radically altered traditional positioning method ．Besides，the adoption of redundancy and trouble shooting technique dramatically increases the system's efficiency and reliability．The adoption of over ten new techs consisting of new—type forking structure and loading platform with dimension detector and bar code sensor has promoted the technical advancement of key equipments used in logistics industry as well as greatly narrowed the gap between China and international advanced countries in terms okey equipments．In 2003。a patent product at world—leading place，the push—pull laser guiding AGV cart，ca／Be into market．Ever has never been a similar product both at home and abroad．is AGV cart．having conquered numbers of difficulties as path planning，reflecting board layout and pinpointing position，can travel an d locate its position safely and flexibly in rolling machine units．In other words，it realizes complete automation delivery ．In 2003，domestic enterprises designed and applied automatic supplementary—materials allocation system equipped with vision—identification movable robot．system was ran king at international leading stage．In year 2003,thanks to the successful
文献翻译----电子商务中英文对照
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