大学英语语法及练习

大学英语语法及练习

第一讲虚拟语气

I. 考点分析：分四级语法复习

虚拟语气是动词的特殊形式，用来表达说话人的意愿、建议、请求、意图、惊奇、设想等未能或不可能成为事实的情况，以及在说话人看来实现的可能性很小的情况。

虚拟语气是非常重要的语法考点。考查历届四级试题，我们发现与虚拟语气有关的考题每次至少2题，有时甚至3-4题。虚拟语气的考查要点有：

1. 虚拟语气的形式：分清虚拟时间和主从句的动词形式十分重要，因此我们把所有虚拟语气的不同类型列表归纳并进行对比，以便于同学们记忆掌握。

2. 要注意从句中第一/三人称的过去式用代替。

例如： I , I .

, a .

3. 条件句中如谓语动词是, , , 时，可以省略, 把它们前置。

例如： a , .

I , I .

, ?（万一黑死病再次出现，我们该怎么办？）

4. 错综时间的条件句是难点，如99年1月第60题:

I ’t , ’t .（从句用过去完成时，主句用现在进行时）

又如： I , I .(从句虚拟现在，主句虚拟过去)；’t , a .(从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟将来)；

, .(从句虚拟过去，主句虚拟现在)

5. 虚拟句的另一难点是省略条件句的含蓄条件句，如： I ,

I .( I , I .);

A . ( , , .)

6. 注意介词短语 , , 等表示虚拟条件。

例如： , .没有电就不会有现代工业。

, .没有你们的帮助，我们的实验时不可能成功的。

7.“宾语”或“从句”表示假设条件。

例如：, ’t .

, ’d .

( ), .

8, (), , , 引导的条件从句中，根据语意，可以用虚拟语气，有可以

用陈述语气。

9.常见的引导宾语从句须用虚拟语气的动词有：, , , , , , （命

令）, , , , , , , , , (提议，动议)等；例如： () . （联合

国敦促他撤军。）

10．常见的引导同位语从句或表语从句须用虚拟语气的名词有：, , , , , , , , , , , , , 等；

例如： . (用于同位语从句)

邀请他的建议被否决了。

20%. (用于表语从句)

他们的要求是工资增加20%。

11．用在主语从句中时其结构通常为“ + 形容词或过去分词+主语从句（用虚拟语气）”，例如： .你有必要参加讨论。

. 根据命令，那些药品必须空运到这儿。

常见的这类形容词、分词还有：（合理的）, (急切的), （合适的）, （强制的）, (紧要关头的)，（理想的）, , （必要的）, (迫切的), （重要的）, （不可能的）, （不合适的）, （自然的）, (必须履行的)，（更好的）, （合适的）, （奇怪的）（紧迫的）, （至关重要的）, （要求的）, （要求的）, （建议的）, （希望的）等。

. 历届四级试题中的虚拟语气：

1. a . (93/1/52)

A) ’t B) ’t C) ’t D) ’t

2. ’s . (93/1/68)

A) B) C) D)

3. . (93/6/48)

A) B) C) D)

4. I ! I . (93/6/70)

A) B) C) D)

5 11:00 . (94/1/65)

A) B) ’t

C) ’t D) ’t

6 I a . (95/1/47)

A) B) C) D)

7 , I’d . (95/1/61)

A) B) C) D)

8 . (95/6/44)

A) B) C) D)

9 I , I . (95/6/45)

A) B) C) D)

10 ’t a ’t .(96/1/44)

A) B) C) D)

11. 11 o’ (96/1/28)

A) B) C) D)

12. , . (96/6/42)

A) B) C) D)

13. ’s 5 o’ . ’t ’s ? (96/6/43)

A) B) C) D)

14. , a (97/1/34)

A) B) C) D)

15. , . (97/6/42)

A)B)

C) D)

16. I ’t .(97/6/55)

A) B) C) D)

17. . (98/1/38)

A) B) C) D)

18. ’t a , I . (98/1/59)

A) B) C) D)

19. I’d . (98/6/48)

A) ’t B) ’t C) ’t D) ’t

20. . (98/6/68)

A) B) C) D)

21. “ . ’s ,” . (99/1/57)

A) B) C) D)

22. I ’t , . (99/1/60)

A) ’t B) ’t C) ’t D) ’t

23. , I’d . (99/1/66)

A) ’t B) ’t C) ’t D)

24. , a . (99/6/43)

A) B) C) D)

25. , I . (99/6/62)

A) B) C) D)

26. ’t ? (00/1/49)

A) B) C) D)

27. ’s . (00/1/52)

A) B) C) D)

28. I a a . (00/1/58)

A) B) C) D)

29. . (00/1/64)

A) B) C) D)

30. . (00/6/32)

A) B) C) D)

31. . (00/6/48)

A) B) C) D)

32. . (01/1/41)

A) B) C) D)

33 , , . (01/6/53 )

A) B) C) D)

34. . (01/6/50)

A) B) C) D)

35. a a . (02/1/57)

A) B) C) D)

36. a a . (02/1/58)

A) B) C) D)

37. . （02/1/59）

A) B) C) D)

. 答案及详解:

1. C) 题意：那棵树看上去好象很久没浇水了。

解析：引导的方式状语从句，主句用过去时，从句用过去完成时, 故选C。

2. C) 题意：他立刻归还字典是很有必要的。

解析：“ + 形容词+主语从句”中的虚拟语气的动词形式用省略的动词形式, 故选C。

3. A) 题意：我们希望旅游团的领队能立刻通知计划的一些改变。

解析：引导的宾语从句中动词应用虚拟形式 +动词原形或省略，故选A。

4. B) 题意：瞧瞧我这糟糕的处境！要是我听从你的建议就好了。

解析：引导的句子如果与过去事实相反，动词就用过去完成时，即+ 过去分词，故选B。

5. B) 题意：酒店老板要求客人晚上11点之后不得播放嘈闹的音乐。

解析：引导的宾语从句的虚拟语气用 +动词原形，可以省略，故选B。

6. B) 题意：要不是我病了的话，我会帮他一把的。

解析：“ +宾语”表示假设条件，相当于“”，意思是“要不是…，如果不是…”，故选B。

7. D) 题意：说实话，我宁愿你不要卷入这起案件中。

解析：从句的虚拟语气用过去式，故选D。

8. C) 题意：据建议这项工程在所有的准备工作就绪之前不应动工。

解析：“ + 过去分词+ 从句”的虚拟语气形式用动词原形或省略的动词原型，故选C。

9. A) 题意：我原希望我今早上能多睡会，但我不得不起床来上课。

解析：由“I …”可知后的宾语从句是对过去的假设，故选A。

10. B) 题意：简不想现在就工作，因为她认为如果有了一份工作，她就不能常常与朋友们相见。

解析：引导的与将来情况相反的假设的虚拟语气可用或者 + 动词原形的形式，故选B。

11. C) 题意：所有管理人员很有礼貌地请求晚上11点之后不要再播放收音机了。

解析：“ + 过去分词+ 从句”的虚拟语气形式用动词原形或省略的动词原型，故选C。

12. C) 题意：要使她能立刻动身，她会在星期日到达那儿的。

解析：引导的与将来情况相反的假设的虚拟语气可用或者 + 动词原形的形式，故选C。

13. C) 题意：现在已经5点了，难道你不认为我们该回家了吗？

解析： () + 从句中的虚拟语气用过去式，故选C。

14. D) 题意：要使他们能在后天我们出发之前赶到，我们会举行一场盛大的晚会。

解析：引导的虚拟条件句中如果动词是, 或的话，可以省略，把这些动词前置；又由（后天）可以判断假设的是将来情况，因此选项D是正确答案。

15. B) 题意：如果他学习努力一些的话，他会通过考试的。

解析：引导的条件句的虚拟语气表示与过去情况相反时，从句用 + 过去分词的形式，主句用 +过去分词的形式，所以B是正确答案。

16. C) 题意：我认为分配蒂姆做这份工作是不合理的，因为他没有经验。

解析：含有作宾补的宾语从句也须用虚拟语气，形式同它作表语的虚拟语气，因此，省略了的选项C 是答案。

17. A) 题意：这名疯男子被关进铺了软垫的囚室，以免他伤害自己。

解析：引导的状语从句的虚拟语气用 +动词原形，可以省略。

18. C) 题意：你无须这么匆忙。我宁愿你先出差去。

解析：后的虚拟语气用过去式，故选C.

19. C) 题意：我宁愿你暂时对此问题不做任何评价。

解析：后的虚拟语气用过去式，故选C。

20. A) 题意：我们都赞成你的提议，即推迟讨论。

解析：引出的同位语从句的虚拟语气用 + 动词原形或者省略,该句应用被动语态，故选A。

21. A) 题意：“你非常自私。到了你该意识到你并不是世界上最重要的人物。”埃德加气愤地对老板说。

解析： + 从句中的虚拟语气用过去式，故选A。

22. A) 题意：如果你掉落时我没有站在梯子下接住你，那你现在就不会在这儿微笑了。

解析：本句是错综时间的虚拟句，从句虚拟的是过去的情况，用过去完成时，主句虚拟的现在的情况，用过去将来时，又由于这个表示进行时的时间副词，所以选项A) ’t 是正确答案。

23. A) 题意：坦白地讲，我宁愿你暂时对此什么也没做。

解析：后的虚拟语气用过去式，故选A。

24. D) 题意：如果整个操作没有提前计划的，那大量的时间和财力就会被浪费掉。

解析：引导的与过去情况相反的假设，从句用过去完成时( + 过去分词)，主句用过去将来完成时（ + + 过去分词），故选项D是正确答案。

25. A) 题意：做为武装部队的总司令，我已经命令采取一切措施有利于我

们的措施。

解析：后的宾语从句的虚拟语气用 +动词原形，可以省略，故选A) 。

26. A) 题意：难道你不原意你的孩子早点上床睡觉？

解析：后的虚拟语气用过去式，故选A。

27. A) 题意：迈克的叔叔坚持让他呆在这家旅店。

解析：后的宾语从句的虚拟语气用 +动词原形，可以省略，故选

A) 。

28. A) 题意：有时候我希望自己生活在一个不同的时代和不同的地方。

解析：引导一个与现在情况相反的宾语从句时，动词用过去时，并且用代替，所以A) 是正确答案。

29. C) 题意：这些申请表尽可能早地送回来是很必要的。

解析：“ + 从句”的虚拟语气用 +动词原形，可以省略。所以选项C是正确答案。

30. B) 题意：由市长颁发奖品的建议得到了所有人的认可。

解析：引出的同位语从句的虚拟语气用 + 动词原形或者省略,故选B。

31. D) 题意：经理宁愿其女儿不在同一个办公室工作。

解析：后的虚拟语气用过去式，故选D。

32. A) 题意：酒店招待确保客人登记无误是很重要的。

解析：“ + 从句”的虚拟语气用 +动词原形，可以省略。所以选项A是正确答案。

33. C) 题意：如果涉及到的上百万的计算用人工完成，那么等算完时早已失去其实用价值。

解析：引导的虚拟从句与过去事实相反，从句用“ +过去分词”形式，省略，提前，并以插入语的方式置于句中，主句用“ + +过去分词”形式，所以选项C为正确答案。

34. A) 题意：杰克常希望他上大学时学的是商业而不是历史。

解析：引导的宾语从句的虚拟语气如表示对过去情况的假设，动词形式用过去完成式（ +过去分词）或 + +过去分词的形式，所以选项A) 是正确答案。

35. C) 题意：这篇文章建议，当一个人处于不寻常的压力下时，他应该尤其注意自己的饮食平衡。

解析：引出的宾语从句的虚拟语气用 +动词原形或省略的形式，但本句的考查点却不是宾语从句的主句（ a ）,而是宾语从句中一个由引导的时间状语从句，不需用虚拟语气，因此选项C) 是正确答案。36. D) 题意：许多代表都赞成他的提议即设立一个专门委员会来调查此事故。

解析：引出的同位语从句的虚拟语气用 + 动词原形或者省略,该句是被动语态，故选D。

37. A) 题意：如果那位母亲坚持不放弃抚养婴儿的权利，那事情可能还要糟糕的多。

解析：引导的与过去情况相反的假设，从句用 + 过去分词的形式，主句用 + 过去分词，故选项A是正确答案。

第二讲非谓语动词

I．考点分析

非谓语动词包括现在分词、过去分词、不定式和动名词。非谓语动词

既是四级考试的重点也是四级考试的的难点。因为非谓语动词的用法很复杂，它既含有时态语态的变化、又有否定形式。例如：

a . (不定式的完成时态)

. (不定式的正在进行时)

. (不定式的完成时态的否定形式)

. (不定式的被动语态)

一、非谓语动词不同形式的基本用法。

1.现在分词可以用作状语、定语和表语。例如：

. (表语)

. (定语)

, . (状语)

. (定语)

2.过去分词的用法与现在分词大体相当，可以用作状语、定语和表语。只是表示的意义有所不同。例如：

. (表语)

. (定语)

, . (状语)

. (定语)

3.不定式有两种形式：带的不定式和不带的不定式, 不定式有进行体、完成体和被动语态。不定式在句中可以作主语、宾语、补语、定语和状语等。

. (逻辑主语)

. (主语)

I . (宾语补语)

I ’t . (宾语)

. (定语)

, 6 o’. (状语)

. (表语)

4.动名词在句中可以作主语、宾语、补语。

I ’t . (宾语)

. (主语)

. (表语)

二、四级考试中的非谓语动词考点

1.非谓语动词的时态和语态

’ . (正在进行时表示动作正在发生，被动语态表示被动) ’ . (过去分词作定语，表示动作完成)

’ . (不定式表示动做未发生，将要发生)

2.非谓语动词的否定形式和物主代词的用法

, . (分词作状语的否定形式)

I . (动名词作宾语的否定形式)

I ’t . (动名词作宾语的物主形式)

I . (不定式作补语的否定形式)

3.现在分词和过去分词区别：现在分词表示现在和主动的意思；过去分词含有被动和完成的意思。例如；

India, Americas .

句中主语和的关系应属被动关系，用过去分词。

.

句中与其主语是主动关系，用现在分词。

4.不定式和动名词的区别：不定式和动名词都可以作宾语，但在英语中不同的动词要求后边的宾语形式不同。有些动词要求动名词所宾语，有些动词要求不定式所宾语，还有些动词既可以用动名词又可以用不定式作宾语，但所表达的意思却不同。所以大家要记住这些特殊的动词。

要求不定式所宾语的动词有：, , , , , , , , , , , ,

要求动名词所宾语的动词有：, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ，下列动词既可以用动名词又可以用不定式作宾语：, , , , , , ,

, , 后接不定式表示动作尚未发生；接动名词表示动作已经发生。, , 后接不定式表示具体的或一次性的动作；接动名词表示习惯性或抽象性的动作。

后接不定式表示停下现在动作去做另一件事；接动名词表示停下现在所进行的动作。

后接不定式表示打算去做一件事；接动名词表示意思是什么。

5.几种特殊的句型

1） ()+ .

.

2） _ .

.

3） + (): 介词前动词若是实义动词，省略; 介词前动词若不是实义动词，则不能省略。

.

.

.

4）分词的固定搭配词组：, , , … , ()

6.独立主格结构

独立主格结构是带有逻辑主语的分词短语，它有以下几种形式：1）主语＋分词

, .

, .

a .

2） + 逻辑主语+分词（形容词、副词或介词短语等）

a .

.

三、非谓语动词考点例题

●时态

1． a , . （01/6/34）【A】

A) B) C) D)

2. . （96/6/37）【C】

A) B) C) D)

●语态

1. , 78, . （96/6/24）【D】

A) B) C) D)

2. I , I I .（96/6/28）【D】

A) B) C) D)

3. Columbus Cuba. （00/1/45）【B】

A) B) C) D)

●作状语（不定式,分词）

1. .（94/4/63）【A】

A) B) C) D)

2. a , a 's .（95/1/48）【A】

A) B) C) D)

3. 's . （94/4/70）【A】

A) B) C) D)

4. a . （99/6/48）【A】

A) B) C) D)

●作宾补（分词）

1. Australia .（94/4/67）【C】

A) B) C) D)

2. 't ; . （96/1/42）【C】

A) B) C) D)

●作后置定语(分词)

1. . （95/1/44）【A】

A) B) C) D)

2. 1647 Ohio a , 50 . （98/1/36）【A】

A) B) C) D)

●作宾语(动名词)

1. . （98/6/43）【A】

A) a B) a C) a D) a

2. . （98/6/46）【A】

A) B) C) D)

特殊动词后接不定式作宾语

1. I a . （95/6/41）【A】

A) B) C) D)

2. . （95/6/42）【D】

A) B) C) D)

3. I , . （96/1/40）【A】

A) B) C) D)

4. a . （97/6/58）【D】

A) B) C) D)

. 历届考题中的非谓语动词

1. , Columbus . （96/6/22）

A) B) C) D)

2. , . （96/6/33）

A) B) C) D)

3. I I . （97/1/44）

A) B) C) D)

4. . 'd . （97/6/48）

A) B) C) D)

5. , a a . （97/6/56）

A) B)

C) D)

6. , . （98/1/31）

A) B) ’ C) D) ’

7. a . （98/1/37）

A) B) C) D)

8. . （98/1/44）

A) B) C) D)

9. . （98/6/49）

A) B) C) D)

10. , . （99/1/51）

A) B) C) D)

11. . （99/6/45）

A) B) C) D)

12. I . （99/6/46）

A) B) C) D)

13. , . （99/6/57）

A) B) C) D)

14. 2000, ' s 1, 000,000 . （99/6/68）

A) B) C) D)

15. I 't . （00/1/43）

A) B) C) D)

16. , , . （00/1/46）

A) B) C) D)

17 , . （00/6/26）

A) B) C) D)

18. I . （00/6/27）

A) B) C) D)

19. . （00/6/30）

A) B) C) D)

20. , , . （00/6/34）

A) B) C) D)

21. 't , . （02/1/53）

A) B) C) D)

22. a , $ 21,000. （01/1/46）

A) B) C) D)

23. I' . （01/1/43）

A) B) C) D)

24. . （01/1/45）

A) B) C) D)

25. . （01/6/36）

A) B) C) D)

26. . （01/6/54）

A) B) C) D)

27. , a . （01/6/56）

A) B) C) D)

. 答案与详解

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