中西文化的差异及其对商务英语翻译的影响论文

中西方文化差异对翻译的影响的分析

摘要：翻译与文化有着密可不分的联系。文化的共性使翻译成为可能,但其语言文化的个性又给翻译活动设置了障碍。由于民族历史、社会制度、生活习惯等方面的差别,我国汉族文化与英、美等西方文化之间存在很大差异,这种差异造成思维方式不同,具体体现在汉、英两种语言上的表现包括词语理解与运用、词义内涵、联想意义及句式结构的不同等方面。为此,分析其理论原理,通过引用例句做进一步的探讨,并就某些方面提出相应的解决方法,是十分必要的。而且在当今全球化竞争日益激烈的形势下，如何把中英文翻译地更准确更贴近两种语言文化氛围，这是值得广大英语学习人士共同讨论一番的。

关键词：文化差异全球化翻译

正文：翻译是用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的内容、信息和风格忠实、流畅、艺术地再现出来的实践活动。美国翻译理论家奈特指出:“所谓翻译,就是指从语言到文体在译语中用最贴切而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息。”翻译作为语际交际, 不仅仅是语言的转换过程, 而且也是文化移植的过程。在很大程度, 它与文化因素、背景知识有很大的关系。王佐良曾说:“翻译的最大困难是两种文化的不同。”吕淑湘也说, 翻译家必须是一个杂家。“杂”就是指知识要广博。可见,解决好翻译中的文化差异问题,了解背景知识是保证译作成功的关键。文化在人类社会扮演着一个非常重要的角色.文化是一个社会物质文明与精神文明的总和。而语言是文化的载体,语言是文化的一面镜子.语言甚至是文化的一部分,特定的文化背景产生特定的语言。换句话说语言的学习过程也就是了解一种文化的过程。翻译作为语际交际, 不仅仅是语言的转换过程, 而且也是文化移植的过程[1 ]。在很大程度, 它与文化因素、背景知识有很大的关系。王佐良曾说:“翻译的最大困难是两种文化的不同。”吕淑湘也说, 翻译家必须是一个杂家。“杂”就是指知识要广博。可见,解决好翻译中的文化差异问题,了解背景知识是保证译作成功的关键。英语翻译不能脱离文化的教学。随着全球经济、政治和科技的一体化,多元文化并存势在必行,文化在各国交流与往来中变得极为重要。受其影响,文化成为文学翻译作品中的一个重要因素。在今天的社会中,翻译已不再仅仅被看作是语言符号的转换,而被看作是一种跨文化交际的行为。翻译成为了一种文化模式的转换。人们用“intercultural communication(跨文化交际) ”、“intercultural cooperation ( 跨文化合作) ”、“acculturation(文化交融) ”等一系列术语来替代“翻译”(郭建中,2000 , P277) 。因此,怎样更加准确、恰如其分地处理文学翻译中的文化差异是创造完美翻译作品的关键。。语词的翻译要求译者在广泛地、准确地了解他国文化中的观念、信仰、习俗、价值标准等方面的同时，忠实传达本国文化的价值与灵魂，才能真正做到不同文化间的交流。从事英语翻译要注意文化信息的传递，在实际工作中，文化信息有时很难传递到译入语中，结果对等的标准就不能完全做到。一般来说，文化差异对翻译的影响有如下几个方面：

一.传统文化的不同对翻译的影响：列如一外国游客在中国旅游，由于饮食和天气等缘故，导致身体不适，去医院看医生，医生给出的诊断结果是：由于吃多了辣制食物，出现上火。这时问题就出现了，到底怎样把“上火”这个词翻译成外国游人容易理解且易于接受的词语呢？一般如果对于中国人来说“上火”一词，是在熟悉不过了，然而对于一个初来乍到的外国人你仅仅说一个“hot”，他们该怎样去理解呢？所以当然在英文当中也有不少的此类的与文化有很大关联的词语，譬如，meet one’s w aterloo （一败涂地），对于学习英语的我们来说，如果你不懂语言出处的相关历史，我们很难翻译出它的真正意思，其实这句话

正是源于英国的著名历史事件—1815 年滑铁卢之战。所以，如果翻译工作者能多了解彼此语言的传统文化及某些著名历史，这无疑对翻译有很大的帮助。

二.宗教信仰的差异对翻译的影响

欧美人信基督教的居多, 认为上帝(god) 可创造一切,

因而有God helps those who help themselves. (上帝帮助自助的人) 的说法。而中国人则信仰佛教,相信“佛主”在左右着人世间的一切,与此有关的词语如“借花献佛”,“闲时

不烧香,临时抱佛脚”等。再如谚语:一个和尚挑水吃,两个和尚抬水吃, 三个和尚没水吃, 要神形并茂地译成英语并不容易。主要问题在于信仰基督教的英语国家对“和尚”这个概念比较陌生,而有关和尚的典故更是鲜为人知。因此,译成英语时形意很难兼顾。所以只能传意或重形取其中一种,

传意可用英语中现成的成语:One boy’ s boy;two boys are halfa boy; threeboys are no boy. 再看下面实例: Being a teacher isbeing present at the creation ,when the clay begins to breathe. 如果直译为“老师一直在创造中,犹如泥土开始呼吸”是错误的,因为信基督教的人认为,上帝创造了人,而人是来自尘土,又归于尘土。因此,英语中的creation 往往与“上帝”有关,而dust 或clay 则常指“上帝创造的人”。由此可见中西文化中不同的宗教信仰浸透在各自的语言表达中。如果译者缺乏对这种文化个性的深刻了解, 就难以鉴别句子的文化内涵,对译文的准确性产生重大的影响。

三. 时间观念的差异对翻译的影响

由于英汉文化的差异, 两个民族在时间观念上也存在着一定的差异。如,英语中的“the latest news”译成中文就不能译为“最后消息”,而只宜译为“最新消息”。类似的例子如the latest discovery of sth(最新发现) , the latest development of sth(最新发展) 等。再看下面的例句“可是我们已说到故事的后面去了”。“故事的后面”不能译成“behindthe story”, 英文不这么说, 英语里表达相同意思的地道说法是视角相反的“aheadof the story”(把后面的故事提前说了) 。因此, 这个句子可以译成“But we are getting ahead ofthe story. ”译者如果缺乏对英汉民族在时间观念上的差异作深入的了解,就会导致错误或误译。

四.日常谈话的差异对翻译的影响

1. 称谓的翻译。称谓是民族文化的体现,它们反映了习俗风尚和表达习惯。英文里的称谓比较笼统, 比较模糊, 在使用上表现出相对的随便, 它不象中文里的称谓,

非得把身份分得一清二楚, 这与西方社会的“人为本, 名为用”的价值观及中国文化传统的“重名分”有关。如父辈的男性亲属, 英语中概以“uncle”称之, 而汉语则有“叔、伯、姑父、舅舅和姨父”等称谓;“cousin”一词也可对应于中文里的“堂兄、堂弟、堂姐、堂妹、表兄、表姐、表妹”等称谓,因此英译汉时,就必须视不同情况作出不同的处理。

此外, 我们传统文化中有许多尊称, 谦称词或词语,

如“××君、××先生、×公、×老”以及“小人、寡人、鄙人”等等。要把这些词语翻译好,恐怕是比较困难的,因为英语里几乎没有与此相对等的尊称、谦称词语。因此, 在翻译时,只好将就按英语习惯表达,译成Mr. ××,而不能把“某某君”译成gentleman ××, 把“某老”译成senior ××,or old ××等等。

五.各民族生存的地理环境和生态环境差异对翻译的影响

由于社会文化等方面存在诸多差异,使人们从不同的角度和方式来感受和体验现实世界所发生的一切,形成一种独特的观点和认识。而词汇的象征意义是最富有文化气息的联想意义的。譬如,英语有man’s best friend(人之良友)的说法。谁能想到这是指什么动物呢?说“人之良友”是狗,许多人会觉得奇怪,在中国,狗往往使人联想到令人厌恶的东西,汉语中以“狗”为喻体的习语几乎都是贬义的:狗仗人势,狗急跳墙,狗尾续貂,狗血喷人,狗眼看人低,狗嘴里吐不出象牙等。但在英国,人们对狗的看法和我们截然不同,他们喜欢狗忠实、可靠、聪明、可爱的品质,把它视为忠诚的伙伴,dog在英语(特别是谚语)中往往含有褒情善意。A luck dog 幸运儿Love me,love my dog 把我的朋友看作是你的朋友Every dog has his day 人人皆有得意时Hot dog 热狗Help a lame dog over a stile 助人过难关；又如“龙”这个词在是中国人心中的吉祥动物，而外国人却“谈龙色变”，在西方神话传说中，dragon(龙) 不是中国人心中的吉祥动物，而是表示邪恶的怪物。在中世纪，dragon 是罪恶的象征，圣经故事中恶魔撒旦(satan)就被认为是the great dragon。另外，dragon 还有“泼妇’的意思，由此可知，dragon在英语国家人中所引起的联想与中国人的“龙”

完全不同，所以，翻译时就要特别小心。由于各民族生存的地理环境和生态环境存在很大差异的，翻译过程中必须要结合当地文化特色和习俗，从表面意义和形象构词到深层内涵和文化特征全都一一对应。这样就要求在进行翻译或是跨文化交际中,深刻把握其文化内涵,从而适应在不同文化环境中进行有效交际的需要。

六.饮食文化的差异对翻译的影响

毋庸置疑，中国是一个有着源远历史的烹饪大国，其复杂的菜系更是举不胜数，当然对于国人来说，一说菜名就知道是什么菜，主料、烹饪方法、形状及口感都了解一清二楚，而对于外国人来说，如果直译的话，就有可能让他们产生误解。譬如，夫妻肺片，民间翻译：H usband and Wife’s Lungsl ice (丈夫和妻子的肺切片)麻婆豆腐，民间翻译：Beancurd M ade by a Pock-marked Woman（长满雀斑的女人制做的豆腐）；如果是这样翻译给外国游客的客的话，可以想象他们是如何的表情，这顿大餐还进行的下去么? 所以为了避免笑话百出，我们可以这样翻译：夫妻肺片—Beef and Ox Tripe in Chili Sauce（泡在辣椒酱里的牛肉和黄牛肚）；麻婆豆腐—Mapo Tofu（麻婆豆腐的汉语拼音。有些菜名翻译为避免直译产生误解，我们可以从主料、烹饪方法、形状或口感、人名或地名等方面来着手进行翻译。其中，具有中国餐饮特色的传统食品，使用汉语拼音命名，如饺子：jiaozi;具有中国特色且被外

国人接受的菜名，使用方言来拼写，如：豆腐：Tofu;中文菜肴名称难以体现其做法及主配料的，使用汉语拼音，并在其标注英文注释。

美国著名翻译理论家奈达说过“文化之间的差异比语言结构之间的差异给译者带来更多和更严重的复杂情况”。王佐良先生也曾经说过“不了解语言当中的社会文化,谁也无法真正掌握语言”。可见,要想译作传意, 甚至传神。首先心须克服两种语言所负载的不同的文化差异

综上所述，文化语境的诸多因素影响着语词的翻译。因此，在语词的翻译中，译者必须了解不同民族社会文化体现在语篇中的文化内涵，正确理解语词所包含的文化语义，采用适当的翻译方法，如原译文语言与文化因素与译文基本一致时，可采用对等直译法、形象套用法、借用类似法等；如果原文语言的文化因素与译文不对等时，可采取求同存异法、意义对等法、添加注释法等，当然将一种语言译为不同文化的另一种语言并非容易的事，而将特定文化语境中的语词翻译成同样体现文化特色的语词就更是难上加难，有时难免出现引起读者误解和曲解的翻译。这就要在异国文化与中国文化中找一个正确的切合点。

参考文献：1. 胡文仲1 文化与交际[M]1北京:外语与教学研究出版社,1994.

2. 邓炎昌,刘润清1语言与文化[M]1北京:外语与教学研究出版社,1994

3.彭保良. 从文化差异的角度看英汉翻译中词义的确立[J ] . 中国翻译，1998

4.胡文仲.跨文化交际学概论[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1999

中西文化差异英文

Differences between Chinese and Western culture As we know the differences between the our estern cultures and western cultures are quite obvious.I would like to state some of my opinions in this paper. I.difference in the thinking style People on the earth are homologous,but different people in different place have different performance on the way of thinking. Differences between Chinese and Western way of thinking reflected in many aspects.Such as the difference between abstract and concrete, reflected in their attitudes towards life can be understood as Westernersare more practical, and the Chinese are much more biased towards some spiritual experience. Westerners pay attention to logical thinking, but Chinese pay more attention to dialectical thinking and so on. As Chinese and western way of thinking are different, there are differences in expression of the order. For example,we can see that the names of western style are not like ours,they put their given names at the first place,while we put them after our family names,that is to say,we regard our family more important than ourselves,and it's the traditional way of estern thinking.Westerners have another way of thinking,they think that each person is important in our world and society,and a person should play a important role among our human beings. II.differences in daily communication Westerners are frank,but chinese are humility.The reflection between westerners and chinese on the treatment of praise is different.In the West, people can accept it generously. As the Chinese have long term impact of Confucian education, we treat others’ praise and recognition not often take the attitude of ourselves, or there is suspected of arrogant. When meeting acquaintances, chinese and westerners greet each other are also different. Chinese people often say "Have you eat ?" "Where are you going?"except the general asked”hello”. In western culture, this is not a greeting, but substantive issues. When British and American people meet,they usually use a polite phrase like "How are you?" or "Nice to meet you!" In addtion,when westerners accept gift from others,they are willing to open it and praise it directly,but chinese do not do like that. III.differences in customs Chinese people regard ourselves as descendants of the Dragon.Chinese have a supreme respect for the dragon, we think dragon is a symbol of our nation. In the dynasty time,Chinese emperors generally self-styled "dragon".However,in the West, the dragon was regarded as the devil, and it was killed by the legendary god of protection, so they set a day as a festival to celebrate the lifting of a disaster, and thank the protection of God.For this reason, when the students describe a person's lively, they say "He / She is full of vim and vigor." not"He / She is as lively as a dragon and tiger". Everyone has their favorite color, so does a country and a nation. Chinese like the red colour ,because chinese think red is a symbol of luck and enthusiam. But westerners perfer to the blue colour,they think blue can make themselves calm. Thus,the preferences of different colors can reflect the whole of a country’s aesthetic taste. IV. differences in eating cultrue Chinese and Western diets are very different, so the differences also have an impact on the national character. In China, a banquet, no matter what purpose, there will be only one form, that is, everyone sit around one table. People toast each other,and eat the same food in one plate,,It reflects the mutual respect between people even the traditional courteous virtue. Although from the health point of view, this dietary approach has obvious shortcomings, it is consistent with our

中西节日文化差异英文

中西节日文化差异英文公司内部编号：（GOOD-TMMT-MMUT-UUPTY-UUYY-DTTI-

The comparison between Chinese and Western festivals 中西方节日文化的差异比较 Abstract: the process of comparing the Chinese and Western festivals and studying Western histories and cultures can help people promote the communication and understanding of different cultures. With the further development of society and inter-cultures, globalization will affect many aspects of life in all countries. And western festivals are becoming more and more popular in China. We should respect them and select the essence. China boasts a brilliant history and splendid traditions. In modern times, Chinese tradition should be preserved and promoted. But it seems that young people no longer treasure the tradition. On the contrary, they turn to pursue enthusiastically a seemingly more modern culture. If this trend is allowed to continue, the priceless heritage of our ancestors will be replaced by western traditions. Nobody expects such a consequence. So let’s join hand in hand to protect and carry forward Chinese tradition. Key words: Traditional festivals; Chinese and Western cultures; difference; globalization Introduction: “A holiday of a nation represents a glorious culture and concentrated customs of a nation.” To understand a nation's

英语论文(中美文化差异)

The different food culture and education styles in China and America 王姣 （2010级法学院法学专业20101788） 摘要：正如我们知道的那样，中国和美国在文化上有很多差异。我想谈谈中国和美国在食品和大学教育的差异。随着经济的发展，越来越多的人注意食品和教育的质量。所以饮食、教育文化在我们的日常生活中也变得很流行。其实，我们有时并不了解中国和美国在文化方面的不同。比如，它们在饮食文化、教育风格上都是不同的。 关键字：中国，美国，饮食文化，教育风格，不同 Abstract: as we all know, China and American have many differences in culture. I want to talk about the differences in food culture and education styles. With the development of economic, more and more people pay attention on food and education quality. So the food and education culture has been becoming popular in our daily life. In fact, we some times don’t know the differences with China and American of the culture. For example, they have different in diet attitude, food objects, ways of eating and education styles. Key words:China, America, food culture, education styles, different 1. The different in food culture As we all know, “there are three important things when you in the outside,which are eating, wearing and living.” Y ou can see” eating”is in the first place, eating is really important in our life. And the diet is also a kind of culture. Now, I will make some explanations about the different food culture in China and America. First, we talk about the different in diet attitudes. As we can see, in China, we will eat something with sensibility. When we choose what to eat, we will care more about the color, the smell, the taste, the shape and the device. Because our nations in the past many years, the productive level is very low, and many people are always hungry, they can’t eat enough food. So if a kind of culture treats eating as the most important thing, there will appear two situations. On one hand, this function of eating will be played to maximize, not only for surviving, but also for using it to maintain health, which is the cultural basis of “if you want to keep health, you’d better choose to enjoy some delicious food rather than take medicines”. On the other hand, if pay too much attention on food, it will make people often pursuit the delicious food. While Americans maybe more rationality. When they eat something, the things they care most are the nutritious value, such as the protein, the fat, the vitamin, the minerals and the carbohydrate. But it has made some problems, for example, from Los Angeles to New Y ork, the steak is only one taste, which has no arts to speak of. As a dish, chicken is chicken, steak is steak. Nest, we will say the food objects. In America, they think the foods are used just to eat, so they often eat a large piece of meat, the whole chicken and other “hard food”. However in China, we eat something we must enjoying the taste of it. So the Chinese cooking also

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文化差异英语作文集团文件发布号：（9816-UATWW-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DQQTY-

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Abstract Diet is the base of living, with no exception in China or the West. Dietary culture is an important part of the national culture. With the entrance of the 21st century, cross-cultural communication has become more and more frequent, among which dietary culture has been the most basic content. However, because of the differences in living environments, customs and value concepts China and the West have formed their own different dietary cultures. As a result, there appears some misunderstandings sometimes between Chinese and the Westerners in their communication. This paper will analyze the differences of dietary cultures between China and the West from dietary concepts, raw materials, dietary structures, cooking patterns and the order of serving dishes so as to facilitate the efficient communication between Chinese and Westerners. Key words: diet；dietary culture; difference