托福听力lecture的结构
托福听力lecture的结构
1. Lecture有结构
托福听力的lecture基本上都是总分总的结构，即「引入话题——展开讨论——教授总结」，下面分点论述：
1）引入话题
其实托福听力lecture里面讲课的教授就跟大家碰到过的老师一样，有的喜欢直入主题，有的喜欢拉七杂八。总的说来，lecture话题的引入方式有三种：
?开门见山：啥也不扯，一言不合就开车，比如TPO1 Lecture2：Ok, let’s get started. Great. Today I want to talk about a way in
which we are able to determine how old a piece of land, or some other geologic feature is –dating techniques.
?课程回顾：回顾上堂课的内容，然后再切入本堂课的内容；一般来说本次是上次的细化或者与上次的对比。比如TPO5 Lecture2：Last week, we covered some arguments against going back to the Moon. But there are compelling reasons in favor of another
Moon landing too, um…not the least of which is trying to
pinpoint the moon’s age.
?
?啰哩吧嗦：有的教授实在是特别啰嗦，比如TPO2 Lecture2：Hi, everyone. Good to see you all today.【你也好啊】Actually, I
expected the population to be a lot lower today. It typically runs
between 50 and 60 percent on the day the research paper is due.
【来的人多不好么，说明你受欢迎啊】Um, I was hoping to
have your exams back today【啊，要放榜啦】, but, uh, the
situation was that I went away for the weekend, and I was
supposed to get in yesterday at five, and I expected to fully
complete all the exams by midnight or so, which is the time that
I usually go to bed, but my flight was delayed, and I ended up
not getting in until one o’clock in the morning【你飞机晚点关我什么事啊】. Anyway, I’ll do my b est to have them finished by
the next time we meet【开始上课吧，please】. OK. In the last
class, we started talking about...【终于开始了…】
不论是用哪一种引入方式，话题总是要出来的。一般都有一个核心的话题词，这个词后面一般有一个定义或者解释。比如TPO5 Lecture3：...But, let’s talk about Spectroscopy a little now just to cover the basics. What is Spectroscopy Well, the simplest definition I can give you is that Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between matter and light. 这个「topic+definition/explanation」一定要听懂，最好还能在笔记上记下关键词。（当然，也有话题词不那么明显的，这样的lecture的结构就稍微难以整理一点。）
在这个「topic+definition/explanation」之后，一般有一句话总起下面的展开讨论的内容。比如TPO33 Lecture1：The great pyramid of Giza in Egypt might be the most famous building in the world. We know
exactly when it was built: construction started in 2547 about four thousand five hundred years ago. We know who had it built: that was a Pharaoh Khufu. And we know who oversaw its construction: the Pharaoh's brother. We know so many things about it, but the funny thing is, we still don't know exactly how it was built. This picture will give you an idea of the size of the pyramid and the size of blocks it's made up of. About two million stone blocks were used to build the great pyramid, and they're incredibly massive. The average weight is two and a half tons. The problem that has puzzled scholars for centuries is how were these blocks lifted up the height of this massive structure and then fit into place and without the benefit of modern technology. Of course there have been a lot of theories over the centuries.其实这就是常见的总起句式「several theories」「a few problems」「scientists have proposed several explanations」，下面的展开讨论部分就是具体展开这些theories、problems或explanations。小结一下：Lecture的第一个部分包括：引入+话题+定义/解释+总起。2）展开讨论
展开讨论当然紧接着上面的总起，结构往往比较清晰。比如TPO33 Lecture1在总起「Of course there have been a lot of theories over the centuries」之后就逐个展开这些theories。这些theories都是解释上面的话题，先提出theory1，讲清楚后再讲theory1的问题；因为theory1
有问题，自然就转入了theory2，再以此类推讲theory3、theory4——一般也就是三个或四个theory，再多就太长了。
?The oldest recorded one 【theory1】is by the Greek historian Herodotus...Well, so much for that theory.
?The next one【theory2】has to do with the use of a ramp...【theory2的问题】OK, so what now
?Well, if you'd ever driven on a mountain road...So why not wrap the ramp around the pyramid【theory3】... Well, if you've got a ramp spiraling up from the base of the pyramid, those corners would
be buried by that ramp during construction【theory3的问题】. ?Well, who says the ramp has to be on the outside of the pyramid And now we get to the latest idea【theory4】: if the ramp were on the inside of the pyramid...
其实这种就是托福听力lecture的第一种，即「总分总」的多个「分点」之间是并列的关系，比较常见的是「problem+solution1、solution2、solution3」或者「puzzle+explanation1、explanation2、explanation3」。不论是一个问题+多个解决方案，还是一个疑难+多种解释，不论具体的用词是用solution、explanation还是theory，总体结构都是类似的。这些结构大多适用于理工科的话题，逻辑比较清晰，转进的逻辑连接词也很明确，占据托福听力lecture的大多数。
另外一种就是「总分总」的多个「分点」之间是直线型的时间关系，多适用于文科的内容。比如讲到某个作家的生平，一般都是「早年——
青年——中年——晚年」，再比如讲到某种乐器的进化史，一般都是「起源——19世纪——20世纪——21世纪」之类的。比如TPO30 Lecture4：话题引入之后总起But really the instrument [electric guitar] we know today was the result of a continuing development that started for our practical purposes in the 1920s. 然后就分阶段讲述guitar的发展史：
?The first guitars were wooden...
?the steel guitar was first introduced in the United States...in the late 1890s...
?Anyway, by the 1920s...
?Electrified guitars... around 1940...
很显然，这种直线型结构的关键在于听懂记下这些时间标记。
小结一下：展开论述都跟着前面的「总起」，展开论述本身又包括「problem+solution123」「puzzle+explanation123」的并列分点型（理科话题）和直线时间递进型（文科话题）。
3）教授总结
主体部分结束之后，教授一般都要对前面讲到的solution123、explanation123或者某作家的生平进行一番总结。
直线时间递进型（文科话题）的总结没有明显规律，可能讲讲某作家的生平很励志，鼓励同学们努力，比如TPO1 Lecture1：No matter what, she never stopped painting. And now, Frantzen is doing extremely
well. And her work is being shown all over the country. So I think most of us would be discouraged if we had to face challenges and difficulties like that. But what’s important is that you keep at it that you d on’t give up. That’s what is really important to remember.
而「problem+solution123」「puzzle+explanation123」的并列分点型（理科话题）的总结部分则规律明显，有两者情况：
?教授赞同最后一个solution/explanation/theory：还记得前面theory 的转进方式么如果theory1就是对的，那就不会有theory234了。?教授表示not sure：比如TPO1 Lecture3：And hopefully, further excavation of Catalhoyuk will yield more clues.再比如TPO32
Lecture1：Clearly, more research needs to be done. Perhaps by some new scholars from this university At least give it some
thought.
2. 结构有用
上面的结构对应了托福听力lecture的题目，而且还比较精准：
?引入话题
?引入
?话题+定义/解释——Question1：What is the lecture mainly about
?总起
?分点1—— Question2
?分点2—— Question3
?分点3—— Question4
?总结—— Question5
上面5题+重听题，一共6题。这种结构与出题的对应关系当然是最理想的情况，但是从我做TPO的经验来看，还真是大同小异。而且从托福听力的结构还能推导出一些做题方法，试论两个：
1）跨区排除
如果我们在听力的时候能够把听力笔记区分不同的区域来（即引入话题、分点123、总结等各做一个区），那么题干和答案必然出现在一个区内。比如某题的题干出现在分点1，四个选项中ABC的信息都是对的，但是A在分点1，B在分点2，C在分点3，答案必然是A。这种方法称为跨区排除错误选项，适用于没听懂的时候排除干扰选项，或者听懂了快速做题。
2）左上右下
托福听力lecture的总体结构是总分，其实每一个分点内部的结构也往往是总分，一般都是「分点+解释+例子」的结构，按照我在托福听力中的笔记到底怎么记好- Ernest 的回答中提到的笔记方法，笔记结构应该如下，即「总」在「分」的左上方，「分」在「总」的右下方：?分点
?解释
?例子
托福听力lecture常考why mention题：「Why does the professor mention...」省略号里一般就是例子，那么答案必然就是例子左上方的解释或者分点。
3. 如何记下结构
1. 问题出在词汇上，有个别词汇没有听懂，其实听到了，但是不知道什么意思，在回忆意思的过程中，整句话或者整个段落已经过去了。
2. 只断断续续地听到了一些单个的词，并不知道整句话在说什么。
3. 听到了整句话，好像也没有生单词，但是整句话都没有听懂。
4. 句子太长，听到后面已经不知道前面说了什么，逻辑不清。
5. 完全听不进去，碰见听力就慌张。
以上5个问题基本可以归为3类。
1和2是属于语言本身的问题，比如词汇、语法、句型不过关、
3和4是属于大脑的认知问题，比如逻辑、记忆力、分析能力。
5属于心理问题，对听力有心理障碍。