大学专四阅读理解练习

Passage 1

Reebok executives do not like to hear their stylish athletic shoes called" footwear for yuppies (雅皮士·少壮高薪职业人士)". They contend that Reebok shoes appeal to diverse market segments, especially now that the company offers basketball and children's shoes for the under-18 set and walking shoes for older customers not interested in aerobics(健身操)or running. The executives also point out that through recent acquisitions they have added hiking boots, dress and casual shoes, and high-performance athletic footwear to their product lines, all of which should attract new and varied groups of customers.

Still, despite its emphasis on new markets, Reebok plans few changes in the up market (高档消费人群的) retailing network that helped push sales to $1 billion annually, ahead of all other sports shoe marketers. Reebok shoes, which are priced from $ 27 to $ 85, will continue to be sold only in better specialty, sporting goods, and department stores, in accordance with the company's view that consumers judge the quality of the brand by the quality of its distribution.

In the past few years, the Massachusetts-based company has imposed limits on the number of its distributors (and the number of shoes supplied to stores), partly out of necessity. At times the unexpected demand for Reebok's exceeded supply, and the company could barely keep up with orders from the dealers it already had. These fulfillment problems seem to be under control now, but the company is still selective about its distributors. At present, Reebok shoes are available in about five thousand retail stores in the United States.

Reebok has already anticipated that walking shoes will be the next fitness-related craze, replacing aerobics shoes the same way its brightly colored, soft leather exercise footwear replaced conventional running shoes. Through product diversification and careful market research, Reebok hopes to avoid the distribution problems Nike came across several years ago, when Nike misjudged the strength of the aerobics shoe craze and was forced to unload huge inventories of running shoes through discount stores.

Yuky

1. Reebok's view that "consumers judge the quality of the brand by the quality of its distribution" (Line 5, Par 2) implies that ______.

A. the quality of a brand is measured by the service quality of the store selling it

B. the quality of a product determines the quality of its distributors

C. the popularity of a brand is determined by the stores that sell it

D. consumers believe that first-rate products are only sold by high-quality stores

2. What lesson has Reebok learned from Nike's distribution problems?

A A company should not sell its high quality shoes in discount stores.

B A company should not limit its distribution network.

C A company should do follow-up surveys of its products.

D A company should correctly evaluate the impact of a new craze on the market.

3. Although the Reebok Company has solved the problem of fulfilling its orders, it ______.

A does not want to further expand its retailing network

B still limits the number of shoes supplied to stores

C is still particular about who sells its products

D Still carefully chooses the manufacturers of its products

4. Reebok once had to limit the number of its distributors because ______.

A its supply of products fell short of demand

B too many distributors would cut into its profits

C the reduction of distributors could increase its share of the market

D it wanted to enhance consumer confidence in its products

5. One reason why Reebok's managerial personnel don't like their shoes to be called "footwear for yuppies" is that ______.

A they believe that their shoes are popular with people of different age groups

B new production lines have been added to produce inexpensive shoes

C "yuppies" usually evokes a negative image

D the term makes people think of prohibitive prices

Passage 1 DDCAA

1. 答案:D句意理解及要点暗示题。题干引号中那部分在第二段，答案当然应在第二段，而该段主要论及高档消费群体的零售网——只在精品专卖屋、体育用品专卖店及大百货商场销售。

2. 答案:D细节推论题。由Nike(耐克)一词确定答案位置在最后一段，市场预测与决策。Nike公司正是由于当时错误地判断了健身鞋流行的强度而导致了老产品(running shoes)的积压而不得不打折销售，这是市场预测不准确所导致的。

3. 答案:C细节理解定位题。题干中的“although”与短文第三段倒数第二句之“but”相呼应，答案则应为该句的复述，故C为正确答案。

4. 答案:A要点归纳题。根据题干中“limit the number of distributions”确定答案。第三段论及即使产品供不应求时，也要对批发商有所选择，而过去一段时间对批发商数量的限制主要是“out of necessity”(迫不得已)，因为需求量出乎意料地超过了供应能力。

5. 答案:A要点推论题。题干中的“managerial personnel”即为第一段的executives，因此可知本题答案在第一段且为该段之主题：目标市场很大，高层领导们当然不希望自己的产品仅供应一些雅皮士。再由下文“children's shoes for the under-18 set and walki ng for older customers”更可知其目标消费是多层次的。容易错选的选项B侧重公司的生产策略，故不妥。

Passage 2

We all know that the normal human daily cycle of activity is of some 7～8 hours' sleep alternating with some 16～17 hours' wakefulness and that, broadly speaking, the sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness. Our present concern is with how easily and to what extent this cycle can be modified.

The question is no mere academic one. The ease, for example, with which people can change from working in the day to working at night is a question of growing importance in industry where automation calls for round-the-clock working of machines. It normally takes from five days to one week for a person to adapt to a reversed routine of sleep and wakefulness, Sleeping during the day and working at night. Unfortunately, it is often the case in industry that shifts are changed every week: a person may work from 12 midnight to 8 a. m. one week, 8 a. m. to 4 p. m. the next, and 4 p. m. to 12 midnight the third and so on. This means that no sooner has he got used to one routine than he has to change to another, so that much of his time is spent neither working nor sleeping very efficiently.

The only real solution appears to be to hand over the night shift to a number of permanent night workers. An interesting study of the domestic life and health of night-shift workers was carried out by Brown in 1957, She found a high incidence of disturbed sleep and other disorders among those on alternating day and night shifts, but no abnormal occurrence of these phenomena among those on permanent night work.

This latter system then appears to be the best long-term policy, but meanwhile something may be done to relieve the strains of alternate day and night work by selecting those people who can adapt most quickly to the changes of routine. One way of knowing when a person has adapted is by measuring his body temperature. People engaged in normal day-time work will have a high temperature during the hours of wakefulness and a low one at night; when they change to night work the pattern will only adjust gradually back to match the new routine and the speed with which it does so parallels, broadly speaking, the adaptation of the body as a whole, particularly in terms of performance. Therefore, by taking body temperature at intervals of two hours throughout the period of wakefulness it can be seen how quickly a person can adapt to a reversed routine, and this could be used as a basis for selection. So far, however, such a form of selection does not seem to have been applied in practice.

Yuky

1. Why is the question of "how easily people can get used to working at night" no mere academic one?

A Because few people like to reverse the cycle of sleep and wakefulness.

B Because sleep normally coincides with the hours of darkness.

C Because people are required to work at night in some fields of industry.

D Because shift work in industry requires people to change their sleeping habits.

2. The main problem of the round-the-clock working system lies in

A the inconveniences brought about to the workers by the introduction of automation.

B the disturbance of the dally cycle of workers who have to change shifts too frequently.

C the fact that people working at night are often less effective.

D the fact that it is difficult to find a number of good night workers.

3. It is possible to find out if a person has adapted to the changes of routine by measuring his body temperature because

A body temperature changes when the cycle of sleep and wakefulness alternates.

B body temperature changes when he changes to night shift or back.

C the temperature reverses when the routine is changed.

D people have higher temperatures when they are working efficiently.

4. Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A Body temperature may serve as an indication of a worker's performance.

B The selection of a number of permanent night shift workers has proved to be the best solution to problems of the round-the-clock working system.

C Taking body temperature at regular intervals can show how a person adapts to the changes of routine.

D Disturbed sleep occurs less frequently among those on permanent night or day shifts.

5. It is implied in the last paragraph that a low body temperature indicates that a person

A has just been awake from sleep.

B can not work night shifts.

C should go to sleep at once.

D is less productive.

Passage 2 CBABD

1. 答案:C[设题处] 举例处设题[解析] 文章第二段第一、二句提到，在某些自动化要求机器全天运转的企业中，人们要实行轮班，他们从白天工作转入夜晚工作的难易程度越来越成为人们关注的问题，由此可知答案为[C]。[A]和[D]在文中并未提到，而[B]虽然提到了，但并不能作为为何“人们要适应晚上工作的难易程度不仅仅是学术问题”的原因。

2. 答案:B[设题处] 事实处设题[解析] 定位于文章第二段最后一句“经常调整轮班方式意味着，一个人刚刚适应一种上班时间，却又不得不改换另一种，以至于他既无法有效地工作，也无法有效地睡觉”，由此可知答案为[B]。

3. 答案:A[设题处] 因果处设题[解析] 末段第三句提到，在白天正常工作的人醒着时体温高，夜间体温低。当他们改成夜班制时，体温模式只会逐渐调整以便适应新的工作方式；一般来讲，调整的速度与整个身体——在工作表现方面——调整同步，由此可知答案为[A]，而排除[B]和[C](是因为当工作时间改变时，体温只会慢慢调整，以适应新的工作方式，而不能随意调来调去)。虽然文中提到了工作时体温高，但并没有说高效率工作时体温更高，因此排除[D]。

4. 答案:B[设题处] 事实处设题[解析] 根据末段第三句和倒数第二句可排除[A]；而由末段倒数第二句可知[C]错误；此外，根据第三段第三句可排除[D]。第三段首句和末段首句中都出现了appears tp be(看起来，似乎)，由此可知文中提到挑选很多长期上夜班的工人是最好的解决方法时，并不是完全肯定的，故有答案为

[B]。

5. 答案:D[设题处] 事实处设题[解析] 最后一段第三句已提到，在白天正常工作的人醒着时体温高，夜间体温低。其隐含义就是：人体温低时工作效率是很低的，由此可知答案为[D]。

Passage 3

In Japan, where career opportunities for women are few, where divorce can mean a life of hardship, and where most female names are still formed using a word for child, a woman's independence has always come at a steep price.

Notions of women's liberation have never taken root among Japanese women. But with scant open conflict, the push for separate burials is quietly becoming one of the country's fastest growing social trends. In a recent survey by the TBS television network, 20 percent of the women who responded said they hoped to be buried separately from their husbands.

The funerary revolt comes as women here annoy at Japan's slow pace in providing greater equality between the sexes. The law, for example, still makes it almost impossible for a woman to use her maiden name after marriage. Divorce rates are low by Western standards, meanwhile, because achieving financial independence, or even obtaining a credit card in one's own name, are insurmountable hurdles for many divorced women. Until recently, society enforced restrictions on women even in death. Under Japan's complex burial customs, divorced or unmarried women were traditionally unwelcome in most graveyards, where plots are still passed down through the husband's family and descendants must provide maintenance for burial sites or lose them.

"The woman who wanted to be buried alone couldn't find a graveyard until about 10 years ago," said Haruyo Inoue, a sociologist of death and burial at Japan University. She said that graveyards that did not require descendants, in order to accommodate women, began appearing around 1990. Today, she said, that there are close to 400 of these cemeteries in Japan. That is just one sign of stirring among Japanese women, who are also pressing for the first time to change the law to be able to use their maiden names after marriage.

Although credit goes beyond any individual, many women cite Junko Mastubara, a popular writer on women's issues, with igniting the trend to separate sex burials. Starting three years ago, Ms. Matsubara has built an association of nearly 600 women--some divorced, some unhappily married, and some determinedly single who plan to share a common plot curbed out of an ordinary cemetery in the western suburb of Chofu.

Yuky

1. According to the passage, the sex inequalities that Japanese women endure include EXCEPT ______.

A they are forbidden to divorce

B they are restricted from being buried separately from their husbands

C the law makes it almost impossible for a woman to use her maiden name after marriage

D they hesitate to take part in women's liberation movements

2.In this article, the author is mainly concerned with ______.

A Japanese women's endeavors to win sex equality

B social and governmental obligation in eliminating sex inequality

C how Japanese laws prevent Japanese women from being buried alone

D how to change Japan's complex burial customs

3. From the fact that divorce can mean a life of hardship for Japanese women, we can infer that ______.

A many Japanese women have a bad relationship with their husbands

B many Japanese women live together with their husband in perfect harmony

C many Japanese women have a low social status

D it's an out-dated custom for Japanese women to be housewives

4. According to the passage, which of the following statements about the funeral revolt in Japan is NOT true?

A It comes as the result of Japanese women's dissatisfaction with Japan's slow pace in providing greater sex equality.

B More and more Japanese women choose the form of divorce to win the victory of funeral revolt.

C Japan's complex burial customs make it more difficult for Japanese women to be buried separately.

D More and more Japanese women prefer to be buried separately from their husbands.

5. The meaning of the word "ignite" in the last paragraph is " ______ ".

A to cause to die

B to arouse the passion of

C to make angry

D to make gloom

Passage 3 AACBB

1.[A]细节理解题。文章开头讲到接受电视台调查的妇女中有20%表示希望能与丈夫分开埋葬(20 percent of the women who responded said they hoped to be buried separately from their husbands)，还提到日本的墓地是由丈夫的家族传下来的，子孙们必须维护好葬址，否则就会丧失墓地(where plots are still passed down through the husband's family and descendants must provide maintenance for burial sites or lose them)，所以B正确；C法律禁止妇女婚后使用娘家姓是文章原句(The law，for example，still makes it almost impossible for a woman to use her maiden name after marriage)；文章一开头就提到，妇女解放的观念从未在日本妇女中扎根(Notions of women's liberation have never taken root among Japanese women)，所以D正确，只有A不符合文意。

2. [A]主旨概括题。作者在这篇文章里主要讨论的是日本妇女通过以争取死后单独埋葬为重点，为争取自己的性别平等地位所做的努力，并没有提及日本社会和政府对于消灭性别不平等的义务。

3. [C]推理题。从离婚对妇女来说意味着艰辛的生活这一事实，可以推理出什么?联系这句话的上下文：在日本，妇女的就业机会极少，离婚对妇女来说意味着艰辛的生活，大多数妇女的名字是用孩子的一个字来取的，妇女的独立总是以极高的代价获得的。因此可以推测出这一事实说明的是日本妇女的社会地位很低。

4. [B]推理判断题。文章提到了葬礼反抗的开始是由于妇女们对日本在提供更多的性别平等方面的缓慢步伐感到不满(The funerary revolt comes as women here annoy at Japan's slow pace in providing greater equality between the sexes)；并说到在日本复杂的葬礼习俗下，离婚的或是未结婚的妇女传统上在大多数墓地是不受欢迎的(Under Japan's complex burial customs，divorced or unmarried women were traditionally unwelcome in most graveyards)；还说到单独埋葬已经悄然成为日本发展最快的社会时尚(the push for separate burials is quietly becoming one of the country's fastest growing social trends)，但文章没有提到妇女们把离婚作为争取胜利的手段。

5. [B]词汇猜测题。问“ignite”在文章中的意思。文章说：很多妇女举Junko Mastubara这位妇女问题的著名作家为例，她“ignite”按性别单独埋葬的趋势。接着又讲到她于三年前建立了一个有大约600名妇女组成的社团，计划在Chofu 西郊的一块普通墓地旁共同争取一块墓地，所以“ignite”是“点燃，激起”的意思。

Passage 4

Often called the intellectual leader of the animal-rights movement, Regan "is the foremost philosopher in this country in the field of the moral status of non-rational animals", says Bob Bryan, former chairman of the N.C. State Philosophy and Religion Department. Regan has lectured from Stockholm to Melbourne about the importance of recognizing animals as part of the evolving field of ethics. His books, The Case for Animal Rights and In Defense of Animal Rights, are widely acknowledged as having cemented the roots of the modem animal-rights movement in academia.

To be sure, vegetarianism dates back to Plato and Plutarch. And in America, the first cruelty busts happened in the late 19th century in New York. But society viewed animals largely as properties, until Regan and a handful of other philosophers pushed animal-rights issues into the academic mainstream. Indeed, this academic focus has dramatically altered how Americans approach the ethics of husbandry, some observers say. Once-radical ideas have been firmly woven into society.

Regan envisions a type of "bill of rights" for animals, including the abandonment of pet ownership, elimination of a meat-based diet, and new standards for biomedical research on animals. Essentially, he wants to establish a new kind of solidarity with animals, and stop animal husbandry altogether. "In addition to the visible achievements and changes, there's been what I might call an invisible revolution taking place, and that revolution is the seriousness with which the issue of animal rights is taken in the academy and in higher education," Regan says.

But with Regan planning to retire in December, a growing number of farmers, doctors, and others are questioning the sustainability of his ideas. Increasingly, Americans who feel their rights have become secondary to animals' rights are speaking out against a wave of arson attacks on farmers and pies thrown in the faces of researchers. Radical groups, with sometimes-violent tactics, have been accused of scaring farmers away from speaking up for traditional agrarian values. Indeed, tensions are only rising between animal-rights activists and groups that have traditionally used the land with an eye toward animals' overall welfare, not their "right" to be happy or to live long lives.

The controversy around Regan is heightened by the fact that he's no pacifist. He says he believes it's OK to break the law for a greater purpose. He calls it the "greater-evil doctrine", the idea that there's moral hierarchy to crime. "I think that you can win in court, and that's what I tell people," Regan says. "I don't believe that you should run and hide." The shift in the level of respect has been "seismic", he says. "Contrary to what a lot of people think, there really has been a recognition that there are some things that human beings should not be permitted to do to animals. Where the human heart has grown is in the recognition of what is to be prohibited."

Yuky

1.Regan is called the intellectual leader of the animal-rights movement because

A he is a philosopher in the field of animal-rights protection.

B he helps to make animal-rights movement an academic subject.

C he has written many books on how to protect animal rights.

D he proves that animal societies have their moral standards as human societies do.

2. All of the following are mentioned as Regan's concepts of animal rights movement EXCEPT

A animals have some basic rights like people.

B people should reassess their relationship to animals.

C animals should not be taken to be properties to people.

D the way morality is taught in the academic circle should be changed.

3. What is the "invisible revolution" mentioned in the third paragraph?

A Academia begins to take animal-rights movement seriously

B Violence should sometimes be used to protect animal rights.

C An attempt has been made to stop animal husbandry altogether.

D The bill of rights for animals has been written into the law.

4. We learn from the passage that Regan

A is a professor at the University of Melbourne.

B consents to the employment of violence in animal protection.

C is a vegetarian who is fairly familiar with Plato's philosophy.

D is the first man who is fully convinced that animals have rights.

5. Regan obviously believes that the prospect of animal rights movement is

A gloomy.

B bright.

C uncertain.

D doomed.

Passage 4 BDABB

1答案:B[设题处] 因果处设题[解析] 文中第一段提到，Regan经常被称作动物保护运动的知识领袖，根据Bryan的说法，在为非理性的动物确立道德地位方面，Regan是20世纪的哲学先驱。他到处游说，论述将动物保护作为一个新兴的道德领域。他的书被广泛认为给现代动物保护运动奠定了学术基础，由此可知答案为[B]。

2. 答案:D[设题处] 观点处设题[解析] 根据文章第三段第一句“在Regan看来，应该制定一个动物“权利法案”，包括放弃养宠物的做法、取消以肉类为主的用餐方式、为使用动物进行生物医学研究确立新的标准”，所以排除[A]和[C]；由第三段第二句“从根本上说，Regan要求与动物确立一种新的牢固关系，彻底停止畜牧业”可知[B]错误，故答案为[D]。

3. 答案:A[设题处] 引言处设题[解析] 定位于文章第三段最后一句“他说，除了看得见的成就和变化外，一场革命正在发生，我称之为看不见的革命，即学术界和高等教育界对待动物权利的问题非常认真”，由此可知答案为[A]。

4. 答案:B[设题处] 事实处设题[解析] 最后一段前两句提到，围绕Regan的争议由于下列一个事实而变得更激烈：他不是一个和平运动者，他认为为了实现更大的目的(指动物保护)犯法也没关系，由此可知答案为[B]。根据第一段第一、二句可排除[A]；又由第二段第一、二句可排除[C]；此外，根据第一段可知[D]错误。

5. 答案:B[设题处] 观点处设题[解析] 定位于最后一段后半部分，在Regan看来，(人们对于动物的)尊重程度已发生了根本的变化，与很多人看法不同，人们已经真正认识到：他们对动物已经不能为所欲为了，人们的思想变化表现在他们知道哪些事不能做，由此可知答案为[B]。

Passage 5

For a long time, researchers have tried to nail down just what shapes us--or what, at least, shapes us most. And over the years, they've had a lot of exclamation moments. First it was our parents, particularly our mothers. Then it was our genes. Next it was our peers, who show up last but hold great sway. And all those ideas were good ones--but only as far as they went.

Somewhere, there was a sort of temperamental dark matter exerting an invisible gravitational pull of its own. More and more, scientists are concluding that this unexplained force is our siblings.

From the time we are born, our brothers and sisters are our collaborators and co-conspirators, our role models and cautionary tales. They are our scolds, protectors, goads, tormentors, playmates, counselors, sources of envy, objects of pride. They teach us how to resolve conflicts and how not to; how to conduct friendships and when to walk away from them. Sisters teach brothers about the mysteries of girls; brothers teach sisters about the puzzle of boys. Our spouses arrive comparatively late in our lives; our parents eventually leave us. Our siblings may be the only people we'll ever know who truly qualify as partners for life. "Siblings," says family sociologist Katherine Conger, "are with us for the whole journey."

Within the scientific community, siblings have not been wholly ignored, but research has been limited mostly to discussions of birth order．Older sibs were said to be strivers；younger ones rebels；middle kids the lost souls．The stereotypes were broad，if not entirely untrue，and there the discussion mostly ended．

But all that’s changin9．At research centers in the U．S．，Canada，Europe and elsewhere，investigators are launching a wealth of new studies into the sibling dynamic，looking at ways brothers and sisters steer one another int0—or away from--risky behavior how they form a protective buffer(减震器)against family upheaval；how they educate one another about the opposite sex；how all siblings compete for family recognition and come to terms--or blows--over such impossibly charged issues as parental favoritism．

From that research，scientists are gaining intriguing insights into the people we become as adults．Does the manager who runs a harmonious office call on the peacemaking skills learned in the family playroom? Does the student struggling with a professor who plays favorites summon up the coping skills acquired from dealing with a sister who was Daddy’s girl? Do husbands and wives benefit from the inter—gender negotiations they waged when their most important partners were their sisters and brothers? All that is under investigation．“Siblings have just been off the radar screen until now，”says Conger．But today serious work is revealing exactly how our brothers and sisters influence us．

Yuky

1．The beginning of the passage indicates that

A．researchers have found out what shapes us．

B．our peer is the last factor influencing us．

C．what researchers found contributes in a limited way．

D．what researchers found is good and trustworthy．

2．In the third paragraph, the author tries to demonstrate that our siblings A．offer us much useful information．

B．have great influences on us．

C．are the ones who love us completely．

D．accompany us throughout our life．

3．In scientific community, previous research on siblings

A．mostly focused on the sibling order．

B．studied the characteristics of the kids．

C．studied the matter in a broad sense．

D．wasn’t believable and the discussion ended．

4．Which of the following is NOT sibling dynamic?

A．A brother cautions his sister against getting into trouble．

B．Sisters have quarrels with each other．

C．Siblings compete for parental favoritism．

D．Older kids in a family try hard to achieve．

5．From the last paragraph，we can conclude that

A．managers learned management skills from the family playroom．B．spouses learned negotiation skills from their siblings．

C．studies on siblings are under the way。

D．studies on siblings need thorough investigation．

Passage 5 CBADC

1．[C]细节判断题。第1段指出了研究人员研究什么塑造我们，并取得了一些成果，最后一句“但这仅仅是就目前的研究而言”表明目前研究的局限性，C 表达了这个含义。由第1段可知，研究者还在探索到底是什么塑造了我们，故A错误；该段倒数第2句提到虽然我们的同龄人出现得最晚，但是影响却最深刻，故B 也错了；trustworthy在文中没有依据，故排除D。

2．[B]段落大意题。第3段讲到了兄弟姐妹在我们生活中扮演的各种角色对我们生命的影响，故选B；A“提供给我们有用的信息”属段落细节，不是作者在第3段想要说明的问题；C“完完全全爱我们的人”过于绝对且在文中找不到对应信息点；D“伴随我们一生”只是影响我们的一个方面，故D也可排除。

3．[A]细节判断题。根据scientific community定位到第4段首句。由该句but转折处可知答案应为A。第2句提到年长的、年小的、中间的孩子共有的定式，并没有对他们的个性特征进行研究，故B排除；最后一句说这种定式很普遍，但并不意味着从广义上来研究兄弟姐妹对我们的影响，故C排除；D在文中没有依据。

4．[D] 细节判断题。根据sibling dynamic定位到第5段。本题可用排除法。A、B对应steer away from risky behavior；C在该段提及，也属sibling dynamic。D 在第4段有提到，但不属于sibling dynamic。

5．[C]细节推断题。末段倒数第3旬提到All that is under investigation，C与此同义，为正确答案。A、B只是该段中的个别例证；最后一句提到要进一步研究兄弟姐妹是如何影响我们的，D项的表述与原文有出入。

Passage 6

By the 1980s, according to international but admittedly inconsistent definitions of literacy, about seven out of ten adults in the world were considered literate. The increase in literacy from ancient times to the present has not been a story of unbroken progress. The ability of people within a given society to read and write has been influenced by a number of factors, including economic well-being, the availability of material to read, the amount of education available, and the basic matter of the usefulness of reading.

Of these factors, usefulness has probably been the most decisive. In ancient societies, as people settled into stable patterns of agriculture and trade, it became useful for some of them to read and write in order to keep records, to transact business, and to measure amounts of land, animals, goods, materials, and produce. Since all economic aspects of a society were closely tied to the operations of government, literary became useful and even necessary for the keeping of records by officials. The responsibilities of citizenship led to a fairly high level of literacy in ancient Greece and Rome, but in addition to that, there also grew an appreciation of good literature, poetry, drama, history, and philosophy.

During the early Middle Ages, with the general breakdown of society in Europe and the decrease of commerce, literary became largely confined to the church. But in the late Middle Ages, in the period of the Renaissance, the great expansion of commerce and banking led to a revival in literacy for the same reason that had caused it to increase in the ancient world usefulness.

With the invention of the printing press and inexpensive paper late in the 15th century there was for the first time a great availability of reading material for a much greater number of people. Religious reformers were among the first to utilize the situation, quickly getting translations of the Bible and educational tracts and booklets into the hands of many people.

The broadened religious enlightenment that resulted was followed in later centuries by a political one. Political theorists who favored doctrines promoting the natural rights of man called for an attack upon illiteracy. Political revolutions, particularly in the United States and France, helped inaugurate an era in which all classes were called upon to become informed on public policy for their own welfare. Against this political background there emerged the movement for universal popular education. Literacy came to be understood as a means whereby the individual could benefit and advance, and gradually whole societies began to acknowledge that universal literacy among their citizens was an avenue to greater economic well-being.

Yuky

1. From the first paragraph we learn that

A it is fairly easy to determine literacy.

B there is no illiteracy in a rich family.

C history sees an even progress towards literacy.

D in history literacy suffers ups and downs.

2. Which of the following exerts the greatest influence on universal literary?

A Government policies.

B The invention of the printing press.

C The popularization of education.

D The practical need for reading.

3. According to the passage, what is the major driving force behind the progress toward more literacy?

A The amount of education.

B The availability of reading materials.

C The economic development.

D The necessity to read.

4. What brought about the great expansion of literacy in the Renaissance?

A The religious reforms.

B The tradition and popularization of the Bible.

C The availability of printing technology and cheap paper.

D The renovations of the teaching methods.

5. The last paragraph is mainly about

A the religious movements that promote the literacy of the public.

B the new progress towards literacy initiated by democratic society.

C modem political movement towards a more democratic society.

D political movements at the end of the Middle Ages fighting illiteracy.

Passage 6 DDDCB

1．答案:D[设题处] 段意处设题[解析] 第一段指出，从古至今，文化水平的增长并非一帆风顺(a story of unbroken progress)，某个社会的人的阅读和写作水平受许多因素制约，如：经济状况、阅读材料的多少、受教育机会(the amount of education available)和阅读能力的实用性，故答案为[D]。

2．答案:D[设题处] 事实处设题[解析] 由第二段第一句“在众多因素中，实用性(usefulness)可能是决定性因素”可知答案为[D]。

3．答案:D[设题处] 推断处设题[解析] 根据第2题的分析，再联系文中以下几段不难看出，这里的“实用性”是指：学会阅读有什么直接用途，由此可推断答案为[D]。

4．答案:C[设题处] 因果处设题[解析] 第四段实际上说的也是文艺复兴时期文化的进步，正是由于印刷术的发明和便宜的纸张才使欧洲的文化得到了前有未有的普及和提高，从而有文化的人增多了，故答案为[C]。

5．答案:B[设题处] 段意处设题[解析] 最后一段指出，广泛的宗教启蒙运动之后是几个世纪的政治启蒙运动。那些支持天赋人权纲领的政治理论家号召向文盲宣战，政治革命——特别是美国和法国的革命——促进了一个新时代的诞生：为了自身的利益，各社会阶层的人被号召关心国家政策，在此背景下，出现了文化普及运动，由此可知答案为[B]。

Passage 7

The importance and focus of the interviewing the work of the print and broadcast journalist is reflected in several books that have been written on the topic. Most of these books, as well as several chapters, mainly in, but not limited to, journalism and broadcasting handbooks and reporting texts, stress the "how to" aspects of journalistic interviewing rather than the conceptual aspects of the interview, its context, and implications. Much of the "how to" material is based on personal experiences and general impressions. As we know, in journalism as in other fields, much can be learned from the systematic study of professional practice. Such study brings together evidence from which broad generalized principles can be developed.

There is, as has been suggested, a growing body of research literature in journalism and broadcasting, but very little significant attention has been devoted to the study of the interview itself. On the other trend, many genera texts as well as numerous research articles on interviewing in fields other than journalism have been writ ten. Many of these books and articles present the theoretical and empirical aspects of the interview as well as the training of file interviewers. Unhappily, this plentiful general literature about interviewing pays little attention to the journalistic interview. The fact that the general literature on interviewing does not deal with the journalistic interview seems to be surprising for two reasons. First, it seems likely that most people in modem Western societies are more familiar, at least in a positive manner, with journalistic interviewing than with any other from of interviewing. Most of us are probably somewhat familiar with the clinical interview, such as that conducted by physicians and psychologists. In these situations the professional person or interviewer, is interested in getting information necessary for the diagnosis and treatment of the person seeking help. Another familiar situation is the job interview. However, very few of us have actually been interviewed personally by the mass media, particularly by television. And yet, we have a vivid acquaintance with the journalistic interview by virtue of our roles as readers, listeners, and viewers. Even so, true understanding of the journalistic interview, especially television interviews, requires thoughtful analyses and even study, as this book indicates.

Yuky

1. The passage is most likely a part of ______.

A a news article

B a journalistic interview

C a research report

D a preface

2. The main idea of the first paragraph is that ______.

A generalized principles for journalistic interviews are the chief concern for writers on journalism

B importance should be attached to the systematic study of journalistic interviewing

C concepts and contextual implications are of secondary importance to journalistic interviewing

D personal experiences and general impressions should be excluded from journalistic interviews

3. Who is the interviewee in a clinical interview?

A The patient.

B The physician.

C The journalist.

D The psychologist.

4. Much research has been done on interviews in general ______.

A so file training of journalistic interviewers has likewise been strengthened

B though the study of the interviewing techniques hasn't received much attention

C but journalistic interviewing as a specific field has unfortunately been neglected

D and there has also been a dramatic growth in the study of journalistic interviewing

5. Westerners are familiar with the journalistic interview ______.

A but most of them wish to stay away from it

B and many of them hope to be interviewed some day

C and many of them would like to acquire a true understanding of it

D but most of them may not have been interviewed in person

大学英语四级阅读理解训练

大学英语四级阅读理解训练 Classified advertising is that advertising which is grouped in certain sections of the paper and is thus distinguished from display advertising. Such groupings as “Help Wanted”, “Real Estate”, “Lost and Found” are made, the rate charged being less than for display advertising. Classified advertisements are a convenience to the reader and a saving to the advertiser. The reader who is interested in a particular kind of advertisement finds all advertisements of that type grouped for him. The advertisers may, on this account, use a very small advertisement if it were placed among larger advertisements in the paper. It is evident that the reader approaches the classified advertisement in a different frame of mind from that in which he approaches the other advertisements in the paper. He turns to a page of classified advertisements to search for the particular advertisement that will meet his needs. As his attention is voluntary, the advertiser does not need to rely too much extent on display type to get the reader’s attention. Formerly all classified advertisements were of the same size and did not have display type. With the increase in the number of such advertisements, however, each advertiser within a certain group is competing with others in the same group for the reader’s attention. In many cases, the result has been an increase in the size of the space used and the addition of headlines and pictures. In that way, the classified advertisement has in reality advertisement. This is particularly true of real estate advertising? 1. All of the following facts are advantages of classified advertisement for advertisers EXCEPT that ____. A) classified advertisement charges less money B) it is easier to attract the attention of the target consumers C) it provides more information for the readers

大学英语B 阅读理解答案

阅读理解 B 42、Martin Luther King was a black minister, who became a great leader of the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s. King was born on January 15, 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia. When he was young, he was strongly influenced by Thoreau and Indian leader Mahatma Gandhi's idea of non-violent resistance. Having received a Ph. D (Doctor of Philosophy) from Boston University, he became a political and religious leader of the non-violent civil relights movement in 1955. On August 28, 1963, he led over 250,000 Americans on a march in Washington D.C. to fight for the Civil Rights Law to guarantee equality for all people, and delivered his best known speech "I Have a Dream" before the Lincoln Memorial. The "dream" is a dream of brotherly love and equality for the Black and White. Thus, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for peace in 1964, but he was murdered four years later. Though he died, he was greatly respected and loved by the Americans, both the white and the black. By vote of Congress in 1968, the third Monday of every January is now a federal holiday in Luther King's honor. He lives in people's hearts forever. (1)、Martin Luther King was murdered when he was 39 years old. A：T B：F 答案：A (2)、Martin Luther King was a black minister only. A：T B：F 答案：B (3)、Martin Luther King's Day has been a federal holiday for more than 40 years. A：T B：F 答案：A (4)、The underlined word "delivered" in the second paragraph could be replaced by "gave". A：T B：F 答案：A (5)、The best title for this passage is "Civil Rights Law". A：T B：F 答案：B 43、A public house which was recently bought by Mr. James is up for sale. He is going to sell it because it is haunted (闹鬼的). He told me that he could not go to sleep one night because he heard a strange noise coming from the bar. The next morning, he found that the doors had been blocked by chairs and the furniture had been moved. Though Mr. James had turned the lights off before he went to bed, they were on in the morning. He also said that he had found five empty whisky bottles which the ghost (鬼) must have drunk the night before. When I suggested that some villagers must have come in for a free drink, he shook his head. The villagers have told him that they will not accept it even if he gives it away. (1)、Mr. James was the owner of the public house. A：T B：F 答案：A (2)、Mr. James had not turned off the lights that night. A：T B：F 答案：B (3)、Mr. James built the house. A：T B：F 答案：B (4)、Mr. James found sixty empty bottles. A：T B：F 答案：B (5)、The writer of the passage believes Mr. James' story. A：T B：F 答案：B 44、Great changes have been made in family life because of science and industry. In the past, when more Americans lived on farms, the typical family had many children. In a farm family, parents and their children often lived with grandparents. Often, too, uncles and aunts lived nearby. But when industry became more important than agriculture in American life, families became smaller because industry requires workers who are ready and able to move off the land and to move again whenever necessary. And large families can not be moved from place to place as smaller families can. So, at present people tend to have smaller families. In the future, because of industrialization, a typical family will be required to move even more often than now, so families will be even smaller. The typical family may remain childless and consists only of a man and a woman. A small number of families may take child raising as their chief work. At the same time they may also raise other people's children, leaving those families free to move from job to job. (1)、The passage discusses influence of science and industry on American families. A：T B：F 答案：A (2)、Families of the past, the present and the future are described in the passage. A：T B：F 答案：A (3)、People no longer want to have children. A：T B：F 答案：B (4)、Grandparents will take the chief responsibility of raising children in the future. A：T B：F 答案：B (5)、Large families cannot fit in with a highly industrialized society. A：T B：F 答案：A 45、My husband had just bought a new washing machine for me. I decided to use it and I washed a lot of things. Everything worked well, but I found one of my husband's socks missing. I looked everywhere for it, but I couldn't find it anywhere. The next morning, I got ready for school as usual. When the bell rang, the students came in. I greeted them first and then told them what we were going to do that day. When I turned around to write on the blackboard, the class broke out a roar! They laughed and laughed. They laughed so much, in fact, that I was afraid the headmaster would be into seeing all this. I asked the class to stop, but the more I talked, the more they laughed. I decided to pay no attention to them and I continued to write on the blackboard. When I did this, they roared even more. Finally, the teacher who had the room next to mine came in to see what all the laughter was about. When he came in, he started laughing, too!

英语四级阅读理解练习附答案

英语四级阅读理解练习附答案 导读：我根据大家的需要整理了一份关于《英语四级阅读理解练习附答案》的内容，具体内容：下面是我整理的，希望对大家有帮助。Culture is one of the most challenging elements of the international ma... 下面是我整理的，希望对大家有帮助。 Culture is one of the most challenging elements of the international marketplace. 『This system of learned behavior patterns characteristic of the members of a given society is constantly shaped by a set of dynamic variables: language, religion, values and attitudes, manners and customs, aesthetics, technology, education, and social institutions.』① To cope with this system, an international manager needs both factual and interpretive knowledge of culture. To some extent, the factual knowledge can be learned; its interpretation comes only through experience. The most complicated problems in dealing with the cultural environment stem from the fact that one cannot learn culture—one has to live it. Two schools of thought exist in the business world on how to deal with cultural diversity. One is that business is business the world around, following the model of Pepsi and McDonalds. In some cases, globalization is a fact of life; however, cultural differences are still far from converging.

英语专业四级阅读理解练习四附答案解析

PART Ⅱ READING COMPREHENSION ［25 MIN.］ In this section there are four passages followed by fifteen questions or unfinished statements, each with four suggested answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that you think is the correct answer.Mark your choice on your ANSWER SHEET. TEXT A As many as one thousand years ago in the Southwest, the Hopi and Zuni Indians of North America were building with adobe－sun baked brick plastered with mud. Their homes looked remarkably like modern apartment houses. Some were four stories high and contained quarters for perhaps a thousand people, along with storerooms for grain and other goods. These buildings were usually put up against cliffs, both to make construction easier and for defense against enemies. They were really villages in themselves, as later Spanish explorers must have realized since they called them “pueblos”, which is Spanish for town.The people of the pueblos raised what are called “the three sisters”—corn, beans, and squash. They made excellent pottery and wove marvelous baskets, some so fine that they could hold water. The Southwest has always been a dry country, where water is scarce. The Hopi and Zuni brought water from streams to their fields and gardens through irrigation ditches. Water was so important that it played a major role in their religion. They developed elaborate ceremonies and religious rituals to bring rain. The way of life of less settled groups was simpler and more strongly influenced by nature. Small tribes such as the Shoshone and Ute wandered the dry and mountainous lands between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. They gathered seeds and hunted small animals such as small rabbits and snakes. In the Far North the ancestors of today’s Inuit hunted seals, walruses, and the great whales. They lived right on the frozen seas in shelters called igloos built of blocks of packed snow. When summer came, they fished for salmon and hunted the lordly caribou. The Cheyenne, Pawnee, and Sioux tribes, known as the Plains Indians, lived on the grasslands between the Rocky Mountains and the Mississippi River. They hunted bison, commonly called the buffalo. Its meat was the chief food of these tribes, and its hide was used to make their clothing and covering of their tents and tipis. 16. What does the passage mainly discuss? A. The architecture of early American Indian buildings. B. The movement of American Indians across North America. C. Ceremonies and rituals of American Indians. D. The way of life of American Indian tribes in early North America. 17. It can be inferred from the passage that the dwellings of the Hopi and Zuni were ___ A. very small B. highly advanced C. difficult to defend D. quickly constructed TEXT B Most earthquakes occur within the upper 15 miles of the earth’s surface. But earthquakes can and do occur at all depths to about 460 miles. Their number decreases as the depth increases. At about 460 miles one earthquake occurs only every few years. Near the surface earthquakes may run as high as 100 in a month, but the yearly average does not vary much. In comparison with the total number of earthquakes each year, the number of disastrous earthquakes is very small.[JP] The extent of the disaster in an earthquake depends on many factors. If you carefully build a toy house with an erect set, it will still stand no matter how much you shake the table. But if you build a toy house with a pack of cards, a slight shake of the table will make it fall. An earthquake in Agadir, Morocco, was not strong enough to be recorded on distant instruments, but it completely destroyed the city. Many stronger earthquakes have done

2020年英语四级阅读理解练习题及解析(14)

2020年英语四级阅读理解练习题及解析(14) Among the more colorful characters of Leadville’s golden age were H.A.W.Tabor and his second wife, Elizabeth McCourt, better known as “Baby Doe”. Their history is fast becoming one of the legends of the Old West. Horace Austin Warner Tabor was a school teacher in Vermont. With his first wife and two children he left Vermont by covered wagon in 1855 to homestead in Kansas. Perhaps he did not find farming to his liking, or perhaps he was lured by rumors of fortunes to be made in Colorado mines. At any rate, a few years later he moved west to the small Colorado mining camp known as California Gulch, which he later renamed Leadville when he became its leading citizen. “Great deposits of lead are sure to be found here.” he said. As it turned out, it was silver, not lead, that was to make Leadville’s fortune and wealth. Tabor knew little about mining himself, so he opened a general store, which sold everything from boots to salt, flour, and tobacco.『It was his custom to “grubstake” prospective miners, in other words, to supply them with food and supplies, or“grub”, while they looked for ore, in return for which he would get a share in the mine if one was discovered.』①He did this for a number of years, but no one that he aided ever found anything of value. Finally one day in the year 1878, so the story goes, two miners came in and asked for “grub”. Tabor had decided to quit supplying it because he had lost too much money that way. These were persistent, however, and Tabor was too busy to argue with them. “Oh help yourself. One more time won’t

专四阅读理解练习

专四阅读理解练习1 As many as one thousand years ago in the Southwest, the Hopi and Zuni Indians of North America were building with adobe－sun baked brick plastered with mud. Their homes looked remarkably like modern apartment houses. Some were four stories high and contained quarters for perhaps a thousand people, along with store rooms for grain and other goods. These buildings were usually put up against cliffs, both to make construction easier and for defense against enemies. They were really villages in themselves, as later Spanish explorers must have realized since they called them "pueblos", which is Spanish for town. The people of the pueblos raised what are called"the three sisters" - corn, beans, and squash. They made excellent pottery and wove marvelous baskets, some so fine that they could hold water. The Southwest has always been a dry country, where water is scarce. The Hopi and Zuni brought water from streams to their fields and gardens through irrigation ditches. Water was so important that it played a major role in their religion. They developed elaborate ceremonies and religious rituals to bring rain. The way of life of less settled groups was simpler and more strongly influenced by nature. Small tribes such as the Shoshone and Ute wandered the dry and mountainous lands between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean. They gathered seeds and hunted small animals such as small rabbits and snakes. In the Far North the ancestors of today’s Inuit hunted seals, walruses, and the great whales. They lived right on the frozen seas in shelters called igloos built of blocks of packed snow. When summer came, they fished for salmon and hunted the lordly caribou. The Cheyenne, Pawnee, and Sioux tribes, known as the Plains Indians, lived on the grasslands between the Rocky Mountains and the Mississippi River. They hunted bison,

大学英语一题库阅读理解_试卷_答案

大学英语一阅读理解 一、阅读理解（共505题,共101分） 1. Few laws are so effective that you can see results just days after they take effect. But in the nine days since the federal cigarette tax more than doubled—to $1. 01 per pack—smokers have jammed telephone “quit lines” acro ss the country seeking to kick the habit. This is not a surprise to public health advocates. They’ve studied the effect of state tax increases for years, finding that smokers, especially teens, are price sensitive. Nor is it a shock to the industry, which fiercely fights every tax increase. The only wonder is that so many states insist on closing their ears to the message. Tobacco taxes improve public health, health, they raise money and most particularly, they deter people from taking up the habit as teens, which is when nearly all smokers are addicted. Yet the rate of taxation varies widely. In Manhattan, for instance, which has the highest tax in the nation, a pack of Marlboro Light Kings cost ＄10.06 at one drugstore Wednesday. Charleston, S, C., where the 7-cent-a-pack tax is the lowest in the nation. The price was $4. 78. The influence is obvious. In New York, high school smoking hit a new low in the latest surveys—13.8%, far below the national average. By comparison, 26% of high school students smoke in Kentucky, Other low-tax states have similarly depressing teen-smoking records. Hal Rogers, Representative from Kentucky, like those who are against high tobacco taxes, argues that the burden of the tax falls on low-income Americans “who choose to smoke.” That’s true, But there is more reason in keeping future generations of low-income workers from getting hooked in the first place, As for today’s adults, if the new tax drives them to quit, they will have more to spend on their families, cut their risk of cancer and heart disease and feel better. （1分） (1) The text is mainly about___________. （0.2分） A.the price of cigarettes B.the rate of teen smoking C.the effect of tobacco tax increase D.the differences in tobacco tax rate 标准答案：C (2) What does the author think is a surprise? （0.2分） A.Teen smokers are price sensitive. B.Some states still keep the tobacco tax low. C.Tobacco taxes improve public health. D.Tobacco industry fiercely fights the tax rise. 标准答案：B (3) The underlined word "deter” in Paragr aph 3 most probably means . （0.2分） A.discarding B.remove C.benefit D.free 标准答案：A (4) Rogers’ attitude towards the low-income smokers might be that of . （0.2分） A.tolerance B.unconcern C.doubt D.sympathy 标准答案：D (5) What can we learn from the last paragraph? （0.2分） A.The new tax will be beneficial in the long run. B.Low-income Americans are more likely to fall ill.

大学英语四级CET-4阅读理解(1)

大学英语四级阅读理解（1）We find that bright children are rarely held back by mixed-ability teaching. On the contrary, both their knowledge and experience are enriched. We feel that there are many disadvantages in streaming(把......按能力分班) pupils. It does not take into account the fact that children develop at different rates. It can have a bad effect on both the bright and the not-so-bright child. After all, it can be quite discouraging to be at the bottom of the top grade! Besides, it is rather unreal to grade people just according to their intellectual ability. This is only one aspect of their total personality. We are concerned to develop the abilities of all our pupils to the full, not just their academic ability. We also value personal qualities and social skills, and we find that mixed-ability teaching contributes to all these aspects of learning. In our classrooms, we work in various ways. The pupils often work in groups: this gives them the opportunity to learn to co-operate, to share, and to develop leadership skills. They also learn how to cope with personal problems as well as learning how to think, to make decisions, to analyse and evaluate, and to communicate effectively. The pupils learn from each other as well as from the teacher. Sometimes the pupils work in pairs; sometimes they work on individual tasks and assignments, and they can do this at their own speed. They also have some formal class teaching when this is appropriate. We encourage our pupils to use the library, and we teach them the skills they need in order to do this efficiently. An advanced pupil can do advanced work: it does not matter what age the child is. We expect our pupils to do their best, not their least, and we give them every