文体学复习
Stylistics
Definition
Stylistics is a branch of linguistics which applies the theory and methodology of modern linguistics to the study of STYLE. It studies the use of language in specific contexts and attempts to account for the characteristics that mark the language use of individuals and social groups. The stylistics analysis of a text involves the description of a writer’s/speaker’s verbal choices which can be abstracted as style. A stylistician would usually proceed to discuss the relevance of the analysis to interpretation, the possible meaning or effect evoked by the adoption of a certain style. Language is viewed as a system of different types for linguistic organization. A language of a particular society is part of the society’s culture. The language of a participant in a social activity reflects his social characteristics (such as his status, ethnic group, age and sex). It also reflects his awareness of the various factors of a social situation in which he finds himself. He should adjust his language in accordance with the medium of communication (speech of writing), the setting, the relationship with the addressee (in terms of the degree of intimacy or social distance), the subject matter, and the purpose. Appropriate use of
language is considered the key to effective communication. Concepts of Style
·”Style”may refer to some or all the language habits of one person. E,g. Shakespeare’s style
·The word may refer to some or all of the language habits shared by a group of people at one time, or over a period of time. . the style of legal documents.
·The word may be used in an evaluative sense.
·Partly overlapping with the three senses above, the word may refer solely to literary language.
Style gives us additional information about the speaker’s/writer’s regional and social origin, education, his relationship with the hearer/reader, his feelings, emotions or attitudes.
“Style” in this book refers to the characteristic variation in language use. The term can be applied to both spoken and written, both literary and non-literary varieties of a language.
Procedure of Analysis
The concept of text
A text is any passage, spoken or written, of whatever length, that
forms a unified whole. The connection among parts of a text is achieved by various cohesive devices, and by semantic and pragmatic implication.
A full understanding of a text is often impossible without reference to the context in which it occurs.
The concept of Context
The discussion of “text” naturally leads to the discussion of “context”, because an understanding of the meaning of a linguistic unit or a text depends upon a knowledge of the context in which the unit or text occurs.
Context may be linguistic or extra-linguistic. Linguistic context is alternatively termed as CO_TEXT, which refers to the linguistic unit in a text. Extra-linguistic context refers to the relevant features of the situation in which a text has meaning.·Characteristic of the USER of language
Age
Sex
Socio-regional or ethnic background
Education
·Characteristics of the USE of language in situation
Medium of communication: speech or writing
Setting: private or public
Role-relationship between addresser and addressee: the degree of intimacy: the degree of social distance.
Linguists have emphasized the role of contexts of situation as determinants of style. There is an observable match between linguistic features and contextual factors.
Levels of linguistic description
In order to capture the stylistic characteristics of a text, we have to describe the text’s verbal properties in a rigorous way. PHONOLOGY is defined as the system of speech sounds in a language. GRAPHOLOGY refers to the writing system of a language. The lexicogrammatical system consists of vocabulary and syntactic structures
The matching of a text with its context is termed as the PLACING OF A TEXT or CONTEXTUALIZATION.
In the first place, linguistic features of a given text should be compared with a set of relative norms of language in use. By “relative norms”we mean the ranges of linguistic appropriateness to various contexts of situation.
A text should be further be contextualized in terms of its genre, its historical period or cultural background.
Potential style markers: markers in phonology and graphology Languages features are classified into four categories: phonology, graphology, lexis and grammar.
Potential style markers in phonology.
Ellision: refers to the omission of a sound or sounds in speech. Sound patterning: refers to the matching of identical or similar sounds between two or more words.
CVC: Alliteration
CVC: Assonance
CVC: Consonance
CVC: Reverse Rhyme
CVC: Pararhyme
CVC: Rhyme
Sound patterning is not only a source of aesthetic satisfaction, but also a phonological means of emphasis, establishing relationship between the patterned words.
Onomatopoeia: used to produce sound images.
Potential style markers in graphology
Punctuation:an essential part of the properly constructed English sentence, reflection pauses, intonation, patterns of the spoken
language.
The use of exclamation marks:
a.to represent urgent warning or command. . ”Nicholas!” said
his uncle sharply.
b.Ending an imperative sentence adds to the peremptory or urgent
force of a command. ., shut the door!
c.The combination of question and exclamation marks specifies the
writer’s doubt or surprise about certain language items. . He said that I was his best(!) friend.
d.Excessive use of exclamation marks is often considered as a sign
of frivolous or immature writing; the use of more than one exclamation mark is a feature of very informal writing. . Number
7 stands empty!!
The use of dashes
a.Dash is considered a mark of informal writing. It may indicate
a sudden break or interruption in speech. . ”No he didn’t,
Aunt Mollie. It wasn’t Mr Edmond. Mr Edmond didn’t--”
b.Dashes can be used to mark off a parenthesis. .”…when he had
bent his head-I saw him! –over my mother’s little glove.”The use of quotation marks
a.To indicate the authenticity of the quoted words. . Tom Lincoln
used to say Abe was going to have “ a real eddication,”
explaining,”You air a-goin’ to larn readin’ writin’, and cipherin’”
b.To direct the reader’s attention to the quoted words. . A fourth
of USA schools are “shoddy”
c.To enclose words used in special senses or borrowed from other
contexts. . I do not know that it is to see into the heart of
a friend through that “window of the soul”, the eye.
d.To enclose words that the writer considers inappropriate or
untrue. .
The use of capitals and italics
a.Capitals are used to dignify or personify a lexical item.
Initial capitals for key word are typical features of legal language.
b.Italics in print, small capitals, or capitals are often used
for emphasis,indicating sometimes phonological prominence. .
You are my FRIEND/friend.
Paragraphing
Paragraphing refers to the way in which a text is divided into paragraphs (consisting of one or more sentences). It is a device of revealing the relational structure in a text, the organization
of the content.
Potential style markers in lexciogrammartical level
Potential style markers in syntax
The basic clause structure and the classification of clause types: Basic clause structure: SV(A) SVO(A) SVC SVOO SVOC Classification of clause types:
1.In terms of clause constituents: SV(A) SVO(A) SVC SVOO SVOC
2.In terms of the structure of the verb phrase in a clause:
finite clauses, non-finite clause and verbless clauses.
. Mrs Marlow’s health has been improving ever since she quit smoking.(finite clause)
. Inhaling the smoke of others is thought to be harmful(Non-finite:-ing nominal clause)
. A born-again Christian, she has married.(verbless clause)
Verbless clauses are clauses which contain no verb element.
They are regarded as clauses because they function in the similar way as finite or non-finite clauses.
3.In terms of function in a sentence, clauses can be classified
into dependent and independent clauses.
Subordinate clauses are those which constitute part of another clause and function as its clause elements or as constituents of a phrase within a clause.
Subordinate clauses can be further divided into:
a.Nominal clauses: that-clauses. wh-clauses, to-infinitive
clauses and –ing clauses
b.Relative clauses, functioning as post modifiers of a noun
phrase.
https://www.sodocs.net/doc/5a6549890.html,parative clauses, resembling adjectives and adverbs in
their modifying functions.
d.Adverbial clauses, denoting time, place, reason, purpose,
conditions, etc.
Potential style markers in lexical choice
The examination of lexical choice is mainly an analysis of content words, involving the following aspects: Are the words simple or complex Formal or informal General or specific
Anglo-Saxon or Latinate words
Generally speaking, words of Latin, French origin (Latinate) are words of science, religion and official communication; they help to create the effect of coolness, dignity and intellectual distance. The percentage of Latinate words in a text is only one among many markers indicating the degree of formality of a text. In most cases, it becomes significant only when combined with other markers. Besides, quite a number of Latinate words have passed into the basic vocabulary of a native speaker of English
Words of Anglo-Saxon origin constitute English-speaking people’s basic vocabulary. The percentage of Anglo-Saxon words runs very high-usually between 70 and 90 percent. Therefore a high percentage of Anglo-Saxon words is quite usual and informal style.
General or specific words
General terms are often too vague to convey any precise meaning. The use of s pecific words is more informative in detail and can evoke vivid images.
Conceptual or Associative meaning
The lexical meaning of a word or phrase is said to be a complex of various interrelated components. Some components constitute conceptual meaning and some associative. Conceptual meaning covers those basic, essential components of meaning which are conveyed by the literal use of a word or phrase.
Associative meaning refers to the meanings that a word has beyond or in addition to its conceptual meaning. These meanings may: Show people’s emotions, attitudes towards what the word refers to/ reflect the social circumstances of its use/ evoke in the reader/hearer certain associations of what the word refers to. Associative meanings may be private, varying from person to person as the result of individual experience; Associative meanings are
often shared by a group of people of the same cultural or social background, sex or age.
In scientific and technical varieties of English, where precise information is of primary importance, words without much emotive/evaluative overtone will be preferred.
In order to avoid using words with undesirable associations people turn to euphemisms:
Senior citizen: old man/ woman
Newly single: divorced
Memorial park: graveyard
Funeral director: undertaker
Sanitation collector: garbage collector
Industrial action: strike
To eliminate: to kill or to murder
Domestic helper: servant
Hair stylist: barber
Airhostess: waitress aboard a plane
Knowledge-based nonpossessor: idiot
The South, or the developing countries: countries that have little industrialization and low standard of living.
Two freedom fighters took the oppressor’s life away: the general was murdered by two terrorists.
Verbal Repetition and Reiteration
Both verbal repetition and reiteration can be regarded as text-forming devices which manifest the relation of meaning within the text. Moreover, they are often used for rhetorical purposes. Verbal repetition refers to the repetition of a linguistic unit (morpheme, lexical item, phrase, etc.) which has already occurred in the preceding context. Repetition is sometimes deliberate; it is used for emotive intensification. In literary texts, repetition is usually rhetorical. The intensive repetition of an expression can be a powerful thematic device; it helps to direct the reader’s attention to the interpretation of its significance.
Varieties of Contemporary English
Language varieties are classified according to the following factors:characteristics or USER, and USE, interference and historical period. Dialect is a variety which a person habitually speaks, determined by regional and social background and adopted as a speaker’s permanent from. Register is a variety determined by what he is doing in a social activity and adopted to suit a specific occasion. The match (correlation) between contextual factors and language features is fairly systematic.
Varieties according to region and social group
·Regional and Social Dialects
Varieties according to the characteristics of language user are commonly termed DIALECTS. A dialect is a variety habitually adopted by people in a certain region (regional dialect) or people of a certain social group (social dialect). Dialect differs from one another in vocabulary, grammar and pronunciation.
Social dialects refer to the language variation according to education, socioeconomic status, ethnic origin, and even age and sex. The higher the social status or education, the fewer the regional features in speech.
·Standard and non- standard English
Standard English refers to the particular socially-favored variety which is based on the speech and writing of educated users of the language. Standard English is primarily used for public communication: It is the language used in schools, taught to non-native learners of the language.
Dialect forms are used to indicate one’s regional or class loyalty. The dialectal English which differs from Standard English in grammar and vocabulary is termed Non-Standard. Standard English has higher status and enjoys more prestige than any other English dialect.·The use of non-standard English
While the Standard English is an important medium for public
communication, education, and official writing, non-standard varieties are characteristically used in informal speech for personal (or local) needs.
·Markers Indicating Non-Standard Speech in Literature
Non-Standard language features are found in dialogues and first-person narrations. They serve to indicate the speech style of a character or a narrator. The representation of non-standard language in literature is generally occasional rather than constant, approximate rather than accurate.
Grammatical markers:
a.Double/multiple negation
“Nobody don’t go there no more”
b.Double comparatives/superlatives
More beautifuller, nicerer, woreser, leastest.
https://www.sodocs.net/doc/5a6549890.html,ck of subject-verb agreement
“I walks to work everyday”
“He walk to work”
·Standard American and British English
See examples
Varieties according to medium (mode of discourse)
As far as linguistic communication is concerned, MEDIUM refers to graphic signs (visual medium) or speech sounds (auditory medium)
by means of which a message is conveyed from one person to another. Comparing spoken language and written language, linguists notice that the following aspects condition the variations in speech and writing.
a.Channel limitation
b.Spontaneity of the message
c.Audience interaction
d.Publicity of the situation
Channel limitation and linguistic explicitness
Channel refers to the route in which a message is conveyed from the addresser (speaker/writer) to the addressee (hearer/reader).
“Channel limitation”means that the transmission of a message is limited to one channel only- visual or auditory. Spoken language, in most case, has no channel limitation. If the transmission of a message has no channel-limitation, the verbal message is often inexplicit.
Linguistic inexplicitness (caused by the use of exophoric words) is one of the characteristics of spoken language, when both speaker and hearer understand tacitly the references within the shared situation.
Spontaneity and linguistic characteristics
Spontaneously spoken language differs from (formal) written
language in the following aspects:
a.Fluency
b.Sentence structure
Spontaneously spoken language is often characterized by
a.The lack of clear sentence boundaries
b.Syntactic incompleteness
c.The use of minor sentences
d.The preference for paratactic structure
https://www.sodocs.net/doc/5a6549890.html,ment clauses in end-position
A formal written text is in general “well-prepared”. It is a
finished product created by the writer after a good deal of thinking, planning, revising, proofreading, and polishing. The following are some features, typical of written formal sytle；
a.Syntactic completeness and complexity
b.Heavily premodified noun phrases
c.Cleft sentences
d.The use of personal pronouns in a subordinate clause,
preceding the main clause.
Audience interaction and linguistic manifestation
To engage in a MONOLOGUE is to speak in such a way as to exclude the possibility of interruption by the audience. To engage in a DIALOGUE is to speak in such a way as to invite the participation
of the audience.
In a dialogic situation the communication normally proceeds through the cooperation of speaker and audience. The speaker is continually monitoring his message to keep the channel of communication open by using MONITORING signals. The speaker also uses questions, tag-questions, imperatives to invite the active participation of the hearer.
In a monologue situation the audience is denied the opportunity or the right to participate, and the interaction features are fewer in evidence.
However, monitoring features may occur in a monologue, indicating that the speaker is aware of the audience’s presence and reactions.
A written text can be compared to a written monologue because it
is addressed to an imagined audience that is not physically present.
Publicity of situation and formality in language
The language of a speaker/writer is often conditioned by
A.The size of the audience
B.The relationship between the addresser and the audience Features of spoken style in fictional dialogues
Features of spoken style can be found I the first person narration,
interior monologue and dialogue in a novel
Varieties according to attitude (tenor of discourse)
The language we use varies according to our attitudes towards the addressee. Such attitudes are related to the ROLE RELATIONSHIPS in various situations. Role relationships range from temporary to permanent. The addresser’s attitude towards the addressee influences language choice at every level. Language features indicating the attitude are usually classified along four scales: FORMALITY, POLITENESS, IMPERSONALITY, and ACCESSIBILITY.·Linguistic markers indicating the degrees of formality
The degrees of formality are determined by the role relationships, number of hearers, and contexts of situation, such as a public lecture, church service, cocktail party, and so on. Thus formal English, typically in written form, is found primarily in official documents, regulations, business letters or ceremonial speeches. Informal English is found typically in private conversations or personal letters. It is also used nowadays in advertisements and popular newspapers.
a.Phonological markers.
. He dunno. Elision and assimilation. He doesn’t know Whatcna want is assimilation What you want is
I wanna come elision I want to come
Gimme the bottle elision Give me the bottle
I gonna do it elision I’m going to do it
Lemme think a minute elision Let me think a minute
A cuppa tea elision A cup of tea
b. Graphological markers
·Certain punctuation marks. the dash and the exclamation mark) are more informal than others . the semincolon and the colon)
·It is considered informal to write figures instead of words as part of a sentence.
c.Syntactic Markers
·Contracted forms of auxiliary verbs occur frequently in spoken and informal English.
. What’ll you have
·In informal English, for indefinite reference you is used instead of one
·In informal English the pronoun in the objective case is used when it is notionally the subject of the omitted verb.
. She can drive as well as him.
·When a that-clause is object or complement of the postponed subject, that is frequently omitted in informal use.
. I knew he would come.
·In informal English, the preposition may be placed at the
end of a relative clause, a wh- question, or an exclamation.
. what a difficult situation he’s in!
· In informal speech elliptical questions and abbreviated clauses are often used.
. What for Where to Who with
·Pronoun they is often used informally in co-reference with the in-definite pronouns everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, anyone, anybody, no one, nobody,
. Everyone thinks they have the answer.
Has anybody brought their camera
The use of they is a convenient means of avoiding the traditional formal use of he or the recent use of the cumbersome he or she when the sex is not stated.
·In subjunctive clauses, the ordinary past tense was can replace were in informal style.
. He treated me as if I was a small boy.
·The use of participial and verbless clauses is characteristic of formal written English, as they are rarely encountered in spoken language.
d.Lexical markers
·Shortened Latinate words
·Many Phrasal and prepositional verbs are characteristic of
文体学的发展史
文体学发展史 文体学首先来自于古代的修辞学，来自于亚里斯多德的修辞论。现代文体学创始人是法国文体学家巴利（索绪尔的学生），文体学的性质是一门结合文学和语言学的交叉学科，适宜于对文学和语言学很感兴趣的学生学习的一门课程。简单地说，文体学就是运用语言学的理论去阐释文学内容和写作风格的一门学科。帮助学生理解作品的深刻内涵和写作技巧。同时，激发学生开展批评性阅读，尝试建立自己的见解。 发展历程 西方文体学的研究可上溯到古希腊、罗马的修辞学研究，早在公元100年就出现了德米特里厄斯的《论文体》这样集中探讨文体问题的论著。但在20世纪之前，对文体地讨论一般不外乎主观印象式的评论，而且通常出现在修辞学研究、文学研究或语法分析之中，文体研究没有自己相对的地位。20世纪初以来，在采用现代语言方法之后，文体分析方法摆脱了传统印象式直觉分析的局限，逐渐深入和系统化、科学化。欧洲历史语言学和普通语言学在20世纪初发展成为较有影响的独立学科，与语言学相结合的文体学也逐渐成为一门具有一定独立地位的交叉学科。
现代文体学创始人是法国文体学家巴利（Bally,1865-1974）（索绪尔的学生），他借用索绪尔的结构主义语言学反思传统修辞学，力图将文体学作为语言学的一个分支建立起来，使文体分析更为科学化和系统化。巴依的研究对象是口语体的文体。他认为一个人说话时除了客观地表达思想外，还常常带有各种感情色彩。文体学的任务是探讨表达这些感情特征的种种语言手段，以及它们之间的相互关系，并由此入手，分析语言的整个表达方式系统。虽然巴依没有特别关注文学文本，但他们的普通文体学对于文学文体学的形成有直接的推动作用。稍晚于巴利的德国文体学家斯皮泽（Spitzer, 1887-1960）被普遍尊为文学文体学之父，斯皮泽的研究对象不是口语，而是文学作品。斯皮泽认为文学作品的价值主要体现在语言上，因此他详细分析具体语言细节所产生的效果，从而有别于传统印象式批评。此外，他提出了一种适用于分析长篇小说的被称为“语文圈”的研究方法，即寻找作品中频繁出现的偏离常规的语言特征。然后，对其作出作者心理根源上的解释，接着再回到作品细节中，通过考察相关因素予以证实或修正。受到德国学术思想的影响，斯皮泽将文体学视为连接语言学与文学史的桥梁，旨在通过文体特征的研究来考察作者心灵以及民族文化和思想澶变的历史。 学科历史 50年代末以前
文体学分析1
《英语文体学》1~7章小结 一．关于文体学 本章主要是介绍了骨水泥与文体学的一些基本知识。简单的来说，文体学就是学习如何使用语言和使用语言方式的一种规则。在现代文体学中包括普通文体学和文学文体学。 这本书主要涉及普通文体学。普通文体学在很多方面都有体现，本书主要讨论一种特定体裁的总体特征。接着，课文简单介绍语言在不同时期的不同定义和在不同领域人民对语言的不同观点。并且，文章的上下文决定这语言的意思。语言在使用过程中表现出以下功能：概念功能、人际功能、指称功能和语篇功能，它们不可分割，相互影响。接下来是风格的介绍有四种：集体语言使用特点、个人独特写作风格、表达模式效果、“好”或“漂亮的”文学写作。本书倾向于了解第一种。即问题学的研究限制在特定场合。现代文体学一直在发展，我们得出定义：它是一门研究文体体裁特征的本质及规律。 二．学习文体学的需要 本章主要涉及学习文体学的重要性。 （一）学习问题学能培养人们对语言的敏感性即应该能分清在不同场合应该采取不同的说话方式，以避免不必要的尴尬。 （二）对我们理解外国文学作品有很大作用。因为文学创作中，作者往往采用违反常规的写作方法：背离与重复。这就牵扯到文学批评，对其“描述——解释——评估”，以此突出其作品的鲜明特点。这在文体学上被称为“前景化”。 （三）帮助达到适应翻译外国文学作品的效果。翻译时不可能直译过来，这是由各国文化差异决定的。 三．语(言)[义]的变体 根据语言的使用方式可以把语言分为两种：方言和变体。人们所处的背景和地位决定了他们的语言——方言。方言可以分为个人方言（如海明威用语方法）、时间方言（如古今英语用法不同）和社会方言（如男女用法不同）。而语域的变体可以分为几种：社会经济地位变体（不同阶层）、种族变体（美国社会黑白人不通用法）性别变体和年龄变体。 语域是一个语言使用者的语言反映，它是一种社会活动，即告知别人话里所包含的信息。语域有话语范围：特定场合（命令、法律等）与非特定场合（例如应酬性谈话）。有话语方式：口语和书面语。有话语基调：人及际基调（人们使用语言的规范程度）和功能语旨（说话人意欲）。总之方言和语域是相互依靠的，不可能有单独使用的情况出现。 四．语言的描述 先介绍文体学特点的三个层次： ●音系学和字系学。英语在音系学上有音段（包括拟声词、象声词、语音同化和重复） 和超音段（包括重音、韵律、语调停顿和语速）。这些特征的不同表达式包含了说 话人的不同心情。 ●有语法和词汇。语法方面体现在句子类型（省略句、圆周句、松散句和对偶句）、 从句类型、词组类型（名词、动词词组）和词语类型（合成词）。词汇方面有：用 词倾向（如抽象、具体、普遍、专有等）、内涵意义（与之关联的词）和词的搭配 （固定搭配）。 ●语义单元和语义角色。语义单元包括连贯（互指、成段、语篇模式、修辞手段）和 语义角色（增强语言丰富性） ●接下来介绍语言描写四步骤：（一）系统阅读文章写下认为重要的风格；（二）确定 语言特点的使用频率；（三）估计风格特点的重要性；（四）陈述语言使用模式，判 断该模式在文中的重要性。
人教部编版三年级语文下册17文体阅读一专项训练卷(含答案)
17 文体阅读（一） 班级__________ 姓名__________ 得分__________ 时间：40分钟满分：100分 一、古诗阅读。(39分) 元日 爆竹声中一岁除，____________入屠苏。 千门万户曈曈日，总把______________。 1．补充诗句。(8分) 2．《元日》的作者是______代诗人________，诗中描写的节日是__________，即农历____________，俗称“_______ _”。 (10分) 3．诗中写了__________、__________、____________、___ _________等一系列的仪式，加之太阳灿烂，春风送暖， 渲染了一种____________的节日气氛。(10分) 4．给诗句中加点的字词选择正确的解释。(填字母，6分) (1)爆竹声中一岁除．( ) A．去掉。 B．过去。 C．表示不计算在内。 (2)千门万户曈曈日 ( ) A．形容太阳出来后天色渐亮的样子。 B．形容太阳落山后天色渐暗的样子。
5．“总把新桃换旧符”，在今天也就是更换春联。请你写一副对联，愿新的一年会给农民带来吉祥和好运。(5分) _______________________________________________ ____ _______________________________________________ ____ 二、说明类文章阅读。(27分) 动物的语言 动物也有自己的语言。有些动物是以动作作为联系信号的。 在某一个海滩上，有一种蟹，雄的只有一只大螯，在寻求配偶时，便高举这只大螯，频频挥动，一旦发觉雌蟹走来，就更加起劲地挥舞着大螯，直到雌蟹伴随着一同回到大海。 有一种鹿是靠尾巴报信的。平安无事时，它的尾巴就垂下不动；尾巴半抬起来，表示正处于警戒状态；如果发现有危险，尾巴便完全竖直。 蜜蜂的________可算是登峰造极的了，它能用独特的舞蹈动作向自己的伙伴报告食物(蜜源)的方向和距离。蜜源的距离不同，在一定时间内完成的舞蹈次数也不一样。有人在此提出了一个诱人的设想：派人造的电子蜂打入蜜蜂之中，指挥蜜蜂活动。这样，不但可以按人的需要收获不同的蜂蜜，还可以帮助植物传粉，真是一举两得。 1．填入文中横线上的词语最恰当的一项是( )(5分)
文体学概述
Chapter One: Brief Introduction to Stylistics Part 1: What is Stylistics about? 1.A Glance at Style Sample 1: The Year's at the Spring ! 一年之计在于春 ～Robert Browning The year's at the spring 正值一年之春， And day's at the morn; 又逢一日之晨； Morning's at seven; 晨光走到了七点； The hill-side's dew-pearled; 山腰挂着露珠； The lark's on the wing; 云雀展翅高飞； The snail's on the thorn: 蜗牛爬上了荆棘: God's in his Heaven -- 上帝在自己的天堂里—— All's right with the world! 尘世间一派井然！ Sample 2: The Regulation is enacted in accordance with pertinent laws and regulations and in light of the concrete conditions of this Municipality, with the purpose of strengthening the administration of cityscape and environmental sanitation, creating and maintaining a clean, beautiful cityscape and environment, protecting people's health, promoting economic growth, civilization and progress of society. 为了加强市容和环境卫生的管理，保持干净美观的市容环境，保护人民群众的健康，推动经济发展和社会文明进步，根据相关法规和本市的具体情况特此制定本规定。 Sample 3: Hi-Fi, Hi-Fun, Hi-Fashion, only from Sony (alliteration) （高保真，高乐趣，高时尚，只来自索尼）
文体学第三章翻译总结
第三章语言学对象的文体学功能 一、语音的文体学功能 尽管有的学者一直认为语音没有任何意义，但是不同的语音确实能表现出说话者想要强调的意图并且具有不同的文体学功能。在口语的交际中，语音、重音、停顿、语调等都能表现说话者的情感态度以及暗示的一些内容。 重音 重音就是语音的重读。a)表现强调。b)表现吃惊、生气、怀疑等。c)区分同一词的不同意义。（以suspect为例，动词重音在pe而作名词时重音在sus）。 停顿 停顿是在连续的语言单元间的短暂中断的分节过程。英语中有三种停顿：浊音停顿、插声停顿和无声停顿。 音调 我们在听别人说话时，可以辨别出说话人某些音相对调值较高或较低，这就是音调的区分。a）降调b）升调c）降升调d）升降调e）平调f）降+升调 语速 语速就是说话的速度。快的语速反映出兴奋、气愤，慢的语速表现出疑惑、犹豫、悲伤、劳累。 二、笔迹的文体学功能 标点 a）破折号：①表示句中的突然中断或者没表达完毕。②引出总结或同位语。③附加说明。 b）冒号：①在复杂正式的引用前。②介绍一系列项目。 c）感叹号：用在强有力的感叹和命令之后。 大写 大写使用在如下场合：a）句首单词首字母b）诗行首单词首字母c）引用的第一个单词d）神的名字e）语言的名字f）国家e）货币f）地名
斜体 斜体使用在以下场合a）书名、杂志、电影、飞机、船名。b）强调一个句子中某个单词。c)标明不能用英语书写的词汇。 分段 分段有两种分法：a）长段用来谈论完整、正式的事项。b)短段用来衔接、总结。新闻工作者喜欢用短段，因为读者可以在短时间内了解新闻；律师、科学家通常喜用长段用来阐述说明。 三、词汇的文体学功能 概括与详细 详细词的使用更加生动、可以给读者直观感受；在没有必要详细的时候使用概括词即可。 词源 安格鲁萨克逊词源：基本词汇，有“非正式感” 拉丁词源：科学、宗教、官方交流，正式感强。 其他 四、语法的文体学功能 从句类型： a）限定分句b）非限定分句c）无动词分句d）独立分句e）从句 句子类型： a）依据句子的复杂程度或成分数量，可以分为简单句、多子句、复合句、复杂句、复合复杂句。 b）从语法角度分析，可以分为主要句和不完全句。不完全句主语或谓语不齐全。c）功能角度分析，可以分为陈述句、疑问句（一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句、反义疑问句），命令句和感叹句。 d）从橘子的长短，可以分为长句和短句。 e）从结构或强调的美感分析，分为圆周句和结构平行句。
12年12月新闻文体学作业及答案
12年12月新闻文体学作业 及答案 -标准化文件发布号：（9456-EUATWK-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DDQTY-KII
《新闻文体学》作业 本课程作业由两部分组成。第一部分为“客观题部分”，由15个选择题组成，每题1分，共15分。第二部分为“主观题部分”，由简答题和论述题组成，共15分。作业总分30分，将作为平时成绩记入课程总成绩。 客观题部分： 一、选择题（每题1 分，共15题） 1. 选择下面说法正确的（） A、狭义的新闻，是指未在报刊上发表的新闻。 B、狭义的新闻，是指不包括新闻评论的新闻报道。 C、狭义的新闻，即等于消息这一文体。 2. 选择下面说法正确的（） A、简讯，是不大重要的简单的新闻消息。 B、简讯，是与消息、通讯等同的新闻报道的典型体裁。 C、简讯不是新闻报道的典型体裁。 3. 选择下面说法正确的（） A、运用某些属性相同的例子，推论出其他事物也可能有相同的属性的论证方法，叫例证法。 B、运用某些属性不同的例子，推论出其他事物也可能有相同的属性的论证方法，叫对比法。 C、运用某些属性相同的例子，推论出其他事物也可能有相同的属性的论证方法，叫类比法。 4．以下正确的是（） A、新闻标题是在一篇文章前，将新闻的内容或主题加以概括以后单独出的简短文字。 B、新闻标题是在一篇或一组新闻本文前面，将新闻的内容或主题加以概括以后单独标出的简短文字。
C、新闻标题是在一篇或一组新闻的较前面，将新闻的内容加以概括以后单独标出的简短文字。 5．以下正确的是（） A、新闻，是广大群众欲知、应知而未知的事实。 B、新闻，是新近发生的事实的报道。 C、新闻，是报道或评述最新的重要事实以影响舆论的特殊行为。 6．以下正确的是 ( ) A、“日本朋友×××见义勇为烟台挽救落水儿童”，是目的关系 B、“日本朋友×××见义勇为烟台挽救落水儿童”，是后续关系。 C、“日本朋友×××见义勇为烟台挽救落水儿童”，是因果关系。 7．以下正确的是（） A、消息写作滞后的原因是没有向散文学习。 B、消息写作滞后的原因是消息不真实、不典型、审美性差。 C、消息写作滞后的原因是消息写得不及时、不够真实、不客观。 ８．大众传播应具备的三要素不包括的是（） A、传者（信息源） B、媒介（通道） C、受者（发布者） 9．以下正确的是（） A、解释性报道，就是揭丑性或揭漏性报道。 B、解释性报道，就是分析性报道，回答为什么，关心“为何”。 C、解释性报道，就是大量提供背景材料，作者不带倾向，让受众自己去思考并得出结论。 10．选择下面说法正确的（） A.我国最早的电视台叫北京电视台，1958年9月2日开播。 B.我国最早的电视台叫中央电视台，1958年9月2日开播。 C.我国最早的电视台叫北京电视台，1958年10月1日开播。 11. 选择下面说法正确的（） A.新闻主体的人文修养，包括政治觉悟、道德水准、忧患意识。 B.新闻主体的人文修养，包括政治觉悟、道德水准、广博知识。
_好人难寻_的功能文体学分析_杜丽霞
语 言理论研究 ｏｄｅｒｎ ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅＭ ２００７．１２ 一、引言 功能文体学是以韩礼德的系统功能语法理论为基础的文体学理论（韩礼德，２００５：９）。韩礼德的功能文体学理论强调语言功能与文学研究文体之间的相关性问题。他主张利用三大元功能——概念功能、人际功能和语篇功能在语言中的体现来剖析文本。１９６９年，韩礼德在意大利召开的“文学文体讨论会”（Ｓｙｍｐｏｓｉｕｍ ｏｎ Ｌｉｔｅｒａｒｙ Ｓｔｙｌｅ）上宣读了《语言功能与文学文体》（Ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ Ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｓ ａｎｄ ＬｉｔｅｒａｒｙＳｔｙｌｅ）（Ｈａｌｌｉｄａｙ，１９７３）一文，至此功能文体学诞生。在这篇文章中，韩礼德利用体现概念功能的及物性系统对戈尔丁（Ｇｏｌｄｉｎｇ）的小说《继承者》（Ｔｈｅ Ｉｎｈｅｒｉｔｏｒｓ）进行了文体分析，并成为典范。在三大系统中，人际功能中的语气和情态系统、语篇功能中的主位结构在文本分析中也同样起了很大作用。国内学者任绍曾对密勒（Ｎ．Ｍａｉｌｅｒ）《夜幕下的军队》（Ｔｈｅ Ａｒｍｉｅｓ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ Ｎｉｇｈｔ）和毛姆（Ｓ．Ｍａｎｇｈａｍ）《午餐》（Ｔｈｅ Ｌｕｎｃｈｅｏｎ）等文学著作做过研究。翻阅近年来有关功能文体学的论文我们发现，从上世纪末至今，功能文体学研究的成就显著，但有一个问题不容忽视，即盲目注重语言形式三大功能的分析而忽略了文学作品本身在主题层面的社会意义，把语篇中的语言特征与风格看作是孤立的现象。本文在借鉴前人研究的基础上，尝试利用功能文体学的理论分析２０世纪美国著名小说家奥康纳（Ｆｌａｎｎｅｒｙ ｏ’ｃｏｎｎｏｒ）的代表作《好人难寻》（Ａ Ｇｏｏｄ Ｍａｎ Ｉｓ Ｈａｒｄ ｔｏ Ｆｉｎｄ），希望再次验证功能文体学在文学分析中的重要贡献，同时也希望换一个新角度，重新解读这部经典短篇小说。 二、功能文体学的三大元功能 “功能思想”是韩礼德文体学理论的核心。正是功能思想把语言形式和情境语境联系起来，并通过分析三大功能来解释语言结构。功能语言学把语言的功能归纳为三大元功能：概念功能（Ｉｄｅａｔｉｏｎａｌ Ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ）、人际功能（Ｉｎｔｅｒｐｅｒｓｏｎａｌ Ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ）和语篇功能（Ｔｅｘｔｕａｌ Ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ）。三大元功能分别由以下三大系统体现：及物性系统、语气和情态系统及主位结构和信息结构。与语言的三大元功能相对应，韩礼德概括出情景语境的三个组成部分：语场（ｆｉｅｌｄ ｏｆｄｉｓｃｏｕｒｓｅ）、语旨（ｔｅｎｏｒ ｏｆ ｄｉｓｃｏｕｒｓｅ）和语式（ｍｏｄｅ ｏｆｄｉｓｃｏｕｒｓｅ）。受情景语境的三个组成部分制约，语篇被看作是由概念意义、人际意义和语篇意义组成的语义单位。本文主要从语境及三大意义的角度来分析小说《好人难寻》。 （一）小说的情景语境 语场：对话发生在一个刚从美国联邦监狱中越狱的歹徒和一位南方普通祖母之间，祖母希望通过对话挽救一家人。 语旨：对话的双方社会地位悬殊：一个是高贵优雅的老妇人；一个是处在社会下层的逃犯。但老妇人的生命掌握在逃犯手中。歹徒并没有明确的交谈目的，而祖母希望唤起歹徒的良知，不要杀人灭口。 语式：对话以口语形式进行，并随着形势的变化而发展。（二）概念意义中的经验意义及其表现形式—及物性系统在功能语言学中，韩礼德认为及物性（Ｔｒａｎｓｉｔｉｖｉｔｙ）由六大过程组成，分别是物质过程（Ｍａｔｅｒｉａｌ Ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ）、心理过程（Ｍｅｎｔａｌ Ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ）、行为过程（Ｂｅｈａｖｉｏｒａｌ Ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ）、关系过程（Ｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎａｌ Ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ）、言语过程（Ｖｅｒｂａｌ Ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ）和存在过程（Ｅｘｉｓｔｅｎｔｉａｌ Ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ）。为了便于分析，笔者把祖母和Ｔｈｅ Ｍｉｓｆｉｔ之间的情节发展分为三个阶段，各阶段的物质过程、心理过程、行为过程的句子数量参见下表。其中六大过程中的言语过程描写最多，其分析将放在人际意义中详细讨论，另外关系过程和存在过程并没有出现，笔者暂不予以考虑。 物质过程 行为过程心理过程祖母 ２ ７ ７Ｔｈｅ Ｍｉｓｆｉｔ ６ ４ ０ 从总体上看，Ｔｈｅ Ｍｉｓｆｉｔ手里有枪，在整个事件中占主动，他可以在他的两个帮凶的配合下为所欲为。Ｔｈｅ Ｍｉｓｆｉｔ非常明白自己占据主宰的地位。因此，即使拿着枪，他也可以非常随意地做其他动作，这就使得及物性系统中的物质过程占大多数，而行为过程是在不经意间流露出来的内心世界的体现。与Ｔｈｅ Ｍｉｓｆｉｔ 相反，作者在描写祖母的表现时主要用了心理过程，其次才是行为过程，她很少做出带有目的性并对别人产生影响的动作。具体来说，祖母和Ｔｈｅ Ｍｉｓｆｉｔ之间的情节发展可分为以下三个部分：第一部分是偶遇到她的儿子和孙子被带到树林里杀掉；第二部分是她的儿媳和另外两个孩子被枪杀；最后一部分是祖母被杀。 第一部分：祖母在回忆起Ｔｈｅ Ｍｉｓｆｉｔ 的真实身份之后，Ｓｈｅ ｓｃｒａｍｂｌｅｄ ｔｏ ｈｅｒ ｆｅｅｔ ａｎｄ ｓｔｏｏｄ ｓｔａｒｉｎｇ。这一个本能行为表现了祖母的震惊，而这个歹徒似乎并不在意被人认出：Ｔｈｅ ｍａｎ ｓａｉｄ ｓｍｉｌｉｎｇ ｌｉｇｈｔｌｙ ａｓ ｉｆ ｈｅ ｗｅｒｅ ｐｌｅａｓｅｄｉｎ ｓｐｉｔｅ ｏｆ ｈｉｍｓｅｌｆ ｔｏ ｂｅ ｋｎｏｗｎ。从这一行为过程中，可以看出歹徒在逍遥法外之后，仍旧蔑视法律、胆大妄为的内心世界。同时也嘲弄了美国的法律制度，我们不禁要问，在这样一个自恃法律制度非常完备的社会，法律制度在美国人心目中到底占多重地位？在Ｔｈｅ Ｍｉｓｆｉｔ向祖母一家摊牌之后，祖母在这一部分中的唯一一个物质过程的动作，充分体现了她的无助：Ｔｈｅ ｇｒａｎｄｍｏｔｈｅｒ ｓａｉｄ ａｎｄ ｒｅｍｏｖｅｄ ａ ｃｌｅａｎｈａｎｄｋｅｒｃｈｉｅｆ ｆｒｏｍ ｈｅｒ ｃｕｆｆ ａｎｄ ｂｅｇａｎ ｔｏ ｓｌａｐ ａｔ ｈｅｒｅｙｅｓ ｗｉｔｈ ｉｔ。手无缚鸡之力的祖母只能拿出手绢来拭眼泪。 《好人难寻》的功能文体学分析 □杜丽霞
叙述学与小说文体学研究
《叙述学与小说文体学研究》阅读笔记 中文系97级黄海涛指导老师:艾晓明教授 叙述学与小说文体学是当代小说批评理论中的重要学说。二者均采用语言学模式来研究文学作品，着重在形式技巧层面上对小说的结构规律、叙述机制和文体技巧进行研究和探讨。二者运用于小说批评实践，有利于突破小说传统批评仅偏重于作品的思想内容和社会功能的局限，使小说结构和形式技巧的分析更趋科学化和系统化，从而开拓了文学批评的广度和深度。在叙述学与文体学研究的发展过程中，产生了不同的派别和理论。这些理论各具侧重点和长处，也均有其盲点和排斥面。北京大学申丹教授新近出版的《叙述学与小说文体学研究》一书，有别于国内早先出版的一些西方叙事学理论的介绍性论著，将叙述学与文体学相结合，对二者的主要观点进行系统评析，补充修正有关理论和分析模式。特别对两个学派之间的关系进行了梳理和探讨。 全书约30万字，分为上中下三篇。上、中篇幅分别对叙述学和小说文体学理论进行了系统评析，下篇讨论了叙述学与文体学的辩证关系，对二者的重合面：“叙事视角”、“表达人物话语的不同方式”作了重点论述，是一部对叙述学与文体学理论同时展开研究的学术专著。一 在前言里，作者首先从学术背景和基本立场两方面探讨了叙述学与文体学之间的关系。以此作为全书的逻辑起点。一般来说，索绪尔的结构主义语言学和俄国形式主义被认为是二者的共同源头。结构主义将文学视为一个具有内在规律、自成一体的自足的符号系统，注重其内部各组成成分之间的关系。叙述学与文体学或受结构主义影响，或直接采用结构主义方法来研究叙事作品。与传统批评理论形成鲜明对照，结构主义叙述学与文体学将注意力文本的外部转向文本的内部，二者同属形式批评范畴。 与此同时，作者也指出了叙述学与小说文体学之间的一些本质差异：叙述学的目的不在于诠释作品，而是找出叙事文学的普遍框架和特性。叙述学家注重理论模式的建立，注重探研叙事文本的共有构成成分、结构原则和动作规律，忽视创作主体的作用。小说文体学家旨在探讨具体作品中语言特征的主题意义和美学价值，因而关注作者所作的特定的语言选择。作者还借助美国叙述学家普林斯（G．Prince）对叙述学家的分类，以说明在叙述学研究中，也有部分叙述学家关注具体作品在“话语”层次上表达事件的各种方法，从而与文体学在“文体”层面上发生重合，这是人们经常把属于文体学的理论和分析模式归于叙述学范畴而产生各种错误的原因。阐明了二者同中存异，又互为补充的关系，作者在下面的论述中才好将叙述学与文体学相结合进行研究，发现以往研究中出现的各种谬误与疏露,引出自己的观点和思考。这一特色始终贯穿全书，在本书的正文部分读者可较为明显地感觉到这一点。 二 著名的法国结构主义批评家罗朗·巴特（R.Bothes）在其《叙事作品结构分析导论》（见《西方文艺理论名著选编》下卷北京大学出版社1987年版）一文中，建议把叙事作品分为三个描述层：“功能”层、“行动”层和“叙述”层。前二个层次均属于故事范畴，后一层次大体相当”话语“层。透过巴特的三分法可以看到叙述学通常涉及的三个对象：（故事范畴内的）情节、人物和（与故事相对照的）叙述话语。本书上篇“叙述学理论评析”，作者沿用巴特这一思路，首先对叙述学有关“故事”与“话语”区分的相关理论进行了回顾，然后对叙述学所关注的属于“故事”范畴的人物、情节进行了探讨。 故事·话语 叙事作品的意义很大程度上源于“故事”与“话语”两个层次之间的相互作用。西方传统文学批评中，对叙事作品层次的划分均采用两分法，即用“故事”与“话语”这两个概念来区分叙事作
英语文体学教程
Chapter1 1, what is style in your opinion according to what we have studied in this chapter? Anwser1 , from the perspective of the content, the events and activities described ,style is saying different things in different ways ;from the perspective of the ways of expression used ,styled is same thing in different ways; from the perspective of the users of language ,style is different speakers using language in different ways; and from the perspective of the text ,style is the functions of texts for different purposes. Anwser2, the definition of style is the concept of style as choice .this definition can have at least too interpretations .one is that first we have a pre-existing thought ,and then we choice the appropriate type of expression to express it in language. The chosen expression is the style .another is that the choice refers to the choice of meaning. The choice of language is at the same time a choice of meaning and a choice of style . 2,what is the significance of studying the style of language in learning and teaching English? Anwser, the answer is that if we want to use language appropriately in different situations , we need to study style .as foreign language learners, if we disregard the rules of using what variety of language in what occasion , or fail to obey them through ignorance , language can become instead a barrier to successful communication . Therefore its necessary to have a clear awareness of how language should be used in different types of situations especially in unfamiliar situations. 3, what factors can result in differences in style ? Answer , 1, the different types of vocabulary create different images of the events in the rea der’s mind, so they can result in different styles.2,people living in different periods of time in history will also speak differently ,and that will result in a different style. Chapter2 1, explain the following terms 1),foregrounding: the stylistically significant features have to be prominent and motivated ,that is ,foregrounded. 2),incongruity: the linguistic features depart from the normal use of language ,breaking the rules grammar ,spelling ,pronunciation. 3)deflection : the linguistic features don’t depart from the established grammatical, lexical and logical rules and principles ,but have an unexpected high frequency of occurrence. 4),field; its concerned with what is happening ,including the subject matter,the events happenings,going-ons, the content ,etc 5)tenor: its concerned with who is taking part in the exchange of meaning ----the relationship between the speaker and the listener ,their relative status,their attitude,and their role relations . 6)mode: its concerned with how the interaction is conducted ,that is whether it is written or spoken ,or whether it is expressed by phonic substance or graphic substance. 2,question for discussion 2)in rhetorical series,the number of items can influence the stylistic effect.try to analyze the causes on the basis of social culture. Answer :different numbers of words can produce different stylistic effects in the appropriate contexts. Two items express assertion ,that is ,it is just this ,not that .In appropriate situations three items can produce ethic ,persuasive, and representative effect. Four or more items in a series
广告英语的文体特征及功能的分析和探讨
【摘要】本文就选词、择句及修辞等方面对广告英语的文体特征及功能作了一些分析和探讨。指出广告英语随着社会时代的发展,其以说理、劝诱为主的文体特征逐渐具有了文学的移情感染特征,逐渐成为一种新型的大众化的视听阅读文学。 在现代西方社会中,广告已涉及到人们生活的方方面面,已成为人们日常生活中重要的消费向导。广告的根本目的是代商家向公众传达其产品的有关信息并促使他们最后购买其提供的产品或服务。为达到其目的,广告制作人总是挖空心思在语言上大下工夫。由此,在其选词、择句及修辞手法上都表现出其特有的语言特征。本文拟就广告英语在选词、择句及修辞等语言特征及其功能方面作些探讨。 一、词汇特征 (一) 常用词语由于现代生活节奏的加快,人们不愿意花太多的时间去仔细研究广告。为此,广告的形式、语言、内容必须做到新颖独特、简洁生动、通俗易懂。正是这些要求使得广告语言在谴词上形成了较为稳定的格局。 1 、大量使用评价性形容词广告英语中常大量采用褒义色彩浓厚的评价性形容词(evaluative adjectives) 来赞扬其产品的优良品质,以期赢得公众的心理认同,树立产品的良好形象。如下例就是一个极端:An unrivaled international collection of exceptional naturalfibre bedding , clothing , intimate apparel and personal accessoriesfor discerning and some very fortunate children.有比较才有鉴别。但由于受广告法的约束和限制,在广告中不能采用贬低别的商品方式借以抬高自身的身价。因此,广告商在推销宣传产品的过程中不能使用带有明显贬义的词汇来同其他产品进行比较,往往转而借助缺少比较对象的模糊的比较方式来显示其产品质量更高一筹。如:Persil washes whiter and it shows.———(Persil 洗涤剂广告)Tastes richer. . . mellower. . . more satisfying.———(REAL 牌香烟广告)有时为了避免对其自身的产品可能造成的负面联想。在广告中甚至采用一些新词来替代业已广为人们所熟悉的词汇,如用pre - owned 代替second - hand ; 不说有小号鸡蛋(small eggs) ,而说有medium, large , extra 和jumbo 四种规格的鸡蛋。 2、注重使用简短动词英语广告中常使用一些单音节的动词,如用get 替代obtain ,buy 替代purchase ,用use 替代utilize 等,从而使得语言简洁生动,易于诵读,增强其可读性。如:Getting places in the business world is easier if your bankeris there to meet you.———Security Pacific Asian BankWhy buy just a boat , when you could buy a CHRIS -CRAFT.———Chris - Craft这类简短动词是人们在日常生活中使用最频繁、意义最明确的动词。虽然其含义千差万别,但在广告里面都可以用来暗示广告商品与消费者之间的某种关系;以期消费者从中获得某种联想, 借以满足其某些心理欲望。如“have , get , give , buy , keep”可表示消费者对某些商品或服务的取得和拥有;“take , use , have”可涉含消费者使用商品的动作和过程;而“like , love , need ”则可表示消费者对某种商品的喜爱及需求程度。因而,有人也把这类能激发起消费者心理联想的动词称为“鼓动性动词”。 3 、灵活运用复合词复合词除了新闻语体外,在其他文体中是不多见的。在广告中,广告商大量采用复合词,不仅可以节省许多篇幅,而且在行文上往往打破常规、独具匠心,令广告语言更加引人注目,以增强其记忆功能和注意功能,在受众心里留下更为持久深刻的影响。如:The exhibition , which will run concurrently , will have state- of - the - art exhibits , will definitely interest many. We’reone of America’s most sought - after national consulting firms forone reason - - our technological edge.此类复合词还有很 多:pollution - free (fuels) , brand -new , wear - resistant , all - in - one , honest
文体学前三章阅读感悟
Journal (chapter1--3) After learned the first three chapters, I knew some theories about this course, why we need to study stylistics, and the varieties of language. First of all, I want to talk something about language. As Hu Zhuanglin defined: “language is a system of arbitrary vocal smbols used for human communication.” According to this definition we know language is human specific, and used for communication, such as express attitudes, communicate ideas and so on. When language is used, it is always used in a text, then the language can have the meanings, there are two kinds of situational varieties: dialectal and diatypic. The former commonly called dialects, are language variations that are associated with different users of the language. Different people have their own language features, the temporal, regional, and social affiliations may affect the language they use. For example, a person has he or her own feature of speech or writing habits, we can called this is a person’s style. Also, different t imes people speak different style language, such people in 1960s have their own language style, their language have the own features, people in 21st, also have own features, we can not ask people speak the language of Qing dynasty. Moreover, people from different places will speak different language, and they may not communicate with each other, so in order to communicate with others, we have to learn a kind of language most people can understand, in China we called Mandarin Chinese. The later, commonly called registers, are language variations that are associated with the different use to which they are put. Even one sentence can have different environment, in formance, in our life, we say the same sentence to different may have different meanings. So register may be distinguish according to field of discourse, mode of discourse and tenor of discourse. Firstly, field of language means language are used different between group of people, such as teachers’ talks are different from layers’. Secondly, mode of discourse is the linguistic reflection of the relationship that the language user has to the medium of communicative, such as speaking, writing, audiovisual medium. Thirdly, the tenor of discourse, we also called functional tenor, one person may use different language when he communicate with different people. In fact, register and dialect can mutually dependent. In addition, I will talk my understanding of stylistic. Before we talk about stylistic, we should talk about style. According to David Crystal in Investigating English Style: There are four commonly occurring senses of the term style: the language habits of one person, the language habits shared by a group at one time, effectiveness of a mode of expression—good manners, and evaluation and description of literature in literary criticism or appreciation. And according to G. N. Leech in Style in Fiction, there are some controversial views of style: firstly, dualism, monism, and pluralism, among them pluralism is very famous,p l u r a l i s m,analyzing style in terms of functions, characterized by Halliday’s three major functions of “ideational”,“interpersonal”, and “textual”. So, what’s stylistic? Many people have defied it, for instance, D. Crystal,