英语学习资料(第一期)

危险英语一

危险英语一

英语中的禁忌语的由来英语中的禁忌语的由来

对于有些英语词汇，父母、教师、宗教人士以及教义书

籍都会告诫年轻人不要随便说出口。这种“词汇审查制度”避免了危险词汇可能在公共场合给人带来的紧张。人们选择发明新词来代替那些不雅的、说不出口的词，可有些时候这些新词最后也会变成禁忌语。

美国社会在20世纪最后30年中发生了很多的变化，现在，很多禁忌词眼通常能够被接受，无论是出现在社团中、女性中还是媒体上，而在以前是绝对不可能耳闻的。但是在以下场合依旧不欢迎危险词汇：教会学校、祈祷堂、办公室、正式会议、混合了不同年龄层次和性别的聚会、在有老年人和小孩子的地方。 哪些话题是禁忌的

些话题是禁忌的？

？

除了医务所之外，美国

人不在正式场合谈论的话

题包括：

与人体的性器官或性

行为有关的

与排泄等卫生间内的

事务有关的

呕吐或者挖鼻屎之类

恶心的事情

癌症或者死亡之类令

人沮丧的事情

美国人也尽量避免讨

论宗教、政治和种族事件，

以防止可能引发的观点冲

突。（当然了，很多的情景

剧因为元素的需要，往往刻

意制造这些冲突。）

哪些词眼是禁忌的

哪些词眼是禁忌的？

？

Reinhold Aman博士是“坏

词”（maledicta）方面的

研究专家。他认为，禁忌词

汇可以分三类：淫秽下

流的(obscenities)；亵渎

上帝的(blash p emies)；诽

谤诋毁的(sl ur s)。

OBSCENTITIES是一些

粗鄙的词汇，涉及：人体的

性部位、性行为、排泄行为。

不过，在几世纪前，这些词

例如coc k（JB，其实中文中

把JB全拼出来也比较禁

忌），fu c k（操），shit（屎）

曾可以自由使用。

BL A SPHEMIES是宗教训

导们所认为的禁忌，包括

G od damn it；g o to H ell；

J es u s C h r ist!这些词允许

出现在宗教文书中，但仅此

而已。

SLU R S是指对他人的国

籍、种族带有侮辱性的词

眼，像k i k e（犹太佬），w o p

（移居美国的南欧人，尤其

是意大利人），ni gg e r（黑

鬼）都名列于最最危险词汇

的榜单上。

分

享THE SHARER SIPC&ICCT

2009.03（第一期

第一期））We learn We share

趣味课堂

为什么以上这些话题和词眼是禁忌和词眼是禁忌？？

禁忌有由来（某些禁忌，也有被解除的一天）。在历史的某个阶段，某一群体宣布某个词汇或者话题当成为禁忌。如果这个群体在社会上足够有影响力的话，那么这个禁忌由此而成。

美洲的英语社会于17世纪初开始形成。来自英格兰的清教徒为寻找信仰自由，乘着五月花移民至美洲。他们对性方面的戒律甚是严格：性是为了生育孩子，出于其他目的的性行为都是罪，是对上帝的猥亵。教会还训导众人，任何可能让人们想到性的东西（不仅仅是语言）不应当被暴露于阳光之下，被看到或者听到。于是，与肉体行为相关的词眼也因此成了禁忌。

到如今，4个世纪过去了，但是美国人依旧受这段早期历史的影响。大体上可以这么说：当话题涉及到裸体、性以及排泄行为等令他们感到尴尬的事物时，美国人就变得非常清教徒式。

作为基督教的至上之书，《圣经》中有部分思想是基于犹太教经文的。它训导众人，上帝不许人随便呼G od，否则就是对神不敬，

犯了亵渎神灵的罪。这就是BL A SPHEME 的由来。

美国历史在很长一段时间内种族关系非常恶劣。从1619至1863年，很多（主要是美国南方）白人土地主把非洲黑人当做奴隶驱使，直到南北战争之后，黑人才得以解放，有了自由之身。而在之后的一百年，黑人并没有获得公民权，包括所在州的投票权。

同一时期，北美土著居民印第安人在与美国政府的争斗中屡屡失败，加上疾病和饥荒，人口不断减少。

尽管在今日的美国，种族关系得到了改善，但是诸多旧痛并未被遗忘，疑虑感和厌恶感在某些领域依旧存在。某一族群对另一族群的称呼往往带有贬低冒犯之意。很多具有良知的人士视之为禁忌，知道这些词眼会伤害他人。在白人中，NIGGE R 可能是美国英语中最具有禁忌色彩的一个词了。

不同种族的移民群体往往由于语言障碍而不能相互之间很好地沟通，往往一个种族群体对另一个种族群体的称谓就不是那么地尊重。

除了种族问题之外，还有以下这些弱势或者非主流的人群也往往难以获得法定权利或社会地位：女性、同性恋、残障人士、身相劣等（如猪八戒）、儿童、老年人、肥胖者、身高不具优势者、穷人。对这些人的称呼往往是带有贬义色彩的。

禁忌词汇的作用是什么？

禁忌词汇有着它的神奇力量。叛逆的青春期孩子用禁忌词汇来摆酷或破坏规矩；大声喊出一两个禁忌词汇有助于人释放压力，缓解痛苦；男人之间用禁忌的社交词汇来增进哥们感情；情侣之间使用禁忌的性事词汇来激发快感；而情景喜剧的演员们使用各种各样的禁忌语来达到搞笑的目的。

为什么会有那么多的词汇用来指称性和其他禁忌物呢？

禁忌语其实很有意思。人们也会花大量时间思考和讨论与禁忌有关的话题。在许多时候，人们用委婉语（e up hemisms）或是平和的（o ff -colo r ,sli g htl y sm u tt y ）俚语来代替禁忌词汇。所以，尽管英语的普通词汇中说肩膀（sho u lde r ）、

耳朵（ea r ）和膝盖（k nee）都分别只有一个词，但是当涉及到人体的性部位时，却有上百个的词汇。

比如，Bu ttoc k s、behind、ass 都是指代身体的同一个部位。Bu ttoc k s （臀部）在正式场合使用，是个“干净的词汇”，behind （后部）更加“干净”，基本在大场合也适用。而ass （屁股）就是个脏词（di r t y w o r d）了,在非正式场合用得很普遍。

又比如关于p enis 就有很多的别称，dic k 是其中之一。但同时，D ic k 也是一个非常普遍的男子名，就像B ill 是W illiam 的昵称一样，D ic k 是Richa r d 的昵称。在一个重视礼节的场合，我们可以讨论D ic k 这个人，但当dic k 指的是“家伙”的时候，就没那个门面拿出来讨论了。

不管怎么说，危险英语真的很危险，因为使用污蔑性的、致怒性的下流语言而遭致杀害并非不曾发生过，所以学好危险英语很重要！

（下一章下一章：：你的发音危险吗？）？）

The Financial Crisis

Bad and Getting

Worse, but Put Away that D-word

It began as the "subprime crisis" in 2007, and then mushroomed into a

full-blown global recession in 2008. And still, despite mammoth government intervention, the bad news keeps getting worse. Are we now teetering on a precipice, ready to plunge into another Great Depression? Can the latest proposals pull the

economy out of its nosedive? There is plenty to worry about. But while many experts say this crisis is the worst since the Depression, that does not mean it will be as bad.

Unemployment and other economic gauges will continue to worsen, but unless governments make a major misstep, like igniting a worldwide trade war,

economies should stabilize and recover on a "very flat path" that could take several years, says Wharton finance professor Marshall E. Blume. Japan went through a similar bank crisis in the 1990s without tumbling into a full-blown depression, adds Wharton finance professor

Jeremy J. Siegel. "Given that we're reacting faster than Japan, I think you can make a good inference that [a depression is] not going to happen here," he says. Many estimates call for gross domestic product in the U.S. to shrink by 2.6% in the first quarter of 2009, Siegel notes. That's bad, but small

compared to the 27% decline from 1929 through 1933. A depression is generally defined as a drop of 10% or more.

Still, there is more bad news than good, and the depth of the problem can be measured by the lack of consensus on what to do about it. Consider this gloomy observation in a January 20

Wall Street Journal story about the British

government's abrupt decision to pump billions more into what the writer called the country's "flagging" financial-rescue plan:

"Governments on both sides of the Atlantic are struggling to keep up with the

deepening economic crisis -- and may be running out of ammunition to battle it." In the U.S., banks continue to withhold loans despite huge infusions of government cash, and Goldman Sachs estimates that financial

焦点焦点阅读阅读

institutions will lose $2 trillion on loans, with only half of that realized to date. Banks are even starting to call in loans to borrowers, such as home builders, who have made all their debt payments on time. Troubles are now expanding to commercial real estate firms. The numbers of layoffs, bankruptcies and foreclosures are growing. Household names, such as Circuit City electronics stores, are closing their doors, and problems have worsened at Citigroup and Bank of America despite government help.

There is little consensus on how to remedy the problem. Indeed, the U.S. government is again considering buying up toxic assets held by financial firms, a plan adopted last fall and then immediately scrapped in favor of direct cash infusions to banks.

The tale of woe and confusion is much the same around the world. The economic slowdown is so steep as to cause oil prices to drop to around $40 a barrel, from more than $140 last summer. Trade is so sluggish that shipping rates have plunged to astonishing lows. The European Commission warned on January 20 that the 27 nations of the European Union are likely to

experience a "deep and

protracted recession."

At the request of then

President-elect Barack

Obama, the Senate on

January 15 voted to release

the second half of the $700

billion Troubled Asset Relief

Program. (No action by the

House is required.)

Comments from Obama

administration officials

suggest much of this $350

billion may be used to buy

"bad assets" held by financial

institutions. Those include

mortgage-backed securities

and other holdings that have

plunged in value and become

all but untradeable. Getting

these assets off the financial

institutions' books was at the

heart of the TARP program

when it was proposed in

September by Treasury

Secretary Henry Paulson and

Federal Reserve chairman

Ben Bernanke.

Paulson and Bernanke say

that removing the toxic assets

would remove uncertainty

about the banks' health, and

encourage the banks to

resume lending, seen as the

key to turning the financial

crisis around. But after

Congress approved TARP,

Paulson instead pumped the

money directly into troubled

banks, taking some preferred

shares and warrants in

exchange, arguing the banks

needed quicker help because

they had turned out to be in

worse shape than previously

thought. But the banks

remain reluctant to lend, and

it is not clear the first half of

the TARP fund was the good

investment Paulson said it

was. The Congressional

Budget Office estimated in a

January 16 report that

taxpayers would lose $64

billion of the first $247

billion in TARP spending.

Whether the government

should now revive the

asset-purchase plan is subject

to debate.

Wharton finance professor

Richard Marston thinks the

direct infusions will restore

banks' lending ability faster

than asset purchases would,

but the government should in

return demand a bigger

ownership stake than it has.

"The Treasury should find a

way to inject capital where

the taxpayer ends up with

large stakes in the banks --

even if they are not formally

nationalized. The bank shares

are going to soar with

recovery, and someone is

going to make a fortune."

That should be taxpayers if

they take on the cost and risk

of propping up the banks,

Marston argues.

According to Blume, there is

so much uncertainty that it is

impossible to know which

bank-rescue approach is best. Cash infusions can help very quickly, while the asset purchases take longer. But if direct infusions mean toxic assets are left on the banks' books, doubts about the banks' long-term health will remain. Other institutions would then be reluctant to do business with them, and investors would refuse to provide private capital, which ultimately is key to the banks' return to health. Building a 'Bad Bank'

Also under discussion in Washington is the creation of a "bad bank" to buy the toxic assets. This government-run bank, partly owned by the banks that sell it the assets, would hold those assets, sell them or bundle them into securities for sale to investors.

A big question: What should the bad bank pay for those assets if there are no recent sales to show what they are worth? FDIC chairman Sheila C. Bair has said the assets could be purchased at "fair value," which is a price the banks set themselves. "The idea of setting up a 'bad bank' in which to transfer bad debt may be a good idea," Marston says. But he finds the price dilemma troubling, since paying fair value could cause the government to pay more than it will eventually recover by reselling the

assets. "Do we pay market

prices for the debt, in which

case it does not help the

banks? Do we pay

above-market prices" and

take shares of the banks in

exchange?

Under yet another approach,

modeled on that used for

Citigroup and Bank of

America, the government

would provide

taxpayer-backed insurance

against losses in toxic assets

that stay on banks' books.

But that, too, could leave the

public shouldering the banks'

losses. Wharton finance

professor Franklin Allen

argues that the best approach

would be "temporary

nationalization" of those

banks that get public help.

That would allow the

government to install its own

managers, clearing out

executives who have

presided over so much

trouble.

Controlling TARP

"This injection of capital

without any [government]

control is just not working,"

says Allen, noting that the

banks had not resumed

lending after the first TARP

infusion. "This [second $350

billion in] TARP money is

not going to be used well,

and it's going to end up in a

black hole. What keeps

happening is they give

money and then the banks

keep coming back for more."

Siegel, too, feels that TARP

support should have more

strings attached, such as a

requirement that banks not

call in loans to borrowers

who are solvent,

creditworthy and up to date

on their payments. "I'm not

optimistic about this [second

half of the] TARP money.

Clearly, the first half didn't

seem to help."

Obama administration

officials also have said they

want to use part of the new

round of TARP funding --

perhaps as much as $100

billion -- to help homeowners

avoid foreclosures.

Advocates say this is only

fair, since huge sums have

gone to rescue corporations,

and many argue that

stemming foreclosures will

help stop the freefall in home

prices which has been a

major cause of the banks'

losses. Hence, attacking the

foreclosure problem could

lead to more lending by

banks, giving the economy

the fuel it needs to start

growing again.

There are various ways to

use government money to put

a dent in foreclosures, from

providing direct assistance to

homeowners to insuring

lenders against further losses

if they modify loan terms. It is not yet clear what approach the Obama administration favors.

Nor is it a given that reducing the number of foreclosures will have much effect. Allen believes the economic problems are now so widespread that shoring

up the housing sector would not help turn things around the way its advocates hope, so that public spending on foreclosures might be wasted. "I think the crisis has moved on from real estate," he says. Allen and Siegel note that some banks already have expanded programs to renegotiate loan terms to help borrowers stay in their homes. Accepting reduced payments can be less costly for the lenders than foreclosure, especially if there are no buyers for foreclosed properties. J.P. Morgan, for example, recently announced a vastly expanded plan to modify loans on its books as well as those among more than $1 trillion in loans sold to investors.

Too Many Homes

"I think [foreclosures are] a very important problem, but I think it's being worked out

by the private sector," Siegel says. The root problem, according to Siegel: There are too many homes and too

many were bought at inflated

prices. "The price of homes

has to fall. There's no way to

stop that from happening."

Blume, too, doubts the

government can effectively

stop the wave of foreclosures.

With the economy worsening

and unemployment rising,

fewer and fewer people can

afford the homes they have,

and many potential buyers

lured by bargain prices can't

find banks to give them

mortgages. "I have not yet

seen a plan to help reduce

foreclosures that gets to ...

the problem ... that people

bought houses they could not

afford. If you reduce the

interest rate a little bit, they

still can't afford them."

He concludes that there may

be no alternative but to let

the housing market adjust on

its own. "Ultimately, all

these houses will be off the

market," Blume says.

"Somebody will buy them

and then the market will

stabilize."

But there's no telling, he adds,

how long that will take, or

how far home prices will

have to fall.（the Wharton

School of the University of

Pennsylv ania）

中国人最易犯错的30

句英语

句英语

注意，以下每组的第一句的句子

是错误的或者是不为Native

Speaker采用的说法）

1.I v e r y li k e it

I li k e it v e r y m u ch.

2. 这个价格对我挺合适

的。

T he pr ice is v e r y

s u itable f o r me.

T he pr ice is r i g ht.

Ｎｏｔｅ：s u itable(合适

的、相配的)最常见的用法

是以否定的形式出现在告

示或通知上，如：下列节目

儿童不宜。T he f ollo w in g

pr o gr amme r is not

s u itable f o r child r en在

这组句子中用后面的说法

会更合适。

3.你是做什么工作的呢？

W hat’s y o ur j ob?

A r e y o u w o rk in g at the

moment?

Ｎｏｔｅ：w hat’s y o ur

j ob这种说法难道也有毛病

吗？是的。因为如果您的谈

话对象刚刚失业，如此直接

的问法会让对方有失面子，

所以您要问：目前您是在上

班吗？A r e y o u w o rk in g at

the moment? 接下来您才

问：目前您在哪儿工作呢？

英语小贴士

W he r e a r e y o u w o rk in g these da y s?或者您从事哪个行业呢？W hat line o f

w o rk a r e y o u in?顺带说一下，回答这类问题时不妨说得具体一点，不要只是说经理或者秘书

4.用英语怎么说？

H o w to sa y?

H o w do y o u sa y this in E n g lish?

Ｎｏｔｅ：H o w to sa y是在中国最为泛滥成灾的中国

式英语之一，这决不是地道的英语说法。同样的句子有：请问这个词如何拼写？

H o w do y o u s p ell that

p lease?请问这个单词怎么读？H o w do y o u pr ono u nce this w o r d?

5. 明天我有事情要做。

I ha v e somethin g to do tomo rr o w?

S o rr y b u t I am tied up all da y tomo rr o w.

用I ha v e somethin g to do 来表示您很忙，这也完全是中国式的说法。因为每时每刻我们都有事情要做，躺在那里睡大觉也是事情。所以您可以说我很忙，脱不开身：I’m tied up.还有其他的说法：I’m a fr aid I can’t ma k e it at that time.I’d lo v e to,b u t I can’t,I ha v e to sta y at home.6.我没有英文名。

I ha v en’t E n g lish name.

I don’t ha v e an E n g lish

name.

Ｎｏｔｅ：许多人讲英语犯

这样的错误，从语法角度来

分析，可能是语法功底欠

缺，因为ha v e在这里是实

义动词，而并不是在现在完

成时里面那个没有意义的

助动词。所以，这句话由肯

定句变成否定句要加助动

词。

明白道理是一回事，习

惯是另一回事，请您再说几

话：我没有钱；I don’t

ha v e an y mone y.我没有兄

弟姐妹；I don’t ha v e an y

b r othe r s o r siste r s.我没

有车。I don’t ha v e a ca r.

7.我想我不行。

I thin k I can’t.

I don’t thin k I can.

Ｎｏｔｅ：这一组然是个习

惯问题，在语法上称为否定

前置，这就是汉语里面说

“我想我不会”的时候，英

语里面总是说“我不认为

我会”。以后您在说类似的

英语句子的时候，只要您留

心，也会习惯英语的说法

的，

8.我的舞也跳得不好。

I don’t dance w ell too.

I am not a v e r y g ood

dance r eithe r.

Ｎｏｔｅ：当我们说不擅长

做什么事情的时候，英语里

面通常用not g ood at

somethin g，英语的思维甚

至直接踊跃到：我不是一个

好的舞者。

9. 现在几点钟了？

W hat time is it no w?

W hat time is it,p lease?

Ｎｏｔｅ：W hat time is it

no w这是一个直接从汉语翻

译过的句子，讲英语的时候

没有必要说no w,因为您不

可能问w hat time w as it

y este r da y, 或者w hat time

is it tomo rr o w?所以符合

英语习惯的说法是：请问现

在几点了？还有一种说法

是：H o w a r e w e doin g f o r

time?这句话在有时间限制

的时候特别合适

10.我的英语很糟糕。

M y E n g lish is p oo r.

I am not 100%f l u ent, b u t

at least I am im pr o v in g.

Ｎｏｔｅ：有人开玩笑说，

全中国人最擅长的一句英

文是：M y E n g lish is p oo r.

实话说，我从来没有遇到一

个美国人对我说：M y

C hinese is p oo r. 无论他

们的汉语是好是坏，他们会

说:I am still ha v in g a

f e w pr oblem, b u t I

g ettin g bette r.

当您告诉外国人，您的

英语很p oo r，so w hat(那又

怎么样呢)，是要让别人当

场施舍给我们一些英语呢，

还是说我的英语不好，咱们不谈了吧。

另外一个更大的弊端是，一边不停的学英语，一边不停地说自己的英语很

p oo r,这正像有个人一边给车胎充气，又一边在车胎上扎孔放气。

我坚信，先不谈别的，如果您现在就苦下功夫，把这本薄薄的《英语５４３２１》吃通吃透，您的英语水平立即就会迅速的提高。所以您再也不用说：我的英语很p oo r.您可以实事求事

地说，我的英语还不算十分流利，但至少我在进步。

11.你愿意参加我们的晚

会吗？

W o u ld y o u li k e to j oin o ur p a r t y on F r ida y?

W o u ld y o u li k e to come to o ur p a r t y on F r ida y

ni g ht?

Ｎｏｔｅ：j oin往往是指参加俱乐部或者协会，如：

j oin a health cl u b;j oin the C omm u nist P a r t y.事实上，常常与p a r t y搭配的动词的come 或者g o。如g o a w ild p a r t y，或者come to a C h r istmas P a r t y。

12.我没有经验。

I ha v e no e x p e r ience.

I am a fr aid I don’t k no w m u ch abo u t that.

Ｎｏｔｅ：I ha v e no

e x p e r ience这句话听起来古里古怪，因为您只需要

说：那方面我懂得不多，或

者这方面我不在行，就行

了。I am not r eall y an

e x p e r t in this a r ea.

13.我没有男朋友。

I ha v e no bo y fr iend.

I don’t ha v e a

bo y fr iend.

14. 他的身体很健康。

H is bod y is health y.

H e is in g ood health.

Y o u can also sa y:H e’s

health y.

15.价钱很昂贵/便宜。

T he pr ice is too

e x p ensi v e/chea p.

T he pr ice is too hi g h/

r athe r lo w.

16.我们下了车。

W e g ot o ff the ca r.

W e g ot o u t o f the ca r.

17.车速快了。

T he s p eed o f the ca r is

f ast.

T he ca r is s p eedin g.Or

“T he ca r is g oin g too

f ast.”

18. 这个春节你回家吗？

W ill y o u be g oin g bac k

home f o r the Spr in g

F esti v al?

是的，我回去。Of co ur se!

（这一句是错的）

当然。Sur e./C e r tainl y.

（这种说法是正确的）

以英语为母语的人使用o f

co ur se的频率要比中国的

学生低得多，只有在回答一

些众所周知的问题时才说

o f co ur se。因为o f co ur se

后面隐含的一句话是“当

然我知道啦！难道我是一个

傻瓜吗？”因此，o f co ur se

带有挑衅的意味。在交谈

时，用s ur e或ce r tainl y

效果会好得多。同时，o f

co ur se not也具挑衅的意

味。正常情况下语气温和的

说法是ce r tainl y not.

19.我觉得右手很疼。

I f eel v e r y p ain fu l in m y

r i g ht hand.

M y r i g ht hand is v e r y

p ain fu l.Or “ M y r i g ht

hand h ur ts(aches).”

20. 他看到她很惊讶。

H e loo k ed at he r and f elt

s urpr ised.

H e loo k ed at he r in

s urpr ise.

21.我读过你的小说但是

没料到你这么年轻。

I ha v e r ead y o ur no v els

b u t I didn't thin k y o u

co u ld be so y o u n g.

A f te r ha v in g r ead y o ur

no v el,I e x p ected that

y o u w o u ld be olde r.

22. 她脸红了，让我看穿了她的心思。

H e r r ed f ace made me see th r o ug h he r mind . C o rr ect : H e r r ed f ace told me w hat she w as thin k in g .

23. 看到这幅画让我想到了我的童年时代。 T he si g ht o f these p ict ur es made me r emembe r m y o w n childhood . C o rr ect : S eein g these p ict ur es r eminded me o f m y o w n childhood .

24. 别理她。

D on 't p a y attention to he r .

L ea v e he r alone .

25. 我在大学里学到了许多知识。

I g et a lot o f k no w led g e in the u ni v e r sit y. I lea r ned a lot in u ni v e r sit y.

26. 黄山正在读书。

S am u el is r eadin g a boo k . S am u el is r eadin g .

27. e x citin g / e x cited。

28. 我遇到了很多困难。 I am ha v in g man y di ff ic u lties . I am ha v in g a f e w pr oblems / lots o f pr oblems .

29. 请快点走，否则我们会迟到的。

P lease h urr y to w al k o r w e 'll be late .

P lease h urr y up o r w e 'll be late .

30. 她由嫉妒转向失望。 S he w as so j ealo u s that she became des p e r ate . J ealo u s y d r o v e he r to des p ai r .

英语谜语的分类与竞猜技巧猜技巧一一

复合词谜复合词谜

这

一类的英语谜语其实是复合词迷。复合词有两个或两个以上的单元词组成，但是意义不一定等同于单元词意义的字面组合。要解决这一类的英语谜语，你要做的却恰好相反——需要从单元词的字面意思的角度来解构复合词的意思。举例如下：

Q : W hat is a do ug hn u t ? A : S omeone w ho is c r a z y abo u t mone y.

解释：do ug hn u t 是“油炸面圈”。在俚语中，do ug h 有“钱财”的意思，n u t 可以指“疯子”、“着迷于某物”、“有癖好”。所以n u t f o r somethin g 可以指“对某物极度狂热”。

Q : W hat k ind o f p ool can ’t y o u s w im in ? A : A ca r p ool .

解释：p ool 是人造游泳池，但也可以指共有或共用的物件。A ca r p ool 通俗地讲，就是合伙用车，比如每天轮流合乘一辆私家车带孩子上学，即有利于节俭开支，又有利于缓解交通，保护环境。 C a rp ool 实战练习：

H o w do y o u ma k e an e ggr oll ?

W hat s u it lasts lon g e r than y o u do ?

W h y did the little bo y th r o w the b u tte r o u t the w indo w ?

W hat r oom can y o u bo u nce a r o u nd in ?

W hat hel p s y o u k ee p y o ur teeth to g ethe r ?

H o w do y o u ma k e a lemon d r o p ? 英语加油站

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III. 听句子，选择你所听到的内容。(6%) ( ) 1. A. Why do you like spring? B. Why do you like summer? ( ) 2. A.I often go to school at 7:30. B. I often go to school at 7:13. ( ) 3. A. When is Mother's Day? B. When is Father's Day? ( ) 4. A. My birthday is in June. B. My birthday is in July. ( ) 5. A. The birds are flying. B. The birds are singing. ( ) 6. A. What are you doing? B. What are your sisters doing? IV.听音，选择正确的答句。(6%) ( ) 1. A. I can fly kites. B. It's warm and sunny. C. I like spring. ( ) 2. A. Winter. B. I can make a snowman. C. It's windy. ( ) 3. A. At 6:30. B. Go to school. C. Yes, I do. ( ) 4.A. He likes sports. B. Listening to music. C.In the kitchen. ( ) 5. A. It's Sunday. B. It's August. C. It's Aug. 30th. ( ) 6. A. In Feb. B. In Mar. C. In Jan. V. 听短文,判断句子的对与错。对的打√，错的打×。(10%) ( ) 1. Alice is a student. ( ) 2. Alice usually goes to school at seven.

小学英语语法知识点总结

小学英语语法总结文档编制序号：[KKIDT-LLE0828-LLETD298-POI08]

小学英语语法总结 一、时态小结 凡是在must, mustn’t, can, can’t, let’s, don’t, may，will后的一定要用动词的原形二、名词的复数。 名词按其数,可分两种:可数名词和不可数名词. 可数名词的复数变化规则: 1.一般情况下,直接在词尾加-s, 如:girl-girls, book-books, pen-pens 2.以s,x,sh,ch结尾的词,在词后加-es, 如:class-classes, box-boxes, match-matches,

3.以辅音字母+y结尾的,变y 为i 再加-es, 如:city-cities, family-families, country- countries 4.以f或fe结尾的,变f或fe为v再加-es, 如:knife-knives, wife-wives, life-lives, 5.以o 结尾的加-es或-s, 如: radio-radios, tomato-tomatoes, potato-potatoes, zoo-zoos, photo-photos, 6.man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, child-children, 三、形容词的比较级、最高级。 形容词有比较级与最高级之分, 单音节词的变化规则: 1.一般情况下,直接在词尾加-er或-est, 如:small-smaller-smallest, short-shorter-shortest 2.以e结尾的,加-er或-est, 如:large-larger-largest, nice-nicer-nicest. 3.以辅音字母+y结尾的, 变y 为i 再加-er或-est, 如:busy-busier-busiest, heavy-heavier-heaviest. 4.以重读闭音节,一个辅音字母结尾的,双写该字母,再加-er或-est, 如:big-bigger-biggest, thin-thinner-thinnest. 5.多音节的词,前加more, most, 如: beautiful-more beautiful-most beautiful. 6.good-better-best 四、be 动词,助动词。 现阶段be动词形式有: am, is, are, were, was, isn’t, aren’t, weren’t, wasn’t 助动词形式有: do, does, did, don’t, doesn’t, didn’t ※1. 在英语句子中进行变化的时候, 有be动词的就在be动词上变化,变“过去”, “否定”;否定过去否定 am-------am not(第一人称“I” )am, is ------ was --------- wasn’t is ------- isn’t(第三人称)are------ were --------- weren’t are------aren’t(you和其它人称) 2. 没有be动词的就要加助动词;

英语句子翻译整理范文

句子 1. ①It's an important matter. ②The article is full of matter. ③It is a matter of no laughing. ④After turning back from the post office, he had brought a lot of printed matter. 翻译： ①这事很要紧。 ②这篇文章内容丰富。 ③这个问题可不是开玩笑 ④从邮局回来后，他带回来一大堆印刷品。 2.①Modern communication facilities were equipped in each fishing boat, so the fishermen could get in touch with each other at any place. ②Regulations regarding the handing of hazardous wastes have become more stringent and complex. Facilities can no longer ignore their wastes. ③All the facilities in this lab should not be taken out without permission. ④The site ideally should have sufficient lands to provide a buffer zone between the facility and the public surrounding it.

小学英语资料学习汇总(1)

小学英语资料学习汇总 颜色类： colour颜色red红色yellow黄色white白色 pink粉红色purple紫色brown棕色blue蓝色 black黑色green绿色orange橘红色、橙色 数字类： one1two2three3four4five5six6 seven7eight8nine9ten10eleven11twelve12 thirteen13fourteen14fifteen15sixteen16 seventeen17eighteen18nineteen19twenty20 twenty-one21thirty30forty40fifty50sixty60 seventy70eighty80ninety90first 课程类： Chinese语文English英语P. E.体育math数学 music音乐art美术science科学 天气类：weather天气rainy下雨的sunny晴朗的 snowy下雪的windy刮风的cloudy多云的warm温暖的cold寒冷的cool凉爽的hot炎热的

动物类： rabbit兔子cat猫dog狗duck鸭子pig猪 panda熊猫bird鸟hen母鸡cow奶牛lamb羊羔 goat山羊sheep绵羊horse马bear熊giraffe长颈鹿m猴子d驴kangaroo袋鼠lion狮子tiger老虎deer鹿squirrel 松鼠snake蛇whale鲸fish鱼mouse老鼠elephant大象 水果类：apple苹果pear梨orange橘子banana香蕉grapes葡萄w atermelon西瓜strawberry草莓 食物类： fish鱼beef牛肉chicken鸡肉rice米饭noodles面条tofu豆腐tom ato西红柿potato土豆cucumber黄瓜carrot萝卜eggplant茄子bre ad面包egg蛋green beans青豆onion洋葱tea茶milk牛奶coffee 咖啡Coke可乐juice果汁 味道类：tasty可口的yummy好吃的sour酸的sweet甜的salty咸的fresh新鲜的healthy健康的 服装类：pants长裤jeans牛仔裤socks短袜shoes鞋子T-shirt T 恤衫shorts短裤dress连衣裙boots靴子shirt衬衫skirt裙子j acket夹克衫 职业：doctor医生；farmer农民；driver司机；nurse护士；teacher 老师；accountant会计；singer歌唱家；writer作家；salesperson售货员；engineer工程师；actor男演员；actress女演员；policeman警

小学英语语法总复习知识点归纳

小学英语语法汇总 一、时态 1．一般现在时 （1）表示经常发生的动作或事情，通常用“usually通常, often常常, every…每…, sometimes有时，always总是,”等词。 （2）基本结构： I / You / We / They He / She / It 肯定句动词原形动词第三人称单数形式 否定句don’t + 动原doesn’t + 动原 一般疑问句(Yes/No) Do… ? Yes, I do.Does…(动词原形)…?No,she doesn’t. 特殊疑问句What do …?How does she…(动词原形)…? (3) 动词第三人称单数形式（同名词单数变成复数方法相同） 1 一般情况+s 如：walk-walks 2. 辅音字母+y结尾去y +ies fly-flies 3. 结尾是s, x，sh, ch +es watch-watches 4. 特殊的do-does ,have-has, go-goes 2．现在进行时, （1）表示正在发生的动作，通常用“now现在, look看，linsen听”. （2）基本形式：be + 动词ing eg: I am(not) doing my homework. You/We/They are(not) reading. He/She/It is(not) eating. What are you doing? Is he reading? （3）动词的现在分词形式（动词+ing） 一般情况+ing walk—walking 结尾是不发音的e -e + ing come—coming 重读闭音节双写最后一 个字母+ing run-running swim-swimming 3. 一般过去时 （1）表示过去已经发生的事情,通常用“last …上一个…, just now刚才, a moment ago刚才，yesterday昨天”等词。（2）be 动词的过去式: am/is—was are—were （3）过去式基本结构 肯定句（Positive）动词过去式I went shopping last night. 否定句(Negative) Didn’t + 动词原形I didn’t go shopping last night. 一般疑问句(Yes/No) Did …+ 动词原形…?Did you go shopping last night? 特殊疑问句(wh-) What did…+ 动词原形…?What did you do last night? （4）词过去式的变化： 规则动词的变化： 一般动词+ed planted,watered,climbed 以不发音的e结尾+d liked 辅音字母加y结尾-y+ ied study—studied, cry- cried 重读闭音节单词，末尾只有一个辅音字母双写最后一个 字母+ed stop –stopped plan - planned

小学四年级英语下学习资料

1.Meeting new people Her name’s Jill 1.Good morning ,boys and girs. Good morning,Miss Fang. 2.This is your new classmate. Her name’s Jill. Hi .My name’s Jill. Hello,Jill . 3.You can sit here . Jill. Ok . Thank you, Miss Fang. 4.Hi,Jill. My name’s Kitty. Hi,Kitty .Nice to meet you. Say and act 1.Good afternoon ,Peter . Good afternoon,Kitty . 2.This is my sister. Her name’s Sally. This is my brother. His name’s Paul. 3.Hi,Sally. Hi,Paul.My name’s Kitty. Hi,Kitty. Nice to meet you. 4.Goodbye,Kitty. See you ,Peter . Goodbye,Sally and Paul. 2.Can you swim? She can swim , Can you swim? 1.Supergirl can run fast. Supergirl can fly. Supergirl can swim . Supergirl cannot draw. 2.Supergirl is great ! She can swim. Can you swim Alice? Yes , I can . Can you swim ,Kitty? No ,I can’t. 3.What can you do ? I can draw. Say and act 1. Good evening .I’m Kitty . Welcome to Super Show. 2.Here are our friends—Supergirl and Superdog! Hello! Woof! Woof! 3.What can you do, Supergirl? I can swim and fly . 4.Can Superdog fly too? Yes ,He can .but he can’t write his name. Woof! 5.Thank you , Supergirl and Superdog! Thank you. 3.Are you happy? I’m happy Are you happy? 1.I’m happy . I have a new kite. I’m not happy. Look at my bike! I’m sad . 2.How are you? We’re tired and hungry, Mum. 3.Have some biscuits .Thanks , Mum . 4. I’m full now, are you thirsty, Ben? Have some water. Yes, I am . Thank you , Kitty . Enjoy a story A thirsty bird 1.It is hot . The bird is very thirsty. 2.Water! The bird can see a bottle. 3.The bottle is tall and thin . The bird cannot drink the Water . 4.I have a good idea ! The bird can see some little stones . 5.look! The bird can drink the water now. He is happy .

小学英语语法知识点总结

小学英语语法知识点总结：可数名词和不可数名词 一、可数名词与不可数名词的区别 普通名词所表示的人或事物是可以按个数计算的，这类名词叫可数名词。可数名词分为个体名词(表示某类人或事物中的个体，如worker, farmer, desk, factory等)和集体名词(表示作为一个整体来看的一群人或一些事物，如people, family 等)。如果普通名词所表示的事物是不能按个数来计算的，这类名词就叫不可数名词。不可数名词分为物质名词(表示无法分为个体的物质，如meat, rice, water, milk, orange 等)和抽象名词(表示动作、状态、情况、品质等抽象概念，如work, homework, time, health, friendship等)。 二、关于可数名词 名词可分为可数名词和不可数名词两部分。其中，可数名词是表示能够计算的人或物的名称，他们通常有单数和复数的形式。 单数通常用a,an或者是one来表示。an用在元音字母的前面。如：a desk, an apple, one boy. 1、直接在单词的后面加-s. photo---photos book---books egg---eggs student---students pen---pens village---villages building---buildings cloud---clouds flower---flowers hand---hands map---maps girl---girls 2、如果单词以s,x,ch,sh结尾，通常要在单词后面加-es. bus---buses class---classes box---box dress---dresses peach---peaches watch---watches fish---fishes 3、以辅音字母+y结尾的单数名词要把y变为i，再加-es.如果y的前面是元音字母，则直接加上-s. family---families story---stories baby---babies day---days toy---toys boy---boys