高等学校英语应用能力考试A级高分应试教程【命题分析+技巧指南+专项练习+综合模拟】(第3章 语法结构

第3章语法结构技巧指南及专项训练

3.1题型概述

词汇与语法结构部分分为A、B两节，即选择题和填空题两部分，共20道题，得分占总分的15％——选择部分每题0.5分，填空部分每题1分。测试时间为15分钟。语法结构部分。A节侧重语法知识的考核，有10道多项选择题，多项选择题要求考生从每题的4个选项中选出一个正确答案。B节为综合题型，有10道填空题，填空题要求考生根据句子的意思和语法结构写出括号里所给词的适当形式。

3.2应试技巧

通过对近几年高等学校英语应能A级考试中词汇与语法结构部分试题的全面分析，将词汇与语法部分的考点归纳出三大类，即词法知识与考点、句法知识与考点、词形知识与考点。

I.词法知识考点

根据《基本要求》的“语法结构表”所列学生应该掌握的语法知识和技能范围，名词、代词、数词、限定词、介词、形容词、副词、形容词和副词的比较级、动词（包括动词短语）以及动词的限定形式（表现为动词的时态、语态、语气、主谓人称和数上的一致性）和动词的非限定形式（即动词不定式、动名词、现在分词和过去分词）都是词法知识与能力测试的范围。

★动词的时态

作谓语的动词用来表示动作（情况）发生时间的各种形式称为时态。动词时态共有16种，常见的有14种。《基本要求》中规定要掌握的是：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时、现在完成进行时和过去完成进行时。

(1)分析句子中给出的特定时间状语或相应语境，确定谓语动词时态。

例：[2008年6月真题]

My mother(enjoy)______a better health since we came to live in this beautiful seaside city.

【答案】has enjoyed

【解析】自从我们搬到这座美丽的海滨城市后，我母亲的健康状况就一直很好。since 表示自从，since分句里的动词通常用过去式，主句用现在完成时，所以这里用has enjoyed。

(2)在时间或条件从句中，一般现在时可用来表示将来的动作。

一些考生因为看到主句是用将来时或时间状语是将来时，就会在时间或条件从句中用将来时，这是常犯的错误。

例：[2008年6月真题]

They will not start the project until the board chairman______back from South Africa.

A.will come

B.is coming

C.came

https://www.sodocs.net/doc/5b229923.html,es

【答案】D

【解析】句意：他们要等到董事会主席从南非回来才会开始这个项目。not until的意思是直到某时刻才如何做，前后的时态要注意，until表示的是一个时间点，所以前句用的是一般将来时，后句要用现在时，这里的时态是以until表示的动作为时间点的。

(3)注意时态的呼应。

某些从句（特别是宾语从句）中的动词时态，要受主句谓语中动词时态的影响，这种现象称为时态的呼应。

①当主句中的谓语动词为现在或将来时态时，从句中的谓语动词可以用任何所需要的时态。

例：Has he told you when he is to leave for Kunming?

②而当主句中的谓语动词为过去时态时，从句中的时态就要作相应的调整，一般来说，我们总是把现在时态改为过去时态，把一般将来时态改为过去将来时态。

例：She asked me whether I had passed the final examination.

③表示普遍真理时都用一般现在时，即使是主句为过去时也同样不变，不必与主句时态一致。

★动词的语态

英语中有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。当主语是动作的执行者时，称为主动语态；当主语是动作的承受者时，称为被动语态。被动语态的一般形式（一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时）经常出现在填空题中，较复杂的如非谓语动词的被动语态、被动语态的完成时和进行时、短语动词的被动语态以及含情态动词的被动语态则多出现在选择题中。

(1)被动语态由助动词be加过去分词构成，时态通过be表现出来。因此，首先要掌握规则动词和不规则动词的过去分词，然后注意由be的变形表现出来的不同时态的被动语

态。

例：It's my great honor______to give a speech at the opening ceremony.

A.to invite

B.inviting

C.having invited

D.to be invited

【答案】D

【解析】句意：很荣幸自己被邀请来在开幕式上发言。因为这里的动词是invite，隐含的主语是I，两者之间是被动关系，所以这里应该用动词不定式的被动语态。

(2)有些系动词（如get，become）+分词的结构，意思上也接近被动语态。

(3)有些动词虽用做表示被动的意思，但形式上为主动，这样的动词有smell，taste，sound，prove，feel，write，read，wash等。

★虚拟语气

虚拟语气表示主观愿望和假想虚拟的情况，是一种特殊的谓语动词形式，基本上是历次A级测试语法的必考题。虚拟语气在条件从句中的应用和在其他某些从句中的应用是两大主要测试点。

(1)if条件从句中的虚拟语气

例：If he had taken his lawyer’s advice,he(save)______himself a great deal of trouble.

【答案】could save

【解析】句意：要是他听从了律师的建议，他就不会有这么多的麻烦。表示过去的虚拟，从句用过去完成时态，主句用should／could do来表示，所以这里用could save。

(2)省略if的条件句中的虚拟语气

当条件从句中出现were,should,had等时，可以将if省略，把were,should,had放在主语的前面。

例：______he was seriously ill,I wouldn’t have told him the truth.

A.If I knew

B.If I know

C.Had I known

D.Did I know

【答案】C

【解析】句意：要是我知道他病得很严重，我就不会告诉他事情的真相。

(3)固定句式中的虚拟语气

①demand，suggest，advise，propose等词引导的宾语从句中；

②It+be＋suggested/demanded+that引导的主语从句中；

③It is+important/necessary+that从句中；

④suggestion，proposal引导的同位语从句中；

⑤lest（以防），for fear that（惟恐），in case（以防）引导的从句中；

⑥It is(high)time(that)…句型中的定语从句里的谓语动词常用虚拟语气表示将来，动词形式用动词的过去式。意思是“该干某事了，但还没干，时间已经有些晚了”。

例：It is strongly recommended that teachers(use)______computers to assist in their classroom teaching.

【答案】use

【解析】句意：强烈建议教师在课堂教学中使用计算机来辅助教学。这里考查的是固定句型的用法。it is recommended that+should do，其中should可以省略。所以这里用原型。

(4)有时假设的情况并不以条件从句表现出来，而是通过一个介词短语表示。

例：The young man did not have enough money;otherwise he(buy)______a more expensive watch.

【答案】would buy

【解析】句意：这个年轻人没有足够的钱，否则他就会买个更贵的手表了。前句用过去时说明情况，后句表示意向，有虚拟含义，要用would而不是will，所以这里用would buy。

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