On Being Your Own Engineer翻译
On Being Your Own Engineer
Ralph B. Peck (1983)
○The occasion for this short talk was the Civil Engineering students Annual Awards Convocation at the University of Illinois on April 24, 1976. Parents, friends, and wives or husbands of the honor students had been invited to the Convocation. I took the occasion to speak to the wives or husbands as well as to the students who received the honors.
○这篇文章是1976年7月24日伊利诺斯州立大学土木工程系学生每年一度的奖励大会上的简短发言。获奖学生的父母，朋友，妻子或丈夫都被邀请出席会议。我参加了这个会议，对这些荣誉学生以及他们的亲朋好友们进行演讲。
①Here at this University and in this Department that has trained so many outstanding civil engineers, you have achieved a standard of excellence that results in recognition at this Honors Day ceremony. It gives me the greatest pleasure to congratulate you on these achievements. Here in your undergraduate career, you have become leaders in the pursuit of engineering knowledge, the first essential step in becoming a civil engineer. Excellence in undergraduate studies correlates highly with a successful engineering career in later years. I sincerely hope that the satisfaction of a successful career continues to be yours and that these honors and recognitions that you so rightfully receive today will be only the first of many satisfactions that will come to you in your practice of civil engineering.
①这所大学，这个系，培养了很多优秀的土木工程师，你们达到了优秀的标准，从而在今天这个值得庆贺的日子，得到认可。这就给了我莫大的荣幸来祝贺你们取得的成就。在你们的本科学习，在追求工程知识的过程中，你们成为了佼佼者，这是成为土木工程师的第一个基本步骤。本科学业的优秀与今后工程事业的成功高度相关。我衷心希望事业成功的成就感继续与你相伴, 你今天理应得到的这些荣誉和认可，将只是今后你获得的许多成就感之一。
②Yet a successful undergraduate career is not always or inevitably followed by leadership in your profession. In a changing world, in a dynamic profession such as civil engineering, how can you to be sure today that you will be among the leaders of your profession 20 or 30 years from now? How can you even be sure to pick the branch of civil engineering, the particular kind of work that you will actually like the best or have the most aptitude for? Do you dare leave these matters to chance, do you dare let nature simply take its course? Nobody can predict the future and nobody can
guarantee success in the future. But there are, nevertheless, many positive things you can do to shape your own career. I should like to think about some of this with you today.
②然而,一个成功的本科学习并不总是或者必然成为职业中的佼佼者。在一个变化的世界，在一个动态的职业如土木工程，今天你怎么可以确保在20到3年后，你仍然是你职业中的佼佼者? 你甚至能否确任你将从事土木工程，这一你最喜欢或是最有前途的职业? 你敢让这些问题任其发展,你敢让它顺其自然吗? 没有人能预测未来,谁也不能保证未来的成功。尽管如此，但你仍然可以做一些积极的事来塑造自己的职业生涯。我今天想与你去探讨一些问题。
③I believe every engineer, perhaps even while an undergraduate but certainly upon graduation, needs to form and follow his own plan for the development of his professional career. Perhaps it is an unpleasant thought, but I believe it is only realistic that nobody else is quite as interested in your career as you yourself should be. If you don’t plan it yourself, it is quite possible that nobody will. On the other hand, there are too many factors, there are too many changes in a dynamic profession to permit laying out a fixed plan. The plan that you follow must be flexible and it must continually be evaluated.
③我相信每一位工程师，甚至一个肯定能毕业的本科生，需要制定和实践自己的职业生涯发展计划。也许这是一个不愉快的想法，但是我相信这是唯一现实的，没有人会像你自己对你的事业那么感兴趣。如果你自己不计划，没有其他人会给你做计划的。另一方面，有太多的因素，有许多的变化，不会让你在动态的职业中制定一个固定的计划。你执行的计划必须是灵活的，它必须被不断地进行评估。
④To be sure, every career depends to some extent on chance, on the breaks , good or bad. But if you have followed a sound plan , you will be ready for the good breaks when they come. Those who feel they have never had favorable opportunities usually have not been ready and have not even recognized opportunities when they came.
④确信的是，在面对转机时，每个职业在一定程度上都或好或坏地取决于机会。但是，如果你遵循一个健全的计划，那么当好的转机来临时，你将变得主动。那些感觉他们从未有过良好机会的人通常都没有准备好，甚至可以说，在机会来临时他们都不会察觉到。
⑤Civil engineering projects don’t exist in the classroom, or in the office, or in the laboratory. They exist out in the field, in society. They are the highways, the transit systems, the landslides to be corrected, the waste disposal plants to be
constructed, the bridges, the airports; they have to be built by men and machines. In my view, nobody can be a good designer, a good researcher, a leader in the civil engineering profession unless he understands the methods and the problems of the builders. This understanding ought to be firsthand, and if you are going to get it, you have to plan for it. Without this experience in the field, your design may be impractical, your research may be irrelevant, or your teaching may not prepare your students properly for their profession. There are several ways in which you can get construction experience. One is by being an engineer for a builder, for a contractor. Or on the other hand, you might be an inspector for a resident engineer for the designer or owner. It doesn’t matter in what capacity you work, and it doesn’t take a very long time to get worthwhile experience in the field, but sometimes early in your career, you should plan to get it. Since the real projects are out there in the field, you will have to go where they are to get the construction experience, and you may have to put up with
a little inconvenience in order to get it.
⑤土木工程项目不存在于教室、办公室或实验室里。他们存在于生活中，社会中。他们是公路，交通运输系统，被防护的山体滑坡，改造的垃圾处理厂，桥梁以及机场；他们必须依靠人力和机器来建立。依我看，如果不理解施工方法和建设者的问题，没人能成为土木工程中一位优秀的设计师，优秀的研究人员或者领导。这种理解力应该是第一位的。而如果你想获得它，你就必须得有计划。没有工地的经验，你的设计可能变得不切实际，你的研究可能没有针对性，或者说你的教学不能使你的学生最好适当的准备。有一些方法可以让你获得建造经验。一个是成为建筑或承包工程师。另一方面，你可以成为住宅设计师或业主的房屋检测工程师。这与你工作的能力无关，也并不需要太长时间，你就会获得有价值的工地经验，但有时在你的职业生涯早期，你应该为此做计划。由于真正的项目存在于外面的工地，你应该到那里去获取施工经验，为了获得经验，你应该吃些苦头。
⑥Real problems of civil engineering design include both concept and detail. In fact, details often make or break a project. A beautifully designed cantilever bridge in Vancouver Harbor collapsed during construction because a few stiffeners were omitted on the webs of some temporary supporting beams. Spectacular failures such as this don’t always follows from neglected details, but poor design, poor engineering often do. I believe every civil engineer needs a personal knowledge of the details of his branch of civil engineering. If he’s going to be a geotechnical engineer, for example, he needs to know among other things exactly how borings are made and samples taken under a variety of circumstances. If he’s going to be a structural
engineer, he needs to know how steel structures are actually fabricated and erected. He needs to know, in other words, the state of the commercial art that plays such a large part in his profession.he need to know how things are customarily done so that he can tell whether, for example, a commercially available sampling tool will do the job at a modest competitive price or whether some unusual tool must be developed for the particular requirements of the job.He needs to know, in other words, the state of the commercial art that plays such a large part in his profession. he need to know how things are customarily done so that he can tell whether, for example, a commercially available sampling tool will do the job at a modest competitive price or whether some unusual tool must be developed for the particular requirements of the job. So it seems to me that you should plan to get this sort of experience also: to spend some time on a drilling rig if you plan to be a geotechnical engineer; to work for a steel fabricator or in a design office if you intend to be a structural engineer.
⑥土木工程设计真正的问题包括概念和细节两个方面。事实上，细节总是决定着一项工程的成败。位于温哥华海港的一个非常漂亮的悬臂桥，因为在一些支撑梁腹板上没有布置加劲肋，因而在建造过程中发生了坍塌。当然，像这样大的事故并不总是由于忽略了细节，还有不良的设计和施工等因素。我相信每一位土木工程师都需要个性化的专业知识，这些知识要包含他所研究的土木工程分支中的细节。举例来说，如果他想成为一位岩土工程师，他就需要详细了解钻孔是怎样钻的，如何在不同情况下进行采样。如果他想成为一位结构工程师，他就需要了解人们是如何拼装和架设钢结构的。换句话书说，他需要知道在行业中很重要的商业艺术现状。他需要知道如何按照惯例做事。例如，一个买的到的取样工具是否可以合适而有竞争力地来完成工作，或者因为工作的特殊要求，需要制作一些特殊工具。所以，我觉得你们应该去获得这种经验，如果你想当一名岩土工程师，那么可以花一些时间在钻孔平台上，如果你想当结构工程师，你可以去钢结构制造厂或者设计所工作。
⑦How can you get this varied experience, these various components of civil engineering that are so dissimilar? I think, for the most part, you have to do it by choosing your jobs carefully and changing your job if and when it seems necessary. You may be lucky in your very first job and go to work for an organization that designs, that supervises constructions, that makes its own laboratory tests, that supervises borings, and so on. If this should be true, you would be fortunate, but this is not usually the case. Even such an organization may tend to let you get stuck in one phase of their work, and you may have to persuade them from time to time to let you work in other parts of their activities. More likely you will have to change
organization, possibly even to another part of the country or of the world. Unfortunately you can’t order the jobs that you want, when you want them, and where you want them. But you can look at every opportunity to see if it fits in your plan and to judge if the time is right to make a change. The breadth of experience so important in a civil engineer’s background can’t be obtained any other way than by a variety of jobs or a variety of activities within a given job. You owe it to yourself and to your career to see that you get this varied background. On the other hand, while you’re getting this background, you ought to avoid being a job-hopper. Each of your employers will have an investment in you. At least for a while, when you start to work for him, he will not be getting his money’s worth from you. You owe him a return on his investment, you owe him good work, and you owe staying with him a reasonable minimum time while you’re getting that experience.
⑦你如何才能够得到这些不同的经验，这些土木工程的分支是如何的不同？我想，在一般情况下，你要做到这些，就应该仔细选择工作，如有必要时更换工作。也许你是幸运的，第一份工作就进入设计院，监理单位，在实验室做研究，或者是其他。如果真是这样，那么只能说你很幸运。但是这并不是常有的事。甚至经常有企业会从事他们众多工作中的一项，然后你就不得不一遍又一遍不厌其烦的去说服他们让你从事你所学专业的工作。更有可能得更换单位，到国内或是国外的其他地方工作。不幸的是，你不能制定工作（你所需要的）以及工作的时间和地点。但你可以盯住每一个机会去看是否适合你的计划并判断“跳槽”的机会是否成熟。对于土木工程师背景如此重要的丰富经验只能通过多样的工作和一项工作中的多种任务来获得，除此别无它途。你应该感谢你的职业生涯让你得到了那么多经验。另一方面，当你正在吸取这些经验的时候，就不应该跳槽了。你的每一个老板都会对你投资，至少在刚开始工作的一段时间内，他是收不回与他投资的钱相同价值的东西的。你欠他投资的回报，你欠他一个努力工作。在你获得经验的同时，你欠他一个合理的最短工作时间。
⑧On my first job, I had the good fortune to be working under Karl Terzaghi. He had a good many requirements, but one of the most important was that I should keep a notebook in which I should record not just what I had done that day, but what I had seen, what I had observed. When I went down into a tunnel heading, I should come back and sketch how the heading was being executed and how it was being braced. I soon discovered that very often, when I came back, I couldn’t remember exactly what had gone on in the heading. I couldn’t remember exactly how the bracing fit together. In other words, my eyes had seen what was going on, but my brain didn’t really register. My powers of observation were poor. But as I continued to keep this
notebook, I discovered that more and more I could remember what I had seen, and more and more my powers of observation developed, I recommend this to you as one way to make your experience more meaningful.
⑧在我的第一份工作中，我有幸在太沙基手下工作，他有相当多的要求，但是其中最重要的是我必须要做笔记，不仅仅只是记录我今天干了什么，而是观察到了什么，学习到了什么。当我下到一个隧道的深处，返回时需要对这个工程的施工状况做一个梗概，还要记录它是怎么支撑的。不久，我就发现了问题。当我返回的时候，我完全记不得了下面的施工状况。我也完全忘记了支撑间详细的连接情况。换句话说，我的眼睛看到发生了什么，但是我的大脑却一点都没有记录。我的观察能力实在是太差了。但是当我开始记录这些笔记的时候，我渐渐地发现我可以记下来我看到的东西了，我的观察力也提升了，我把这一点告诉你们，作为一种使你的实践更有意义的方法。
⑨An investment of ten years or so after your degree, including perhaps graduate studies as well, in accordance with a carefully planned but of flexible program, will go a long way toward assuring success in your engineering career. But there is another important aspect to be considered. Any worthwhile career is demanding. It makes demand on your time and effort, and also your family. And there are other demands on your life besides your career. Your wife or your husband will have her or his own goals and even may also have a career in mind. The demands of others in your life and the fulfillment of their goals and careers will require that cooperation, adjustment, give and take. Moves from one place to another will require leaving friends; will require that your children change schools. Tension and conflicts are inevitable and compromise and reason are necessary. You and your partner will need the best possible understanding. Many a marriage has founded on the career ambitions of one or both partners and, conversely, many a career has founded on unreasonable or nonunderstanding or financial demands of the partner. There is seldom a perfect solution to this problem, but there are many good solutions. The important thing is to face up to the problems early and to keep working on them. The best engineers, I think have achieved a reasonable balance among their goals in life.Often they can truly say that their partner in life has also been their partner in their career.
⑨在你们获得学位后十年左右的投资，也包括可能的研究生学习，遵循一个详细制定但又有灵活性的计划。经过一段长的时间，必然会有事业上的成功。仍需考虑另一个重要的方面，任何有价值的事业都是需要付出的。这就需要你的时间和精力，还有家人的支持。但除了事业，你有其他生活上的要求。你的妻子或丈夫也会有她或他自己的目标，甚至心中也有一个事业。在你的生活中别人的要
求，以及他们目标和事业的实现需要合作，调整，给予和采取。从一个地方搬到另一个地方会导致我们失去朋友，也会导致你的小孩转学。紧张和冲突是不可避免的，妥协和理性也是必要的。你和你的伴侣需要尽可能的理解。许多婚姻都建立在一方或双方的职业抱负上，相反，许多人的职业生涯都建立在对配偶不合理以及不可理解的社会和经济要求上。对于这个问题几乎没有一个完美的解决方法，但却有很多好的解决方式。最重要的就是很早地正面应对问题，然后持之以恒的对待问题。我认为，一个最好的工程师已经在生活中的目标之间取得了一个合理的平衡。他们可以经常发自内心地说，他们生活中的伴侣也是他们事业上的伴侣。
⑩Your generation has a most exciting prospect. Don’t believe for a minute the prophecies that technology has outlived its usefulness. You will have, fortunately, much more to consider than technology. You will need to be true conservationists, true ecologists in the positive sense. You will need to be involved in the social cost-benefit assessments of civil engineering work above and beyond the dollar cost-benefits. Progress in these directions will be the challenge and the great achievement of your generation, and it is an exciting prospect. But to succeed, you must be fully prepared, not poorer, but better grounded technically than your predecessors. In next ten years, the choices you make and the experiences you get will be crucial. As Honor Students, you have taken the first necessary step with skill and distinction. All of us, your teachers, your partners, your husbands, wives, and friends wish you even greater success in the future. Indeed you must succeed, or this world will be a poorer place rather than a richer place in which to live.
⑩你们这一代人有着最激动人心的前途。一点也不要相信技术将来比其用途更有生命力。幸运的话，你要考虑的不仅仅是技术。在积极的方面，你需要成为一个真正的环保主义者，生态学者。你也将需要参与评定一个工程是否超出预算。这些进展对你们这一代来说不仅会是挑战和成就，而且意味着很光明的未来。但是对于成功，你应该完全准备好，要比你的前辈们有更精湛的技术。在今后的十年里，你们的选择和经历将会至关重要。作为优秀生，你们已经完成了第一步，并且成就非凡。我们所有人，包括你们的老师，父母，伙伴，都希望你将来能够更加成功。你们一定要成功呀！否则我们这个世界将会成为你居住的贫困地狱而不是富裕天堂。
四种翻译方法,十种翻译技巧
四种翻译方法 1.直译和意译 所谓直译，就是在译文语言条件许可时，在译文中既保持原文的内容，又保持原文的形式——特别指保持原文的比喻、形象和民族、地方色彩等。 每一个民族语言都有它自己的词汇、句法结构和表达方法。当原文的思想内容与译文的表达形式有矛盾不宜采用直译法处理时，就应采用意译法。意译要求译文能正确表达原文的内容，但可以不拘泥与原文的形式。（张培基） 应当指出，在再能确切的表达原作思想内容和不违背译文语言规范的条件下，直译有其可取之处，一方面有助于保存原著的格调，另一方面可以进新鲜的表达方法。 Literal translation refers to an adequate representation of the original. When the original coincides or almost tallies with the Chinese language in the sequence of vocabulary, in grammatical structure and rhetorical device, literal translation must be used. Free translation is also called liberal translation, which does not adhere strictly to the form or word order of the original.（郭著章） 直译法是指在不违背英语文化的前提下，在英译文中完全保留汉语词语的指称意义，求得内容和形式相符的方法。
当前常用政治术语的英文翻译
当前常用政治术语的英文翻译 作者：夜孔守望| 来源：沪江博客 新民主主义革命new-democratic revolution 民族独立和人民解放national independence and the liberation of the people 经济体制改革和政治体制改革reforms in the economic and political structure 社会主义制度socialist system 社会变革social transformation 建设有中国特色的社会主义事业the cause of building socialism with Chinese characteristics 中华民族的伟大复兴the gre at rejuvenation of the Chinese nation 党在社会主义初级阶段的基本理论、基本路线、基本纲领the basic theory, line and program of our Party in the primary stage of socialism 改革开放政策the policies of reform and opening to the outside
中国共产党十一届三中全会The Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China 马克思主义政党Marxist political Party 党的第一（第二、第三）代中央领导集体the collective leadership of the Party Central Committee of the first (second\third)generation 人民民主专政the people's democratic dictatorship 国民经济体系national economic system 综合国力aggregate national strength 国内生产总值the annual gross domestic product(GDP) 独立自主的和平外交政策an independent foreign policy of peace 马克思主义基本原理同中国具体实际相结合the fundamental principles of Marxism with the specific situation in China 加强和改进党的建设，不断增强党的创造力、凝聚力和战斗力，永葆党的生机与活力strengthen and improve Party building, continuously enhance the creativity, rallying power and combat capability of the Party, and always maintain its vigor and vitality. “三个代表”就是必须代表中国先进生产力的发展要求，代表中国先进文化的前进方向，代表中国最广大人民的根本利益，是我们党的立党之本、执政之基、力量之源，是我们党始终站在时代前列，保持先进性的根本体现和根本要求。
高一英语翻译技巧和方法完整版及练习题及解析
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文言文翻译技巧和方法
文言文翻译技巧和方法 一、基本方法：直译和意译文言文翻译的基本方法有直译和意译两种。所谓直译，是指用现代汉语的词对原文进行逐字逐句地对应翻译，做到实词、虚词尽可能文意相对。直译的好处是字字落实;其不足之处是有时译句文意难懂，语言也不够通顺。所谓意译，则是根据语句的意思进行翻译，做到尽量符合原文意思，语句尽可能照顾原文词义。意译有一定的灵活性，文字可增可减，词语的位置可以变化，句式也可以变化。意译的好处是文意连贯，译文符合现代语言的表达习惯，比较通顺、流畅、好懂。其不足之处是有时原文不能字字落实。这两种翻译方法当以直译为主，意译为辅。 二、具体方法：留、删、补、换、调、变。 “留”：就是保留。凡是古今意义相同的词，以及古代的人名、地名、物名、官名、国号、年号、度量衡单位等，翻译时可保留不变。例如：《晏子使楚》中的“楚王”、“晏婴”、“晏子”等不用翻译。 “删”，就是删除。删掉无须译出的文言虚词。例如：“寡人反取病焉”的“焉”是语气助词，可不译，本句的意思就是“我反而自讨没趣。”(《晏子使楚》)又如：“子猷、子敬俱病笃，而子敬先亡”中的“而”是连词，可不译，整句意思是“子猷与子敬都病重，子敬先死去。” “补”，就是增补。(1)变单音词为双音词，如《桃花源记》中“率妻子邑人来此绝境”，“妻子”一词是“妻子、儿女”的意思;(2)补出省略句中的省略成分，如《人琴俱亡》中“语时了不悲”，翻译为：(子猷)说话时候完全不悲伤。 “换”，就是替换。用现代词汇替换古代词汇。如把“吾、余、予”等换成“我”，把“尔、汝”等换成“你”。“调”就是调整。把古汉语倒装句调整为现代汉语句式。例如《人琴俱亡》中“何以都不闻消息”，“何以”是“以何”的倒装，宾语前置句，意思是“为什么”。“变”，就是变通。在忠实于原文的基础上，活译有关文字。“子猷问左右”(人琴俱亡))中的“左右”指的是“手下的人”，“左右对曰”(《晏子使楚》中的“左右”指的是“近臣”。 古文翻译口诀古文翻译，自有顺序，首览全篇，掌握大意；先明主题，搜集信息，由段到句，从句到词，全都理解，连贯一起，对待难句，则需心细，照顾前文，联系后句，
【词汇】常用政治与行政术语英文翻译
【词汇】常用政治与行政术语英文翻译 ——————摘自知米背单词官方论坛 专八专四中常常会有一些政治类的文章，有些词汇分开认识，放在一起就傻眼了，那么我们来看看这些词汇吧。 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 大家仅供参考：马列主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论、“三个代表”重要思想Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiao-ping Theory, Jiang Zemin “Three Represent’s”important Thought 新民主主义革命new-democratic revolution 民族独立和人民解放national independence and the liberation of the people 经济体制改革和政治体制改革reforms in the economic and political structure 社会主义制度socialist system 社会变革social transformation 建设有中国特色的社会主义事业the cause of building socialism with Chinese characteristics 中华民族的伟大复兴the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation 党在社会主义初级阶段的基本理论、基本路线、基本纲领the basic theory, line and program of our Party in the primary stage of socialism 改革开放政策the policies of reform and opening to the outside 中国共产党十一届三中全会The Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China 马克思主义政党Marxist political Party 党的第一（第二、第三）代中央领导集体the collective leadership of the Party Central Committee of the first (second/third)generation 人民民主专政the people’s democratic dictatorship 国民经济体系national economic system 综合国力aggregate national strength 国内生产总值the annual gross domestic product(GDP) 独立自主的和平外交政策an independent foreign policy of peace 马克思主义基本原理同中国具体实际相结合the fundamental principles of Marxism with the specific situation in China 加强和改进党的建设，不断增强党的创造力、凝聚力和战斗力，永葆党的生机与活力strengthen and improve Party building, continuously enhance the creativity, rallying power and combat capability of the Party, and always maintain its vigor and vitality “三个代表”就是必须代表中国先进生产力的发展要求，代表中国先进文化的前进方向，代表中国最广大人民的根本利益，是我们党的立党之本、执政之基、力量之源，是我们党始终站在时代前列，保持先进性的根本体现和根本要求。“Three Represent’s”shows that our Party must always represent the requirements of the development of China’s advanced productive forces, the orientation of the development of China’s advanced culture, and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people in China, they are the foundation for building the Party, the cornerstone for its exercise of state power and a source of its strengthen，only by doing so can we really ensure that our Party always stand in the forefront of the time and maintain
英汉翻译的基本方法和技巧
英汉翻译的基本方法和技巧 翻译是信息交流过程中极其复杂的社会心理现象。语言知识是翻译的基础。此外，翻译还涉及到推理、判断、分析和综合等复杂的心理认识过程。翻译的方法和技巧是翻译工作者在长期的实践中根据两种语言的特点总结归纳出来的一般规律。这些规律可以指导我们的翻译实践，使我们能更自觉、更灵活地处理翻译过程中所遇到的各种语言现象。下面就英译汉中的一些方法和技巧结合翻译实例作一概述。 1. 词义的选择 一词多义和一词多类是英汉两种语言都有的一种语言现象。因此，在平日的翻译练习和测试中，我们在弄清原文句子结构后，务必注意选择和确定句中关键词的词类和词义，以保证译文的质量。通常可从以下三个方面来考虑词义选择： 1)根据词在句中的词类来选择词义 例如：Censorship is for the good of society as a whole. Like the law, it contributes to the common good. ［译文］：审查是为了整个社会的利益。它像法律一样维护公众利益。 ［注释］：本句中like作介词，意为"像……一样"。但like作动词用，则意为"喜欢；想要"。例如：He likes films with happy endings. (他喜欢结局好的电影。)又如：Would you like to leave a message? (你要不要留个话儿?)此外，like还可以作形容词用，意为"相同的"，如：Like charges repel; unlike charges attract.(电荷同性相斥，异性相吸。) 2)根据上下文和词在句中的搭配关系选择词义 例1 According to the new s chool of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge. ［译文］：新学派的科学家们认为，技术在扩大科学知识范围过程中是一种被忽视的力量。 ［注释］：school一词常被误译为"学校"，其实，school还有一个词义"学派"。可见，正确选择词义对译文质量有重要影响，而文章的上下文和逻辑联系是翻译中选择词义的重要依据。 例2 Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a "valid" or "fair" comparison. ［译文］：既然对智力的评估是比较而言的，那么我们必须确保，在对我们的对象进行比较时，我们所使用的尺度要能提供"有效的"和"公平的"比较。 ［注释］：许多人把scale译为"范围"，和文章的语篇意思和句子的确切含义大相径庭。
奈达翻译理论初探
第27卷第3期唐山师范学院学报2005年5月Vol. 27 No.3 Journal of Tangshan Teachers College May 2005 奈达翻译理论初探 尹训凤1，王丽君2 （1.泰山学院外语系，山东泰安 271000；2.唐山师范学院教务处，河北唐山 063000） 摘要：奈达的翻译理论对于翻译实践有很强的指导作用：从语法分析角度来讲，相同的语法结构可能具有完全不同的含义；词与词之间的关系可以通过逆转换将表层形式转化为相应的核心句结构；翻译含义是翻译成败的关键所在。 关键词：奈达；分析；转换；重组；核心句 中图分类号：H315.9 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1009-9115（2005）03-0034-03 尤金?奈达是美国当代著名翻译理论家，也是西方语言学派翻译理论的主要代表，被誉为西方“现代翻译理论之父”。他与塔伯合著的《翻译理论与实践》对翻译界影响颇深。此书说明了中国与西方译界人士思维方式的巨大差别：前者是静的，崇尚“信、达、雅”，讲究“神似”，追求“化境”；后者是动的，将语言学、符号学、交际理论运用到翻译研究当中，提倡“动态对等”，注重读者反应。中国译论多概括，可操作性不强；西方译论较具体，往往从点出发。他在该书中提到了动态对等，详细地描述了翻译过程的三个阶段：分析、转换和重组，对于翻译实践的作用是不言而喻的。笔者拟结合具体实例，从以下角度来分析其理论独到之处。 一 一般来说，结构相同的词组、句子，其语法意义是相同或相近的。然而奈达提出，同样的语法结构在许多情况下可以有不同的含义。“名词+of+名词”这一语法结构可以对此作最好的阐释。如下例： （1）the plays of Shakespeare/ the city of New York/ the members of the team/ the man of ability/ the lover of music/ the order of obedience/ the arrival of the delegation 在以上各个词组中，假设字母A和B分别代表一个名词或代词，它们之间存在着不同的关系。在the plays of Shakespeare 中，Shakespeare是施事，plays是受事，用公式表示就是“B writes A”；在the city of New York中，city和New York是同位关系，用公式表示就是“A is B”；the members of the team中，members和team是所属关系，即“A is in the B”；在the man of ability中，“B is A’s characteristic”；在the lover of music中，lover表示的是活动，即动作，music是它的受事，因此可以理解为（he/she）loves the music, 用公式表示就是“X does A to B”（X施A于B）或“B is the goal of A”（B为A的受事）；在the order of obedience中，obedience表示的是活动，order是它的受事，因此用公式表示就是“X does B to A”（X施B于A）或“A is the goal of B”（A为B的受事）；在the arrival of the delegation中，arrival表示动作，而delegation是动作的发出者，所以是“B does A”。 因此它们的结构关系如下所示： the plays of Shakespeare——Shakespeare wrote the plays. the city of New York——The city is New York. the members of the team——The members are in the team. the man of ability——The man is able. the lover of music——(He/She) loves the music. the order of obedience——(People) obey the order. the arrival of the delegation——The delegation arrives. ────────── 收稿日期：2004-06-10 作者简介：尹训凤（1976-），女，山东泰安人，泰山学院外语系教师，现为天津外国语学院研究生部2003级研究生，研究方向为翻译理论与实践。 - 34 -
英语翻译技巧实例
英语翻译技巧 5.拆句法和合并法： 这是两种相对应的翻译方法。拆句法是把一个长而复杂的句子拆译成若干个较短、较简单的句子，通常用于英译汉；合并法是把若干个短句合并成一个长句，一般用于汉译英。汉语强调意合，结构较松散，因此简单句较多；英语强调形合，结构较严密，因此长句较多。所以汉译英时要根据需要注意利用连词、分词、介词、不定式、定语从句、独立结构等把汉语短句连成长句；而英译汉时又常常要在原句的关系代词、关系副词、主谓连接处、并列或转折连接处、后续成分与主体的连接处，以及意群结束处将长句切断，译成汉语分句。这样就可以基本保留英语语序，顺译全句，顺应现代汉语长短句相替、单复句相间的句法修辞原则。如： （1） Increased cooperation with China is in the interests of the United States. 同中国加强合作，符合美国的利益。（在主谓连接处拆译） （2）I wish to thank you for the incomparable hospitalityfor which the Chinese people are justly famous throughout the world. 我要感谢你们无与伦比的盛情款待。中国人民正是以这种热情好客而闻明世界的。（在定语从句前拆译） 6.倒置法： 在汉语中，定语修饰语和状语修饰语往往位于被修饰语之前；在英语中，许多修饰语常常位于被修饰语之后，因此翻译时往往要把原文的语序颠倒过来。倒置法通常用于英译汉, 即对英语长句按照汉语的习惯表达法进行前后调换，按意群或
进行全部倒置，原则是使汉语译句安排符合现代汉语论理叙事的一般逻辑顺序。有时倒置法也用于汉译英。如： （1）At this moment, through the wonder of telecommunications, more people are seeing and hearing what we say than on any other occasions in the whole history of the world. 此时此刻，通过现代通信手段的奇迹，看到和听到我们讲话的人比整个世界历史上任何其他这样的场合都要多。（部分倒置） （2）I believe strongly that it is in the interest of my countrymen that Britain should remain an active and energetic member of the European Community. 我坚信，英国依然应该是欧共体中的一个积极的和充满活力的成员，这是符合我国人民利益的。（部分倒置） （3）改革开放以来，中国发生了巨大的变化。 Great changes have taken place in China since the introduction of the reform and opening policy.(全部倒置) 7.倒置法： 在汉语中，定语修饰语和状语修饰语往往位于被修饰语之前；在英语中，许多修饰语常常位于被修饰语之后，因此翻译时往往要把原文的语序颠倒过来。倒置法通常用于英译汉, 即对英语长句按照汉语的习惯表达法进行前后调换，按意群或进行全部倒置，原则是使汉语译句安排符合现代汉语论理叙事的一般逻辑顺序。有时倒置法也用于汉译英。如： （1）At this moment, through the wonder of telecommunications, more people are seeing and hearing what we say than on any other occasions in the whole history of the world.
政治术语翻译
the Fifth Plenum of the 17th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China 十七届五中全会Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee 中央政治局Boost domestic demand 扩大内需12th Five-Year Program for China's Economic and Social Development (2011-2015)/12th Five-Year Plan 经济和社会发展第12个五年规划economic growth mode 经济增长方式inclusive growth 包容性增长macroeconomic regulation 宏观经济调控comprehensive national power 综合国力international competitiveness 国际竞争力capability in shielding against risks 抵御风险能力Urbanization 推进城镇化rural modernization 农业现代化the construction of new socialist rural area 社会主义新农村建设maintain coordinated development in rural and urban regions 统筹城乡发展modern industrial system 现代产业体系strategic emerging industries战略新兴产业balanced development between regions 区域协调发展main functional regions 主体功能区poverty-stricken areas 贫困地区recycling economy 循环经济disaster prevention and reduction防灾减灾Cultural innovation深化文化体制改革innovative country 创新型国家scientific innovation ability 科技创新能力soft power 软实力cultural innovation文化创新public service system of culture 公共文化服务体系income distribution 收入分配public service system 公共服务体系primary distribution of national income 国民收入初次分配the social security system that covers urban and rural residents 覆盖城乡居民的社会保障体系contradictions among the people 人民内部矛盾adjust income distribution 调整收入分配social harmony and stability 社会和谐稳定public service-oriented government 公共服务型政府Economic system reform 大力推进经济体制改革"people first" principle 以人为本promote social equality and justice 促进社会公平正义the pillar industries for the national economy 国民经济支柱性产业political restructuring 政治体制改革reforms of fiscal and taxation systems财税体制改革resource products pricing 资源性产品价格reform in social program system 社会事业体制改革improve the quality of foreign investment utilization 提高利用外资水平the "going global" strategy “走出去”战略global economic governance and regional cooperation 全球经济治理和区域合作resource-saving and environment-friendly society 资源节约型、环境友好型社会 马列主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论、江泽民"三个代表"重要思想Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought,Deng Xiao-ping Theory, Jiang Zemin "Three Represent's" important Thought 新民主主义革命new-democratic revolution民族独立和人民解放national independence and the liberation of the people经济体制改革和政治体制改革reforms in the economic and political structure社会主义制度socialist system社会变革social transformation 建设有中国特色的社会主义事业the cause of building socialism with Chinese characteristics 中华民族的伟大复兴the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation党在社会主义初级阶段的基本理论、基本路线、基本纲领the basic theory, line and program of our Party in the primary stage of socialism改革开放政策the policies of reform and opening to the outside中国共产党十一届三中全会The Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China马克思主义政党Marxist political Party党的第一（第二、第三）代中央领导集体the collective leadership of the Party Central Committee of the first (second\third)generation人民民主专政the people's democratic dictatorship国民经济体系national economic system综合国力aggregate national strength国内生产总值the annual gross domestic product(GDP)独立自主的和平外交政策an independent foreign policy of peace 马克思主义基本原理同中国具体实际相结合the fundamental principles of Marxism with the specific situation in China加强和改进党的建设，不断增强党的创造力、凝聚力和战斗力，永葆党的生机与活力strengthen and improve Party building, continuously enhance the creativity,
奈达翻译理论简介
奈达翻译理论简介 （一）奈达其人尤金?奈达（EugeneA.Nida）1914年出生于美国俄克勒荷马州，当代著名语言学家、翻译家和翻译理论家。也是西方语言学派翻译理论的主要代表，被誉为西方“现代翻译理论之父”。尤金是当代翻译理论的主要奠基人，其理论核心是功能对等。 尤金先后访问过90个国家和地区，并著书立说，单独或合作出版了40多部书，比较著名的有《翻译科学探索》、《语言与文化———翻译中的语境》等，他还发表论文250余篇，是世界译坛的一位长青学者。他还参与过《圣经》的翻译工作。他与塔伯合著的《翻译理论与实践》对翻译界影响颇深。此书说明了中国与西方译界人士思维方式的巨大差别：前者是静的，崇尚“信、达、雅”，讲究“神似”，追求“化境”；后者是动的，将语言学、符号学、交际理论运用到翻译研究当中，提倡“动态对等”，注重读者反应。中国译论多概括，可操作性不强；西方译论较具体，往往从点出发。他在该书中提到了动态对等，详细地描述了翻译过程的三个阶段：分析、转换和重组，对于翻译实践的作用是不言而喻的。 （二）奈达对翻译的定义 按照奈达的定义：“所谓翻译，是指从语义到文体（风格）在译语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现 源语的信息。”其中，“对等”是核心，“最切近”和“最自然”都是为寻找对等语服务的。奈达从社会语言学和语言交际功能的观点出发，认为必须以读者的反应作为衡量译作是否正确的重要标准。翻译要想达到预期的交际目的，必须使译文从信息内容、说话方式、文章风格、语言文化到社会因素等方面尽可能多地反映出原文的面貌。他试图运用乔姆斯基的语言学理论建立起一套新的研究方法。他根据转换生成语法，特别是其中有关核心句的原理，提出在语言的深层结构里进行传译的设想。 奈达提出了词的4种语义单位的概念，即词具有表述事物、事件、抽象概念和关系等功能。这4种语义单位是“核心”，语言的表层结构就是以“核心”为基础构建的，如果能将语法结构归纳到核心层次，翻译过程就可最大限度地避免对源语的曲解。按照4种语义单位的关系，奈达将英语句子归结为7个核心句：（1）Johnranquickly.（2）JohnhitBill.（3）JohngaveBillaball.（4）Johnisinthehouse.（5）Johnissick.（6）Johnisaboy.（7）Johnismyfather. （三）奈达翻译理论的经历阶段 奈达翻译理论的发展经历过三个阶段，分别是描写语言阶段、交际理论阶段和和社会符号学阶段。 第一个阶段始于1943年发表《英语句法概要》，止于1959年发表《从圣经翻译看翻译原则》。这一阶段是奈达翻译思想及学术活动的初期。 第二阶段始于1959年发表的《从圣经翻译看翻译原则》，止于1969年出版的《翻译理论与实践》。主要著作有《翻译科学探索》、《信息与使命》。在这10年中，奈达确立了自己在整个西方翻译理论界的权威地位。1964年出版的《翻译科学探索》标志着其翻译思想发展过程中一个最重要的里程碑。第三阶段始于70年代，奈达通过不断修正和发展自己翻译理论创建了新的理论模式———社会符号学模式。奈达在继承原有理论有用成分的基础上，将语言看成一种符号现象，并结合所在社会环境进行解释。在《从一种语言到另一种语言》一书中，奈达强调了形式的重要性，认为形式也具有意义，指出语言的修辞特征在语言交际及翻译中的重要作用，并且用“功能对等”取代了“动态对等”的提法，是含义更加明确。 三、对奈达翻译理论的评价 （一）贡献 奈达是一位硕果累累的翻译理论家。可以说，在两千年的西方翻译思想发展史上，奈达的研究成果之丰是名列前茅的。他的研究范围从翻译史、翻译原则、翻译过程和翻译方法到翻译教学和翻译的组织工作，从口译到笔译，从人工翻译到机器翻译，从语义学到人类文化学，几乎无所不包，从而丰富并拓展了西方的翻译研究领地。 奈达的理论贡献，主要在于他帮助创造了一种用新姿态对待不同语言和文化的气氛，以增进人类相互之间的语言交流和了解。他坚持认为：任何能用一种语言表达的东西都能够用另一种语言来表达；在语言之间、文化之间能通过寻找翻译对等语，以适当方式重组原文形式和语义结构来进行交际。因此也说明，某
常用翻译技巧和方法
常用翻译方法和技巧 1. 四种翻译方法 1.1直译和意译 所谓直译，就是在译文语言条件许可时，在译文中既保持原文的内容，又保持原文的形式——特别指保持原文的比喻、形象和民族、地方色彩等。 每一个民族语言都有它自己的词汇、句法结构和表达方法。当原文的思想内容与译文的表达形式有矛盾不宜采用直译法处理时，就应采用意译法。意译要求译文能正确表达原文的内容，但可以不拘泥与原文的形式。（张培基） 应当指出，在再能确切的表达原作思想内容和不违背译文语言规范的条件下，直译有其可取之处，一方面有助于保存原著的格调，另一方面可以进新鲜的表达方法。 Literal translation refers to an adequate representation of the original. When the original coincides or almost tallies with the Chinese language in the sequence of vocabulary, in grammatical structure and rhetorical device, literal translation must be used. Free translation is also called liberal translation, which does not adhere strictly to the form or word order of the original.（郭著章） 直译法是指在不违背英语文化的前提下，在英译文中完全保留汉语词语的指称意义，求得内容和形式相符的方法。 意译是指译者在受到译语社会文化差异的局限时，不得不舍弃原文的字面意义，以求疑问与原文的内容相符和主要语言功能的相似。（陈宏薇） 简单地说，直译指在译文中采用原作的的表达方法，句子结构与原句相似，但也不排除在短语层次进行某些调整。 意译指在译文中舍弃原作的表达方法，另觅同意等效的表达方法，或指对原作的句子结构进行较大的变化或调整。（杨莉藜） Literal translation may be defined as having the following characteristics: 1, literal translation takes sentences as its basic units and the whole text into consideration at the same time in the course of translating. 2, literal translation strives to reproduce both the ideological content and style of the entire literary work and retain as much as possible the figures of speech and such main sentence structures or patterns as SV,SVO, SVC, SVA, SVOO, SVOC, SVOA formulated by Randolph Quirk, one of the authors of the book A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. Free translation may be defined as a supplementary means to mainly convey the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to reproduce its sentence patterns or figures of speech. And it is adopted only when and where it is really impossible for translators to do literal translation. (Liu Zhongde). 练习： 1. He walked at the head of the funeral procession, and every now and then wiped his crocodile tears with a big handkerchief. 他走在送葬队伍的前头，还不时用一条大手绢擦一擦他的鳄鱼泪。 2. It’s an ill wind that blows nobody good. 对有些人有害的事情可能对另一些人有利。 3. Every dog has his day. 人人皆有得意日。