医学英语双语阅读

现行的临床研究实施（GCP）规范

The Current Rules for Conducting Clinical Research

现行的临床研究实施规范

Clinical research must be conducted according to a set of standards which has been formalized in many international guidelines and regulations. The ultimate aim is to protect all research participants and assure that only worthwhile treatments are approved for use for future patients. GCP principles，although quite straightforward, are not easy to implement (section 1.1).

临床研究必须按照一系列的标准进行，这些标准已经在许多国际指南和法规中被正式化，其最终目的是为了保护所有临床参与者，确保只有有价值的治疗方法被批准用于将来的病人身上，尽管GCP的原则非常机械，但实施起来并不简单。(1.1节) .

One could ask why we need a set of rules if the requirements are so obvious - after all, reasonably intelligent people at all levels are managing the research activity and surely all physicians consider protection of patients as their primary objective. Unfortunately, experience has shown that the requirements are much more complex than they appear and there are serious conflicts of interest. Pharmaceuticals companies obviously develop products which will make profits, investigators are paid to conduct clinical research, patients in some types of studies may be paid to participate and even ethics committees operate to make a profit (e.g. some IRBs in the USA). Thus the public has demanded some control and regulations have arisen. A brief summary of existing regulations is presented in this chapter, but we hope otherwise, throughout this book, to appeal to a sense of logic, science and ethics which we can all understand (section 1.2).

有人可能会问，如果要求是如此简单，那为什么我们还需要一套法规，毕竟，在所有水平都是相当资历的人在管理研究活动，所有的内科医生都把保护病人作为他们的基本目标，不幸的是，经验证明要求比他们想象的要复杂的多，且存在严重的利益冲突，很明显，医药公司开发新药是为了获得利润，研究者执行临床研究可得到报酬，有些研究中的病人参加可得到报酬，甚至伦理委员会运作也可获益（例如美国的一些IRB）。因此，公众就要求一些控制措施，法规在这种时候出台了，在本章仅简要介绍现行法规，但是我们还是希望，通过这本书来呼吁我们都能理解的临床研究中逻辑、科学和伦理原则的意识。(1.2节)。

To make sure the standards for clinical research are set before studies begin and to check on those standards, many systems and process must be established. These are formally undertaken by pharmaceutical companies and CROs in the form of project planning, SOPs, training, monitoring, data processing, etc. (section 1.3).

为了保证研究开始之前建立临床研究的标准以及核查这些标准，许多系统和程序必须建立。这些常由医药公司和CRO公司承担，如项目计划、SOP、培训、监查、数据处理等。（1.3节）Where there are regulations, there are usually systems to check on conformity with those regulations. The procedures of auditing and inspection are the most valid means of checking on compliance as they are required, by definition, to be conducted independently of the clinical study process. Auditors and inspectors are supposed to be unbiased in their review. Auditing is usually undertaken by the conducting the research to check on compliance with their own standards and basically to preempt the inspectors. Inspectors are there in the interests of the public: they are supposed to be independent of the researchers and other participants, such as ethics committees (section 1.4 and 1.5).

哪里有规则，通常就有系统去核查与规则的一致性，稽查和视察程序是核查是否按照他们的要求进行的最有效的方式，从定义来看，为了临床研究过程独立执行，稽查员和视察员审查时应该是没有偏见的，通常在临床研究过程中进行稽查以核查是否与他们的标准一致的，基本上稽查早于视察。视察者代表公众利益，他们应该独立于研究者和其他参与者，比如伦理委员会（1.4和1.5节）

The ultimate in GCP non-compliance is fraud. Although this is a negative topic, and most of us would like to feel it does not happen, unfortunately there have been some serious cases which have been uncovered and brought to the attention of the public. There are probably many other situations which have never been pursued, but everyone needs to be sensitive to this issue and prevent its occurrence (sections 1.6).

不遵守GCP最不能接受的是欺骗，尽管是一个负面主题，我们中大部分人还是愿意认为它没有发生。不幸的是，有一些严重的例子已经被揭发，引起了公众的注意。可能还有一些情况没有被发现，但是每个人都需要对此类事件关注，并防止其发生

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cardiovascular diseases; 脑垂体的功能the function of pituitary; 泌尿道urinary tract; 分子molecule; 动脉artery; 内分泌学endocrinology; 呼吸困难dyspnea; 唾液saliva; 组织学histology; 血液循环blood circulation; 血液学hematology; 生理学physiology; 解剖学anatomy; 女性生殖系统femal reproductive system; 神经细胞nerve cell; 免疫学immunology; 消化不良dyspepsia; 随意肌voluntary muscle; 胚胎学embryology; 心理学psychology; 细胞学cytology; 原生质protoplasm; 细胞膜cell membrane; 细胞核nucleus; 细胞质(浆)cytoplasm; 脱氧核糖核酸deoxyribonucleic acid; 能半渗透的semipermeable; 分子生物学molecular biology; 碳水化合物carbohydrate; 有区别性的differentially; 使…完整intact; 根据according to; 遗传特性hereditary trait; 渗滤diffusion; 转换transaction; 蓝图blueprint; 染色体chromosome; 色素pigment; 排出废液excrete waste fluid; 散开disperse; 脉冲信号impulse; 核糖核酸ribonucleic acid; 损害正常功能impair the normal function; 污染环境pollute environment; 功能失调malfunction; 致病因子causative agents; 易受侵害的人群vulnerable groups; 局部化的感染localized infection; 花柳病venereal disease; 抗原与抗体antigen&antibody; 肌电图electromyogram; 多发性硬化multiple sclerosis; 心电图electrocardiograph; 疾病的后遗症sequelea of disease; 光纤技术fiber optic technology; 造血系统hematopoietic system; 致命的疾病fatal disease; 体液body fluid; 无副作用的治疗hazard-free treatment; 无侵犯的实验检查non-invasive laboratory test; 核磁共振nuclear magnetic resonance; 葡萄糖耐糖实验the glucose-tolerance test; 乐观的预后optimistic prognosis; 超声波检测法ultrasonography; 病史medical history; 随访活动follow-up visit; 营养不良nutritional deficiency; 使细节显著highlight detail; 脑电图electroencephalogram; 缺血的组织blood-starved tissue; 肌纤维muscle fiber; 随意肌voluntary muscle; 消化道alimentary canal; 肌腹fleshy belly of muscle; 横纹肌striated muscle; 肌肉痉挛cramps of muscle; 肌肉收缩muscle contraction; 肌肉附着点attachment of the muscle; 肌肉放松relaxation of muscle; 动脉出血arterial hemorrhage; 止端insertion;起端origion;供血blood supply; 屈肌flexor; 蛋白分子protein molecule; 纤维结缔组织fibrous connective tissue; 伸肌extensor; 意志力willpower; 横切面transverse section; 起搏器pacemaker; 肌萎缩muscle atrophy; 重症肌无力myasthenia gravis; 弥散性局部缺血diffuse ischemia; 常染色体隐性autosomal recessive; 全身性感染systemic infection; 受累的肌肉muscle involved; 显著相关性significant correlation; 神经末梢nerve terminal; 自体免疫反应autoimmune reaction; 神经支配innervation; 肌营养不良muscular dystrophy; 慢性营养不良chronic mulnutrition; 先天性肌病congenital myopathy; 预期寿命life expectancy; 免疫紊乱immunologic derangemant; 发病高峰年龄the peak age of onset; 胸腺肿瘤thymoma; 呼吸肌受累the involvement of respiratory muscle; 感染性肌炎inflammatory myositic; 去神经支配denervation; 矿物质吸收mineral absorption; 机械应力mechanical stress; 骨基质有机部分the organic parts of bone matrix; 青春期早熟premature puberty; 蛋白溶解酶protein-digesting enzyme; 破骨细胞osteoclast; 松质骨spongy bone; 骨折fracture; 不规则骨irregular bone;

医学专业英语试题

医学专业英语 I. Choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D (40points) 1. Which of the following suffixes does not mean “pertaining to”? A. -ic B. -al C. -ar D. -our 2. Which of the following combining forms means cell? A. -cyte B. cyt/o C. cel/o D. both a and b 3. Which of the following forms means tissue? A. erythr/o B. immun/o C.hist/o D. vascul/o 4. A- means ______. A. up B. down C. apart D. without 5. The suffix -itis means _______ . A. infammation B.inflammation C.inflammazed D. instrument 6. The combining form of radi/o means _________. A. radar B. x-ray C. radio D. both B and C 7. The instrument for viewing is –scope whereas the instrument for cutti ng is_____. A. –scopy B. –tome C. –meter D. –graph 8. Which of the following forms refers to “surgical incision of ?” A. –tomy B. -stomy C. –tome D. –ectomy 9. A record of electric wave occurring in the brain is called _______. A. electroencephogram B. electromyogram C. electrocardiogram D. ele ctroencephalogram 10. Stethalgia means the pain of chest, which can also be expressed in ____. A. stethodynia B. thoracalgia C. thoracodynia D. all of the above 11. Which of the following forms means fungus? A. my/o B. myel/o C. myc/o D. none of the above 12. The combining form meaning “the skin”is _______. A. dem/o B. derm/o C. dermat/o D. both B and C 13. Which of the following combining forms means blood vessels ? A. vascul/o B. angi/o C. chromat/o D. Both A and B 14. The term meaning “pertaining to secretion”is _______ . A. crinogenic B. endocrine C. crinologic D. endocardial 15. The disease of having too many white blood cells is referred to as _______.

科技英语阅读翻译

科技英语阅读翻译 Company Document number：WUUT-WUUY-WBBGB-BWYTT-1982GT

ⅢT r a n s l a t e t h e f o l l o w i n g s e n t e n c e s i n t o C h i n e s e(20%)（1）He is best known for coining the term fractal to describe phenomena (such as coastlines, snowflakes, mountains and trees) whose patterns repeat themselves at smaller and smaller scales. (2) To explain these puzzling findings, some scientists have revived an old idea of Einstein’s that had been discarded as false: that the vacuum of space has energy in it that acts repulsively and accelerates the expansion of the universe. (3) New language that seemed to assert Facebook’s “irrevocable” right to retain and use a member’s personal information, even after the member had closed his or her Facebook account, deserved a little more editing. (4) The tenor of our time appears to regard history as having ended, with pronouncements from many techno-pundits claiming that the Internet is revolutionary and changes everything. (5) As a by-product of an industry that exists all over the world-the stalks that remain after grain has been harvested-straw also helpfully soaks up carbon from the atmosphere and locks it in, so long as it is not allowed to decompose. Ⅲ Translate the following sentences into Chinese（20%） （1）The problem in the paradox, he reasoned, is that we are confusing a description of sets of numbers with a description of sets of sets of numbers.