搜档网
当前位置:搜档网 › 考研英语真题阅读详解

考研英语真题阅读详解

考研英语真题阅读详解
考研英语真题阅读详解

1999年阅读真题精解(2011-05-30 10:22:15)转载标签:黄涛考研真题答案教育分类:阅读篇

1999 Text 1

It's a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat. Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers' misfortunes.

Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn, among other things, that you might — surprise! — fall off. The label on a child's Batman cape cautions that the toy "does not enable user to fly."

While warnings are often appropriate and necessary —the dangers of drug interactions, for example —and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent of the companies lose when injured customers take them to court.

Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn't have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet. "We're really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren't designed to prevent those kinds of injuries," says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of the game, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete's injury. At the same time, the American Law Institute —a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight —issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. "Important information can get buried in a sea of trivialities," says a law professor at Cornell Law School who helped draft the new guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.

51. What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened?

[A] Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits.

[B] Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system.

[C] Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings.

[D] Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised.

52. Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to ________.

[A] satisfy customers by writing long warnings on products

[B] become honest in describing the inadequacies of their products

[C] make the best use of labels to avoid legal liability

[D] feel obliged to view customers' safety as their first concern

53. The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that ________.

[A] some injury claims were no longer supported by law

[B] helmets were not designed to prevent injuries

[C] product labels would eventually be discarded

[D] some sports games might lose popularity with athletes

54. The author's attitude towards the issue seems to be ________.

[A] biased [B] indifferent

[C] puzzling [D] objective

核心词汇

1. rough 粗糙的,不平坦的;粗野的;tough 艰巨的;艰难的

2. step 走

3. slip 滑到

4. light up 点燃

5. burn down 烧毁

6. fail to 没有

7. lawsuit=suit 起诉;诉讼

8. compensate for 为…作出补偿

9. jury 陪审团

10. hold sb. liable for 让…对…负责

11. misfortune 不幸

12. respond 做出反应

13. warning labels 警告标识

14. caution 警告

15. while 尽管,而,当…时候

16. appropriate 合适的

17. interaction相互作用

18. regulation 规则

19. claim 索赔

20. side with 支持

21. defendant 被告;

22. involving 涉及到

23. paralyze 瘫痪

24. nature 本质;by nature 天性

25. carry substantial weight 具有相当的分量

26. issue 发布了;发行了

27. bombard with 大量提供

28. a sea of 大量的

29. trivialities 琐事

30. end 目的

31. have one’s way 得以实现

32. legal liability 法律责任

33. misfortune

难句精解

①While warnings are often appropriate and necessary —the dangers of drug interactions, for example —and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured.

▲在这个主从复合句中,前一个分句是由while引导的让步从句,这个从句由两个并列句组成,中间用and连接。破折号之间的部分是举例说明warnings的内容,and后面的many 省略了warnings,state与federal共用regulations。主句部分本身也是一个主从复合句,主句用了一个形式主语it,真正的主语是that引导的从句,注意这个从句中有个动词短语protect... from...,后面是一个if引导的条件从句。

△首先要把握这个句子的主旨,那就是主句中所阐明的warnings对manufacturers and sellers的保护作用还很不明朗。注意破折号之间的部分对warnings的解释作用以及it作为形式主语的替代作用。

②As personal injury claims continue as before, some courts are beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probably wouldn't have changed anything.

▲在这个主从复合句中,前一个分句是由as引导的伴随状语从句,注意这里的claims 是个名词;主句的时态用的是现在进行时,表示的这种状况正在开始。这个主句有一个较长的状语短语,原因是cases后面跟了一个where引导的定语从句修饰cases,这个定语从句的主干是warning label not change anything,解释的是什么样的cases。

△主句依然是抓住句子大意的关键,该句所要表达的就是some courts beginning to side with defendants,再者要注意cases后面定语从句指出了哪类cases尤为如此。

③In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois, successfully fought a lawsuit

involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game while wearing a Schutt helmet.

▲这个句子的主干是... president... successfully fought a lawsuit...。句子的主语是Julie Nimmons,后面逗号之间的部分是她的职位,宾语部分a lawsuit有一个较长的动词现在分词involving所引导的短语,involving的宾语是a football player,后面跟了一个who引导的定语从句,这个定语从句中有一个while引导的时间状语,还原成句子就是while he was wearing a Schutt helmet。找出其中的关键部分:... president of Schutt... successfully fought a lawsuit involving

a football player... paralyzed... while wearing a Schutt helmet。

④At the same time, the American Law Institute —a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight —issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones.

▲这个看起来很长的句子其实是一个简单句,主干是... the... Institute... issued new guidelines for tort law...。其中破折号之间的内容说明的是这个Institute的人员构成,并且用一个whose引导的定语从句说明了这些成员的权威。law后面跟的现在分词stating有一个相当长的宾语从句,这个从句的主语是companies,而谓语有两个动词结构,一个是warn... of...,另一个是bombard... with...,叙述了guidelines的内容。

△这个句子的要点是在stating后面的that从句,对其中两个动词结构warn... of...和bombard... with...的正确理解决定了对整个句子的理解。

⑤If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information on products might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection against legal liability.

▲在这个复合句中,if引导的是一个条件从句,主句部分的谓语用了被动形式,谓语动词provide for有两个宾语,一个是the benefits of customers,另一个是protection against legal liability,not决定了两者的取舍关系:取前者,舍后者。

△从句给出了前提条件,注意has its way的意思是can be achieved;理解主句部分的关键在于provide for的两个宾语的取舍关系。

补充: Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s中的thinking是一种思想的意思,指的是上面所说过的人们对于通过法律获得赔偿的思想。gone本意是消失,这里可以意译为改变,就是说这种思想已经改变。但是我个人觉得,从前后文看,这个gone不是否定,所以应该是开始的意思,也就是说应该翻译成这种思想已经形成了。

试题解析

51. [B] 意为:受伤的顾客可望得到法律制度的保护。

第一段指出,外面是个危险的世界,如果你走出去,可能会滑倒在门垫上,摔伤一条腿;如果点燃炉灶,可能烧毁整栋房屋。可幸的是,如果门垫或炉灶没有警告你可能发生的危害,你可以就自己所受的伤害诉诸法律,成功地获得赔偿。或者,更确切地说,自80年代初以来人们一直这样认为,从那时起,陪审团开始认为更多的公司应该对其顾客遭受的不幸负责。

第二段提到,为了保护自己,公司开始撰写冗长的标签,但是,正如第三段第二句所指出的那样,这种做法无济于事,因为,如果顾客与公司对簿公堂,大约一半的情况是公司败诉。然而,第四段第一句指出,这种潮流似乎正发生逆转。

[A]顾客可以通过诉讼免除自己的灾难。relieve sb. of sth.意为“免除某人某事;解除某人某事;使某人摆脱某事”。relieve的意思与原文表达的内容不相符,根据对选择项B的分析,顾客通过法律获得的是对损失的赔偿。看原文,顾客都已经是出事后才找诉讼,事情既然发生了怎么能够免除呢?所以说无论从原文还是从常理都是不对的。

[C]公司将会通过提供新的警示标签避免被起诉。该选择项有两处主要错误:一是avoid的使用,二是new的使用,这两个词的使用使C与原文表达的内容很不一致。这句话用了would avoid这个词,这就是说能够逃避的意思。但是原文根本没有提到是否这么做能否逃避法律的制裁。更何况,从常理考虑也不应该是这样。还有,这句话用了new这个词,原文中也找不到根据。所以[C]是不对的。

[D]陪审团倾向于对公司所承诺的赔偿严加挑剔。这个与原文中“when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers' misfortunes”比较相象,但是原文的这句话意思是:当时陪审团已开始认为更多的公司应对其顾客所遭受的不幸负责。可以看出,这两句的意思还是不同的。一句是有关赔偿的严谨性,一句是有关赔偿的执行度。

52. [C] 意为:充分利用标签避免法律责任。

第二段指出,公司感到很大威胁,它们通过撰写比以前更长的警示标签保护自己,企图预料各种可能发生的事故。结果,现在的梯子上的标签有几英寸长,除了警告你其他可能发生的意外之外,还警告说你可能摔下来——这种警告真是莫名其妙!孩子的蝙蝠侠玩具的斗篷上也警告说:本玩具“并不能使拥有者飞行”。在作者看来,这样的警示语都是多余的、不必要的。

[A]通过在产品上写长长的警示语满足顾客。根据上文对选择项C的分析,他们这样做的目的主要是避免承担责任,而不是满足顾客的需要。

[B]意为:在描述自己的产品的不足上表现得更诚实。这个其实肯定不是商人们的本意,毕竟无奸不商,有哪个商人会这么诚实,把自己产品的缺点告诉别人?

[D]意为:不得不将顾客的安全看作头等重要的事。这个问题嘛,其实想一下,商人的目的就是赚钱,头等重要的事怎么可能是....从文章第二段可以看出,Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying to anticipate every possible accident。公司是因为受了威胁所以才开始贴标签的,但是文章并未说是因为考虑到顾客安全才这么做的。而且,从常理推断,公司应该是考虑到自身利益才这么做的。因此D选项应该是偷梁换柱大法。

53. [A] 意为:某些因伤害提出的索赔再也受不到法律的保护了。

第三段指出,潮流似乎正发生逆转,虽然因人身伤害引起的索赔案像以往一样不断出现,某些法庭正逐渐开始站到被告一边(side with),特别是在有警示标签也可能无济于事的案件中。在Schutt Sports的案件中,Schutt Sports公司被告生产了不安全的头盔,造成一名橄揽球队员(football player)的瘫痪,但是,陪审团认为,造成球员受伤的不是头盔,而是橄榄球这种运动本身的危险性(the nature of the game)。公司因此胜诉。这一例子用于说明第四段第

一、二句提到的现象。

[B]头盔不是设计来防止损伤的。戴头盔的目的当然是防止伤害,但是,头盔不可能是万能的。B答案是表面的意思,一般考研命题中不会把答案设定给这种选项的。因为“头盔不是设计来防止损伤的”这个即使从常理来讲也不正确,头盔本来就是用来防止损伤的。而且原文中也没提到这点。

[C]产品标签最终将会被淘汰。discard意为:弃而不用。

[D]运动员可能不再会热衷于某些体育运动项目。这个从常理上来说就不太对,再对照原文,原文只是说了一次事故引发的关于体育用品的争论,但是没有任何地方可以看出运动员会不再热衷于某些项目。只是一次单纯的事故而已,没有理由就夸张到放弃这一层,因此这个选项明显是用了夸张的手法。

54. [D] 意为:客观的。

这里所说的“问题”指索赔案中孰是孰非这一问题。文章探讨了索赔案所涉及的顾客(原告)、公司(被告)和陪审团三方的反应,重点指出陪审团态度的转变。文章叙述客观,作者没有表达个人观点。关于态度题有很多偏方,基本上说,ABC三项这三个词基本不可能成为任何题的答案。而D这个词,绝对是首选项,基本上出现了选它就没错。因为,所有的选中文章讨论的大多是客观问题,作者的态度更是客观的。如果是主观的话根本就犯了主观主义错误......

[A]有偏见的。这个单词在考研英语阅读中很难会成为正确答案的,毕竟你想,既然能当选全国研究生入学考试试题,没有鲜明的中心思想是不可能的,像有偏见的这种态度基本是不

可能出现的。反过来说,客观的这种态度基本是放之四海而皆准的。

[B]冷漠的。[C]迷惑不解的。如果对于问题是迷惑不解的,那么整篇文章就是说没有表明鲜明的立场。但是这种文章是不可能入选研究生入学考试的。更何况从原文来看,作者的态度相当明显,因此是客观的。

参考译文

外面是一个危险的世界。如果你走出去,可能会滑倒在门垫上,摔伤一条腿。如果你点燃炉灶,可能会把房子烧掉。但是假如门垫或炉灶上没有警示语告诉你可能发生的危害,那么你或许可以就自己所受的伤害通过法律诉讼,成功地获得赔偿。大约自80年代初以来人们就不再(guangxian注:此处“不再”二字应删除!)这样认为了,当时陪审团已开始认为更多的公司应对其顾客所遭受的不幸负责。

公司因此感到了威胁,便做出了反应,写出越来越长的警示标识语,力图预先标明种种可能发生的事故。现在,梯子上警告标签有几英寸长,除了警告你其他可能发生的意外情况外,还警告你可能会摔下来,简直是莫名其妙!印在儿童蝙蝠侠披风上的标识语竟然也告诫说,本玩具“无法让用户飞行”。

虽然警示语常常是合理而必要的,如对药物副作用而产生的危险的警示语,并且很多是州或联邦法规所要求的,但是当消费者受伤,这些警示语能否真正保护制造商和销售商使之免于责任,这还很难说。被受伤的消费者告上法庭的公司中,大约一半的情况是公司败诉。

现在看来这种趋势正在转变。尽管个人伤害的指控一如既往地继续着,但有些法庭已开始站到被告一方,特别是在处理那些有警示语也无法避免伤害的案件时。五月份,伊利诺斯州的Shutt体育公司总裁朱利·尼蒙斯就成功地打赢了这样一场官司。一名橄榄球队员戴着该公司的头盔在一场比赛中受伤瘫痪,遂将该公司告上法庭。公司总裁朱利·尼蒙斯说:“他成了瘫痪,我们非常难过,但头盔的设计不是为了预防这类伤害的。”陪审团也认为造成该运动员受伤的是这项运动本身的危险性,而不是头盔。与此同时,美国法学会——该学会由一群举足轻重的法官、律师、学者所组成——签署了新的民事侵害法纲要,宣布公司不必警示顾客那些显而易见的危险,或者给顾客列出一份冗长的可能造成的危险的清单。康奈尔大学法学院一位参与起草新纲要的教授说,“重要的信息会淹没在细枝末节的汪洋之中”。如果该法律团体的这一适中的目的能够实现,产品上提供的警示信息实际上是用来保护消费者利益的,而不是为了避免公司承担法律责任的。

1999 Text 2

In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-business sales make

sense because business people typically know what product they're looking for.

Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. "Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier," says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company's private intranet.

Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to "pull" customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to "push" information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers' computer monitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company's Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. That's a prospect that horrifies Net purists.

But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyardsa. https://www.sodocs.net/doc/5e3856467.html,, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.

55. We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business ________.

[A] has been striving to expand its market

[B] intended to follow a fanciful fashion

[C] tried but in vain to control the market

[D] has been booming for one year or so

56. Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the author implies that ________.

[A] the technology is popular with many Web users

[B] businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactions

[C] there is a radical change in strategy

[D] it is accessible limitedly to established partners

57. In the view of Net purists, ________.

[A] there should be no marketing messages in online culture

[B] money making should be given priority to on the Web

[C] the Web should be able to function as the television set

[D] there should be no online commercial information without requests

58. We learn from the last paragraph that ________.

[A] pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerce

[B] interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customers

[C] leading companies began to take the online plunge decades ago

[D] setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing power

核心词汇

1. or so 左右,

2. web=website 网络

3. revolve around 围绕

4. tap 轻打;开发;水龙头

5. more than 不仅仅是;不只是

6. make sense 有道理;有意义

7. nonetheless 尽管如此

8. reliability 可靠性

9. pathway 小径,通路,路径

10. supplier 供应商

11. limit 限制

12. conduct 进行,做

13. online transaction 在线交易

14. established 确定的;已有的

15. access to 进入;有权利做

16. intranet 局域网;internet 互联网

17. shift 转变,变化

18. model 模式,方式

19. concern 与…有关

20. available 可以用来;可以得到的

21. focus on 关注;集中

22. strategy 策略;方法

23. transmit 传递;发送

24. targeted 目标的;有针对性的

25. notably 明显地

26. deliver 发送

27. update 更新;upload 上传

28. a stream of 大量的

29. sunscriber 订阅者;订购者;用户;subscribe to 向…订阅;同意

30. monitor 监控器

31. customize 定制

32. proceed to 继续做;precede 在…之前

33. contempt 蔑视

34. think highly of 高度称赞

35. notion 观点

36. commercial promotion 商业促销

37. uninvited 不请自来

38. distinction 区别;区分

39. fade=disappear=vanish=perish 消失,不存在

40. prospect=future将来

41. horrify 让…感到恐怖

42. purist 净化者

43. inevitable 不可避免的

44. resort to 求助于

45. right 合适的;正确的;右边的;权力

46. interactivity 互动

47. hospitality 热情好客;inhospitality 冷漠

48. plunge 冒险

难句精解

①Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company's private intranet.

▲这个句子的主谓宾很明显,但是重要的是by后面的conducting引导的动名词短语,表示的是companies limiting the risk的方式方法。还要注意的是partners后面跟了一个who引导的定语从句,说明了partners所享受的待遇。

△找出其中的关键部分:... companies... limiting... risk by... transactions... with established... partners who... access to... company's... intranet。注意intranet与internet的差别:后者是国际互联网,前者是公司内部网。

②In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to "push" information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers.

▲在这个简单句中,宾语tools带了一个that引导的定语从句,修饰tools,在这个从句中真正的主语是tools,由that替代,注意这个从句中谓语动词短语allow... to...的形式;后面跟了一个transmitting引导的现在分词短语,相当于that从句的补充成分,进一步说明push information to consumer的方式。

△这个句子的主要内容集中在develop tools以及tools后面的that从句,从句中关键信息在于几个动词的使用:allow,push,transmit等。

③Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request.

▲这个句子的主句就是that前面的部分,注意动词短语think highly of的含义,但是理解这个句子的关键在于宾语notion后面所跟的that引导的同位语从句,就是说that从句解释的就是notion的内容。这个从句中的主语information后面跟了一个修饰性的flowing引导的现在分词短语。

△在抓住了主干think highly of the notion之后,理解这个句子的关键在于对that从句的理解,尤其是by specific request决定了notion的重要内容。

④The examples of Virtual Vineyards, https://www.sodocs.net/doc/5e3856467.html,, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers.

▲这个句子的主干是... examples... show... a Web site... will attract... customers。抓住这个主干,再看其它成分:examples后面跟的of短语是限定成分,说明examples的内容;谓语动词show后面跟的是一个that引导的宾语从句,这个宾语从句的主语a Web site后面跟了一

个现在分词短语作限定成分,这个短语的动词是selling,宾语是the right kind of products,再加上一个较长的表示方式的状语,注意介词宾语mix后面有一个of引导的三个并列名词表示mix的内容,后面will attract online customers是这个从句的谓语和宾语。

△找出句子的主谓宾,再看不同成分的修饰限定部分,再者要注意宾语从句的主语所带的现在分词结构的限定短语。

⑤And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon.

▲这个句子的主句是逗号前的句子,容易理解,重要的是逗号后which引导的从句,这里which指代的是逗号前的这个句子,指的是这个句子所陈述的现象,which在这里充当的是从句的主语,enterprise后面有一个现在分词短语,起限定作用。

△重要的是弄清从句中which引导词所指的是前面整个句子,这样就可以得知a good sign 的意思。另外注意setting up shop in silicon中silicon原意是“硅”,在这里指代的是“互联网”与“计算机”。

试题解析

55. [A] 意为:一直在竭力开拓其市场。

第一段指出,在网络公司创办的最初一两年中,大部分措施是围绕着努力开拓(tap)消费者市场。最近,随着网络证明不仅是一种时尚而已,公司开始(在网上)相互买卖产品或提供服务,公司间的这种买卖方式是很有道理的,因为商人一般都知道自己所需要的产品。第一句和第二句都叙述了公司企图利用网上资源开拓业务的努力,第三句是对第二句提到的现象的评价。

[B]意为:打算遵循一种空幻的时尚。

[C]企图控制市场,但徒劳无益。第一段仅提到了它们的努力,并未提到努力的结果。

[D]意为:在一年左右的时间里发展迅速。第一段仅提到了它们的努力,并未提到努力的结果。事实上,正如第二段所提到的,许多公司目前仍然因为怀疑网络的安全性而对网络的使用犹豫不决。

56. [C] 意为:在策略上发生了根本改变。

第三段第一句指出,网络商业模式的另一个重大变化是营销策略的变化。在这个句子中,technology的意思不是“技术”,而是“技巧”,这里指销售方法。根据第三段,这里所说的变化指从“推”到“拉”的变化。两种营销策略迥然不同。

[A]这种技术(或方法)受到了许多网络用户的喜爱。与原文的第三段But push technology has earned the contempt(蔑视) of many Web users自相矛盾。

[B]为:公司对在线交易的可靠性充满信心。根据第二段第一句,许多公司对网络的可靠性表示怀疑,因此对使用网络仍然很忧虑。

[D]它仅限于对固定合作伙伴使用。Limitedly=only用在这里过于绝对。

57. [D] 意为:没有要求就不应该有在线商业信息。即:没有主动要求就不应该提供在线商业信息。

根据第三段最后四句,“推”的策略受到了许多网上用户的厌弃,在线用户们极力推崇这种做法:信息应该根据特定要求载入(用户的)屏幕。商业信息一旦在没有要求的情况下就被推入用户的屏幕,那么,网络和电视的区别就不存在了,这种前景正是Net purists所惧怕的。这里,Net purists指主张保持网络特色的人。

[A]意为:在线领域不应该有销售信息。根据对[D]的分析,这些人反对的是销售信息的传送方式,而不是这种信息本身。

[B]上网的首要目的应该是为了赚钱。

[C]网络的功能应该像电视一样。这正是Net purist所反对的。

58. [B] 互动、礼貌、安全对在线客户来说很重要。这里互动(指网上人机对话功能)、礼貌(指网上热情服务)、安全都指网络信息的特点或提供方式。

在最后一段作者指出,网上的公司不使用“推”的策略也肯定能赚钱。Virtual Vineyards和https://www.sodocs.net/doc/5e3856467.html,(两个网址的名称)以及其他开拓者的例子表明:销售对路产品的网址,加上互动、礼貌、安全等特点,将同样会吸引网上客户。

[A]对网上商业来说,在网上“推”信息至关重要。根据上文的分析,事实恰恰相反。[C]一些大公司在几十年前就开始积极尝试在线服务。第四段最后一句指出,只要回顾一下过去5年至10年的历史人们很可能会感到奇怪:为什么如此少的公司尝试在线服务呢?[D]在计算机上建立销售点与(计算机的)运算能力无关。根据第四段第三句,计算机的运

算能力成本不断下降,这对于企事业在计算机上建立销售点是个好的形势。所渭“计算机的运算能力成本不断下降”指计算机和网络上网价格变得便宜;所谓“在硅中设立商店”指在计算机(网络)上设立销售点。可见,二者是相关的。

参考译文

大约在网上交易的第一年当中,大部分业务活动都是围绕着努力开发消费者市场来进行的。最近,随着证明网络不仅是一种时尚而已,公司间便开始(在网上)交易产品和服务。这类公司之间的销售是很有道理的,因为商人通常都知道他们需要什么产品。

不过,由于怀疑网络的可靠性许多公司仍对网络的使用犹豫不决。Forrester研究所的资深分析家布兰·欧文说,“商家需要认识到他们可以信赖销售商和供应商之间的这种途径。”有些公司为了限制这种冒险,只与那些已经熟识的贸易伙伴进行在线贸易,给予这些伙伴进入本公司局域网的权利。

网络商业模式的另一个重大变化体现在营销策略上。前些年,互联网上的营销活动还集中在如何将用户“拉进”网站的策略问题上。然而,在去年,软件公司开发出新的技术,这些技术使得公司可以将信息直接“推出”给消费者,直接把营销信息传送给特定的用户。最突出的例子是Pointcast网络,该网络使用一种屏幕保护系统,将大量最新的信息和广告不断地传送到用户的计算机显示器上。用户可以定制自己想要接受的信息,然后直接进入某个公司的网址。像Virtual Vineyards这样的公司业已开始采用类似的技术将有关特价商品、产品推销或其他活动的信息“推”向用户。但这种“推”销技术遭到许多网上用户的鄙视。网上文化推崇这样一个概念,即流动到屏幕上的信息应是在专门的请求之后才出现的。一旦商业促销不请自来地充斥电脑屏幕,那么网络和电视就没多大差别了。这种前景让网络净化者感到不安。

网上公司并不是非得依靠“推销”策略方能挣钱。像Virtual Vineyards和https://www.sodocs.net/doc/5e3856467.html,及其他开拓者的例子说明:一个销售适类商品的网站,如果将交互性、热情服务、安全性合理结合,肯定会吸引网上用户的。计算能力的成本持续自由下降,这对任何建立了网上销售的企业来说都是个好的征兆。回顾过去的5到10年的历史,人们很可能会感到奇怪:尝试网上销售的公司为何如此之少呢?

1999 Text 3

An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students' career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction —indeed, contradiction — which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers in the classroom.

An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law. It is not simply to raise everyone's job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school into their teens. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for all children to attend school until a certain age, it was widely accepted that some were just not equipped by nature to pursue this kind of education. With optimism characteristic of all industrialized countries, we came to accept that everyone is fit to be educated. Computer-education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays their otherwise cheery outlook. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasons for brining computers into schools, computer-ed advocates often emphasize the job prospects of graduates over their educational achievement.

There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student. Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early on in order to make sure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however, presumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so many businessmen, so many accountants. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.

But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take a lifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computer engineer, that is, of course, an entirely different story. Basic computer skills take — at the very longest — a couple of months to learn. In any case, basic computer skills are only complementary to the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. It should be observed, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.

59. The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is ________.

[A] far-reaching [B] dubiously oriented

[C] self-contradictory [D] radically reformatory

60. The belief that education is indispensable to all children ________.

[A] is indicative of a pessimism is disguise

[B] came into being along with the arrival of computers

[C] is deeply rooted in the minds of computer-ed advocates

[D] originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized countries

61. It could be inferred from the passage that in the author's country the European model of professional training is ________.

[A] dependent upon the starting age of candidates

[B] worth trying in various social sections

[C] of little practical value

[D] attractive to every kind of professional

62. According to the author, basic computer skills should be ________.

[A] included as an auxiliary course in school

[B] highlighted in acquisition of professional qualifications

[C] mastered through a life-long course

[D] equally emphasized by any school, vocational or otherwise

核心词汇

1. invisible 无形的;看不见的

2. divide 分开

3. argue for 支持;argue against 反对

4. On the behalf of 代表;为了

5. career 事业;就业

6. prospect 前景

7. radical 根本的

8. subject 话题,主题,科目

9. explore 探讨

10. distinction 区分

11. contradiction 矛盾

12. heart 本质;中心;go to the heart of 涉及到….核心问题

13. what is wrong with ….是错误的;

14. campaign 运动;活动

15. aim at 针对,努力

16. justify 证明…有道理

17. rather 相反

18. conception 概念

19. character 人物,汉字

20. incomplete 不完整

21. competently 称职地

22. assess 评价;判断

23. livelihood 生计;生活

24. pursue 追求

25. optimisim 乐观

26. betray 违背,背叛

27. emphasize A over B; 强调A胜过B

28. right 合适的;正确的

29. presumptuous 武断的

30. involve 涉及到,包括

31. in any case 无论如何

32. complementary 补充的

33. the host of 大量的

34. vocational 职业的

35. confusion 困惑

难句精解

①An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf of students' career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical educational reform.

▲这是本篇首句,对于本文理解至关重要。在结构上这是个简单句,复杂之处在于divides 后面所跟的两个作宾语的those。those后面跟的都是由arguing引导的作为限定成分的现在分词短语,结构相似。注意短语中介词用法,on the behalf of和本句最后一个for都有“因为……的原因”的意思。

△主要把两个those后面的限定成分弄清楚,就知道了两种论点的不同之处,还要注意的是本句的介词所代表的意思。

②An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education, justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law.

▲首先看这个句子的主语an education,它带了一个that引导的定语从句,其中that在这个从句中作主语,谓语是aims at,后面跟了一个动名词短语作介词宾语;这个句子的谓语是is,后面作表语的是名词a technical education,在这之后是一个过去分词justified引导的短语修饰上句的表语名词,这个短语中作为介词宾语的reasons带了一个形容词different前导的短语,其中from后面跟的介词宾语是个why引导的从句。

△理解这个句子的关键,一是明白主语所带从句的含义,再是表语所带的过去分词短语,尤其是其中why引导的介词宾语从句。

③Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently access how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself.

2020年考研英语一阅读解析

2020年考研英语一阅读解析 2020年考研英语一阅读解析 1)理解主旨要义; 2)理解文中的具体信息; 3)理解文中的概念性含义; 4)实行相关的判断、推理和引申; 5)根据上下文推测生词的词义; 6)理解文章的总体结构以及上下文之间的关系; 7)理解作者的意图、观点或态度; 8)区分论点和论据。 万变不离其宗,在此再次提醒考生如何有重点地实行下一步复习:真题再现,反复精练,摸清思路,再次提升 真题是最应该重视的,近十年的考研英语阅读真题对于备考来说 是非常有价值的,出题形式稳定,掌握出题规律,也是最真的模拟。 各位考生在私下备考时,应侧重从宏观上掌握此题命题走向,微观了 解此题细分题型及应对技巧。其中,考研英语的阅读在整张试卷中所 占的比重,除40分值的传统阅读理解题型,还有10分的新题型,即 七选五、补全段落之类题目,使得考生又对其不得不更加重视。同时,翻译和完形填空题型的解答与阅读水平的高低也有着直接的联系,读 懂是首要,才能更好地实行下一步,翻译或完成句子。所以,提升阅 读水平,在考研英语中绝对不容忽视。 同时,在专项练习中,根据自己实际情况,强项稳住,弱项增强 练习,对于真题中涉及到的每一篇文章,每一道题目,每一个选项, 都要从精读的角度,真正理解和掌握文章的词、句,将答案中的关键

点与文章中、题干中的关键词结合起来,仔细分析,找出其中的联系,学会定位原文,这就是熟悉作者的出题思路和掌握自己的做题思路。 错不怕,重分析,做总结,心态调整好 做题的过程中,难免有些同学偶尔发现自己的错题过多,不要焦 躁与灰心,错题分析的过程中就是总结提升的过程。只要发现问题实 行总结,相信到最后好的结果一定等着我们。考题的难度就是历年真 题的难度,但是只要反复练习,整理思路,持续提升,在自己的水平 范围内拿到更高的分数,就是成功。

2018考研英语阅读解题思路:细节题_毙考题

2018考研英语阅读解题思路:细节题 理解文章的具体信息和概念含义是大纲对阅读的明确要求。细节题目的考查在每年的考研英语真题当中都会占到一半以上,考生必须给予足够重视,牢牢掌握细节题的解题方法和思路。我们以2009年的真题为例: The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike. Progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that it is, because building new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. 31. The author holds that the importance of education in poor countries______. [A] is subject to groundless doubts [B] has fallen victim of bias [C] is conventional downgraded [D] has been overestimated 解析:首先依据题干关键词the importance of education in poor countries定位到第一句The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood,但是仔细研读后发现贫穷国家中正规教育与经济发展之间的关系为经济学家及政治家们普遍误解。,该句只是在说正式教育和经济发展之间的关系,并不是题干所要找的教育的重要性。继续定位到第三句however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong.那种认为教育应该是促进贫穷国家经济快速发展的重要因素之一的传统观点是错误的。句中涉及了和教育的重要性相关的信息,锁定为答案出处。作者说这种传统的观点时错误的,可以理解为作者认为贫困国家不应该把教育看的如此重要,即,现在的贫困国家太过于注重教育了,所以答案选[D] has been overestimated教育被高估了。[C] is conventional downgraded被降级轻视,和原文事实相反。A和B选项所说的怀疑和偏见态度在原文中找不到依据,可排除。

2019考研英语阅读理解常考题型总结

2019考研英语阅读理解常见题型总结 来源:智阅网 考研英语阅读理解虽然难度不小,但是还是有规律可循。掌握好了规律,可以有效提高我们的复习效率和复习成绩。所以,就来说说阅读理解的常见题型有哪些。 1.主旨大意题。 这类题实质考察考生对中心思想的理解,难度不高,具体应对技巧如下: A.关注各段落首句,尤其是第一段首句,这与西方人思维相关,他们习惯开门见山表达出自己的观点,然后广泛引用材料去论述。因此,一般而言首段的首句构成文章的中心句,而各段的首句构成各段的中心。 B.关注首段末句。有些作者习惯先列出一些传统的观点或先对一些具体现象进行说明,然后提出与之不同的观点或在结尾对现象进行总结,在接下来的段落中继续论述。对于这类文章,如果作者没有提出不同的观点,则最后总结性语句为文章中心,一旦提出不同或完全对立的观点,又在后文中加以论述,则作者提出的新观点为文章中心;如果新老观点均是对同一个结果的论述,那么该论述的结论为文章中心。 C.当不能直接找出主题句时,通常文章中作者给予叙述较多或强调较多的某一事物或某一观点即文章的中心。在题目作答时,可采用中心词定位法,排除不含中心词的选项,对比有中心词的选项,选择最接近中心的选项。 D.如果对选项仍有异议,可把有异议的选项逐个带入文章中,看哪个能更好的囊括文章中心。这是一个检验的过程。 2.事实细节题。 此类题占阅读总分40分中的50%左右,因此十分重要。注意,这类问题与推理性问题截然相反,都可以从原文中找到答案,只不过

为了迷惑考生,常常将原文进行改写,换一种说法。所以,照抄原文,一字不改的不一定就是答案,而与原文意思相同的,才是正确的。其基本应对技巧如下: A.基本原则是以中心为导向,忠实原文为基础,千万不可主观臆断,最好的方法是回到原文的出题点进行揣摩。 B.必须看清题目,尤其是当题目就某一个具体细节并且脱离文章中心的提问。一般来说,细节问题绝大部分是围绕文章中心进行出题,但不排除文中就一些具体的,因果互动现象的内容提问。 3.词汇短语题。 其分值不高,考察范围可分为两类。第一,纲内词汇词义的引申。考察考生对所熟悉的词汇在特定语境下正确含义的理解。一般来说,该词的本意不是解,但是其引申义上仍可以找到本意的影子。第二,纲外词汇词义的推断。 4.推断性问题。 此类题大概占20%左右的分值,总体难度不大,是考生的必得分点。中心导向依然是解题的宏观主线,其关键是忠实原文的推断。其应对策略和事实细节题类似,考生在该题型上的主要失误在于脱离文章主观臆断造成的。 5.语气态度题。 对作者态度的判断是构成阅读理解的两条宏观主线之一。因此,正确辨明作者对所叙述事物的态度,不仅关系到本类题型的解答,也潜在影响到其他问题的正确解答。这类题目主要从作者文中描述事物所用到的形容词,副词,动词等表达感情色彩的词汇入手。当选项不能确定时,再回到原文中找关键词。对这类题型,分清褒贬一般不难,是考生的必得分点。 我们还可以做做何老师的2019《考研英语阅读思路解析》,有助于我们更好地理解阅读理解这个题型,并且还能培养好应试心理。

考研英语一阅读理解真题加解析1994 Passage 5

1994 Passage 5 Discoveries in science and technology are thought by "untaught minds" to come in blinding flashes or as the result of dramatic accidents. Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would have it, look at the mold on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then. He experimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he made his discovery. Inventions and innovations almost always come out of laborious trial and error. Innovation is like soccer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequently than they score. The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take the most shots at the goal — and so it goes with innovation in any field of activity. The prime difference between innovators and others is one of approach. Everybody gets ideas, but innovators work consciously on theirs, and they follow them through until they prove practicable or otherwise. What ordinary people see as fanciful abstractions, professional innovators see as solid possibilities. "Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that there's no particular virtue in doing things the way they have always been done," wrote Rudolph Flesch, a language authority. This accounts for our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheels that make life more convenient: "How come nobody thought of that before?" The creative approach begins with the proposition that nothing is as it appears. Innovators will not accept that there is only one way to do anything. Faced with getting from A to B, the average person will automatically set out on the best-known and apparently simplest route. The innovator will search for alternate courses, which may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be more interesting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends. Highly creative individuals really do march to a different drummer. 67. What does the author probably mean by "untaught mind" in the first paragraph? [A] A person ignorant of the hard work involved in experimentation. [B] A citizen of a society that restricts personal creativity. [C] A person who has had no education. [D] An individual who often comes up with new ideas by accident. 68. According to the author, what distinguishes innovators from non-innovators? [A] The variety of ideas they have. [B] The intelligence they possess. [C] The way they deal with problems. [D] The way they present their findings. 69. The author quotes Rudolph Flesch in Paragraph 3 because ________. [A] Rudolph Flesch is the best-known expert in the study of human creativity [B] the quotation strengthens the assertion that creative individuals look for new ways of doing things [C] the reader is familiar with Rudolph Flesch's point of view [D] the quotation adds a new idea to the information previously presented

考研英语阅读理解试题解题方法及步

考研英语阅读理解试题解题方法及步 骤 考研可以说是人生的一个转折驿站,一次改变命运的艰辛历练。作为考研路上的重要科目--英语,也成为不少考生脚下的牵绊石,而占分数比重的阅读理解,自然也是考试中的重头戏,能否巧妙的用对技巧,灵活应答,成为考生研路中的棘手问题,下面我们就层层推进,分析一下阅读的方法技巧和步骤攻略,揭开这层久未露面的神秘面纱。 一、阅读方法 阅读文章基本方法有3种,一是略读,二是精读,三是寻读。略读是一种快速阅读方法,在非常短的时间内浏览全文获得文章的中心思想和主要事实。精读则是仔细阅读每句话,理解分析其含义,弄清句与句之间的逻辑关系,进而理解整个段落的意思。而寻读则是通过目光扫视,迅速确定你所期望得到的信息的位置。考试中3种基本方法可以用在不同的情况。 通过略读,我们可以了解材料的结构安排和主要信息,利用精读我们可以针对考题中的某些信息或难点做具体细致的解析,而寻读则在解题过程中起着一个定位的作用。 二、阅读步骤 第一步:略读短文把握方向 用尽量短的时间扫视短文,特别留意每段的第一句和末段的最后一句。因为各段的主题句往往在句首,而文章的最后一句很可能是概括总结。略读的目的是掌握短文的主旨大意,做到对全文的内容心中大致有数,有一个思考的方向。 第二步:浏览问题有的放矢 浏览5个问题,揣测出题者出此题的目的并侧重阅读短文相关部分。由于对所问问题及文章主旨都已了解,在阅读时自然会知道哪些地方得细读哪些地方可一带而过甚至跳过不读。

所有问题都是根据文章内容提出的,基本反映并覆盖了文章的主要内容。先阅读问题再阅读全文,这种方法的优点是:可在较短的时间内有针对性地阅读相关内容,便于给相关问题定位,有的放矢,事半功倍。 第三步:分析判断确定答案 在完成上面两步的基础上,对5个问题逐一解答。需要注意的是:要是文章内容涉及自己熟悉的题材和知识范畴,在选项时绝对不能单凭自己的主观判断解决问题。因为文章考的是你对该篇的阅读理解能力,而不是你的某种知识,因此选项不能脱离文章的题意。 对于英语水平相对较低,阅读速度较慢的考生来说,我们建议不妨直接从第二步开始:先浏览所有5道题的题目,对文章所涉及的内容有个粗略的估计或了解,然后逐一解答。先寻读文章的相关部分,然后选择正确答案。如遇到有关文章主旨大意或需要推理的题,可先放一放,等做完其他题再做这类题。先难后易,各个击破。 另外,在阅读过程中,不妨在自己认为比较重要的某些句子或词语(主题句,关键词)下面划线,标上符号,这样有助于突出重点,活跃思维,同时也便于阅读,节省时间,使阅读更加积极,并且对于记忆力稍差的考生而言,记住几个重要句子和信息要比记住全文容易得多了。所以,我们建议对阅读文章中的主要句子和关键词标出记号并重点阅读。 总之,英语水平的提高在于日积月累,冰冻三尺,非一日之寒,一分耕耘就有一分收获!考生一定要多探索,选择适合自己的学习方法,以便更快更全面的提高自己的知识容量及做题方法,从容应对,你就是最后的赢家。

2015翻译考研英语二阅读难度和出题思路分析

2015翻译考研英语二阅读难度和出题思 路分析 2015年考研初试已经完成,2016考研已经也进入紧锣密鼓的准备当中,小编整理2015年考研英语二阅读难度及出题思路分析,希望对大家备战2016年考研有所帮助。预祝每一位考研人都梦想成真。 考研英语的阅读理解题,无非是从宏观和微观等两个角度进行考察,体现在题型上从广义的角度可分为两类:主旨态度题和细节事实题。考生需要有这样的认知。主旨态度是全文的论点,细节事实,是全文的论据。两者相结合,才是一篇逻辑性严谨的文章。文章中的细节,即论据,通常是作者论证文章主题或是论证段落大意而使用的具体信息。因为,就议论文而言,作者阐明所要阐述的问题和观点之后,通常会使用大量的具体细节去支持并加以说明。这些细节可以是原因、事例、数字等等。论据的常用展现方法为:下定义、做比较、打比方等。下面凯程教育英语教研室阅读主讲靳姝老师将对2015年考研英语二的阅读理解部分的题型难度和解题思路进行了细致的分析。 今年的英语二真题题目难度和往年持平,甚至比去年略有下降,四篇文章阅读难度不大,题目也没有偏离大纲要求及出题思路,让学生非常纠结的选项。据统计,今年20道题目中,1道主旨题,1道词义句意题,3道推断题,其余16道全部为细节题,其中四道为细节观点题,2道因果细节题。 一、主旨态度题的题型和难度分析: 考研英语二阅读理解命题思路从宏观上,考察全文的主旨大意,文章标题和作者态度,也就是我们常说的主旨态度题。第四篇文章最后一道题问文章主要讨论了什么,这道题也是四篇阅读中唯一一道主旨大意题,有相当难度。与往年不同的是,今年这道题方法技巧性不强,无论是题干法还是串线摘帽法,都无法准确全面概况全文主旨,而这道题需要在读懂文章的基础上,有一定归纳概括能力。文章首段指出目前的失业率呈现出下降的趋势,而接下来的第二段提出在这种失业率下降的好现象中,我们忽略了那些自愿(voluntary)参加兼职工作的人。第三段就自愿兼职工作者和非自愿兼职工作者的区别展开描述。最后两段表明,那些自愿参加兼职工作的人是因为有了一项名为Obamacare的政策,该政策旨在使那些没有全职工作的人也有可能获得保险,从而提升就业率。可见,全文都是围绕美国的就业形势展开讨论。故A选项employment in the US 美国的就业情况正确。 二、细节事实题的题型和难度分析: 从以往的历年试题分析中,不难发现,细节事实题的比例占据了一半以上,尤其对于英语二

高分学姐总结的考研英语一阅读理解复习方法与技巧

高分学姐总结的考研英语一阅读理解复习方法与技巧 大家都深知考研英语一阅读部分的重要性,但是对于如何复习考研英语阅读还是比较茫然,今天我就根据自己复习考研英语的经验,再结合“零元课”视频讲解的阅读技巧和考点分析,跟大家谈谈如何复习阅读理解才能达到最好的复习效果。 PS:有些是摘录“零元课”讲师的原话,在此特别鸣谢各位老师。 考研英语阅读题型一般分为7种:推理题、例证题、词汇题、句子理解题、指代题、主旨题、态度题。下面就分别谈谈各题型的复习技巧。 (一)词汇题 主要测试考生根据上下文正确推测判断词义的能力,考察词汇的掌握情况。标志是The word “…”inline …refers to … 复习方法:精读历年真题,将近十年真题文章中的生词全部记住,重点记忆一词多义的,还有固定搭配和相关词组,也要注意近反义词和近似词义辨析。推荐《考研真相》,对词汇注释很细致,也做了一些拓展,利于记忆相关词汇,增加词汇量。 做题技巧:1.返回原文注意结合上下文,理解该词的意思; 2.如果是考纲内词汇,则字面意思必然不是正确答案; 3.词汇的正确答案,经常蕴藏在原文该词出现的前后。 (二)例证题 例证题主要是考查考生通过段落、句子来推测文章的主旨、

支持的观点等。标记词有:“example, illustrate, case, exemplify, illustration”等。 复习方法:这种题型一是考察考生文章理解能力,二是考察考生逻辑能力,这些都需要多做题,多多总结,做题的时候要回文定位,总结常考的套路,学会利用文章来把握人物观点和文章主旨。 做题技巧:1.回文定位;2.90%向上,10%向下,搜索该例证周围的区域,找出例证支持的观点。一般要对该观点进行同意替换,既是正确选项。 (三)推理题 推理题一般包括数字推理,知识推断和逻辑推理,它主要考查我们理清上下逻辑关系的能力。推理题常常考查考生:1.进行有关的判断、推理和引申;2.理解作者的意图、观点或态度等。逻辑词常用的有:“infer, imply, suggest, conclude”等。 复习方法:同样需要多多做题,总结解题技巧,需要学会找关键词,比如转折,承接,递进……这些都是逻辑题的出题点,思路一定要清晰,逻辑题一般会有很多陷井,需要学习如何去规避。 做题技巧:1.各选项回文定位;2.依据原文的意思进行:“三错一对”的判断;3.注意推理时的“最近答案”原则。 四、句子理解题 句子理解题要求考生:理解文中的具体信息;理解文中的概

2018考研英语阅读解题方法全面解析

2018考研英语阅读解题方法全面解析考研英语阅读到底该如何取胜?如何才能克服英语难关?下面一些经验和做题方法自认为不错,2018考研英语阅读解解题方法全解析,分享共勉。 先来说说考研英语和大学四六级那点事 许多应届的同学都没有考研经历,但大家一定熟悉大学英语四六级考试,所以,我们从熟悉到陌生说开去。在我的母校华科,英语四六级的高手很多,但我的朋友中有一位英语四六级高手却在考研英语上遭遇了滑铁卢。事实证明,英语四六级与考研英语没有什么必然联系,当然也不存在谁难谁易的问题,因为它们考察的重点有着本质的区别。四六级考察英语能力而考研阅读确侧重于考察逻辑。很多朋友有这样一个感受,考四六级找到答案就能对,但考研找到了也未必能对,更夸张的说法是都翻译成中文了也做不对,真有点高考科技文阅读的味道,选项中有太多的干扰元素。这是基于考研的选拔性而定的,对于研究生而言,英语的主要目的是做学术研究看论文,而看论文尤其是理工科专业需要有良好的逻辑思维能力来分解出文章结构,理解文章主旨等。基于以上分析,面对考研阅读,我们不能因为考四六级考试时高歌猛进而懈怠考研英语,我们也无需因为英语四六级考试的失利而背负巨大的心理阴影,相信只要付出就会有收获,考研英语一切从头开始! 考研英语阅读思维探究 大家应该都很熟悉考研阅读的全部来自英文五大报刊(Time、The Economist、Newsweek、Science、U.S.News&World Report)。星火英语每年会专门出一本《考研英语五大题源报刊阅读150篇》的阅读资料,如果时间充足可以花时间看看,也许考研过程中能碰到原文。在这里提及出处是为了强调阅读选文的作者来自欧美,文章的思

2015年考研英语一阅读理解真题详解

2015年考研英语一阅读理解真题详解 2015年这篇阅读文章的选择依然延续了考研英语选材的一贯做法,选自2014年6月4日《卫报》上一篇名为Is the writing on the wall for all European royals?(所有欧洲皇室注定要失败吗?)的文章。主要讨论了西班牙胡安·卡洛斯国王退位这一事件对欧洲诸多皇室的影响,尤其是对英国皇室的影响。总体来说,作为今年阅读题型的第一篇,文章在内容上难度稍大,尤其是里面涉及到了一些人名、地名的专有名词以及非常地道的英式习语表达等等。但是,如果纯就题目来说的话,难度倒不是很大,答案的出处也比较容易找到。接下来就文章具体的题目来进行深入的解析。 21、According to the first two paragraphs, King Juan Carl of Spain [A] used to enjoy high public support [B] was unpopular among European royals [C] ended his reign in embarrassment [D] cased his relationship with his rivals 答案:[C] ended his reign in embarrassment 解析:题目中明确提到答案的范围是在前面两段,而关键词又是King Juan Carl of Spain,那么根据关键词可以主要定位到第一段。在第一段中,对于King Juan Carl of Spain 这个人的主要描述就是King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted kings don’t abdicate, they die in their sleep. But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. 根据题目所给的四个选项,可以发现C项ended his reign in embarrassment(在窘迫中结束了他的统治)正好讲的就是第二句话的内容:But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republican left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down.(但是令人窘迫的丑闻以及在最近欧洲选举中所呈现的共和制的盛行都迫使他食言而退位。) 至于其余三个选项:[A] used to enjoy high public support(过去受到民众的高度支持)、[B] was unpopular among European royals(在欧洲皇室中不受欢迎)、[D] cased his relationship with his rivals(缓和了与对手的关系)在文章中都不曾提到。 22、Monarchs are kept as head of state in Europe mostly [A] owing to their undoubted and respectable status [B] to achieve a balance between tradition and reality [C] to give voters more public figures to look up to [D] due to their everlasting political embodiment 答案:[A] owing to their undoubted and respectable status 解析:从几个选项来看,题目问“在欧洲君主被保持为国家首脑”的原因或目的。根据阅读题型的命题规律,一般来说该题的答案定位应该是在接下来的第三段。而根据关键词head of state有又可进一度确定为第三段。第三段中,第一句讲It is this apparent transcendence of politics that explains monarchs continuing popularity as heads of states.(正是这种显然的政治优越性才能解释君主为什么能持续广泛地担任国家首脑。)这种优越性指的就是上面的monarchs can rise above “mere” politics and “embody” a spirit of national unity(君主能超越单纯的政治而成为国家统一的精神代表)。由此,

历年考研英语作文命题思路解析

历年考研英语作文命题思路解析 近几年考研英语作文特点:既求新求异,又变中有稳。 一、命题依据 考研话题牵涉面广,包罗万象,变幻莫测。但从历年考研真题研究中可以发现写作基本上可粗略地划分为两大类话题:永恒话题(everlastingtopic)和热点话题(hotissue)。所谓永恒话题,是指那些不以时间和空间的转移为转移的话题。这类话题一般都是一些宏观的大话题,没有明显的时代印痕。如有关社会道德范畴的话题。另一大类是热点话题,即近几年或某一年特殊的社会现象,媒体普遍报道过或公众普遍谈论的话题。如AdvertisementonTV(93),温室的花朵经不起风雨(2003)等,所以,平时在生活和学习中留意类似话题的英文素材预以备战不妨是个好的办法。 二、写作技巧 1.精心构造全文的引言段 考研作文阅卷老师每天工作量很大,工作时间也较长,因此长时间批改水平参差不齐、质量高下不一的作文难免感到疲劳,厌倦,甚至气恼。据测试统计,一口气读完12篇后才走神的人极少,定力惊人。因此,在考研写作三段制中,第一段最能吸引他们的目光和注意力,因为考研作文采用的是总体评分法(GlobalScoring),作文评卷老师往往主要凭借第一段的总体印象打分。有人把文章的第一段说成是黄金段落,说老师就是在这一段中不断地“淘金”。这一说法是很有道理的,因此,作文要想得高分,一定要精心构造全文的第一段,最大限度地满足阅卷老师的期待心理,力争给他留下良好的第一印象。经验告诉我们,阅卷老师在看完文章的第一段后就已基本上给文章定了分数档次,即使在第二,第三段中发现文章中的其他一些美中不足之处,他也只是微调几分,总体分数还是比先定的档次低的文章要好得多。总之,引言段在全文三段中的重要性再怎么强调也不过分。如果要按重要性依次递减的顺序来排的话,那么应是引言在先,其次是结尾段,再次是拓展段。 2.制造语言的闪光点 “言之无文,行而不远”,同理语言干瘪平淡,让人看之面目可憎,读后味如嚼蜡。要想攫住阅卷老师匆匆的一瞥,留住他们的兴奋点,就非得在语言上猛下功夫,多制造些表达上的闪光点。语言是思维的外壳,语言的好坏直接影响到实际作文分数的高低。语言表达的亮点体现在小到一个词,短语大到一个句子中。高分作文往往是“锱铢必较”,几乎字字计较。很多人作文分数很低往往是因为用词面太窄。当然,词汇的积累是有个过程的。可惜的是,很多同学只能认词,却不能再现,更不用说写作时运用了。 3.避免中国式英语 母语为非英语的人学习英语时往往会将母语的思维和表达方式直接迁移到英语表达当中。中国人学英语时往往会受母语根深蒂固的影响,最易造出中国腔的英语。有人把“价格便宜”直接写成“The price is cheap”,把“这件事小菜一碟”说成“This is a small dish”,让人看后苦笑不得。因此要尽量摆脱中国试英语,方法看来只有一条:多看外国人写的文章,多多阅读。不难想象,阅卷老师如果在短短的二百字文章中到处看到Chinglish,他无法使自己对你文章的印象好起来。 4.尽量有路标词 路标词(signalword)又称衔接词(connectives)就像灯塔为在茫茫大海中航行的船只指引方向一样,它能突出文章的层次性和逻辑性。英语文章讲究启承转合。“启”就是开启观点:“承”就是接着话茬进一步发展论证或补充:“转”就是讲相反或对立的观点:“合”就是

2018考研英语阅读解题思路:推断题_毙考题

2018考研英语阅读解题思路:推断题 该题型可以说是细节题的升级版,难度也要高于一般的细节题,在每年的考研英语真题当中会出现2-4个,而且近两年还有增加的趋势,所以必须高度总是推断题的训练。通常,推断题的题干中会出现infer或suggest这种词眼,比如From paragraph four we can infer that ____. It is implied in paragraph 2 that the current immigration system in the US_______. 我们以2005年的真题为例: The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions. In the wild, they are a cooperative, group-living species. Such cooperation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone. Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question. 题干:What can we infer from the last paragraph? [A] Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions. [B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source. [C] Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do. [D] Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild. 解析:题干中出现infer属于典型的推断题。其中除了定位段落,没有给出具体的定位信息。所以此时我们应该先从定位段落出发,分析其中出现了哪些重点信息。段落当中的首句和转折句是重点信息的出处,因此可以优先匹配首句和转折句的意思,以节省时间。首句The researchers suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions.讲猴子也受社会情感的引导,A选项的内容同样是讲情感,但是却说猴子可以被训练出情感,所以动词含义和原文不符,属于偷换概念。然后我们读取转折句的意思However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems from the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.这个种公平的感觉是在猴子和人身上独立的演化,还是源于共同的祖先,至今还是一个未解之谜。该句正好匹配[B] Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source.人类的愤怒情感来源是不确定的,符合原文信息。

翻译考研英语二阅读难度和出题思路分析

翻译考研英语二阅读难度和出题思路分 析 年考研初试已经完成,考研已经也进入紧锣密鼓的准备当中,小编整理年考研英语二阅读难度及出题思路分析,希望对大家备战年考研有所帮助。预祝每一位考研人都梦想成真。 考研英语的阅读理解题,无非是从宏观和微观等两个角度进行考察,体现在题型上从广义的角度可分为两类:主旨态度题和细节事实题。考生需要有这样的认知。主旨态度是全文的论点,细节事实,是全文的论据。两者相结合,才是一篇逻辑性严谨的文章。文章中的细节,即论据,通常是作者论证文章主题或是论证段落大意而使用的具体信息。因为,就议论文而言,作者阐明所要阐述的问题和观点之后,通常会使用大量的具体细节去支持并加以说明。这些细节可以是原因、事例、数字等等。论据的常用展现方法为:下定义、做比较、打比方等。下面凯程教育英语教研室阅读主讲靳姝老师将对年考研英语二的阅读理解部分的题型难度和解题思路进行了细致的分析。 今年的英语二真题题目难度和往年持平,甚至比去年略有下降,四篇文章阅读难度不大,题目也没有偏离大纲要求及出题思路,让学生非常纠结的选项。据统计,今年20道题目中,1道主旨题,1道词义句意题,3道推断题,其余16道全部为细节题,其中四道为细节观点题,2道因果细节题。 一、主旨态度题的题型和难度分析: 考研英语二阅读理解命题思路从宏观上,考察全文的主旨大意,文章标题和作者态度,也就是我们常说的主旨态度题。第四篇文章最后一道题问文章主要讨论了什么,这道题也是四篇阅读中唯一一道主旨大意题,有相当难度。与往年不同的是,今年这道题方法技巧性不强,无论是题干法还是串线摘帽法,都无法准确全面概况全文主旨,而这道题需要在读懂文章的基础上,有一定归纳概括能力。文章首段指出目前的失业率呈现出下降的趋势,而接下来的第二段提出在这种失业率下降的好现象中,我们忽略了那些自愿(voluntary)参加兼职工作的人。第三段就自愿兼职工作者和非自愿兼职工作者的区别展开描述。最后两段表明,那些自愿参加兼职工作的人是因为有了一项名为Obamacare的政策,该政策旨在使那些没有全职工作的人也有可能获得保险,从而提升就业率。可见,全文都是围绕美国的就业形势展开讨论。故A选项employment in the US 美国的就业情况正确。 二、细节事实题的题型和难度分析: 从以往的历年试题分析中,不难发现,细节事实题的比例占据了一半以上,尤其对于英语二

考研英语阅读解析

para6: The readiness of the rats to befriend the social robot was surprising given its minimal design. The robot was the same size as a regular rat but resembled a simple plastic box on wheels. “We’d assumed we’d have to give it a moving head and tail, facial features, and put a scene on it to make it smell like a real rat, but that wasn’t necessary,” says James Wiles at the University of Queensland in Australia, who helped with the research. Para7: The finding shows how sensitive rats are to social cues even when they come from basic robots 24. James Wiles notes that rats______ [A] can remember other rat’s facial features [B] differentiate smells better than sizes [C] respond more to actions than to looks [D] can be scared by a plastic box on wheels para6: The readiness of the rats to befriend the social robot was surprising given its minimal design. The robot was the same size(B) as a regular rat but resembled a simple plastic box on wheels(D). “We’d assumed we’d have to give it a moving head and tail, facial features(A), and put a scene on it to make it smell(B) like a real rat, but that wasn’t necessary(之前内容不重要),” says James Wiles at the University of Queensland in Australia, who helped with the research. Para7: The finding shows how sensitive rats are to social cues(重点) even when they come from basic robots 24. James Wiles notes that rats______ [A] can remember other rat’s facial features [B] differentiate smells better than sizes [C] respond more to actions than to looks [D] can be scared by a plastic box on wheels para6: The readiness of the rats to befriend the social robot was surprising given its minimal design. The robot was the same size(B) as a regular rat but resembled a simple plastic box on wheels(D). “We’d assumed we’d have to give it a moving head and tail, facial features(A), and put a scene on it to make it smell(B) like a real rat, but that wasn’t necessary(之前内容不重要),” says James Wiles at the University of Queensland in Australia, who helped with the research. Para7: The finding shows how sensitive rats are to social cues(重点) even when they come from basic robots 结构上的必考点 25. It can be learned from the text that rats . [A] appear to be adaptable to new surroundings [B] are more socially active than other animals [C] behave differently from children in socializing [D] are more sensitive to social cues than expected 还是否定+解释的结构 para5: Across 18 trials each, the living rats were 52 percent more likely on average

相关主题