文体学
一、名词解释
1、Definition of stylistics
Stylistics is a branch of linguistic which studies in a scientific and stystemantic way concerning the manners/linguistic features of different varieties of language at different levels.
stylistics is defined as the study of discourse or text on the basis of modern linguistic theories.
2、Style
Manners indicating prominent linguistic features, devices or patterns, most frequently occur in a particular text of a particular variety of language.
Three bills on style: ……., choose, ………
3、Linguistic Description
Refers to the exploration and classification of linguistic features of a given text. And we offer a checklist of linguistic description in five categories: phonology, graphology, lexis, syntax, and semantics.
4、Context
Context refers to all elements of a communicative situation: the verbal and nonverbal context, the context of the given speech situation and the social context of the relationship between the speaker and the hearer, their knowledge, and their attitude. We consider context to consist two sides: one is linguistic context, and context of situation.
5、given information
Given information is information that is assumed by the speaker to be known to, assumed by, or inferable by the addressee at the time of the speaker's utterance, because it is common knowledge part of the extralinguistic context, or previously established in the discourse
Given information often is placed early in a sentence, and spoken with a low amount of stress.
Kinds
Here are some kinds of given information:
What is an evoked entity?
What is an inferable entity?
What is predictable information?
What is salient information?
二、句子成分分析：
There are five types of clause:
(1)SV(A):She ran(quickly).
(2)SVO(A):Peter studies English(hard).
(3)SVCs:The soup tasted delicious.
(4)SVOiOd: Mother gave Tom some money.
(5)SVOdCo: People made him chairman.
(S=subject V=verb A=adverbial O=object Od=direct object Oi=indirect object Cs=subject complement Co=object complement)
三、修辞
1、simile 明喻
2、metaphor暗喻
3、personification拟人
4、metonymy转喻
5、synecdoche提喻（整体---部分）
6、hyperbole夸张
7、alliteration头韵
8、oxymoron矛盾
9、transferred epithet移就10、euphemism委婉四、语项特征分析：（有什么特征；对主题起的作用）
Graphological category:语项包括什么
a. punctuation标点
b. capitalization 用大写
c. paraphrasing (the way a text is divided into paragraphs)段落
d. italics斜体
e. format of printing打印的板式
f. graphic signs (size of shape of letters, tables, pictures, diagrams, drawings etc.)标记的类型
a.punctuation标点
a)the dash破折号---作用：1）to indicate an abrupt break in a sentence or an unifinished statement;2)to set off
a summary or a long appositive;3)to set off strong parenthetical expressions.
b)The colon冒号—作用：to introduce lists of items.
c)The exclamation mark感叹号—作用：often used a particular forceful interjection or imperative sentence.
b.capitalization 用大写
Capitalization used elsewhere often indicates emphasis,stress,or strong feelings.
c.italics斜体
Italics are indicated in a typed or handwritten manuscript by underlining.
To emphasize a word or longer element in a sentence, to refer to a word as a word.
To indicate a foreign word or phrase which has not been Anglicized.
d.paraphrasing (the way a text is divided into paragraphs)段落
It is a device to reveal the relational structure in a text, the organization of the content.
Long paragraphs usually elucidate complicated or formal subjects.
Short paragraphs are often used for transition, for summary or for emphasizing a point of view.
Journalists favor short paragraphs, which provide more resting places for the eye and appeal to readers who usually read the news reports in a hurry, while scientists and lawyers prefer long paragraphs to show formality and complicated concepts and relationships.
五、简答题
Graphological category:
a. punctuation
b. capitalization
c. paraphrasing (the way a text is divided into paragraphs)
d. italics
e. format of printing
f. graphic signs (size of shape of letters, tables, pictures, diagrams, drawings etc.)
Lexical category: whether the lexis used is
a. general or specific
General words a group, specific word is a member of that group.
General words is too vague to convey any precise meaning, the use of specific words is more informative and can evoke vivid images in th e reader’s mind.
b. Anglo-Saxon生活用词or Latinate书面用词
c. simple or hard
d. descriptive or evaluative
f. formal or informal
g. standard or nonstandard
h. dynamic or static
i. archaic or neologism旧词或新词
j. abstract or concrete抽象或具体
Syntactic / grammatical category:
(how words are ordered and connected into sentences)
a. sentence types(simple简单句, compound复合句, major, minor, declarative陈述句, interrogative疑问
句, periodic圆周句, balance sentence平衡句)
b. sentence length(long长句, short短句)
c. clause types (SV, SV A, SVO, SVOA, SVOO, SVOC; finite/nonfinite; )
d. normal order of inverted句子是正常顺序还是颠倒过的
e. tense (the prevailing tense)句子是什么时态
The future, we use will to emphasizes the speaker’s willingness or determination to do something in the future. The use of the past tense often implies an accomplished fact which cannot be done or changed.
the simple present tense is always impressive people, show the fact clearly.
f. voice (active or passive)主动还是被动
Semantic category:
a. figures of comparison (simile, metaphor, analogy, personification)用的修辞
b. figures of replacement (metonomy, synecdoche, euphemism, overstatement, understatement, et
c.)
c. figures of repetition
d. figures of contrast (antithesis, oxymoron, paradox, climax, anticlimax etc. )
e. figures of double meaning (pun双关语, irony反语)
六、案例分析，三选一
Public speeches:
1、总的特点：they are often polite in tone, formal in style. Big an dabstract words, noun phrases, complete
senteces, complicated sentence structures, parallelisms and the rhetorical devices.
Generally speaking, the language used in public speeches is formal in style, clear and vivid in tone, and persuasive in purpose.
2、speech 的类型：
1）the informative speech.—its aim to inform the audience of someone or something, such as classroom lectures, business reports, and research presentations. Its remarkable characteristics are clarity and
simplicity.
2）The persuasive speech----为改变观众的信仰态度而作，希望让他们行动起来。在这种speech 中facts, statistics, or logical reasoning are often employed in order to persuade the audience.
3）The entertaining speech---
4）The stimulating speech---
3、从哪几个方面进行分析。
1）、Phonological Features
A、Skillful use and control of voice, pitch, pause, tempo, and the employment of various phonetic figures
of speech, such as alliteration, assonance, consonance and rhyme, should be essential to the success of the delivery.
B、rhythmic devices are frequently employed by most speakers in order to reinforce
Language effect by skillful arrangement or manipulation of words or praphases. This
include the use of parallelism, anaphora, repetition an alliteration.
C、the author has to utter his words articulately.
2)、Lexical Features
A、one of the most conspicuous features of public speeches at this level is the employment of big words.
B、another feature at this level is the employment o fnoun phrases where verb phrases may
be used in other varieties.
C、the frequently used pronouns are the first person pronouns and the second person
pronouns. In many cases, the plural form we/us includes both the speaker and the sudience. In this way, the audience would feel intimate. Therefore, it is easy to win the support of the audience.
3)、Syntactic/Grammatical Features.
A、in most public speeches, we can find that almost all the sentence are major sentences. Of these major
sentences, most are complete declarative sentences.
B、another sentence often occurring in public speeches is the imperative sentence, which have the function
of persuasion and qppealing for action.
C、use long sentences, it can convey complicated ideas.
D、tense used in public spee ches are complicated. The future , we use will to emphasizes the speaker’s
willingness or determination to do something in the future. The use of the past tense often implies an accomplished fact which cannot be done or changed.
4)、Semantic Features
A、the most frequently used figures of speech are figures of comparison, which include metaphor, simile,
analogy, personification. These metaphors create vivid mental pictures in the mind of the audience, and therefore make the speech rich in meaning, and as a result, very persuasive and effective.
B、use the figure of reiteration, which has the function of emphasis, such as hendiadys, polysyndeton，of
which repetition is more often used by the speaker. Make the speech very effective and persuasive.
C、use the contrast and juxtaposition, which include parallelism, antithesis, oxymoron, paradox. Eg. The use
of these parallelism reinforces the meaning and helps to build up an emotional climax and therefore very effective.
The English of news reporting.分析
news reporting consist of three part: headline, the lead, the body.
1、at the graphological level.
1)the use of pictures------are an aid to words.
2)Eye-catching headlines-----标题有什么特点
3)Short paragraphs-----make it easy and convenient for the potential readers to follow.
4)Frequent use of inverted commas-----show a strong impression of the truth of the reporting.
2、at the lexical level
1)the use of Arabic numerals----a. can be understood universally. B. take less time and space to
print than their English equivalents.
2)The use of clichés and set expressions-----save time
3)The use of short powerful words---simple, easy to understand and space-saving, vivid, exciting.
4)The use of abbreviations-----to save time and space.
5)The use of names of people and place---make news appear precise and concrete.
3、at syntactical level.
1)sentence types and complexity---说一下长句子短句子各有设么好处
2)frequent use of appositional phrases---to save space and time.
3)Tenses in headlines---标题的时态用的好不好。
4、at the semantic level
1)the headline---in drawing reader’s attenti on to the news story, 看看有没有sub-headlines. 有
的作用。
2)the lead----the opening paragraph of the news report, .the gist of the whole story. 导语的作用。
结合文章说，写上导语是什么。
5、text presentation
1)text organization----goes in a logical order.这一类的话，列举一下每一段说的什么。文章的逻
辑关系。
2)quotations---引用，列举一下文章中引用谁说的话。
6、summary-
in this article, I have analyze an …….entitled “…” in a systematical way at four linguistic levels as
far as stylistic description and explanation is concerned.
The English of advertising
1、about the advertising:
functions: usually has the information giving function, the demand creating function, the distribution stimulating function, the new customer inducing function, the get action function, and the good will establishing function.
2、分类：by medium, newspaper ad, television ads, radio ads, outdoor ads, ect.
By audience, consumer ads, business ads, service ads, specified ads, charity ads,
By writing methods, hard sell ads, 做广告的时候只说功能特点。Soft sell ads. 广告与运用修辞，灵活。
3、广告的构成：a complete advertisement usually consists of he headline, the illustrations, the body, the
slogan, the trade mark, the standing details.
4、分析广告：
1）grapgological Features
a) most ads have a thoughtful layout so as to have a deep first impression on the audience, which
includes an eye catching headline, one or more beautiful pictures of the product, and convincing
descriptions of the product.
b) as far as punctuation is conserned, the frequently used one is the exclamation mark, since it can
show feelings of the advertiser. Llike, take a look!
c) frequent us of the full stop,which aims at achieving emphasis.
2) lexical features:
a) the most conspicuous lexical feature of ads is the frequent use of active, favorable adjectives.
It is natural that the use of these adjectives can impress the potential buyers with the good quality of the product or service.
b) Compound nonce words often use in ads, these words imply vivid nedness and novelty, and therefore
can create an unforgettable mental image in the mind of the readers.
c) Comparative words are sometimes found in advertisements in order to show that the products are
better than others of the same type.
d) The use of personal pronouns is also very common, especially you and we, in order to make the
language more friendly in tone and more thogthful for the protential consumers so as to lure them to
buy the products.
e) Technical words are occasionally found in order to impress the potential consumers.
3) syntactic/grammatical features
a) in advertisements there are more minor sentences, direct imperative sentence, short simple sentences and
occasional questions.
minor sentences,are short, to the point, space saving and therefore most suitable for advertisements; direct imperative sentences are persuasive in nature---urging the potential consumer to buy the products and therefore also very suitable in ads; short simple sentences are easy to understand, while occasional questions can arouse curiosity of the readers.
b)the simple present tense is always used to satisfy the desire of the consumer to know the present condition
of the products. giving the consumer the impression that the good quality of the products are universally true, and can last a very long time.
c)Active voice use in advertisements, it is simpler in structure.
d)The frequently use of pre-modifiers.----save space, and produce the effect of freshness and novelty.
e)Occasional use of negation—implies nothing is better than the product in queation.
4) semantic features:
a) in order to persuade the potential consumer to buy the product, the advertiser tries every means to manipulate the language, to make the language more persuasive and effective.
运用修辞，见上面的修辞。常用的除了上面提到的还有repetition, hyperbole,parallelism对应,pun, grotestque idiom, allusion, antithesis, rhyme, alliteration, synesthesia.
最后总结一下就行了
文体学概述(DOC)
Chapter One: Brief Introduction to Stylistics Part 1: What is Stylistics about? 1.A Glance at Style Sample 1: The Year's at the Spring ! 一年之计在于春 ～Robert Browning The year's at the spring 正值一年之春， And day's at the morn; 又逢一日之晨； Morning's at seven; 晨光走到了七点； The hill-side's dew-pearled; 山腰挂着露珠； The lark's on the wing; 云雀展翅高飞； The snail's on the thorn: 蜗牛爬上了荆棘: God's in his Heaven -- 上帝在自己的天堂里—— All's right with the world! 尘世间一派井然！ Sample 2: The Regulation is enacted in accordance with pertinent laws and regulations and in light of the concrete conditions of this Municipality, with the purpose of strengthening the administration of cityscape and environmental sanitation, creating and maintaining a clean, beautiful cityscape and environment, protecting people's health, promoting economic growth, civilization and progress of society. 为了加强市容和环境卫生的管理，保持干净美观的市容环境，保护人民群众的健康，推动经济发展和社会文明进步，根据相关法规和本市的具体情况特此制定本规定。 Sample 3: Hi-Fi, Hi-Fun, Hi-Fashion, only from Sony (alliteration) （高保真，高乐趣，高时尚，只来自索尼）
文体学的发展史
文体学发展史 文体学首先来自于古代的修辞学，来自于亚里斯多德的修辞论。现代文体学创始人是法国文体学家巴利（索绪尔的学生），文体学的性质是一门结合文学和语言学的交叉学科，适宜于对文学和语言学很感兴趣的学生学习的一门课程。简单地说，文体学就是运用语言学的理论去阐释文学内容和写作风格的一门学科。帮助学生理解作品的深刻内涵和写作技巧。同时，激发学生开展批评性阅读，尝试建立自己的见解。 发展历程 西方文体学的研究可上溯到古希腊、罗马的修辞学研究，早在公元100年就出现了德米特里厄斯的《论文体》这样集中探讨文体问题的论著。但在20世纪之前，对文体地讨论一般不外乎主观印象式的评论，而且通常出现在修辞学研究、文学研究或语法分析之中，文体研究没有自己相对的地位。20世纪初以来，在采用现代语言方法之后，文体分析方法摆脱了传统印象式直觉分析的局限，逐渐深入和系统化、科学化。欧洲历史语言学和普通语言学在20世纪初发展成为较有影响的独立学科，与语言学相结合的文体学也逐渐成为一门具有一定独立地位的交叉学科。
现代文体学创始人是法国文体学家巴利（Bally,1865-1974）（索绪尔的学生），他借用索绪尔的结构主义语言学反思传统修辞学，力图将文体学作为语言学的一个分支建立起来，使文体分析更为科学化和系统化。巴依的研究对象是口语体的文体。他认为一个人说话时除了客观地表达思想外，还常常带有各种感情色彩。文体学的任务是探讨表达这些感情特征的种种语言手段，以及它们之间的相互关系，并由此入手，分析语言的整个表达方式系统。虽然巴依没有特别关注文学文本，但他们的普通文体学对于文学文体学的形成有直接的推动作用。稍晚于巴利的德国文体学家斯皮泽（Spitzer, 1887-1960）被普遍尊为文学文体学之父，斯皮泽的研究对象不是口语，而是文学作品。斯皮泽认为文学作品的价值主要体现在语言上，因此他详细分析具体语言细节所产生的效果，从而有别于传统印象式批评。此外，他提出了一种适用于分析长篇小说的被称为“语文圈”的研究方法，即寻找作品中频繁出现的偏离常规的语言特征。然后，对其作出作者心理根源上的解释，接着再回到作品细节中，通过考察相关因素予以证实或修正。受到德国学术思想的影响，斯皮泽将文体学视为连接语言学与文学史的桥梁，旨在通过文体特征的研究来考察作者心灵以及民族文化和思想澶变的历史。 学科历史 50年代末以前
文体学分析1
《英语文体学》1~7章小结 一．关于文体学 本章主要是介绍了骨水泥与文体学的一些基本知识。简单的来说，文体学就是学习如何使用语言和使用语言方式的一种规则。在现代文体学中包括普通文体学和文学文体学。 这本书主要涉及普通文体学。普通文体学在很多方面都有体现，本书主要讨论一种特定体裁的总体特征。接着，课文简单介绍语言在不同时期的不同定义和在不同领域人民对语言的不同观点。并且，文章的上下文决定这语言的意思。语言在使用过程中表现出以下功能：概念功能、人际功能、指称功能和语篇功能，它们不可分割，相互影响。接下来是风格的介绍有四种：集体语言使用特点、个人独特写作风格、表达模式效果、“好”或“漂亮的”文学写作。本书倾向于了解第一种。即问题学的研究限制在特定场合。现代文体学一直在发展，我们得出定义：它是一门研究文体体裁特征的本质及规律。 二．学习文体学的需要 本章主要涉及学习文体学的重要性。 （一）学习问题学能培养人们对语言的敏感性即应该能分清在不同场合应该采取不同的说话方式，以避免不必要的尴尬。 （二）对我们理解外国文学作品有很大作用。因为文学创作中，作者往往采用违反常规的写作方法：背离与重复。这就牵扯到文学批评，对其“描述——解释——评估”，以此突出其作品的鲜明特点。这在文体学上被称为“前景化”。 （三）帮助达到适应翻译外国文学作品的效果。翻译时不可能直译过来，这是由各国文化差异决定的。 三．语(言)[义]的变体 根据语言的使用方式可以把语言分为两种：方言和变体。人们所处的背景和地位决定了他们的语言——方言。方言可以分为个人方言（如海明威用语方法）、时间方言（如古今英语用法不同）和社会方言（如男女用法不同）。而语域的变体可以分为几种：社会经济地位变体（不同阶层）、种族变体（美国社会黑白人不通用法）性别变体和年龄变体。 语域是一个语言使用者的语言反映，它是一种社会活动，即告知别人话里所包含的信息。语域有话语范围：特定场合（命令、法律等）与非特定场合（例如应酬性谈话）。有话语方式：口语和书面语。有话语基调：人及际基调（人们使用语言的规范程度）和功能语旨（说话人意欲）。总之方言和语域是相互依靠的，不可能有单独使用的情况出现。 四．语言的描述 先介绍文体学特点的三个层次： ●音系学和字系学。英语在音系学上有音段（包括拟声词、象声词、语音同化和重复） 和超音段（包括重音、韵律、语调停顿和语速）。这些特征的不同表达式包含了说 话人的不同心情。 ●有语法和词汇。语法方面体现在句子类型（省略句、圆周句、松散句和对偶句）、 从句类型、词组类型（名词、动词词组）和词语类型（合成词）。词汇方面有：用 词倾向（如抽象、具体、普遍、专有等）、内涵意义（与之关联的词）和词的搭配 （固定搭配）。 ●语义单元和语义角色。语义单元包括连贯（互指、成段、语篇模式、修辞手段）和 语义角色（增强语言丰富性） ●接下来介绍语言描写四步骤：（一）系统阅读文章写下认为重要的风格；（二）确定 语言特点的使用频率；（三）估计风格特点的重要性；（四）陈述语言使用模式，判 断该模式在文中的重要性。
人教部编版三年级语文下册17文体阅读一专项训练卷(含答案)
17 文体阅读（一） 班级__________ 姓名__________ 得分__________ 时间：40分钟满分：100分 一、古诗阅读。(39分) 元日 爆竹声中一岁除，____________入屠苏。 千门万户曈曈日，总把______________。 1．补充诗句。(8分) 2．《元日》的作者是______代诗人________，诗中描写的节日是__________，即农历____________，俗称“_______ _”。 (10分) 3．诗中写了__________、__________、____________、___ _________等一系列的仪式，加之太阳灿烂，春风送暖， 渲染了一种____________的节日气氛。(10分) 4．给诗句中加点的字词选择正确的解释。(填字母，6分) (1)爆竹声中一岁除．( ) A．去掉。 B．过去。 C．表示不计算在内。 (2)千门万户曈曈日 ( ) A．形容太阳出来后天色渐亮的样子。 B．形容太阳落山后天色渐暗的样子。
5．“总把新桃换旧符”，在今天也就是更换春联。请你写一副对联，愿新的一年会给农民带来吉祥和好运。(5分) _______________________________________________ ____ _______________________________________________ ____ 二、说明类文章阅读。(27分) 动物的语言 动物也有自己的语言。有些动物是以动作作为联系信号的。 在某一个海滩上，有一种蟹，雄的只有一只大螯，在寻求配偶时，便高举这只大螯，频频挥动，一旦发觉雌蟹走来，就更加起劲地挥舞着大螯，直到雌蟹伴随着一同回到大海。 有一种鹿是靠尾巴报信的。平安无事时，它的尾巴就垂下不动；尾巴半抬起来，表示正处于警戒状态；如果发现有危险，尾巴便完全竖直。 蜜蜂的________可算是登峰造极的了，它能用独特的舞蹈动作向自己的伙伴报告食物(蜜源)的方向和距离。蜜源的距离不同，在一定时间内完成的舞蹈次数也不一样。有人在此提出了一个诱人的设想：派人造的电子蜂打入蜜蜂之中，指挥蜜蜂活动。这样，不但可以按人的需要收获不同的蜂蜜，还可以帮助植物传粉，真是一举两得。 1．填入文中横线上的词语最恰当的一项是( )(5分)
12年12月新闻文体学作业及答案
12年12月新闻文体学作业 及答案 -标准化文件发布号：（9456-EUATWK-MWUB-WUNN-INNUL-DDQTY-KII
《新闻文体学》作业 本课程作业由两部分组成。第一部分为“客观题部分”，由15个选择题组成，每题1分，共15分。第二部分为“主观题部分”，由简答题和论述题组成，共15分。作业总分30分，将作为平时成绩记入课程总成绩。 客观题部分： 一、选择题（每题1 分，共15题） 1. 选择下面说法正确的（） A、狭义的新闻，是指未在报刊上发表的新闻。 B、狭义的新闻，是指不包括新闻评论的新闻报道。 C、狭义的新闻，即等于消息这一文体。 2. 选择下面说法正确的（） A、简讯，是不大重要的简单的新闻消息。 B、简讯，是与消息、通讯等同的新闻报道的典型体裁。 C、简讯不是新闻报道的典型体裁。 3. 选择下面说法正确的（） A、运用某些属性相同的例子，推论出其他事物也可能有相同的属性的论证方法，叫例证法。 B、运用某些属性不同的例子，推论出其他事物也可能有相同的属性的论证方法，叫对比法。 C、运用某些属性相同的例子，推论出其他事物也可能有相同的属性的论证方法，叫类比法。 4．以下正确的是（） A、新闻标题是在一篇文章前，将新闻的内容或主题加以概括以后单独出的简短文字。 B、新闻标题是在一篇或一组新闻本文前面，将新闻的内容或主题加以概括以后单独标出的简短文字。
C、新闻标题是在一篇或一组新闻的较前面，将新闻的内容加以概括以后单独标出的简短文字。 5．以下正确的是（） A、新闻，是广大群众欲知、应知而未知的事实。 B、新闻，是新近发生的事实的报道。 C、新闻，是报道或评述最新的重要事实以影响舆论的特殊行为。 6．以下正确的是 ( ) A、“日本朋友×××见义勇为烟台挽救落水儿童”，是目的关系 B、“日本朋友×××见义勇为烟台挽救落水儿童”，是后续关系。 C、“日本朋友×××见义勇为烟台挽救落水儿童”，是因果关系。 7．以下正确的是（） A、消息写作滞后的原因是没有向散文学习。 B、消息写作滞后的原因是消息不真实、不典型、审美性差。 C、消息写作滞后的原因是消息写得不及时、不够真实、不客观。 ８．大众传播应具备的三要素不包括的是（） A、传者（信息源） B、媒介（通道） C、受者（发布者） 9．以下正确的是（） A、解释性报道，就是揭丑性或揭漏性报道。 B、解释性报道，就是分析性报道，回答为什么，关心“为何”。 C、解释性报道，就是大量提供背景材料，作者不带倾向，让受众自己去思考并得出结论。 10．选择下面说法正确的（） A.我国最早的电视台叫北京电视台，1958年9月2日开播。 B.我国最早的电视台叫中央电视台，1958年9月2日开播。 C.我国最早的电视台叫北京电视台，1958年10月1日开播。 11. 选择下面说法正确的（） A.新闻主体的人文修养，包括政治觉悟、道德水准、忧患意识。 B.新闻主体的人文修养，包括政治觉悟、道德水准、广博知识。
文体学
英语文体学期中考试 姓名：张燕箐班级：08级英语四班学号：P081011960 文体学1-7章概述 第一章有关文体学 什么文体学？ 简单来说，文体学是一门研究语言运用的方法的学科；它是用来研究运用语言的风格。现代文体学有两个分支：普通文体学与文学文体学。普通文体学研究的是各种语言运用的普遍特征，而文学文体学则是对各种文学作品所特有的特征的研究。但是，这两种文体学所研究的对象还存在一些共同之处。见下表： 在《英语文体学教程》这一书中，对文体学的研究，主要是指普通文体学。而要解释什么是普通文体学就得知道什么是语言，语言的变体有哪些？什么是文体？文体学的特征是什么？ 有学者认为语言是一种标志，是工具。语言经常会与编码作比，是一种标志或信号系统用来传递信息。人们完成一件事情不仅要通过肢体语言来表达而且还有口头语言表达，这样就有了语言行为与语言事件。说到文体学当然要提“文体”二字，文体（或文风）可以被认为是个人或群体在各种社会社交环境中运用语言的多样化。简而言之，就是文学风格。比如：“莎士比亚风格”、“米尔顿风格”等。文体学的重点就在于研究语言的功能。 第二章学习文体学的必要性 学习文体学有有助于更好的运用英语。因此，对于外语学习者，有必要了解学习文体学的必要性： 1．文体学帮你在交谈中建立一种恰如其分的感觉。也就是说，懂得在适当的场合说适当的话。比如你是一位总经理，在和一个很好的朋友喝酒时，你会说：“来，干了”！但是如果在比较正式的场合，那就得说：“我代表公司向全体员工表示感谢，感谢大家……为了公司今后的发展，干杯！” 2．学习文体学能提高对文学作品的理解能力和欣赏水平。对文学作品的评价有三个步骤：描述→口译→评估。描述占第一位，由此看来，在文学创作中，最关键的是描述。 3．学习文体学能帮你更好的进行翻译工作。文体学告诉我们英语的各种变体以及其功能、特点，因此，了解文体学能使我们的翻译更加贴合实际，符合原文思想。比如“油漆未干”翻译成对应的英语应该是“Wet Paint”而不是“The paint is not dry”. 在翻译过程中，应当注意所翻译作品的时代以及其语言风格，是古语还是现代语言，要符合语境，比如翻译一篇老旧文学作品，要尽量达到其“古”的意味，才能让读者更大限度的领会其思想。 第三章语言的变体 语言要用的恰当，就得看它的具体语境。语言有两种变体，一是方言变体，一是语域变体。 .一、方言变体 1．个人语言方式或个人语型
文体学课堂总结
Brief Summary of Stylistics General Stylistics is the science which explores how readers interact with the languages of texts in order to explain how we understand and are affected by texts when we read them. The stylistic mainly concerns about the examination of grammar, lexis, semantics, as well as phonological properties and discursive devices. It’s developing and not come to maturity now. According to different standards, the stylistics mainly divide into two major types ：linguistic stylistics and literary stylistics. And there are many school of stylistics such as lingvo-stylistics, literary stylistics, applied stylistics, contrastive stylistics, applied stylistics and so on. In the basic notions of stylistics, the 通述 文体学是为一门教我们怎么更好的使用语言的一门学科，主要关注语法，词汇，语义，语音特征和表达手段。文体学目前是不完善的，处于发展阶段。
英语文体学教程
Chapter1 1, what is style in your opinion according to what we have studied in this chapter? Anwser1 , from the perspective of the content, the events and activities described ,style is saying different things in different ways ;from the perspective of the ways of expression used ,styled is same thing in different ways; from the perspective of the users of language ,style is different speakers using language in different ways; and from the perspective of the text ,style is the functions of texts for different purposes. Anwser2, the definition of style is the concept of style as choice .this definition can have at least too interpretations .one is that first we have a pre-existing thought ,and then we choice the appropriate type of expression to express it in language. The chosen expression is the style .another is that the choice refers to the choice of meaning. The choice of language is at the same time a choice of meaning and a choice of style . 2,what is the significance of studying the style of language in learning and teaching English? Anwser, the answer is that if we want to use language appropriately in different situations , we need to study style .as foreign language learners, if we disregard the rules of using what variety of language in what occasion , or fail to obey them through ignorance , language can become instead a barrier to successful communication . Therefore its necessary to have a clear awareness of how language should be used in different types of situations especially in unfamiliar situations. 3, what factors can result in differences in style ? Answer , 1, the different types of vocabulary create different images of the events in the rea der’s mind, so they can result in different styles.2,people living in different periods of time in history will also speak differently ,and that will result in a different style. Chapter2 1, explain the following terms 1),foregrounding: the stylistically significant features have to be prominent and motivated ,that is ,foregrounded. 2),incongruity: the linguistic features depart from the normal use of language ,breaking the rules grammar ,spelling ,pronunciation. 3)deflection : the linguistic features don’t depart from the established grammatical, lexical and logical rules and principles ,but have an unexpected high frequency of occurrence. 4),field; its concerned with what is happening ,including the subject matter,the events happenings,going-ons, the content ,etc 5)tenor: its concerned with who is taking part in the exchange of meaning ----the relationship between the speaker and the listener ,their relative status,their attitude,and their role relations . 6)mode: its concerned with how the interaction is conducted ,that is whether it is written or spoken ,or whether it is expressed by phonic substance or graphic substance. 2,question for discussion 2)in rhetorical series,the number of items can influence the stylistic effect.try to analyze the causes on the basis of social culture. Answer :different numbers of words can produce different stylistic effects in the appropriate contexts. Two items express assertion ,that is ,it is just this ,not that .In appropriate situations three items can produce ethic ,persuasive, and representative effect. Four or more items in a series
_好人难寻_的功能文体学分析_杜丽霞
语 言理论研究 ｏｄｅｒｎ ｃｈｉｎｅｓｅＭ ２００７．１２ 一、引言 功能文体学是以韩礼德的系统功能语法理论为基础的文体学理论（韩礼德，２００５：９）。韩礼德的功能文体学理论强调语言功能与文学研究文体之间的相关性问题。他主张利用三大元功能——概念功能、人际功能和语篇功能在语言中的体现来剖析文本。１９６９年，韩礼德在意大利召开的“文学文体讨论会”（Ｓｙｍｐｏｓｉｕｍ ｏｎ Ｌｉｔｅｒａｒｙ Ｓｔｙｌｅ）上宣读了《语言功能与文学文体》（Ｌａｎｇｕａｇｅ Ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎｓ ａｎｄ ＬｉｔｅｒａｒｙＳｔｙｌｅ）（Ｈａｌｌｉｄａｙ，１９７３）一文，至此功能文体学诞生。在这篇文章中，韩礼德利用体现概念功能的及物性系统对戈尔丁（Ｇｏｌｄｉｎｇ）的小说《继承者》（Ｔｈｅ Ｉｎｈｅｒｉｔｏｒｓ）进行了文体分析，并成为典范。在三大系统中，人际功能中的语气和情态系统、语篇功能中的主位结构在文本分析中也同样起了很大作用。国内学者任绍曾对密勒（Ｎ．Ｍａｉｌｅｒ）《夜幕下的军队》（Ｔｈｅ Ａｒｍｉｅｓ ｏｆ ｔｈｅ Ｎｉｇｈｔ）和毛姆（Ｓ．Ｍａｎｇｈａｍ）《午餐》（Ｔｈｅ Ｌｕｎｃｈｅｏｎ）等文学著作做过研究。翻阅近年来有关功能文体学的论文我们发现，从上世纪末至今，功能文体学研究的成就显著，但有一个问题不容忽视，即盲目注重语言形式三大功能的分析而忽略了文学作品本身在主题层面的社会意义，把语篇中的语言特征与风格看作是孤立的现象。本文在借鉴前人研究的基础上，尝试利用功能文体学的理论分析２０世纪美国著名小说家奥康纳（Ｆｌａｎｎｅｒｙ ｏ’ｃｏｎｎｏｒ）的代表作《好人难寻》（Ａ Ｇｏｏｄ Ｍａｎ Ｉｓ Ｈａｒｄ ｔｏ Ｆｉｎｄ），希望再次验证功能文体学在文学分析中的重要贡献，同时也希望换一个新角度，重新解读这部经典短篇小说。 二、功能文体学的三大元功能 “功能思想”是韩礼德文体学理论的核心。正是功能思想把语言形式和情境语境联系起来，并通过分析三大功能来解释语言结构。功能语言学把语言的功能归纳为三大元功能：概念功能（Ｉｄｅａｔｉｏｎａｌ Ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ）、人际功能（Ｉｎｔｅｒｐｅｒｓｏｎａｌ Ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ）和语篇功能（Ｔｅｘｔｕａｌ Ｆｕｎｃｔｉｏｎ）。三大元功能分别由以下三大系统体现：及物性系统、语气和情态系统及主位结构和信息结构。与语言的三大元功能相对应，韩礼德概括出情景语境的三个组成部分：语场（ｆｉｅｌｄ ｏｆｄｉｓｃｏｕｒｓｅ）、语旨（ｔｅｎｏｒ ｏｆ ｄｉｓｃｏｕｒｓｅ）和语式（ｍｏｄｅ ｏｆｄｉｓｃｏｕｒｓｅ）。受情景语境的三个组成部分制约，语篇被看作是由概念意义、人际意义和语篇意义组成的语义单位。本文主要从语境及三大意义的角度来分析小说《好人难寻》。 （一）小说的情景语境 语场：对话发生在一个刚从美国联邦监狱中越狱的歹徒和一位南方普通祖母之间，祖母希望通过对话挽救一家人。 语旨：对话的双方社会地位悬殊：一个是高贵优雅的老妇人；一个是处在社会下层的逃犯。但老妇人的生命掌握在逃犯手中。歹徒并没有明确的交谈目的，而祖母希望唤起歹徒的良知，不要杀人灭口。 语式：对话以口语形式进行，并随着形势的变化而发展。（二）概念意义中的经验意义及其表现形式—及物性系统在功能语言学中，韩礼德认为及物性（Ｔｒａｎｓｉｔｉｖｉｔｙ）由六大过程组成，分别是物质过程（Ｍａｔｅｒｉａｌ Ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ）、心理过程（Ｍｅｎｔａｌ Ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ）、行为过程（Ｂｅｈａｖｉｏｒａｌ Ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ）、关系过程（Ｒｅｌａｔｉｏｎａｌ Ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ）、言语过程（Ｖｅｒｂａｌ Ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ）和存在过程（Ｅｘｉｓｔｅｎｔｉａｌ Ｐｒｏｃｅｓｓ）。为了便于分析，笔者把祖母和Ｔｈｅ Ｍｉｓｆｉｔ之间的情节发展分为三个阶段，各阶段的物质过程、心理过程、行为过程的句子数量参见下表。其中六大过程中的言语过程描写最多，其分析将放在人际意义中详细讨论，另外关系过程和存在过程并没有出现，笔者暂不予以考虑。 物质过程 行为过程心理过程祖母 ２ ７ ７Ｔｈｅ Ｍｉｓｆｉｔ ６ ４ ０ 从总体上看，Ｔｈｅ Ｍｉｓｆｉｔ手里有枪，在整个事件中占主动，他可以在他的两个帮凶的配合下为所欲为。Ｔｈｅ Ｍｉｓｆｉｔ非常明白自己占据主宰的地位。因此，即使拿着枪，他也可以非常随意地做其他动作，这就使得及物性系统中的物质过程占大多数，而行为过程是在不经意间流露出来的内心世界的体现。与Ｔｈｅ Ｍｉｓｆｉｔ 相反，作者在描写祖母的表现时主要用了心理过程，其次才是行为过程，她很少做出带有目的性并对别人产生影响的动作。具体来说，祖母和Ｔｈｅ Ｍｉｓｆｉｔ之间的情节发展可分为以下三个部分：第一部分是偶遇到她的儿子和孙子被带到树林里杀掉；第二部分是她的儿媳和另外两个孩子被枪杀；最后一部分是祖母被杀。 第一部分：祖母在回忆起Ｔｈｅ Ｍｉｓｆｉｔ 的真实身份之后，Ｓｈｅ ｓｃｒａｍｂｌｅｄ ｔｏ ｈｅｒ ｆｅｅｔ ａｎｄ ｓｔｏｏｄ ｓｔａｒｉｎｇ。这一个本能行为表现了祖母的震惊，而这个歹徒似乎并不在意被人认出：Ｔｈｅ ｍａｎ ｓａｉｄ ｓｍｉｌｉｎｇ ｌｉｇｈｔｌｙ ａｓ ｉｆ ｈｅ ｗｅｒｅ ｐｌｅａｓｅｄｉｎ ｓｐｉｔｅ ｏｆ ｈｉｍｓｅｌｆ ｔｏ ｂｅ ｋｎｏｗｎ。从这一行为过程中，可以看出歹徒在逍遥法外之后，仍旧蔑视法律、胆大妄为的内心世界。同时也嘲弄了美国的法律制度，我们不禁要问，在这样一个自恃法律制度非常完备的社会，法律制度在美国人心目中到底占多重地位？在Ｔｈｅ Ｍｉｓｆｉｔ向祖母一家摊牌之后，祖母在这一部分中的唯一一个物质过程的动作，充分体现了她的无助：Ｔｈｅ ｇｒａｎｄｍｏｔｈｅｒ ｓａｉｄ ａｎｄ ｒｅｍｏｖｅｄ ａ ｃｌｅａｎｈａｎｄｋｅｒｃｈｉｅｆ ｆｒｏｍ ｈｅｒ ｃｕｆｆ ａｎｄ ｂｅｇａｎ ｔｏ ｓｌａｐ ａｔ ｈｅｒｅｙｅｓ ｗｉｔｈ ｉｔ。手无缚鸡之力的祖母只能拿出手绢来拭眼泪。 《好人难寻》的功能文体学分析 □杜丽霞
叙述学与小说文体学研究
《叙述学与小说文体学研究》阅读笔记 中文系97级黄海涛指导老师:艾晓明教授 叙述学与小说文体学是当代小说批评理论中的重要学说。二者均采用语言学模式来研究文学作品，着重在形式技巧层面上对小说的结构规律、叙述机制和文体技巧进行研究和探讨。二者运用于小说批评实践，有利于突破小说传统批评仅偏重于作品的思想内容和社会功能的局限，使小说结构和形式技巧的分析更趋科学化和系统化，从而开拓了文学批评的广度和深度。在叙述学与文体学研究的发展过程中，产生了不同的派别和理论。这些理论各具侧重点和长处，也均有其盲点和排斥面。北京大学申丹教授新近出版的《叙述学与小说文体学研究》一书，有别于国内早先出版的一些西方叙事学理论的介绍性论著，将叙述学与文体学相结合，对二者的主要观点进行系统评析，补充修正有关理论和分析模式。特别对两个学派之间的关系进行了梳理和探讨。 全书约30万字，分为上中下三篇。上、中篇幅分别对叙述学和小说文体学理论进行了系统评析，下篇讨论了叙述学与文体学的辩证关系，对二者的重合面：“叙事视角”、“表达人物话语的不同方式”作了重点论述，是一部对叙述学与文体学理论同时展开研究的学术专著。一 在前言里，作者首先从学术背景和基本立场两方面探讨了叙述学与文体学之间的关系。以此作为全书的逻辑起点。一般来说，索绪尔的结构主义语言学和俄国形式主义被认为是二者的共同源头。结构主义将文学视为一个具有内在规律、自成一体的自足的符号系统，注重其内部各组成成分之间的关系。叙述学与文体学或受结构主义影响，或直接采用结构主义方法来研究叙事作品。与传统批评理论形成鲜明对照，结构主义叙述学与文体学将注意力文本的外部转向文本的内部，二者同属形式批评范畴。 与此同时，作者也指出了叙述学与小说文体学之间的一些本质差异：叙述学的目的不在于诠释作品，而是找出叙事文学的普遍框架和特性。叙述学家注重理论模式的建立，注重探研叙事文本的共有构成成分、结构原则和动作规律，忽视创作主体的作用。小说文体学家旨在探讨具体作品中语言特征的主题意义和美学价值，因而关注作者所作的特定的语言选择。作者还借助美国叙述学家普林斯（G．Prince）对叙述学家的分类，以说明在叙述学研究中，也有部分叙述学家关注具体作品在“话语”层次上表达事件的各种方法，从而与文体学在“文体”层面上发生重合，这是人们经常把属于文体学的理论和分析模式归于叙述学范畴而产生各种错误的原因。阐明了二者同中存异，又互为补充的关系，作者在下面的论述中才好将叙述学与文体学相结合进行研究，发现以往研究中出现的各种谬误与疏露,引出自己的观点和思考。这一特色始终贯穿全书，在本书的正文部分读者可较为明显地感觉到这一点。 二 著名的法国结构主义批评家罗朗·巴特（R.Bothes）在其《叙事作品结构分析导论》（见《西方文艺理论名著选编》下卷北京大学出版社1987年版）一文中，建议把叙事作品分为三个描述层：“功能”层、“行动”层和“叙述”层。前二个层次均属于故事范畴，后一层次大体相当”话语“层。透过巴特的三分法可以看到叙述学通常涉及的三个对象：（故事范畴内的）情节、人物和（与故事相对照的）叙述话语。本书上篇“叙述学理论评析”，作者沿用巴特这一思路，首先对叙述学有关“故事”与“话语”区分的相关理论进行了回顾，然后对叙述学所关注的属于“故事”范畴的人物、情节进行了探讨。 故事·话语 叙事作品的意义很大程度上源于“故事”与“话语”两个层次之间的相互作用。西方传统文学批评中，对叙事作品层次的划分均采用两分法，即用“故事”与“话语”这两个概念来区分叙事作
文体学答案
文体学答案 集团文件版本号：（M928-T898-M248-WU2669-I2896-DQ586-M1988）
文体学课后题 1、2单元 1Identify and classify patterns of sound repetition in the following examples. 1）Words and phrases shilly-shally = pararhyme super-duper = rhyme high and mighty = assonance fair and square = rhyme kith and kin = reverse rhyme toil and moil = rhyme part and parcel = reverse rhyme by hook or by crook = rhyme 2）Pride and Prejudice = alliteration The Love’s labour Lost = alliteration Of Mice and Man = alliteration Bill Rogers, Marvelous Marathon Man = alliteration Father in a Fix = alliteration Witch Watch = alliteration The Wonder of Waterfall = alliteration 3)Advertisements --Drinka Pinta Milka Day = sound elision --Extra Pintas Warma Winta = sound elision --Be different daily. Be dreamy or dramatic. Experiment, but still economise. Be bold and be beautiful—but don’t break the bank. = (in order) alliteration; alliteration; reverse rhyme; alliteration 2 The underlined word(s) in each of the following examples 1)Nim Chimpsky sounds like Noam Chompsky, who believes that man has a language learning device in the mind, which enables the child to learn the language however badly it is taught. This makes man different from animal, which does not have such a device. That is why chimpanzee (who is considered to be the most intelligent animal) can never learn the language however hard it is taught. 2）Romeow is a word imitating the sound made by a cat and shares the same pronunciation with the main character in Shakespeare’s tragedy Romeo and Juliet. Romeo has deep love for Juliet. It indicates that Romeow the cat has affection for the master. 3) Record shop named Moby Disc, which implies it is a huge shop of its kind, for it reminds one of the Moby Dick, a book which depicts people hunt a huge whole called Moby Dick. 3 1)phonological devices in the following extract. A creak of hinges...aisle. In this passage the authors uses alliteration high-heeled, assonance tiled surface of the central aisle. What is more conspicuous is the use of onomatopoeic words such as creak, booming thud, flutter, tiptap, which present the different kinds of noises heard in the church. The use of such words help the reader share the same experience of the writer and make the description vivid and believable. 2）Read the following extract from the novel Adventures of Tom 3）Sawyer and comment on the graphological forms. “TOM!” No answer. ...--Mark Twai This is one episode of the novel Adventures of Tom Sawyer, depicting how Granny is looking for Tom, who is naughty and hiding under the bed. The different form of letters with punctuation marks indicates how Granny speaks. When we read it, we have the feeling of watching Granny on a stage play. For example, “TOM!” is said louder than “Tom!”. “Y-o-u-u, Tom!” indicates Granny drawls her voice and with unusual loudness so as to be heard far away. The exclamation marks “!” show her emotion, and the dash “— “ impl ies her sudden stop. The italicized through emphasizes the contrast with “over” and “under”, humorously implying her glasses are intended for ornament rather than practical use. In the whole passage, we see the only character Granny, who is speaking to herself. It is very much like a stage monologue. After reading, we have a vivid image of Granny in our mind. And there is a touch of humour all through. 3单元 1 What are thethree ways of clause classification classification according to constituents, verb phrase and functions. By constituents clauses can be grouped into SV(A), SVO(A), SVC, SVOO, SVOC. By verb phrase we have finite clause, non-finite clause and verbless clause. By functions clauses can be categorized either as independent clause or dependent clause. 2 how do we distinguish situation types By according to meaning or sense of the verb. 3 Name the participant roles in action types The participant roles in action types are: agentive role (doer of the action), external force (causer of the action), intrumental role (tool to do the action with), recipient role (receiver of the action) and objective role (the affected or the result of the action). 4 What is a simple sentence What is a multiple sentence Directly/indirectly A simple sentence conforms to the basic clause structure SV(O) (C) (A). A multiple sentence consists of more than one clause. It may be either a compound sentence,a complex sentence, or a mixed sentence. D :nominal clauses function as S O C .I:relative clauses function as modified in NP and comparative c f as m in NP ADJP 5 What is the difference between a minor sentence and an incomplete sentence