2014年职称英语理工B 阅读理解、译文及问题答案(17篇)

2014年职称英语理工B 阅读理解、译文及问题答案（17篇）

第十七篇A Sunshade for the Planet

Even with the best will1 in the world, reducing our carbon emissions is not going prevent global warming. It has become clear that even if we take the most strong measures to control emissions, the uncertainties in our climate models still leave open the possibility of extreme warming and rises in sea level. At the same time, resistance by governments and special interest groups makes it quite possible that the actions suggested by climate scientists might not be implemented soon enough.

Fortunately, if the worst comes to the worse2, scientists still have a few tricks up their sleeves3. For the most part they have strongly resisted discussing these options for fear of inviting a sense of complacency that might thwart efforts to tackle the root of the problem. Until now, that is. A growing number of researchers are taking a fresh look at

large-scale ―geoengineering‖ projects that might be used to counteract global warming. ―I use the analogy of

m ethadone4,‖ says Stephen Schneider, a climate researcher at Stanford University in California who was among the first to draw attention to global warming. ―If you have a heroin addict, the correct treatment is hospitalization, and a long rehab. But if they absolutely refuse, methadone is better than heroin.

Basically the idea is to apply ―sunscreen‖ to the whole planet. One astronomer has come up with a radical plan to cool Earth: launch trillions of feather-light discs into space, where they would form a vast cloud that would block the sun‘s rays. It‘s controversial, but recent studies suggest there are ways to deflect just enough of the sunlight reaching the Earth‘s surface to counteract the warming produced by the greenhouse effect. Global climate model s show that blocking just 1. 8 per cent of the incident energy in the sun‘s rays would cancel out the warming effects produced by a doubling of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. That could be crucial, because even the most severe emissions-control measures being proposed would leave us with a doubling of carbon dioxide by the end of this century, and that would last for at least a century more.

注释:

1. the best will:昀好的愿望

2. if the worst comes to the worst:如果昀昀糟糕的事情发生了。这是英式英语的用法，在美式英语中它说成if worst comes to worst。在不同的语境中，有不同的译法。如: ―If the worst comes to the worst，‖ Becky thought，―my retreat is secure; and I have the right-hand seat in the barouche.‖蓓基想道:―逼到昀后一条路，逃难是不怕的了，在他的大马车里，我险稳地有一个位了。‖又如: If the worst comes to the worst，we‘ll sell the car.大不了我们把车卖了。

3. scientists still have a few tricks up their sleeves:科学家们仍然有些不为人所知的招数。have something up one‘s sleeve是英语成语，意思是: to have a secret idea or plan,有锦囊妙计，有所保留的，秘而不宣的谋略或计划，例如: If this trip doesn‘t work out I've still got a few ideas up my sleeve.

4. methadone:美沙酮，一种有效的合成麻醉药，它不像吗啡或海洛因那样容易让人上瘾，在戒毒治疗中被用作这些毒品的替代品。练习:

1. According to the first two paragraphs，the author thinks that A strong measures have been taken by the government to prevent global warming. B to reduce carbon emissions is an impossible mission. C despite the difficulty, scientists have some options to prevent global warming. D actions suggested by scientists will never he realized.

2. Scientists resist talking about their options because they don‘t want people to A know what they are doing. B feel their efforts are useless C think the problem has been solved. D see the real problem.

3. What does Stephen Schneider say about a heroin addict and methadone? A Methadone is an effective way to treat

a hard heroin addict. B Methadone is not a correct way to treat a heroin addict. C Hospitalization together with methadone can work effectively with a heroin addict. D Methadone and heroin arc equally effective in treating a heroin addict.

4. What is Stephen Schneider‘s idea of preventing glob al warming? A To ask governments to take stronger measures.

B To increase the sunlight reaching the Earth.

C To apply sunscreen to the Earth.

D To decrease greenhouse gases.

5. What is NOT true of the effectiveness of ―sunscreen‖, according to the last p aragraph? A It deflects sunlight reaching the Earth to counteract the warming. B It blocks the incident energy in the sun‘s rays. C It is a controversial method. D It decreases greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

1. C 短文第一段讲了防止地球变暧是一项艰巨的任务，第二段说，尽管如此，科学家还是有些办法，所以C 是正确选择。A是错误选择，因为作者认为政府和一些利益集团阻碍了科学家所倡导的行动的实施；B不是作者的观点；D也不是正确选择，因为第一段的昀后一句― might not be implemented soon enough‖并不表明永远不能实现。

2. C 文章的第二段说，即使昀糟糕的情况发生，科学家还是有几招的。但他们不希望讨论他们的招数，因为恐怕人们不再有危机感而削弱彻底解决问题的努力。所以C是正确选择。

3. A文章的第二段Stehgen Schneider教授将自己解决地球变暖问题的办法比作美沙酮。因为在瘾君子拒绝正常住院治疗时，服用美沙酮是一种缓解海洛因毒瘾的有效方法。所以A是正确的选择。

4. C文章昀后一段的第一个句子提供的答案。

5. D 短文昀后一段描述了― sunscreen‖如何解决地球变暖问题。尽管有争议，但是研究证明，―太阳屏‖能反射和阻碍阳光，起到抵消由温室效应引起的地球升温。昀后一段的第三和第四句是理解这个问题的关键。D不是文章所表达的内容，所以是正确答案。

译文：

地球防晒霜

就算怀着最美好的愿望，仅仅减少二氧化碳的排放量还是不能制止全球变暖。很明显，即便采取最强硬的措施来控制排放，气候的变化无常仍能导致极速变暖和海平面上升。另一方面，受到政府和特殊利益群体的阻挠，气候学家往往不能将措施很快实施彻底。‘

幸好，如果被逼上绝路，科学家们还有最后几招。在大多数情况下，他们拒绝讨论这些施，害怕人们会因此沾沾门喜而使这个问题不能被彻底解决。至少目前是这样。越来越多的研究者相信一项大型的地质丁程建设可用来抵御全球变暖。斯坦福大学的一位气象学家Stephen Schneider最早提出气候变暖这项议题的学者之一。他说：―我把它比作美沙酮。如果你那里有一个海洛因瘾者，那么正确的治疗方法就是住院，接受长时间的康复治疗。拒绝正常住院治疗，那服用美沙酮是一种缓解海洛因毒瘾的有效方法。‖

总体思路是给地球也涂上防晒霜。一个天文学家突发奇想，想借此冷却地球：发射亿万轻如羽毛的碟片进入太空形成巨大―云层‖以阻碍太阳光。这个想法备受争议，但最近的研究表明，有—些方法可以控制到达地球表面的阳光以抵消温室效应产生的气候变暖。全球气候模型表明，阻断百之一点八的太阳能刚好可以抵消大气中双倍的温室气体所引起的气候变暖现象。这个想法影响深远，因为即使采取最严格的控制气体排放措施，到本世纪末，二氧化碳量仍会翻倍。并且这种情况将再持续至少一个世纪。

第十八篇Thirst for Oil

Worldwide every day, we devour the energy equivalent of about 200 million barrels of oil. Most of the energy on Earth comes from the Sun. In fact enough energy from th e Sun hits the planet‘s surface each minute to cover our needs for an entire year, we just need to find an efficient way to use it. So far the energy in oil has been cheaper and easier to get at. But as supplies dwindle, this will change, and we will need to cure our addiction to oil.

Burning wood satisfied most energy needs until the steam-driven industrial revolution, when energy-dense coal became the fuel of choice. Coal is still used, mostly in power stations, to cover one quarter of our energy needs, but its use has been declining since we started pumping up oil. Coal is the least efficient, unhealthiest and most environmentally damaging fossil fuel, but could make a comeback, as supplies are still plentiful: its reserves are five times larger than oi l‘s.

Today petroleum, a mineral oil obtained from below the surface of the Earth and used to produce petrol, diesel oil and various other chemical substances, provides around 40% of the world‘s energy needs, mostly fuelling automobiles. The US consumes n quarter of all oil, and generates a similar proportion of greenhouse gas emissions.

The majority of oil comes from the Middle East, which has half of known reserves. But other significant sources include Russia, North America, Norway, Venezuela and the North Sea. Alaska‘s Arctic National Wildlife Refuge1 could be a major new US source, to reduce reliance on foreign imports.

Most experts predict we will exhaust easily accessible reserves within 50 years, though opinions and estimates vary. We could fast reach an energy crisis in the next few decades, when demand exceeds supply. As conventional reserves become more difficult to access, others such as oil shales and tar sands may be used instead. Petrol could also be

Since we started using fossil fuels, we have released 400 billion tonnes2 of carbon, and burning the entire reserves could eventually raise world temperatures by 130 C. Among other horrors, this would result in the destruction of all rainforests and the melting of all Arctic ice.

注释:

1. Alaska's Arctic National Wildlife Refuge:美国阿拉斯加北极国家野生动物保护区。2001年，美国众议院通过了一项基于布什提出的在那里进行石油开采的议案。该议案遭到环境保护主义组织的反对。因此，目前在该区禁止开采石油。

2. tonne:公吨(= 1,000公斤〉。不同于ton。ton:在美国等于二千磅(=0.907公吨)，所以称作short ton:短吨。练习:

1. ―… we will need to cure our addiction to oil.‖Why does the author say so? A Most of the energy on Earth comes from the Sun. B Oil supply is increasing all the time. C Demand for oil is increasing all the time. D Oil supply is decreasing.

2. Which of the following statements is NOT meant by the author, according to the second paragraph? A Wood was the fuel of choice before coal. B The use of coal is declining. C Coal is the most environmentally unfriendly fuel next to oil. D Coal reserves are plentiful and will be likely to become the major fuel of choice.

3. Which country is the biggest consumer of petroleum? A The United States. B Russia. C Norway. D Venezuela.

4. What do experts say about the earth‘s fuel reserves? A The earth‘s fuel reserves will be accessible for the next 50 years. B There will soon be an energy crisis. C Conventional reserves will soon become inaccessible. D Fuel demand will decline.

5. What is NOT the result of consuming fossil fuels according to the last paragraph? A Rainforests will be destroyed.

B A rctic ice will be melted.

C The earth‘s temperature will be raised.

D The sea level will go up.

答案与题解:

1. D 答案在第一段昀后一句中。这里的supplies指oil supplies。

2. C短文的第二段告诉我们，木材曾经是主要燃料来源，然后被煤所替代；自人们开始采油后，对煤的需求下降了，但因为媒的储量远大于石油，它可能又会成为主要燃料，尽管它对环境昀具破坏力。所以A、B、D均是作者的意思，而C不是。next to oil除石油以外。

3. A文章的第三段说，美国消耗全世界四分之一的石油。

4. B答案在第五段第二句中。该段第一句说，地球上的燃料储量将在50年内耗尽，所以A不是正确选择；第三句的意思是，常规燃料的获取将变得困难，而不是不可获得，所以C也不是正确选择；D明显不是作者的意思。

5. D 选项A、B、C都是昀后一段中所表达的意思。所以D是正确选择。

译文：

石油匮乏

全世界每天都要消耗相当于亿桶石油的能源。地球上的大部分能源来自于太阳。事实上，每分钟到达地球表层的来自于太阳的能源就足已满足我们一整年的需求，我们只是需要有效地加以利用而已。到目前为止，石油一直是一种较便宜、易获得的能源。但当供应缩减时，情况就会改变，我们就不能像现在这样不加节制地消耗石油了。

在蒸汽工业命时代，高能煤成为首选燃料之前，燃木能满足大部分能源需求。现在，煤仍然大量地运用于发电站，满足我们四分之一的能源需求。但自从我们开始大量开采石油后，煤的使用就已经在逐渐衰退。煤是使用效率最低、最不健康、最不环保的化石燃料，但因其供应充足——煤的储量是石油的6倍，煤的使用量又有所回升。

今天，石油作为一种从地表层挖掘出，用于生产汽油、柴油和其他各种化学物质的矿物油，供应着大约40%的世界能源需求，其中大部分用于供给机动车辆；美国消耗着世界四分之一的石油，同时排放出大约全球1/4的温室气体。

大部分的石油来自中东，牛东拥有50％的世界已勘探石油储存量。其他的石油产地包括俄罗斯、北美、挪威、委内瑞拉和北海。阿拉斯加北极国家野生动物保护区最新成为美国能源的又一主要供应地，减少了美国对国外进口石油的依赖。

的几十年，当供不应求时我们会很快陷入能源危机。当常规能源不容易获得时，代之使用的可能是诸如油页岩和沥青砂等能源。石油也可从煤中提炼获得。

自从我们开始使用化石燃料，我们已经释放出4000亿吨碳。当化石燃料全部用完时，世界温度将上升13摄氏度。更恐怖的是，这将会导致所有热带雨林的破坏和北极冰的溶解。

第十九篇Musical Robot Companion Enhances Listener Experience

Shimi, a musica l companion developed by Georgia Tech‘s Center for Music Technology, recommends songs, dances to the beat and keeps the music pumping based on listener feedback. The smartphone-enabled, one-foot-tall robot is billed as an interactive ―musical friend‖.

―Shi mi is designed to change the way that people enjoy and think about their music，‖ said Professor Gil Weinberg, the robot‘s creator. He will unveil the robot at the June 27th Google I/O conference in San Francisco. A band of three Shimi robots will perform for guests, dancing in sync with music created in the lab and composed according to its movements. Shimi is essentially a docking station with a ―brain‖ powered by an Android phone. Once docked, the robot gains the sensing and musical generation capabilitie s of the user‘s mobile device. In other words, if there‘s an ―app‖ for that, Shimi is ready. For instance, by using the phone‘s camera and face-detecting software，Shimi can follow a listener around the room and position its ―ears‖，or speakers, for optimal sound. Another recognition feature is based on rhythm and tempo. If the user taps a beat, Shimi analyzes it, scans the phone‘s musical library and immediately plays the song that best matches the suggestion. Once the music starts，Shimi dances to the rhythm.

―Many people think that robots are limited by their programming instructions, said Music Technology Ph. D. candidate Mason Bretan. ―Shimi shows us that robots can be creative and interactive. ‘‘Future apps in the works will allow the user to shake their head in disagreement or wave a hand in the air to alert Shimi to skip to the next song or increase/decrease the volume. The robot will also have the capability to recommend new music based on the user‘s song choices and provide feedback on the music play list.

Weinberg hopes other developers will be inspired to create more apps to expand Shimi‘s creative and interactive capabilities. ―I believe that our center is ahead of a revolution that will see more robots in homes.‖ Weinberg said. Weinberg is in the process of commercializing Shimi through an exclusive licensing agreement with Georgia Tech. Weinberg hopes to make the robot available to consumers by the 2013 holiday season. ―If robots are going to arrive in homes, we think that they will be this kind of machines一small, entertaining and fun，，，Weinberg said. ―They will enhance your life and pave the way for more intelligent service robots in our lives.‖

词汇：

pump v.用抽水机抽;不断播放（音乐）

scan v.扫描;浏览

skip v.轻跳，跳跃

sync n.同步，同时;v.使同步

tempo n.速度;节奏

注释：

1. Georgia Tech:全称是Georgia Institute of Technology,佐治亚理工学院，建于1885 年，位于亚特兰大市中心。佐治亚理工学齒是美国南部最大的公立理工学院,也是全美最顶尖的理工学院之一，排名仅次于麻省理工学院(MIT)和加州理工学院(CalTech)。

2. pump:不断播放(音乐）。例如:This radio station recently pumps out pop music. (这家广播电台近来连续播放流行音乐。)

3. smartphone-enabled:由智能手机系统支持的

4. is billed as:相当于is advertised as，意为―被标榜为‖。

5. docking station: 插接站,扩充基座，扩展插口

-6. Android:(科幻小说里的)机器人。本文指用于智能手机和便携式计算机移动设备的一种以Linus为基础的开放源代码操作系统，通过接口和插槽连接多种外部设备。目前Android 尚未有统一中文译名，国内较多人翻译成―安卓‖或―安致‖。据2012年2月数据, Android 占据全球智能手机操作系统市场52.5%的份额,中国市场占有率为68.4%。

8. the sensing and musical generation capabilities:传感和音乐生成能力

9. app:应用程序（=application)

10. if the user taps a beat:如果用户打出某个(音乐）拍子

11. in the works:正在准备阶段;在进行中或准备中

12. intelligent service robots:智能服务型机器人

练习：

1. Which of the following is NOT true according to the first three paragraphs?

A Shimi is a one-foot tall robot.

B Shimi is the creator of the musical companion.

C Shimi is a docking station with a― brain‖ powered by an Android phone.

D Shimi can gain the sensing and musical generation capabilities of the user‘s mobile device.

2. What does Shimi do if the user taps a beat?

A It stores the beat in the musical library.

B It transmits the beat to the docking station.

C It positions its speakers for optimal sound.

D It selects a perfectly-matched song and plays it in sync with that beat.

3. Which of the following about Shimi is true?

A Robots are limited by their programming instructions, and Shimi is no exception.

B Present apps allow the user to shake their head to alert Shimi to skip to the next song.

C Existing apps allow the user to wave a hand to alert Shimi to turn up/down the volume.

D Shimi can be creative and interactive.

4. What does the author want to tell us?

A The research center is developing a stronger and more versatile Shimi.

B Weinberg only expects staffs from Georgia Tech. to develop more apps for Shimi.

C Shimi is not yet technologically ready for commercialization.

D Robots such as Shimi are created for large corporations rather than homes.

5. Which of the following is We inberg‘s assertion?

A Shimi as a robotic musical companion can be applied to all types of smart phones.

B human lives will be filled with more fun if Shimi is going to arrive in homes.

C Shimi's creative and interactive capabilities are appreciated by most of its users.

D Weinberg has reached an agreement with Georgia Tech to commercialize Shimi.

答案与题解：

1. B在前三段中均可找到与选项A、C、D相应的句子，强调Shimi是一种电子设备;B与原文不符, Shimi不是该机器人的发明者,Gil Weinberg教授才是the robot‘s creator。

2. D选项D简要地表述了第三段的倒数第二句―If the user taps a beat, Shimi analyzes it, scans the phone‘s musical library and immediately plays the song that best matches the suggestion‖的意思,所以是答案。选项A、B、C都不符合上述句子的含义。

3. D选项A的意思与原文相反。虽然人们认为机器人受到程序指令的限制，但Shimi却表现出具有创造能力和互动能力，所以A不是答案。选项D的意思与原文相同，因而是答案。第四段第三句指的是未来的应用程序: future apps in the works,而选项B,C是指目前的应用程序，两者的表述均与原文有出入。

4. A第三段介绍Shimi的多种功能，第四段和第五段说Weinberg还在开发更多的应用程序来丰富Shimi的功能，还希望其他研发者也参与开发，因此，A是答案。选项B说Weinberg 仅仅希望Georgia Tech员工参与开发更多的应用软件，这与原文不符。文章最后一段告诉我们,Weinberg正在与Georgia Tech进行有关Shimi商业化的谈判,选项C的意思与此相反，不会是答案。选项D也与原文不符。

5. B选项A、C和D的内容Weinberg都没有说过。第三段告诉我们，Shimi是Android smart phone的扩充基座，并不适用于所有智能手机，所以A选项不正确；Shimi尚未进入市场，还谈不上公众对Shimi欣赏与否的问题，因此选项C不符合原意；Shimi正在进行商业化运作，但绝非已经完成，所以D也不是正确选项。本题的答案是

参考译文

第十九篇音乐机器人伴侣提升音乐欣赏体验

Shimi是由佐治亚理工大学音乐技术中心研发的一款音乐伴侣。它可以根据听者的反馈推荐合乎节拍的歌曲、舞蹈；并且不断播放音乐。这款髙1英尺的机器人是由智能手机系统支持的，因此被标榜为―一个可以互动的音乐朋友‖。

Gil Weinberg教授是该机器人的发明者，他解释说：―Shimi设计的宗旨是改变人们欣赏音乐、认识音乐的方式。‖他将在今年6月27日在旧金山的谷歌I/O大会上展示这款机器人。一个由三个机器人组成的乐队将为来宾演奏，并伴随音乐起舞。而音乐是根据不同的运动形式编制的。

Shimi实际上是一个扩充基座，它的―大脑‖由安卓手机控制。一旦连接上，机器人便从用户的移动装置获得传感和音乐生成能力。换言之，只要有应用程序，机器人便能使用。例如，通过手机的照相机和辨认脸型的软件，Shimi 就能在房间周围跟踪到听众，然后安置好它的―耳朵‖或扬声器，以确保输送最佳声音。另外一种识别特征是基于节奏和速度。如果用户打出某个（音乐）拍子，Shimi会对此进行分析，然后浏览手机的音乐库，并立即演奏最符合要求的音乐。一旦音乐响起来，Shimi就随韵律起舞。

―许多人认为机器人受到程序指令的限制，而Shiini给我们展示了机器人可以具有创造力和与人交互的能力。‖音乐技术博士研究生Mason Bretan如是说。正在研发中的程序将使用户能沟通过摇头或摆手表示不同意，来提醒Shimi跳到下一首歌或增减音量。机器人还可根据用户对歌曲的选择推荐新音乐，并对音乐播放列表提供反馈。Weinberg希望其他研发者会因此获得灵感，开发更多的应用程序，来扩展Shimi的创新和交互功能。他说：―我认为我们中心正在引领这场将更多机器人应用到家庭中去的变革。‖

Weinberg正在通过获得佐治亚理工学院的独家授权来对Shimi进行商业推广。Weinberg希望到2013年的节日季消费者可购买到Shimi。Weinberg说：―如果机器人进入家庭，我们认为就应该是这种类型的机器人：小巧、令人愉快和有趣，它们能提高我们的生活质量，为更多智能服务型机器人进人我们的生活做好准备。

Explorer of the Extreme Deep

Oceans cover more than two-thirds of our planet．Yet，just a small fraction of the undcrwaler world has been uxplored．Now，Scientists at the Woods Hole1 Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) in Massachusetts are building an underwater vehicle hat will carry explorers as deep as 6,500 meters (21,320 feet)．The new machine，known as a manned submersible or human-operated vehicle (HOV)，will replace another one named Alvin2 which bas an amazing record of discovery，playing a key role in various important and famous undersea expeditions．Alvin has been operating for 40 years but can go down only 4,500 meters (14,784 feet)．It‘s about time for an upgrade，WHOI researchers say．Alvin was launched in 1964．Since then，Alvin has worked between 200 and 250 days a year，says Daniel Fornari，a marine geologist and director of the Deep Ocean Exploration Institute at WHOI．During its lifetime，Alvin has carried some 12,000 people on a total of more than 3,000 dives．A newer，better versions of Alvin is bound to reveal even more surprises ahout a world that is still full of mysteries，Fornari says．It might also make the job of exploration a little easier．―We take so much for granted on land,‖ Fornar i says．―We can walk around and see with our eyes how big things are．We can see colors，special arrangements．‖

Size-wise，the new HOV will be similar to Alvin．It‘ll be about 37 feet long．The setting area inside will be a small sphere，about 8 feet wide，like Alvin，it‘ll carry a pilot and two passengers．It will be just as maneuverable．In most other ways，it will give passengers more opportunities to enjoy the view，for one thing．Alvin has only three windows，the new vehicle will have five，with more overlap so that the passengers and the pilot can see the same thing．Alvin can go up and down at a rate of 30 meters every second，and its maximum speed is 2 knots (about 2．3 miles per hour)，while the new vehicle will be able to ascend and descend at 44 meters per second．It‘ll reach speeds of 3 knots，or 3．5 miles per hour．

词汇：

fraction/5frAkFEn/n．一部分dive/daiv/v．＆n．潜水；跳水

underwater/5QndE5wC:tE(r)/adj．bound/baund /adj．受约束的，一定的水下的；adv．在水下

sphere/sfiE(r)/n．球体；范围manned/5mAnd/adj．载人的

maneuverable/mE5nu:vErEbl/adj．undersea/5QndEsi:/ adj．海底的

机动的，可调动的submersible/sQb5mE:sEbl/n．潜艇；潜水器

ascend/E5send/ v．上升geologist/dVi5ClEdVist/n．地质学家

注释：

1．Woods Hole：美国马萨诸塞州的一个渔村，但同时拥有许多重要研究机构，如：the Marine Biological Laboratory，the Sea Education Association以及the Woods Hole Oceanographic lnstitution。

2．Alvin：世界上第一个深海潜水器，它最有名的深海探测包括1986年对泰坦尼克号残骸的测量工作。

练习：

1．What is Alvin?

A A research institute．

B A transporting vehicle．

C A submersible．

D A scientist．

2．Which of the following statements is NOT a fact about Alvin?

A h can carry explorers as deep as 6,500 meters．

B It has played a key role in various important undersea expeditions

C It was launched in the sixties of the twentieth century．

D It has been used for more than 40 years．

3．―．．．a world that is still full of mysteries‖ refers to

A the earth．

B out space．

C the ocean．

D Mars．

4．In what aspects are the new HOV and Alvin similar?

A Size．

B Speed．

C Capacity．

D Shape．

5．In what aspects are the new HOV and Alvin different?

A Offering better views．

B Speed．

C Size．

D Both A and B．

答案与题解：

1．C 短文第一段的第四、第五句提供了答案

2．A 文章第一段从第三句开始说，科学家正在研制一艘可将研究人员带到6 500米深处的潜水装置，而它将替代Alvin，因为Alvin只能潜到4 500米深处。A不是事实，所以是正确选择。

3．C 本文讨论探索海底世界的潜水装置，所以―充满神秘色彩的世界‖指的就是海洋。

4．D 第三段的头三个句子告诉我们，HOV和Alvin在体积上和容量上相似。所以D是正确选择。

5．D 第三段最后两句告诉我们，Alvin只有三个窗户，而HOV有五个。最后一段告诉我们，两艘潜水装置的上下活动速度和行进速度有所差别。所以D是正确选择。

译文：

深海探索器

海洋覆盖了我们地球三分之二的面积，但被开发的地下水却只有很小一部分。目前，马萨诸塞木洞海洋研究所的科学家们正在开发一种能载探索家们深入水下6 500米(21 320英尺)的水下交通丁具。作为一种载人潜艇或人T 操作丁具，这种新的机器将替代世界上第一个深海潜水器Alvin。Azui‖潜水器已经保持了惊人的纪录，在各种重要的深海考察中发挥着重要作用。Alvin潜水器已经运行了40年，但它只能深人水下4 500米(14 784英尺)。术洞海洋协会的研究家们说，潜水下具陔升级了。

Alvin潜水器下水始于1964年。海洋地质学家兼木洞海洋学研究所深海探索协会主任Daniel其不意Fornari说，

Fornari说，新式的Aluin潜水器必将揭示这个依旧充满神秘的水下世界的许多奇妙之处。它也可能会使水下探索更容易些。Fornari说：―我们在陆上把许多东两想当然，我们会四处行走，用我们的双眼看周同的东两的大小。我们会看到各种颜色，各种特殊的布置。‖

这种新的人工操作机器与Aluin潜水器很相似，大小适中。长约37英，里面环境将是个小球体，约8英尺宽。和Azum一样，它将载一名宇航员和两名乘客。可渊动。其他方面。它将使乘客有更多机会欣赏风景，闪为旧式Aluin潜水器只有三个窗，―，新式的将有五个窗户，其中有很多折叠，乘客和宇航员可以看见相同的事物。

旧式Aluin抽潜水器可以每秒上下30米．最快时速是2节(约2．3英里／小时)；衙新式潜水器将能每秒上下44米，它最快时速将达到3节(3．5英曜/小时)。

第二十篇Plant Gas

Scientists have been studying natural sources of methane for decades but hadn't regarded plants as a producer, notes Frank Keppler, a geochemist at the Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics in Heldelberg, Germany. Now Keppler and his colleagues find that plants, from grasses to trees, may also be sources of the greenhouse gas. This is really surprising, because most scientists assumed that methane production requires an oxygen-free environment.

Previously, researchers had thought that it was impossible for plants to make significant amounts of the gas. They had assumed that microbes2 need to be in environments without oxygen to produce methane. Methane is a greenhouse gas, like carbon dioxide. Gases such as methane and carbon dioxide trap heat in Earth's atmosphere and contribute to global warming.

In its experiments, Keppler's team used sealed chambers that contained the same concentration of oxygen that Earth's atmosphere has. They measured the amounts of methane that were released by both living plants and dried plant material, such as fallen leaves.

With the dried plants, the researchers took measurement at temperatures ranging from 30 degrees Celsius to 70 degrees C. At 30 degrees C, they found, a gram of dried plant material released up to 3 nanograms of methane per hour. （One nanogram is a billionth of a gram.）With every 10-degree rise in temperature, the amount of methane released each hour roughly doubled.

Living plants growing at their normal temperatures released as much as 370 nanograms of methane per gram of plant tissue per hour. Methane emissions tripled when living and dead plant was exposed to sunlight.

Because there was plenty of oxygen available, it's unlikely that the types of bacteria that normally make methane were involved. Experiments on plants that were grown in water rather than soil also resulted in methane emissions. That's another strong sign that the gas came from the plants and not soil microbes.

The new finding is an "interesting observation," says Jennifer Y. King, a biogeochemist at the University of Minnesota in St. Paul3. Because some types of soil microbes consume methane, they may prevent plant-produced methane from reaching the atmosphere. Field tests will be needed to assess the plant's influence, she notes. （367 words）

41 that was scientists' understanding of methane?

A）It was produced from plants.

B）It was not a greenhouse gas.

C）It was produced in oxygen-free environments.

D）It traps more heat than any other greenhouse gas.

42 To test whether plants are a source of methane, the scientists created

A）a oxygen-free environment.

B）an environment with the same concentration of oxygen as the Earth has.

C）a carbon dioxide-free environment.

D）an environment filled with the greenhouse gas

43 hich statement is true of the methane emissions of plants in the experiment?

A）The lower the temperature, the higher the amount of methane emissions.

B）Living plants release less methane than dried plants at the same temperature.

C）When exposed to sunlight, plants stop releasing methane.

D）The higher the temperature, the greater the amount of methane emissions.

A）Plants growing in soil release methane.

B）Plants growing in water release methane.

C）Soil microbes consume methane.

D）Microbes in plants produce methane.

45 What is the beneficial point of some microbes consuming plant-produced methane?

A）Methane becomes less poisonous.

B）methane is turned into a fertilizer.

C）Less methane reaches the atmosphere.

D）Air becomes cleaner……

参考答案：41 C42 B43 D44 D45 C

译文：

植物，沼气的又一来源

德国马克思·普朗克核物理研究所地球化学家Frank Keppler提到，科学家已经研究沼气几十年，但一直没认为植物能产生沼气。现在Keppler和同事们发现从草到树的植物也可能是温室气体的来源。这的确是令人惊讶的，阅为大多数科学家认为沼气是在缺氧环境中产生的。

以前，研究人员认为植物不可能产㈩大量的气体。他们认为微生物需要在无氧环境下生产沼气。沼气和二氧化碳一样都是温室气体，它们在地球大气中吸收热量导致全球变暖。

在实验中，Keppler一组使用内含与地球大气中同等密度氧的密闭室来测量从活植物和干植物如落叶中释放的沼气量。

研究人员测量干植物时温度在30摄氏度到70摄氏度。3()摄氏度时，他们发现一克干植物每小时释放3微克沼气(1微克是1克的十亿分之一)。温度每上升10度，每小时释放的沼气量约会增加一倍。

对于正常温度下生长的活植物，每一克植物组织每小时释放出370微克的沼气。当活的或者死的植物暴露在阳光下时，沼气释放量会增加两倍。

由于有大量的氧气，正常生产沼气的细菌不可能加入。在对生长在水中而不是土壤中的植物进行实验时也发现有沼气释放。这也表明气体产生于植物而不是土壤微生物。

圣保罗明尼苏达州大学：生物地球化学家Jennifer Y．King说，这些新发现是一项―有趣的观察记录‖。因为一些土壤微生物消耗沼气，它们会阻止植物产生的沼气到达大气中。Jennifer Y．King指出，需要对土地进行测试以判定植物的影响。

第二十二篇Snowflakes

You've probably heard that no two snowflakes are alike. Of course, nobody has ever confirmed that statement by examining every one of the estimated one septillion snowflakes that drift to Earth each year. still, Kenneth Libbrecht, a professor at the California Institute of Technology, is confident that the statement is true.

Snowflakes aren't flaky, says Libbrecht. At their basic level, they're crystalline. The lattice of every snowflake is six-sided in shape. The simplest snow crystals are six-sided flat plates and six-sided columns. Such crystals are common in places where the air is extremely cold and dry. Snow crystals acquire their special beauty when their simple six-sided symmetry blossoms. Under the right conditions, each of the six corners of a crystal sprouts what is called an arm. In a matter of minutes, the arms can become highly ornate and give the crystal a star like appearance.

Several factors in the environment affect the shape and growth rate of a snow crystal. One factor is humidity. Crystals grow faster and in more intricate shape as humidity increases. A second factor is air temperature. A snowflake is born when several molecules of water vapor in a could land on a speck of dust and freeze to form a simple crystal. As the young crystal bops around in the cloud, it passes through air pockets of varying temperatures. If the crystal passes through a pocket of air that is, says,—15 degrees Celsius, it will grow quickly and sprout six arms, says Libbrecht. If the crystal is then tossed into a warmer pocket, one about-10℃, the arms' tips will stop growing quickly and form six-side plates. If the crystal then drifts into an even warmer pocket of about -℃, its top and bottom will grow more quickly than its sides and become more column like in shape.

In the course of its life span, a snow-crystal might flutter through many warmer and colder pockets, acquiring a complicated and unique growth history. Such a history will give rise to a snowflake that is unlike any other. Each arm on

Using his cooling tanks, Libbrecht has learned how to create snow crystals of different shapes—plates, colhuns, needles etc. Libbrecht has even refined his techniques so that he can make crystals that look highly similar to one another. Still, he lacks the control to manufacture identical twin snowflakes. A slight difference in humidity and temperature can upset the growth profile of a crystal.

1. What does Professor Libbrecht believe to be true?

A. No two snowflakes are exactly the same in shape.

B. Somebody has examined all the snowflakes that on Earth.

C. The statement that no two snowflakes are alike is confirmed.

D. None of the above.

2. What do the simplest snow crystals look like?

A. They have six columns.

B. They are flaky.

C. They are cubic in shape.

D. They are six-sided.

3. What are the factors that affect the shape and growth rate of a snow crystal?

A. Humidity and temperature.

B. Water and falling speed.

C. Air and altitude.

D. Both B and C.

4. It can be felt from the description in the 2nd paragraph that the author

A. admires the beauty of the snowflakes.

B. dislikes the changing growth history of the snowflakes.

C. has a particular feeling for those flower-like crystals.

D. likes to compare snowflakes to the stars in the sky.

5. Libbrecht is not able to

A. create snow crystals of different shapes.

B. make crystals that look similar to one another.

C. create snowflakes that are exactly alike.

D. refine his techniques.

答案与题解:

1. A第一段的第一句说，没有两片雪花是同样的，昀后一句说Libbrecht … is confident that the st atement is true。这里的statement指的就是― no two snowflakes are alike‖这句话。所以A是正确选项。

2. D 第二段的第二句、第三句提供了答案。

3. A第三段第二句和第四句中提到了One factor is humidity … A second factor is air temperature。所以A是正确的答案。

4. A第二段描述雪花的形成过程时，用了好几个赞美的词语和句子，如special beauty, six-sided symmetry blossoms，highly ornate等。所以，选项A是恰当的。

5. C 昀后一段告诉我们，Libbrecht可以制造不同形状的雪花。他还改进了制造技术，能制造出极为相似的雪花，但还制造不出完全相同的雪花。所以C是正确答案。

译文：

雪花

你可能听说过没有两片雪花是完全相同的。当然，没有人曾经检查过每年飘落在地球上的数以万亿计的雪花来证实这一说法。然而，加州技术学院的Kenneth Libbrecht教授仍相信这一说法的真实性。

Libbrecht说，雪花并不是片状的。它们在基础阶段是结晶状的。每一片雪花的晶格都是六边形的。最简单的雪晶体是六边的扁平碟状和六边的柱状。这种晶体在极寒极干的地方十分普遍。当这种简单的六边对称形状

在大约几分钟的时间内，这些臂状物变得非常华美，结晶体也变得像星星般闪闪发亮。

环境中的几个因素影响了雪晶体的形状及形成速度。其中之一是湿度。当湿度增加时，晶体变化得更快并且形成更为复杂的形状。另一个因素是气温。云里的水蒸气分子集结在尘埃上，冷凝形成简单的晶体，此时，雪花就诞生了。初形成的晶体在云里四处碰撞，穿过不同Libbrecht说，当这些晶体遇到大约零下15度的空气团时，它们就会快速变化，伸长出六个臂状物。这时，如果晶体遇到一个温度更高的空气团（比如零下10度），这些臂状物的尖端就会很快停止伸长，形成碟状的六边形。这时，如果遇到温度更高的空气团（比如零下5度），它的顶部和底部会比两边更快地停止伸长，从而在形状上更像一个柱形。

在雪花的一生中，雪晶体可能遇到许多温度更高或更低的空气团，形成独特而又复杂的生长史。这使得雪花不尽相同。雪花的每一个臂状物看起来都十分相像。但晶体本身却是各式各样的。

利用冷却槽，Libbrecht发现了如何制造各种形状的雪晶体，碟状、柱状、针状的等等。Libbrecht还改进了他的技术，使得晶体之间更加相像。然而，他仍然无法制造两片完全相同的雪花。湿度与温度的细微差别就会改变晶体的形成过程。

第二十三篇Powering a City? It's a Breeze

The graceful wooden windmills that have broken up the flat Dutch landscape for centuries—a national symbol like wooden shoes and tulips—yielded long ago to ungainly metal-pole turbines.

Now, windmills are breaking into a new frontier. Though still in its teething stages, the ―urban turbine‖ is a high-tech windmill designed to generate energy from the rooftops of busy citles. Lighter, quieter, and often more efficient than rural counterparts, they take advantage of the extreme turbulence and rapid shifts in direction that characterize urban wind patterns.

Prototypes have been successfully tested in several Dutch cities, and the city government in the Hague has recently agreed to begin a large-scale deployment in 2003. Current models cost US$8,000 to US$12,000 and can generate between 3,000 and 7,000 kilowatt hours of electricity per year. a typical Dutch household uses 3,500 kilowatt hours per year, while in the United States, this figure jumps to around 10,000 kilowatt hours.

But so far, they are being designed more for public or commercial buildings than for private homes. The smallest of the current models weigh roughly 200 kilograms and can be installed on a roof in a few hours without using a crane.

Germany, Finland and Denmark have also been experimenting with the technology, but the ever-practical Dutch are natural pioneers in urban wind power mainly because of the lack of space. The Netherlands, with 16 million people crowded into a country twice the size of Slovenia, is the most densely populated in Europe.

Problems remain, however, for example, public safety concerns, and so strict standards should be applied to any potential manufacturers. Vibrations are the main problem in skyscraper-high turbine. People don't know what it would be like to work there, in an office next to one of the big turbines. It might be too hectic.

Meanwhile, projects are under way to use minimills to generate power for lifeboats, streetlights, and portable generators. ―I think the thing about wind power is that you can use it in a whole range of situations,‖ said Corin Millais, of the European Wind Energy Association. ―It's a very local technology, and you can use it right in you backyard. I don't think anybody wants a nuclear power plant in their backyard.‖

1. What are the symbols of Netherlands according to the first paragraph?

A. The flat landscape.

B. Wooden shoes and wooden windmills.

C. Metal-pole turbines.

D. Both A and B.

2. Which statement is best describes the urban turbine mentioned in the second paragraph?

A. It is a windmill put on rooftops of buildings for energy generation.

B. It is a high-tech machine designed to generate energy for urban people.

C. It is light and quiet and therefore more efficient.

D. It is driven by urban wind.

3. The smallest models of an urban turbine

A. is designed for private homes.

C. can be carried up to the rooftop without a crane.

D. can be installed with a crane.

4. The Netherlands leads in the urban turbine technology because

A. the Dutch are natural pioneers.

B. the Dutch have a tradition with windmills.

C. Netherlands is windier than Germany, Finland and Slovenia.

D. Netherlands is a small country with a large population.

5. According to the last paragraph, what are the advantages of wind power technology?

A. It can be used for different purposes.

B. It can replace nuclear power plant.

C. It can be in stalled in one's backyard.

D. It can be installed in one's backyard.

1.题目：What are the symbols of Netherlands according to the first paragraph?

答案：B) Wooden shoes and wooden windmills.

2.题目：Which statement is best describes the urban turbine mentioned in the second paragraph?

答案：B) It is a high-tech machine designed to generate energy for urban people.

3.题目：The smallest models of an urban turbine

答案：C) can be carried up to the rooftop without a crane.

4. 题目：Netherlands leads in the urban turbine technology because

答案：A) Netherlands is a small country with a large population.

5.题目：According to the last paragraph, what are the advantages of wind power technology?

答案：A) It can be used for different purposes and installed in one's back yard.

译文：

风力发电？轻而易举

与木鞋、郁金香一起被视为荷兰象征的风车，在荷兰平原上优雅地矗立了几个世纪，可是，它的作用早已为笨拙的金属涡轮所代替。

现在，风车已经进入了一个新的疆域。虽然还处于萌芽阶段，城镇使用的涡轮机已经是一种高科技的风车，它们从大城市的平顶房上产生能量。它们利用了城市中的风所特有的乱流和快速转向，比起乡村风车来，更轻，更安静，更有效率。

这种风车的样品已经成功地在荷兰的几个城市得到测试。海牙市政府最近已经同意在2003年开始大规模发展这种风车。目前的风车模型大约花费8000到112000美元，每年能够产生3000到7000千瓦时的电。一个典型的荷兰家庭每年使用3500千瓦时的电，而在美国，这个数字则要上千到大约10000千瓦时。

但是到目前为止，这些风车的设计更适合于公共或商务设施，而不是家庭。目前最小的风车模型大约有200公斤重，而且不需要吊车就可以将它安装在屋顶。

德国、芬兰和丹麦都已经开始这项技术的实验，但是，荷兰的空间狭小使得它在城市风力发电上始终是最实际的先驱。荷兰拥有1600万的人口，是斯洛文尼亚的两倍，是欧洲人口密度的国家。

尽管如此，问题仍然存在。比如，公共安全问题，以及对潜在的制造商制定严格的标准。高耸入云的涡轮机最主要的问题是振动。人们无法想像在一个巨大的涡轮机旁边的办公室里如何工作。那一定是闹哄哄。

与此同时，使用小型风车为救生船、路灯和便携式发电同提供能量的计划也在进行之中。―我认为使用风力就是能让人在任何情况下都可以使用。‖欧洲风能协会的CorinMillais说，―这是一种因地制宜的技术，人们能在自己家的后院使用。我想没有人希望自己家的后院里是一个核电站。‖

第二十四篇Underground Coal Fires a Looming Catastrophe

Coal burning deep underground in China, India and Indonesia is threatening the environment and human life, scientists have warned, these large-scale underground blazes cause the ground temperature to heat up and kill surrounding vegetation, produce greenhouse gases and can even ignite forest first, a panel of scientists told the annual meeting of the American Association For the Advancement of Science in Denver. The resulting release of poisonous elements like arsenic and mercury can also pollute local water sources and soils, they warned.

Swainsboro, USA, But surprisingly few people know about them.

Coal can heat up on its own, and eventually catch fire and burn, if there is a continuous oxygen supply. The heat produced is not cause to disappear and under the right combinations of sunlight and oxygen, can trigger spontaneous catching fire and burning. This can occur underground, in coal stockpiles, abandoned mines or even as coal is transported. Such fires in China consume up to 200 million tones of coal per year, delegates were told. In comparison, the U.S. economy consumes about one billion tones of coal annually, said Stracher, whose analysis of the likely impact of coal fires has been accepted for publication in the International Journal of Coal Ecology. Once underway, coal fires can burn for decades, even centuries. In the process, they release large volumes of greenhouse gases poisonous fumes and black particles into the atmosphere.

The members of the panel discussed the impact these fires may be having on global and regional climate change, cand agreed that the underground nature of the fires makes them difficult to protect. One of the members of the panel, Assistant Professor Paul Van Dijk of the International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth observation in the Netherlands, has been working with the Chinese government to detect and monitor fires in the northern regions of the country.

Ultimately, the remote sensing and other techniques should allow scientists to estimate how much carbon dioxide these fires are emitting. One suggested method of containing the fires was presented by Gary Colaizzi, of the engineering firm Goodson, which has developed a heat-resistant grout (a thin mortar used to fill cracks and crevices), which is designed to be pumped into the coal fire to cut off the oxygen supply.

1. According to the first paragraph, one of the warnings given by the scientists is that

Underground Coal Fires — a Looming（即将到来的）Catastrophe

Coal burning deep underground in China, India and Indonesia is threatening the environment and human life, scientists have warned. These large-scale underground blazes cause the ground temperature to heat up and kill surrounding vegetation, produce greenhouse gases and can even ignite forest fires, a panel of scientists told the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in Denver. The resulting release of poisonous elements like arsenic and mercury can also pollute local water sources and soils, they warned.

vegetation 植被

1. According to the first paragraph, one of the warnings given by the scientists is that

A. underground fires loom large in the forests.

B. coal burning deep underground is found in China.

C. poisonous elements released by the underground fires can pollute water sources.

D. arsenic and mercury are the most poisonous elements to water sources.

「答案」：C

2. According to the third paragraph, what will happen when the underground heat does not disappear?

―Coal fires are a global catastrophe,‖ said （Associate Professor Glenn Stracher of East Georgia College in Swainsboro, USA.）But surprisingly few people know about them.

Coal can heat up on its own, and eventually catch fire（着火）and burn, if there is a continuous oxygen supply. The heat produced is not caused to disappear and under the right combinations of sunlight and oxygen, can trigger spontaneous catching fire and burning.

catch fire着火

set fire纵火

2. According to the third paragraph, what will happen when the underground heat does not disappear?

A. Coal heats up on its own and catches fire and burns.

B. The underground oxygen will be used up.

C. Poisonous fumes and greenhouse gases will be accumulated underground.

D. There will be an increase of abandoned mines.

「答案」：A

课文讲解（3）～（5）题

This can occur underground, in coal stockpiles（储备物资）, abandoned mines or even as coal is transported. Such fires in China consume up to 200 million tones of coal per year, delegates were told. In comparison, the U.S. economy consumes about one billion tones of coal annually, said Stracher, whose analysis of the likely impact of coal fires has been accepted for publication in the International Journal of Coal Ecology.

3. What did Stracher analyze in his article published in the International Journal of Coal Ecology?

A. Annual consumption of coal in U.S.

B. Annual consumption of coal in China.

C. How long coal fires has lasted in the northern region of China.

D. Coal fires can have an impact on the environment.

「答案」：D

4. Which of the following statements about Paul Van Dijk is NOT true?

Once underway, coal fires can burn for decades, even centuries. In the process, they release large volumes of greenhouse gases, poisonous fumes and black particles into the atmosphere.

The members of the panel discussed the impact these fires may be having on global and regional climate change, and agreed that the underground nature of the fires makes them difficult to protect. One of the members of the panel, Assistant Professor Paul Van Dijk of the （International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation in the Netherlands, has been working with the Chinese government to detect and monitor fires in the northern regions of the country）.

4. Which of the following statements about Paul Van Dijk is Not true?

A. He was one of the scientists who have warned against the threats of underground fires.

B. He has detected and monitored underground fires in Netherlands.

C. He has worked with the Chinese government on the underground fires issue.

D. He works for a research institute in the Netherlands.

「答案」：B

5. According to the fifth paragraph, what is the suggested method to control under ground fires?

Ultimately, the remote sensing （远程感应）and other techniques should allow scientists to estimate how much carbon dioxide these fires are emitting. One suggested method of containing the fires was presented by Gary Colaizzi, of the engineering firm Goodson, which has developed a heat-resistant grout（水泥浆）（a thin mortar（灰浆）used to fill cracks and crevices）, which is designed to be pumped into the coal fire to cut off the oxygen supply.

5. According to the fifth paragraph, what is the suggested method to control under ground fires?

A. Using remote sensing technique.

B. Controlling the release of carbon dioxide.

C. Making the soil heat resistant.

D. Cutting off the oxygen supply.

「答案」：D

译文：

地下煤引发即将来临的灾难

科学家们警告说，中国、印度和印尼的地下煤矿着火将严重威胁自然环境和人身安全。在丹佛举行的美国科学促进协会的会议上，一个专家小组的科学家们表示，林规模地地下大火将会提高地面温度，烧死周围的植物，由此产生的气体将会导致温室效应，甚至有可能引起森林大火。他们还警告说，大火释放出来的砷、汞等有毒物质还会污染当地的水源和土壤。

美国东佐治亚大学Swainboro分校的副教授Glenn Stracher说：―煤矿失火是一个全球性的灾难。‖但令人惊奇的是很少有人知道这一点。

煤能够自己提高温度，存在充足的氧气时，它能够自然。它产生的热量并不会消失，在合适的阳光和氧气条件下，它就会自燃。这种情况可能发生在地下煤矿的煤堆，废弃的煤矿，甚至在煤的运输过程中。Stracher教授告诉与会代表们，每年在中国，这种情况会消耗掉2亿吨的煤。相比之下，美国每年的用煤量为十亿吨。Stracher教授关于由煤引起的大火的影响的分析已经在《国际煤生态学期刊》上发表。煤一旦燃烧起来，就可能燃烧几十年，

专家们讨论了这些大火对全球和地区气候变化的影响，一致认为火灾地点发生在地下，使得火灾不容易被发现。小组的一个成员，来自荷兰国际地质信息科学和地球观测研究院的Paul Van Dijk副教授已经同中国政府合作探测和控制中国北部地区的煤矿失火情况。

远程感应以及其他技术最终将能够允许科学家们估计出究竟这些大火释放出多少一氧化碳。Goodson工程公司的Gary Colaizzi提出了一种控制火势的方法。他们公司已开发出一种隔热水泥浆（一种稀灰浆用来填充裂缝），它可以被灌注到失火的煤矿中以切断氧气来源。

第二十五篇Eat to Live

A meager diet may give you health and long life, but it's not much fun—and it might not even be necessary. We may be able to hang on to1 most of that youthful vigor even if we don't start to diet until old age.

Stephen Spindler and his colleagues from the University of California at Riverside have found that some of an elderly mouse's liver genes can be made to behave as they did when the mouse was young simply by limiting its food for four weeks. The genetic rejuvenation won't reverse other damage caused by time for the mouse, but could help its liver metabolize drugs or get rid of toxins2.

Spindler's team fed three mice a normal diet for their whole lives, and fed another three on half-rations. Three more mice were switched from the normal diet to half-feed3 for a month when they were 34 months old—equivalent to about 70 human years.

The researchers checked the activity of 11,000 genes from the mouse livers, and found that 46 changed with age in the normally fed mice. The changes were associated with things like inflammation and free radical production4—probably bad news for mouse health. In the mice that had dieted all their lives, 27 of those 46 genes continued to behave like young genes. But the most surprising finding was that the mice that only started dieting in old age also benefited from 70 per cent of these gene changes.

―This is the first indication that thee effects kick in5 pretty quickly,‖ says Huber Warner from the National Institute on Aging near Washington, D. C.

No one yet knows if calori e works in people as it does in mice, bus Spindler is hopeful. ―There's attracting and tempting evidence out there that it will work,‖ he says.

If it does work in people, there might be good reasons for rejuvenating the liver. As we get older, out bodies are les efficient at metabolizing drugs, for example. A brief period of time of dieting, says Spindler, could be enough to make sure a drug is effective.

But Spindler isn't sure the trade-off is worth it6. ―The mice get less disease, they live longer but they're hungry,‖ he says. ―Even seeing what a diet does, it's still hard to go to a restaurant and say: 'I can only eat half of that'.‖Spindler hopes we soon won't need to diet at all. His company, Life Span Genetics in California, is looking for drugs that have the effects of calorie restriction.

词汇：

meager ['mi:ɡ?(r)] adj. 不足的

youthful [''ju:θful] adj. 有青春活力的

vigor ['v?ɡ?(r)] n. 精力，活力

metabolize [m?'tæb?laiz] vt. 使(一种物质)进入新陈代谢过程

genetic [d??'net?k] adj. 基因的

rejuvenation [ri?d?u:v?'nei∫?n] n. 恢复活力，返老还童

liver ['liv?] n. 肝脏

toxin ['t?ksin] n. 毒素

ration ['ræ∫?n] n. 定量

calorie ['kæl?ri] n. 卡(热量的单位)

inflammation [?infl?'mei∫?n] n. 炎症，发炎

trade-off n. 交换，交易

rejuvenate [ri'd?u:vineit] vt. 使恢复活力

注释：

该继续保留那幅画，或许有一天它会值很多钱。

2. The genetic rejuvenation won‘t reverse other damage caused by time for the mouse, but could help its liver metabolize drugs or get rid of toxins. 老鼠的肝部基因恢复活力不会逆转老鼠在其他方面的老化，但却有助于肝脏带血药物或除去毒素。other damager caused by time 岁月造成的其他方面的破坏，即―其他方面的老化‖。Metabolize drugs:代谢药物，即―使药物参与新陈代谢以提高药效‖。get rid of :摆脱，除去。

3. half-rations 和half-feed: 都是指―老鼠饲料正常定量(normal diet)的一半‖。

4. free radical production：指―(有机体组织、器官等的)无限激增‖。

5. kick in ：意为―开始起作用‖。如：We‘re still waiting for the air conditioning to kick in ：我们还在等着空调开始起作用。

6.be worth it ：意为―值得，有益‖。例如：They are expensive, but they are worth it. 那些东西很贵，但划得来。练习：

1. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true?

A. Eating less than usual might make us live longer.

B. If we go on a diet when old, we may keep healthy.

C. Dieting might not be needed.

D. We have to begin dieting from childhood.

2. Why does the author mention an elderly mouse in paragraph 2?

A. To describe the influence of old age on mice.

B. To illustrate the effect of meager food on mice.

C. To tell us how mice‘s liver genes behave.

D. To inform us of the process of metabolizing drugs.

3. What can be inferred about completely normally fed mice mentioned in the passage?

A. They will not experience free radical production.

B. They will experience more genetic rejuvenation in their lifetime.

C. They have more old liver genes to behave like young genes.

D. They are more likely to suffer from inflammation.

4. According to the author, which of the following most interested the researchers?

A. The mice that started dieting in old age.

B. 27 of those 46 old genes that continued to behave like young genes.

C. Calorie restriction that works in people.

D. Dieting that makes sure a drug is effective.

5. According to the last two paragraphs, Spindler believes that

A. calorie restriction is very important to young people

B. seeing the effect of a diet, people will eat less than normal.

C. dieting is not a good method to give us health and a long life.

D. drugs do not have the effects of calorie restriction.

答案与题解：

1. D 第一段第一句讲―节食可能不是非做不可的事‖，第二句讲―即使上了年纪再节食，我们仍然有可能在很大程度上保持青春活力‖，因此，―我们必须从小就开始节食‖是错误的，D是答案。

2. B 第二段体积―一只高龄老鼠‖的时候，作者谈到，―只要连续四周限制它仅是，它的肝脏基因就会变得和衰老前一样充满活力‖。据此，―为了描述节食对老鼠所产生的影响‖最好地回答了题干中的问题。

3. D 第四段提到，―正常饲养的老鼠随着年龄的增长有46条肝脏基因会发生变化，这种变化与炎症和身体组织无限激增相关‖，因此，D正确。

4. A 第四段最后一个句子讲―但最惊人的发现时那些上了年纪才开始节食的老鼠也能从70%的基因变化中受益‖。―最惊人的‖自然是―最令研究人员感兴趣的‖。

5. C 文章的最后两段谈及Spindler 对节食的看法。首先，他不能肯定节食是否值得。其次，他希望在不久的将来，我们不必解释。所以我们可以退职，他认为节食不是得以健康长寿的好办法。

为了活着吃饭

节食可能使你健康长寿，但并不好玩——节食可能不是非做不可的事。即使上了年纪再节食，我们仍然有可能在很大程度上保持青春活力。

StephenSpindler和他在Riverside的加利福尼亚大学的同事们已经发现，一只高龄老鼠只要连续四周限制它进食，它的某些肝脏基因就会变得和衰老前一样充满活力，老鼠的肝基因恢复活力不会逆转老鼠在其他方面的老化，但却有助于肝脏代谢药物或除去毒素。

Spindler的团队正常饲养三只老鼠直到它们死，而另外三只老鼠只喂正常饲料定量的一半。另外三只老鼠在34个月大的时候——相当于人的70岁，从正常饲养转到半量饲养一个月。

研究者检查了这些老鼠肝脏的11000个基因的活动，发现正常饲养的老鼠随着年龄的增长有46条肝脏基因发生变化。这种变化与炎症和身体组织无限激增相关——这大概对老鼠的健康来说是个坏消息。在那些终生节食的老鼠中，这46条肝脏基因中的27条继续像年轻的基因一样活动，但最惊人的发现是那些上了年纪才开始节食的老鼠也能从70%的基因变化中受益。

华盛顿附近的国家老年协会的HuberWarner说：―这是这些影响迅速起作用的第一个迹象。‖

还没有知道热量限制是否在人身上和在老鼠身上一样起作用，但是Spindler怀有希望。他说：―有吸引人的证据表明它能起作用。‖

如果它确实能在人身上起作用，那就有足够的理由使肝脏焕发青春秋战国。当我们变老时，我们的身体对药物的新陈代谢就不那么高效。Spindler说短期的节食足以使药物充分发挥药效。

但是Spindler不能肯定节食是否值得。他说：―老鼠们病少了，活的更长，但是它们感到饥饿。即便明白节食的作用，仍旧很难在饭馆里说我只吃一半。‖

Spindler希望在不久的将来，我们不必节食，他的公司，加利福尼亚寿命遗传学，正在寻找有热量控制作用的药物。

To sleep. Perchance to file? Findings published online this week by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences further support the theory that the brain organizes and stows memories formed during the day while the rest of the body is catching zzz's.

Gyorgy Buzsaki of Rutgers University5 and his colleagues analyzed the brain waves of sleeping rats and mice. Specifically, they examined the electrical activity emanating from6 the somatosensory neocortex (an area that processes sensory information) and the hippocampus, which is a center for learning and memory. The scientists found that oscillations in brain waves from the two regions appear to be intertwined. So-called sleep spindles (bursts of activity from the neocortex) were followed tens of milliseconds later by beats in the hippocampus known as ripples. The team posits that this interplay between the two brain regions is a key step in memory consolidation. A second study, also published online this week by the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, links age-associated memory decline to high glucose levels.

Previous research had shown that individuals with diabetes suffer from increased memory problems. In the new work, Antonio Convit of New York University School of Medicine and his collaborators studied 30 people whose average age was 69 to investigate whether sugar levels, which tend to increase with age, affect memory in healthy people as well. The scientists administered11 recall tests, brain scans and glucose tolerance tests, which measure how quickly sugar is absorbed from the blood by the body's tissues. Subjects with the poorest memory recollection, the team discovered, also displayed the poorest glucose tolerance. In addition, their brain scans showed more hippocampus shrinkage than those of subjects better able to absorb blood sugar.

"Our study suggests that this impairment12 may contribute to the memory deficits13 that occur as people age." Convit says. "And it raises the intriguing possibility that improving glucose tolerance could reverse some age-associated problems in cognition.14" Exercise and weight control can help keep glucose levels in check15, so there may be one more reason to go to the gym.

词汇：

perchance adv. 偶然;可能

online n. 在线的

stow vt. 贮藏，堆装

somatosensory adj. 体觉的

neocortex n. 新(大脑)皮质

oscillation n. 振荡

intertwine v. 缠绕

spindle n. 纺锤体

ripple n. 波动，脉动

diabetes n. 糖尿病

recollection n. 回忆

shrinkage n. 收缩

impairment n. 损伤

intrigue n. 引起。。。兴趣(或好奇心)

cognition n. 认识

注释：

1. file memories：归档并储存记忆。file：意为"to put or keep (papers,etc. ) in useful order for storage or reference"(把…归档)。

2. To sleep. Perchance to file? ：从莎士比亚笔下哈姆雷特的独白中的名句" To sleep: perchance to dream. "改编而来。

3. the Proceedings: (科学文献、会议文献)汇编，常用复数形式。

4. zzz：(拟声词)打鼾声

5. Rutgers University：美国新泽西州立大学(the State University of New Jersey)。

6. emanating from：发源于。

7. neocortex：新(大脑)皮质，尤指大的高等哺乳动物大脑中新生长的部分，也叫做neopallium。neo-：前縀，意思是"新的"。

8. thehippocampus：大脑侧面脑室壁上的隆起物，也称"海马状突起"，在泛记过程中起主要作用。

9. tens of milliseconds：几十毫秒

10. age-associated memory decline：与年龄相关的记忆衰退

11. administer：实施

12. this impairment：指上句中hippocampus shrinkage.

13. memory deficits：记忆衰退

14. … the intriguing possibility that improving glucose tol erance could reverse some age-associated problems in cognition：令人兴奋的可能性，即不断改善葡萄糖容许量可以完全改变对某些与年龄相关的认知问题。

15. keep glucose levels in check：限制葡萄糖水平。in check：在控制中，被阻止。

练习：

1. Which of the following statements is nearest in meaning to the sentence "To sleep. Perchance to file?"? A Does brain arrange memories in useful order during sleep?

B Does brain have memories when one is sleeping?

C Does brain remember files after one falls asleep?

D Does brain work on files in sleep?

2. What is the result of the experiment with rats and mice carried out at Rutgers University?

A The electrical activity is emanating from the somatosensory neocortex.

B Oscillations in brain waves are from hippocampus.

C Somatosensory neocortex and hippocampus work together in memory consolidation.

D Somatosensory neocortex plays it primary role in memory consolidation.

3. What is the relation of memory to glucose tolerance, as is indicated by a research mentioned in paragraph 4?

A People with poor memory have high glucose tolerance.

B People with good memory have low glucose tolerance.

C Memory level has nothing to do with glucose tolerance.

4. In what way is memory related to hippocampus shrinkage?

A There is no relation between memory and hippocampus shrinkage.

B The more hippocampus shrinks, the poorer one's memory.

C The more hippocampus shrinks, the better one's memory.

D The less hippocampus shrinks, the poorer one's memory.

5. According to the last paragraph, what is the ultimate reason for going to the gym?

A To prevent hippocampus shrinkage.

B To control weight.

C To exercise.

D To control glucose levels.

答案与解释：

1. A文章第一段告诉我们，科学新发现进一步支持了一种理论，即，当人体进入睡眠状态时，大脑对在白天形成的记忆进行组织和储存。To sleep. Perchance to file?见注释1和注释2。

2. C 第二段告诉我们，科学家分析了老鼠的脑电波，尤其是从somatosensory neocortex和hippocampus两个区域发出的脑电波。该段是后两句指出，这两个大脑区域的活动是互相作用的。第二段并没有说somatosensory neocortex或hippocampus起主导作用。

3. D 该段倒数第二句提供了答案。

4. B 第四段的后一句中their brain scans，指上句中的subjects

5. D 锻炼身体和体重控制能保持葡萄糖水平，闲此，去健身房就有了另外一个理由。

译文：

睡眠促使记忆归档存储

睡觉。说不定就是在整理归类记忆?刊登在最近网上出版的国家科学院文献汇编上的新发现进一步证明了这个理论：当人体的其他部分在鼾声中安眠时，人体的大脑就在整理和储存着白天形成的记忆。

美国新泽西州立大学的乔治·Buzsaki和他的同事们分析了睡眠中的老鼠和田鼠的脑波。他们特别研究了源于学习记忆中心——大脑知觉新皮质(充满知觉信息的区域)和大脑侧面脑室壁上的隆起物——的电流活动。科学家们发现，这两个区域的脑波变化仿佛处于交织状态。而10毫秒后大脑侧面脑室壁上的隆起物发出的波动将紧跟着所谓的睡眠纺缍体(新皮质上的种种活动)。这队科学家们假设这两个大脑区域的互动是理解增强记忆的关键。

接下来的研究，同样也是刊登在这周网上出版的国家科学院文献汇编中，是关于与年龄相关的由于葡萄糖浓度过高引起的记忆衰退。

之前的一项研究表明，患糖尿病的人一直受到记忆衰退的困扰。纽约大学医学院的安东尼·康威特及其同事在一项新的工程中研究了30个平均年龄69岁的人，以调查是否血糖浓度，随着年龄增长而增长，同样会影响健康人的记忆。科学家们实施了回忆测试、脑部扫描和血糖浓度容许量测试，以便测量出人体组织从血液中吸收糖分的速度。这对科学家发现，与最次的记忆相对的，是最低的血糖浓度容许量。此外，他们的脑部扫描也显示出海马状突起的缩小要比那些更容易从血液中吸收糖分的人明显。

―我们的研究表明，这种海马状突起的缩小对人类年龄增大而出现的记忆衰退有着不可忽视的影响‖，康威特指出，―这一发现大大激增了令人兴奋的可能性，即，不断改善葡萄糖容许量可以完全改变对某些与年龄相关的认知问题。‖身体锻炼和体重控制能限制葡萄糖浓度，由此，我们有了更多去健身房的理由。

第二十七篇Driven to Distraction

Joe Coyne slides into the driver‘s eat, starts up the car and heads to town. The empty stretch of interstate gives way to urban congestion, and Coyne hits the brakes as a pedestrian suddenly crosses the street in front of him.

But even if he hadn‘t stopped in time, the woman would have been safe. She isn‘t real. Neither is the town. And Coyne isn‘t really driving. Coyne is demonstrating a computerized driving simulator that is helping researchers at Old Dominion University (ODU) examine how in-vehicle guidance systems affect the person behind the wheel.

The researchers want to know if such systems, which give audible or written directions, are too distracting—or whether

―We‘re looking at the performance and mental workload of drivers,‖ said Caryl Baldwin, the assistant psychology professor leading the research, which involves measuring drivers‘ reaction time and brain activity as they respond to auditory and visual cues.

The researchers just completed a study of the mental workload involved in driving through different kinds of environments and heavy vs. light traffic. Preliminary results show that as people ―get into more challenging driving situations, they don‘t have any extra mental energy to respond to something else in the environment,‖ Baldwin said.

But the tradeoffs could be worth it, she said. This next step is to test different ways of giving drivers navigational information and how those methods change the drivers‘ mental workload.

―Is it best if they see a picture…that shows their position, a map kind of display?‖ Baldwin said. ―Is it best if they hear it?‖ navi gational systems now on the market give point-by-point directions that follow a prescribed route. ―They‘re very unforgiving,‖ Baldwin said. ―If you miss a turn, they can almost seem to get angry.‖

That style of directions also can be frustrating for people who prefer more general instructions. But such broad directions can confuse drivers who prefer route directions, Baldwin said.

Perhaps manufacturers should allow drivers to choose the style of directions they want, or modify systems to present some information in a way that makes sense for people who prefer the survey style, she said.

Interestingly, other research has shown that about 60 percent of men prefer the survey style, while 60 percent women prefer the route style, Baldwin said. This explain s the classic little thing of why men don‘t like to stop and ask for directions and women do, Baldwin added.

1. Which statement is true of the description in the first two paragraphs?

A. If Coyne had stopped the car in time, he wouldn‘t have hit the woma n.

B. The woman would have been knocked over, if Coyne had followed the traffic regulations.

C. Coyne is not really driving so it is impossible for him to have hit the woman.

D. If the woman had not crossed the street suddenly, Coyne would not have hit her.

2. What do researchers want to find out, according to the third and fourth paragraphs?

A. Whether or not audible or written directions are distracting.

B. how long it will take the driver to respond to auditory and visual stimuli.

C. How the driver perform under certain metal workload.

D. All of the above.

3. What are the preliminary results given in the fifth paragraph?

A. Drivers are afraid of getting into challenging driving situations.

B. In challenging driving situations, drivers still have extra energy to handle other things.

C. In challenging driving situations, drivers do not have any additional mental energy to deal with something else.

D. Drivers‘ mental load remains unchanged under different situations.

4. The sixth paragraph mainly state that the researchers.

A. is designing a visual navigational information system.

B. is designing an audio navigational information system.

C. is designing an audio-visual navigational information system.

D. want to determine the best ways of giving navigational information system.

5. What kind of directions do men and women prefer?

A. Women prefer more general directions and men prefer route directions.

B. Men prefer more general directions and women prefer route direction.

C. Both men and women prefer general directions.

D. Both men and women prefer route directions.

答案与解释:

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