电子信息类文献翻译

附录A:外文参考文献及其摘要翻译14篇

TITLE:The Implementing of WCDMA Uplink Simulation by Matlab Simulink AUTHOR:Zhu-cheng

ABSTRACT:Based on the specification of WCDMA uplink, the Feasibility of system simulation for 3G mobilecommunication system using Matlab software with SIMULINK toolbox on the PC platform is explored. It is convenient by this approach to realize many modules of said 3G system such as frequency-spreading, de-spreading, M.1225 channel, Doppler, channel estimation, RAKE receiver (including Maximum rate combination, strong finger selection) and so on. Complete matrix model description for the case of single user with uplink multiple coding channels as well as the procedure of implementing the simulation are also given. Simulation results show that our simulation platform is credible.

题目:WCDMA 系统上行链路层 MATLAB 平台 SIMULINK 实现

作者:Zhu-cheng

摘要:本文以 WCDMA 标准中上行链路结构为蓝本，研究了第三代移动通信系统仿真在 PC 机上利用 MATLAB 平台的 SIMULINK 工具箱实现的可行性。方便地实现了诸如：扩频、M.1225 信道、时变增益路径（Doppler）、信道估计、RAKE 若干强径选择最大比合并、解扩、判决接收等 SIMULINK 模块。给出了上行链路单用户多码道的完整矩阵数学模型和仿真实现过程。仿真结果显示该仿真平台是可靠的。

TITLE: SIMULATION FOR CDMA WIRELESS COMMUNICATION APPLYING MATLAB'S SIMULING FUNCTION,1998

AUTHOR:Man Young Rhee

ABSTRACT:This paper gives a simulation for cdma communication applying Matlab's simulink function,and offer a group of softwave to perform the visualizing simulation,the software perfectly display the advantages and process of normal cdma communication,more over,it provides a softxware

base for further study on cdma communication.

题目:WCDMA 系统上行链路层 MATLAB 平台 SIMULINK 实现

作者:Man Young Rhee

摘要:本文给出了一个基于MATLAB的仿真功能而实现的CDMA通信的仿真系统,并且提供了一套软件来完成可视化仿真,这套软件完美的演示了一般CDMA通信系统的优势和处理过程,更为重要的是它为深入研究CDMA通信系统提供了一个软件基础。

TITLE: Prospect and Chinese Development Strategies of Future Mobile Communication Systems

AUTHOR:YOU Xiao-hu

ABSTRACT:The developing trends and technical challenge of future mobile communications are summarized in this paper,and development strategies of China's mobile communications are suggested based on the analysis of developing status of world mobile communications.The characteristics of future mobile communications,such as requirement of data service with higher speed,huge variety range of data speed,personalization of IP address and limited wireless spectrum resource,put forward requirements of more advanced metwork,more flexible air interface and mobile terminals.The R&D of 4G has begun in all over the world. In order to develop China's mobile communications,China should grasps the opportunity to begin the R&D of 4G key technologies in time ,and not only develops the force of R&D and outputs IPR,but also spreads the impacts in the world communication field through all sorts of beneficial factors.

题目:未来移动通信系统展望和我国的发展战略

作者:YOU Xiao-hu

摘要:综述了未来移动通信系统的发展趋势及其在技术上所面临的挑战,在分析国内外移动通信发展现状的基础上,指出了我国移动通信领域的发展战略。未来移动通信系统更高量级数据速率的要求、数据速率的大动态变化范围、ＩＰ地

址的个人化和有限的频谱资源等诸多方面的特点,要求系统有更加先进的网络、更加灵活高效的空中接口和移动终端等。世界各国已经开始了4Ｇ的研制工作。我国应该抓住时机,及时开始4Ｇ关键技术的研究,在不断发展科研力量和输出知识产权的基础上,要充分利用各种有利因素,扩大我国在移动通信领域的国际影响,以推动我国未来移动通信事业的发展。

TITLE :On Simulation of DS/CDMA Communication Systems

AUTHOR :XU Juan

ABSTRACT:In this paper , the bit-error-rate(BER) performance of the asynchronous direct-sequence CDMA(DS/CDMA) multiuser system in a wireless radio communications environment characterized by Rayleigh multipath fading channels is investigated. Because of the system complexity,the BER performance of CDMA systems in such an environment is difficult to assess analytically. Monte-Carlo(MC) simulations can offer an alternative performance evaluation tools. But such an alternative is often is often limited by an excessive computational burden.Importance Sampling(IS) is a variance reduction technique which can significantly reduce the computatinal cost required by MC simulations.This paper will describe the basic principles of IS and the BER of DS/CDMA multiuser system in Rayleigh multipath fading channels is simulated using MC method and IS technique respectively.Simulation results indicate that IS results and MC results are in close agreement and that IS simulation can significantly reduce the computational cost required by MC simulation when the RER is very low.

题目:DS/CDMA通信系统仿真的研究

作者:XU Juan

摘要:本文研究了Rayleigh多径衰落信道下的直扩/码分多址(DS/CDMA)多用户系统的误码率。由于系统的复杂性,其误码率很难通过分析获得,Monte-Carlo 仿真是一种可代替的性能分析工具。但是,Monte-Carlo仿真经常被过大的计算

量所限制。重要抽样技术是一种方差减少技术,它能显著地减少运算时间。本文将描述重要抽样的基本原理,并分别利用Monte-Carlo和重要抽样技术仿真Rayleigh多径衰落信道下的DS/CDMA多用户系统的误码率。仿真结果表明:重要抽样技术仿真与Monte-Carlo仿真结果吻合得很好,并且在低误码率的场合,与Monte-Carlo仿真相比,重要抽样技术能显著地降低运算量。

TITLE:MATLAB WEB SERVER AND ITS APPLICATION IN REMOTE COLLABORATIVE DESIGN OF MAGNETIC BEARING SYSTEMS

AUTHOR :ZHAO AIPING

ABSTRACT:Acclimatizing itself to the development of network ,Math works Inc constructed a MATLAB Web Server environment by dint of which one can browse the calculation and plots of MATLAB through Internet directly .The installation and use of the environment is introduced .A code established on the platform of MATLAB,which deals with the modal analysis of magnetic bearing system(MBS) supporting rotors of five degress of freedom and considering the coupling of thrust bearing with radical bearings is modified to work in the environment. The purpose is to realize a remote call of the code by users through Internet for the performance analysis of the system.Such an application is very important to the concurrent design of MBS and for the utilization of distributive knowledge acquisition resources in collaborative design.The work on modification and realization is described and the results are discussed.

题目:MATLAB 网络服务器及其有承磁系统的远程协作设计的应用

作者 :ZHAO AIPING

摘要:网络的发展使要它适应新的环境,一些数学著作构造了一种MATLAB 网络服务器的环境能通过因特网直接的浏览 MATLAB 的计算过程。其安装和使用方法将作出介绍。在 MATLAB 的平台之上建立的一个代码,处理承磁系统 (MBS) 附带对5个自如的旋转体的模型分析，并包括了一对在工作环境中被称作是基本的冲力。其目的是让用户通过因特网为该系统的分析执行实现一个远程的呼叫。这种

方法对于MBS的协同设计和在合作领域中所需知识资源的利用是非常重要的。完善和实现以上功能的工作将会被涉及而且结果也会被讨论。

TITLE:NEURAL NETWORK MODELING FOR DYNAMIC PULSED GTAW PROCESS WITH WIRE FILLER BASED ON MATLAB

AUTHOR Zhao Dongbin

ABSTRACT:Double-sided weld pool shapes were determined by multiple welding parameters and wire feed parameters during pulsed GTAW with wire filler. Aiming at such a system with multiple inputs and outputs,an effective modeling method,consisting of the impulse signal design,model structure and parameter identification and verification,was developed based on MATLAB softwave. Then,dynamic neural network models,TDNNM(To pside dynamic neural nerwork model)and BHDNNM(Backside width and to pside height dynamic neural network model),were established to predict double-sided shape parameters of the weld pool.The characteristic relationship of the welding process was simulated and analyzed with the models.

题目:基于MATLAB驱动脉冲GTAW处理程序的中枢网络模型

作者: Zhao Dongbin

摘要:双边的焊圈形状是由在驱动脉冲GTAW程序处理过程中多重焊接参数和充线参数决定的。瞄准拥有如此多样输入和输出的系统，一个有效的基于MATLAB 软件的建模方法, 由脉冲信号所组成，样板的结构及叁数的确认和检验，得到长足的发展。接下来，驱动中枢网络模型， TDNNM(单边驱动中枢网络模型) 和BHDNNM( 背部宽度和高级单边驱动中枢网络模型), 被建立以预测焊圈的双边参变量。我们将对焊接过程的特性关系进行仿真和分析。

TITLE : SIMULATION DESIGN FOR ALL OPTICAL NETWORKS

AUTHOR:TangXiaodong

ABSTRACT:For specification,design,simulation and optimization of

all-optical communication networks,it is essential to develop aprototype of powerful OCAD(optical computer aided design) software tool. In this paper,it is concluded two kinds of methods to design OCAD for all-optical network:frequency domain analysis(FDA) and temporal domain analysis(TDA). Based on the SHAONET(Shanghai all-optical network) communication testbed,some initial OCAD design works are presented as examples,which prove to be great useful and efficient for designing and analyzing the performance of all-optical network.

题目:全光网的仿真设计

作者:TangXiaodong

摘要:为了实现所有光学通信网的规格，设计，仿真和优化，发展强大的 OCAD(计电子算机辅助设计) 软件工具是至关重要的。在这篇文章中，为所有光网设计OCAD总结了两种方法:频领分析法 (FDA) 和时域分析法(TDA)。基于SHAONET(上海全光网络)通信测试,一些初始的OCAD 设计工作作为范例描述, 能够证明对于设计和分析全光网络的执行极其关键和有效。

TITLE: A Matlab Based Simulation For Hybrid Electric Motorcycle AUTHOR LI Yong Bin

ABSTRACT:This paper presents a simulation and modeling package based on Matlab for a parallel hybrid electric motorcycle(HEM).The package consists of several main detailed models:internal combustion engine(ICE),motor,continuous-ly variable transmission (CVT),battery,energy management system(EMS)etc. Each component is built as a library,and can be connected together according to the parallel HEM's topology.Simulation results,such as ICE power demand,motor power demand,battery instantaneous state-of-charge (SOC) , pollution emissions ets.are given and discussed. Lastly experimental data verify our simulation results.

名称 :基于MATLAB的HEM 仿真

作者 Li Yong Bin

摘要:这篇文章将描述一种基于MATLAB的针对相同的混合电摩托（HEM）的仿真和建模，这种摩托由一些具体的模型所组成:内部引擎发动机 (ICE) ,马达,持续的变换传输 (CVT) ，电池,能源管理系统 (EMS) 及其他。每个部份像一座图书馆一样被同样地建造, 并且通过相同的HEM技术它们能够被有机的结合起来，例如 ICE要求，马达要求，电池的即时控制(SOC) ，污染物等，都有被涉及和讨论。最后实验的数据将查证我们的仿真结果.

TITLE:Simulation for CDMA Wireless Communication Applying MATLAB's SIMULINK Function

AUTHOR :Yang Shihai, Zhou Liangzhu

Abstract:This paper give siulation for CDMA communicatin applying MATLAB's SIMULINK function, and offer a group of software to perform the visualizing simulation, the software perfectly display the and the process of normal CDMA communication. More over, it provides a software base for further study on CDMA communication

题目:基于MATLAB S-函数的无线CDMA系统的仿真

作者: Yang Shihai, Zhou Liangzhu

摘要:根据文献中对CDMA通信的工程实现技术，本文利用MATLAB平台的SIMULINK功能编写了一套CDMA通用功能模块库，并在此基础上进行了多项可视化仿真。该软件较好地显示了CDMA通信的工作方式和优越性，及采用SIMULINK 进行仿真的演示效果，并为CDMA的仿真提供了一个较好的软件平台。

TITLE:Simulation of Metropolitan Area Network Based on Packet over WDM Technology and MATLAB

AUTHOR :Jia Luhua

Abstract:An architecture of MAN using packet over WDM technology is introduced. Related MAC protocols are also analyzed. The S-Function in MATLAB which is used during simulation is described. Finally , the

requirements to the whole simulation system are given.

题目: 基于MATLAB的WDM包交换城域网仿真

作者: Jia Luhua

摘要:介绍了一种基于波分复永（WDM）技术的包交换城域网网络及其相应MAC 层协议，并对采用MATLAB 进行仿真使用到的S-Function进行了描述，最后提出了整个仿真系统要求。

TITLE:Efficient Encoding of Low-Density Parity-Check CODES AUTHOR :Thomas J.Richardson and Rudiger L.Urbanke

Abstract:Low-density parity-check(LDPC)codes can be considered serious competitors to turbo codes in terms of performance and complexity and they are based on a similar philosophy:constrained random code ensembles and iterarive decoding algorithms.

In this paper,we consider the encoding problem for LDPC codes.More generally,we consider the encoding probelm for codes specified by sparse parity-check matrices.We show how to exploit the sparseness of the parity-check matrix to otain efficient encoders.For the (3,6)-regular LDPC code,for example,the complexity of encoding is essentially quadratic in the block length.However,we show that the associatedcoefficient can be made quite small,so that encoding codes even of length n=100000 is still quite practical.More importantly,we will show that"optimized"codes actually admit lineat time encoding.

题目：低密对等检测代码的有效加密

作者：Thomas J.Richardson and Rudiger L.Urbanke

摘要：低密对等检测码可能是被认为是高级代码在性能和复杂性方面最大的竞争对手，他是基于一个相似理论。它包括全体随机码和迭代解密算法。

在这篇文章中，我们考虑对LPDC码的加密问题。更一般的，我们考虑用少量的对等检测模型对具体的码字进行加密。我们知道怎样利用这个对等检测模型来获得有效的加密码。对（3，6）这个规则的LPDC码。它的加密的复杂形势一般的

块长的二次方。然而，我们知道这个联合系数能被取得十分小。因此，对长度N 约等于100000的码加密是实际可行的。更重要的事，我们知道“最优化”码是允许被线性加密的。

TITLE:Matlaab/VC++/Access Co-programming and Its Application AUTHOR :LIU Jing1

Abstract:The paper introduces a Matlab/VC++/Acess co-programming method and the way of integrating those systems and applications seamlessly.In the end,an esample is example is examinde in detail to explain implemetation steps.

Key words Matlab;Matlab math library;ICF

题目：Matlab/VC++/Access组合编程方法及其应用

作者：LIU Jing1

摘要：提出了一种Matlab/VC++/Access组合编程的方法，并阐述了将3种编程环境的功能优势与应用系统无缝集程的方式。最后，在惯性约束核聚变实验数据处理及管理系统的具体事例中详细说明实现步骤。

TITLE:Analyzing the turbo Decoder Using the Gaussian Approximation Anthor:Heshmal EL Gamal,Member,IEEE

Abstract:In this paper,we introduce a simple technique for ananlyzing the iterative decoder that is broadly applicable to different classes of codes defined over graphs in certain fading as well as additive white Gaussian noise(AWGN) channels.The technique is based on the observation that the extrinsic information from constituent maximum sing the Gaussian Approximation.

Inputs to the decoders are Gaussian.The independent.Gaussian model implies the existence of an iterative decoder threshold that statistically characterizers the convergence of the iterative decoder.SpeHesham EL Gamal.Member,IEEE,and A.Roger

Hammons,Jr,Member,IEEE aposteriori(MAP) decoders is well approximated by Gaussian of error as the number of iterations increases if and only if the channel Eb/Eo exceeds the threshold.

题目：用高斯近似理论来分析高级解码器

作者：Heshmal EL Gamal,Member,IEEE

摘要：在这一章中，我们将介绍一种简单的技术一用来分析迭代解码器,它能广泛的应用于不同级别的代码制图在某些条件下如高私白噪声通道，这种技术是基于从形成最大的高斯近似信号的外部信息的观测上的。

解码其的输入是高斯信号，这种独立的高斯模型标志着一种迭代解码起开端的存在性，这种解码器将迭代解码其的其他特征汇集于一身，SpeHesham EL Gamal.Member,IEEE,and A.Roger Hammons,Jr,Member,IEEE aposteriori(MAP)解码器应用高斯近似理论后相当精确，迭代过程中数字误差率在并只在信道Eb/Eo超出开端的的情况下才会增加。

【经济类文献翻译】电子商务

电子商务 电子商务（Electronic Commerce）是在Internet开放的网络环境下，基于浏览器/服务器应用方式，实现消费者的网上购物、商户之间的网上交易和在线电子支付的一种新型的商业运营模式 Internet上的电子商务可以分为三个方面：信息服务、交易和支付。主要内容包括：电子商情广告；电子选购和交易、电子交易凭证的交换；电子支付与结算以及售后的网上服务等。主要交易类型有企业与个人的交易(BtoC方式)和企业之间的交易(BtoB方式)两种。参与电子商务的实体有四类：顾客(个人消费者或企业集团)、商户(包括销售商、制造商、储运商)、银行(包括发卡行、收单行)及认证中心。 电子商务是Internet爆炸式发展的直接产物，是网络技术应用的全新发展方向。Internet本身所具有的开放性、全球性、低成本、高效率的特点，也成为电子商务的内在特征，并使得电子商务大大超越了作为一种新的贸易形式所具有的价值，它不仅会改变企业本身的生产、经营、管理活动，而且将影响到整个社会的经济运行与结构。 1．电子商务将传统的商务流程电子化、数字化，一方面以电子流代替了实物流，可以大量减少人力、物力，降低了成本；另一方面突破了时间和空间的限制，使得交易活动可以在任何时间、任何地点进行，从而大大提高了效率。 2．电子商务所具有的开放性和全球性的特点，为企业创造了更多的贸易机会。 3．电子商务使企业可以以相近的成本进入全球电子化市场，使得中小企业有可能拥有和大企业一样的信息资源，提高了中小企业的竞争能力。 4．电子商务重新定义了传统的流通模式，减少了中间环节，使得生产者和消费者的直接交易成为可能，从而在一定程度上改变了整个社会经济运行的方式。 5．电子商务一方面破除了时空的壁垒，另一方面又提供了丰富的信息资源，

电子技术专业英语翻译

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a ," , , , . a ( , , , ). . . , , a . $50 . Birmingham, England, 2000. 1995, Delphi, 7596 . 37 10 , . a . , a a , a , a , a a a . a a , a . , , . , , , . a , , , . , , a . : . . 电子动力转向系统 电子动力转向系统是什么? 电子动力转向系统是通过一个电动机来驱动动力方向盘液压泵或直接驱动转向联动装置。电子动力转向的功能由于不依赖于发动机转速，所以能节省能源电子动力转向系统是怎么运行？： 传统的动力方向盘系统使用一条引擎辅助传送带驾驶气泵，提供操作在动力方向盘齿轮或作动器的一个活塞协助驱动的被加压的流体。在电动液压的控制，一个电子动力方向盘包括一台电动机控制的一个高效率泵浦。由一个电控制器调控泵浦压力和流速来控制泵浦的速度，为不同的驾驶路况的提供转向。泵浦可以在汽车行驶低速时关闭以提供节能（在当代的世界市场上)。 电动控制转向使用电动机通过齿轮齿条机构直接连接以达到转向控制（无泵或液体）。多个电机驱动器和多驱动控制的实现是可能的。一个微处理器控制转向动态和驱动的工作。输入因子包括车速，转向，车轮扭矩，角度位置和转率。

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VOLUME 30 ISSUE 2 October 2008 Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering Copyright by International OCSCO World Press. All rights reserved.2008 151 Research paper 2008年十月期2卷30 材料与制造工程成果期刊 版权所有：国际OCSCO 世界出版社。一切权利保有。2008 ？？151研究论文 1. Introduction Friction stir welding (FSW) is a new solid-state welding method developed by The Welding Institute (TWI) in 1991 [1]. The weld is formed by the excessive deformation of the material at temperatures below its melting point, thus the method is a solid state joining technique. There is no melting of the material, so FSW has several advantages over the commonly used fusion welding techniques [2-10]. 1.导言摩擦搅拌焊接（FSW）是焊接学？会于1991年研发的一种新型固态焊接方法。这种焊接？是由材料在低于其熔点的温度上过量变形形成，因此此技术是一种固态连接技术。材料不熔化，所以FSW 相比常用的熔化焊接技术有若干优势。例如，在焊接区无多孔性或破裂，工件（尤其薄板上）没有严重扭曲，并且在连接过程中不需要填料、保护气及昂贵的焊接准备there is no significant distortion of the workpieces (particularly in thin plates), and there is no need for filler materials, shielding gases and costly weld preparation during this joining process. FSW被认为是对若干材料例如铝合金、镁合金、黄铜、钛合金及钢最显著且最有潜在用途的焊接技术FSW is considered to be the most remarkable and potentially useful welding technique for several materials, such as Al-alloys, Mg-alloys, brasses, Ti-alloys, and steels [1-16]. 然而，在FSW过程中，用不合适的焊接参数能引起连接处失效，并且使FSW连接处的力学性能恶化。However, during FSW process using inappropriate welding parameters can cause defects in the joint and deteriorate the mechanical properties of the FSW joints [2, 3]. 此技术起初就主要是为低熔点材料如铝合金、镁合金及铜合金而广泛研究的。The technique has initially been widely investigated for mostly low melting materials, such as Al, Mg and Cu alloys. 此技术已被证明是很有用的，尤其在连接用于航空航天用途的如高合金2XXX及7XXX系列铝合金等难熔高强度的铝合金。It has proven to be very useful, particularly in the joining of the difficult-to-fusion join high strength Al-alloys used in aerospace applications, such as highly alloyed 2XXX and 7XXX series aluminium alloys. 做出Al-5086 H32型板摩擦搅拌对焊的高强度、抗疲劳及断裂的力学性能？。The difficulty of making high-strength, fatigue and fracture resistant Mechanical properties of friction stir butt-welded Al-5086 H32 plate G. .am a,*, S. Gü.lüer b, A. .akan c, H.T. Serinda. a a Mustafa Kemal University, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, 31040 Antakya, Turkey a 土耳其安塔卡亚31040，Mustafa Kemal大学建筑工程系 b General Directorate of Highways of Turkey, Ankara, Turkey b 土耳其安卡拉土耳其高速公路总理事会？ c Abant Izzet Baysal University, Faculty of Engineering an d Architecture, 14280 Bolu, Turkey c 土耳其Bolu 14280 Abant Izzet Baysal 大学建筑工程系 * Corresponding author: E-mail address: gurelcam@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/5f18515959.html, *相关作者电子邮箱地址：gurelcam@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/5f18515959.html, Received 30.06.2008; published in revised form 01.10.2008

跨境电商外文文献综述

跨境电商外文文献综述 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 译文: 本地化跨境电子商务的模型 摘要 通过对国际供应链的B2B电子商务交易量的快速增长和伊朗快速增加的跨境交易业务，跨境电商过程的有效管理对B2B电子商务系统十分重要。本文对局部模型的结构是基于B2B电子商务的基础设施三大层，消息层、业务流程层和内容层。由于伊朗的电子商务的要求，每一层的需要适当的标准和合适的方案的选择。当电子文件需要移动顺利向伊朗，建议文件的标准为文件内容支持纸质和电子文件阅读。验证提出的模型是通过案例研究方法呈现一到四阶段的情景。本文试图通过交换商业文件在贸易过程中这一局部模型，实现在全球电子贸易供应链更接近区域单一窗口建设的关键目标。 关键词：电子商务;跨境贸易;电子文档管理;国际供应链

1.简介 电子商务是关于在互联网或其他网络电子系统购买和销售产品或服务。术语B2B（企业对企业），描述了企业间的电子商务交易，如制造商和批发商，或批发商和零售商之间。本文的研究目标是上两个不同国家贸易商之间的通信。今天的世界贸易组织的主要目标之一是建立区域单一窗口，可以提高世界各地的贸易便利化。建立区域单一窗口需要跨境海关，可以有效地交换贸易文件。因此，首先，简化跨境贸易文件的关键在于朝着国家单一窗口移动。然后，区域单一窗口可以授权国家之间的通信。电子商务模型是基于三个主要逻辑层的研究。这三个层消息传输层，业务处理层和内容层。本文的局部模型是一种能够自动交换读取文件的过程。通过与东亚和中东国家的建立区域单一窗口可以在将来得到改善的更多的互操作性，从而建立伊朗国家单一窗口 在本文的第二部分讨论引进国际供应链中的跨境B2B模式所需的基本概念和标准。第三部分介绍在大的模型中引入的组件功能和范围。第四部分讨论了B2B交易层模型的定位，最后结束本文。 2.背景 在本节中，除了了解B2B电子商务在伊朗的情况，还有参考模型的背景等概念以及讨论B2B电子商务跨境模式的本土化。 2.1 B2B电子商务在伊朗 如今伊朗在贸易进程的变现是一个关键的贸易成功点。伊朗和许多其他国家接壤，它的进口和出口过程可以通过公路，铁路，海上和空中的方式来完成。因此，这个国家的中部和战略作用，使得它在亚洲和中东地区货物运输的主要贸易点。今天，在伊朗海关几乎所有的贸易过程通过纸质表格完成，由商务部提供的电子服务仅限于谁该国境内交易的商人。今天，伊朗海关几乎所有的贸易流程都是通过纸质表格来完成的，商务部给出的电子服务只限于该国的商人。介绍了模型试图简化在伊朗交易的跨境电子商务供应链交换电子文件的过程。这里提到的一些系统，由商务部在伊朗的电子服务被提及：进口订单管理系统。贸易统计制度。伊朗法典伊朗。这些电子系统的主要使用，以促进在伊朗贸易过程。这里提到的系统作为独立的贸易者可与建议本文模型在未来的作用。在亚洲的区域性单

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Foreign material： Chemical Industry 1.Origins of the Chemical Industry Although the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently. It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals roe use by other industries. Examples are alkali for soapmaking, bleaching powder for cotton, and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking. It will be noted that these are all inorganic chemicals. The organic chemicals industry started in the 1860s with the exploitation of William Henry Perkin’s discovery if the first synthetic dyestuff—mauve. At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals. This was based on the discovery of new dyestuffs plus the development of both the contact process for sulphuric acid and the Haber process for ammonia. The later required a major technological breakthrough that of being able to carry out chemical reactions under conditions of very high pressure for the first time. The experience gained with this was to stand Germany in good stead, particularly with the rapidly increased demand for nitrogen-based compounds (ammonium salts for fertilizers and nitric acid for explosives manufacture) with the outbreak of world warⅠin 1914. This initiated profound changes which continued during the inter-war years (1918-1939). Since 1940 the chemical industry has grown at a remarkable rate, although this has slowed significantly in recent years. The lion’s share of this growth has been in the organic chemicals sector due to the development and growth of the petrochemicals area since 1950s. The explosives growth in petrochemicals in the 1960s and 1970s was largely due to the enormous increase in demand for synthetic polymers such as polyethylene, polypropylene, nylon, polyesters and epoxy resins. The chemical industry today is a very diverse sector of manufacturing industry, within which it plays a central role. It makes thousands of different chemicals which

电子信息类专业英语翻译

1.This electron beam sweeps across each line at a uniform rate，then flies back to scan another line directly below the previous one and so on，until the horizontal lines into which it is desired to break or split the picture have been scanned in the desired sequence． 电子束以均匀的速率扫描每一行，然后飞速返回去扫描下一行，直到把被扫描的图像按所希望的顺序分割成行。 2.The technical possibilities could well exist，therefore，of nation-wide integrated transmission network of high capacity，controlled by computers，interconnected globally by satellite and submarine cable，providing speedy and reliable communications throughout the word 因此，在技术上完全可能实现全国性的集成发送网络。这种网络容量大，由计算机控制，并能通过卫星和海底电缆实现全球互联，提供世界范围的高速、可靠的通信。 3.Transit time is the primary factor which limits the ability of a transistor to operate at high frequency． 渡越时间是限制晶体管高频工作能力的主要因素 4.The intensity of sound is inversely proportional to the square of the distance measured from the source of the sound. 声强与到声源的距离的平方成反比。 5.The attenuation of the filter is nearly constant to within 0.5 dB over the entire frequency band． 该滤波器的衰减近于恒定, 整个频带内的变化在0.5 dB以内。 6.At present, the state of most semiconductor device technology is such that the device design and process technology must be supplemented by screening and inspection procedures, if ultimate device reliability is to be obtained and controlled． 目前, 大多数半导体器件的技术尚未十分完善, 以至若要获得并控制器件最终的可靠性, 就必须辅以筛选和检验, 以弥补设计和工艺技术之不足 7.Bandwidth of transistor amplifiers vary from about 250 MHz in the L band to 1000 MHz in the X band． 晶体管放大器的带宽在L波段约为250 MHz, 在X波段为1000 MHz。 8.The output of the differential amplifier is fed to the circuit’s output stage via an offset-compensation network, which causes the op-amp’s output to center at zero volts. The output stage takes the form of a complementary emitter follower, and provides a low-impedance output. 差动放大级的输出通过一个失调补偿网络与输出级相连, 目的是使运放的输出以0 V为中心。输出级采用互补的射极跟随器的形式以使输出阻抗很低 9.Because of the very high open-loop voltage gain of the op-amp, the output is driven into positive saturation (close to +V) when the sample voltage goes slightly above the reference voltage, and driven into negative saturation (close to-V) when the sample voltage goes slightly below the reference voltage. 由于运放的开环电压增益很高, 当取样电压略高于参考电压时, 输出趋向于正向饱和状态(接近+V)。当取样电压低于参考电压时, 输出趋向于负向饱和状态(接近-V)。 10.If the signal source were direct connected instead of capacitor coupled, there would be a low resistance path from the base to the negative supply line, and this would affect the circuit bias conditions. 如果信号源和电路不是用电容耦合而是直接相连，从基极到负电源线就会一个低阻通路，并且这将影响到电路偏置状态 11.The differential amplifier has a high-impedance (constant-current)“tail”to give it a high input impedance and a high degree of common-mode signal rejection. It also has a high-impedance collector (or drain) load, to give it a large amount of signal-voltage gain (typically about 100 dB). 差动放大极有一个高阻抗的“尾巴”（恒流源）以提供高输入阻抗和对共模信号的深度抑制，同时，它还具有一个高阻抗和集电极或漏极负载以提供高的信号电压增益（典型的数据是100dB). 12.On the other hand, a DC negative-logic system, as in Figure 3.6(b), is one which designates the more negative voltage state of the bit as the 1 level and the more positive as the 0 level. 另一方面, 如图3.6(b)所示, 把比特的较低的电压状态记为1电平, 较高的电压状态记为0电平, 这样的系统称为直流负逻辑系统。 13.For example, to represent the 10 numerals (0, 1, 2, …, 9) and the 26 letters of the English alphabet would require 36 different combinations of 1’s and 0’s. Since 25<36<26, then a minimum of 6 bits per bite are required in order to accommodate all the alphanumeric characters. 例如，要表示0～9十个数字和英文字母表中的26个字母，就需要0和1的36种不同的组合。因为25<36>26,