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T rekking Alone in Antarctica for My 60th Birthday

November 1997

At 50 I was the first woman to travel solo to any of the world’s Poles when I soloed the magnetic North Pole. I walked and skied, pulling my own 160 pound sled without the help of a dog team or snowmobiles. I chose this Pole because it is the one with a large population of polar bears and my fascination with these dangerous but intelligent animals played a decisive part in my decision.

But what should I do to celebrate my 60th? What else, but a trekking journey at the opposite end of the world, Antarctica. I began my almost 200 mile journey on November first 1997. I walked and skied alone, pulling my sled once more without the help of a dog team or snowmobile. I was entirely alone, trekking in a place white and lifeless with no other living creatures and an always circling sun that never dipped below the horizon. Just as was the case for my 50th, I was again about to embark on a journey of challenge and danger.

On October 21 I flew to Punta Arenas, a small, wind swept city in southern Chile. It was there that I prepared my equipment and sled to be flown to the Antarctic aboard a Hercules aircraft.. On October 30, we received the good news that the winds and cloud cover were "OK" for a landing on the blue ice strip at the Patriot Hills base camp 21 miles from the edge of the Antarctic coast. After a noisy six and a half hour flight in this giant cargo aircraft we landed on the rock-hard, bumpy strip. It was exciting to at last be in the Antarctic. Patriot Hills base camp sits in the shadow of the glaciated Patriot Hills mountain range.

I awoke on November 1st to a heavy cloud cover and 20 mph winds. However by early evening the skies cleared and the OK was given to fly me north to my starting point at Hercules Inlet on the edge of the Antarctic continent. My starting position was 80 degrees 00 minutes south and 80 degrees 9 minutes west. As the Twin Otter aircraft returned to base I was left alone to begin my journey. I looked around me. All I could see was snow and ice in all directions with low shark fin mountains ahead blocking my path to the icy plateau 15 miles away . I put my sled harness on then as I strapped my skis on I pulled the straps on my ski bindings tight. Suddenly one of the buckles split. It was late and cold so I decided to stay there the night and make repairs before continuing.

The next day with repairs completed I began the steep, icy climb, pulling my 260 pound sled behind me. After two days of hard climbing I was at last on top where the slope wasn’t as steep. So far my route had taken me mostly west to avoid low mountains and deep crevasses but now with the hard coastal climbing behind me I could turn south with the aid of my compass and global positioning system (GPS). It w asn’t long before I discovered that my plan to follow a straight course to the South Pole was thwarted by an exceptionally windy winter which had formed high ridges of sastrugi which are rock hard

mounds and ridges of slippery ice. I was forced to weave a path east and west through a forest of ridges which was at first frustrating until I realized that these conditions were going to continue indefinitely and patience was the order of the day.

So far the wind had been a brisk 20 to 25 mph with bright sunshine 24 hours a day. But changes were just around the corner. On the third day I was struggling through 30 to 40 mph winds with the loose surface snow blasting any exposed skin like sand. During the next week the wind increased and I found myself tent bound for an entire day, then I would travel the next day or two only to be forced to seek the shelter of my tent once more. On my travel days I was making good progress considering the sastrugi and winds that were now 50 mph and increasing. I remained optimistic that the wind would calm down but the worst was yet to come. El Nino was at work even in the Antarctic.

I had traveled only two hours one day when the winds increased so much that my 260 pound sled was blown sideways which in turn pulled me to the side with the result that I made impressive progress east but none south. Now I had to put my tent up before the wind became impossibly strong and could turn the tent into an uncontrollable sail. With the tiny tent finally anchored securely I scrambled inside. Within minutes the gale had increased to a howling, screaming wind storm that threatened to blow me and my tent into oblivion. I tied a rope around my waist, ran it out the tent door and tied it securely with an ice screw into the ice. If the tent ripped a way at least I wouldn’t be blown away with it. I ran another rope through my equipment until I had everything anchored. I sat with my back to the rear of the tent to brace the fabric from the inside against the jarring gusts that vibrated every thread of that tough little tent. It reminded me of the times on high altitude mountains and on my magnetic North Pole solo expedition when I faced similar situations of survival in powerful wind storms. The roaring scream of the wind engulfed me in sound so loud I felt as though I was inside a jet engine.

I found out later that base camp experienced the same strong winds as they fought to save tents and equipment. They recorded wind speeds of 100 miles an hour which agreed with my wind meter. They told me later they wondered if I would survive the storm alone in my tent. The main storm lasted for 24 hours and as the winds subsided to a gentle breeze a total whiteout settled over the area like a suffocating white blanket. V isibility was reduced to two feet. I waited f or better visibility to make sure I didn’t walk into a crevassed area. But at least I was able to sleep in the welcome, relative quietness.

On November 12 the day dawned clear with winds of "only" 20 mph, which after the wind storm, seemed almost calm.

Today was my 60th birthday and I was determined to celebrate in the appropriate manner.

I thawed a frozen cupcake over my stove, placed a candle on the top, lit it and sang "happy birthday to me" at the top of my voice. It was just the best tasting cupcake. With festivities over I set out once more, trying to make up for lost time.

I increased my daily mileage in spite of the always present wind which I had learnt by now to accept as part of the journey. My spirits were high and my only concern were the extra miles I was forced to travel because of sastrugi and wide areas of deep crevasses. I had already taken two wide detours around crevasses, some of which were 20 feet wide. The edges were fragile and when I probed farther across with my ski pole to test the strength of the snow bridge they often fell away, exposing deep blue chasms.

Now, with the coastal mountains far behind me, I was traveling through the vast, white, lifeless interior of the Antarctic. I couldn’t have been more alone if I had been on th e moon.

One day I was climbing yet another low ridge. Before climbing I carefully scanned the slope for the heavy horizontal lines in the snow that signals crevasses. The slope looked safe so I took a straight-ahead course. Suddenly without warning my world dropped out from under my skis. With a heart-stopping jolt I dropped into a crevasse. My skis hit the wall and flipped me upside down with the lip of the crevasse about 8 feet above me. I was hanging from my sled by the pull ropes which were all that stopped me from dropping into the black chasm. My sled barely bridged the gap. At this point I made the mistake of looking down into the blackness far below me. Icy hands of fear gripped my very soul in that heart stopping moment as I looked down into the blackness. A piece of ice fell downward into the void and I never heard it land. The bottom was hundreds of feet below.

I had practiced crevasse self rescue many times in the Cascade Mountains where I live and now I automatically began the process of getting myself out. I took two ice screws I wore on my waist harness and screwed them into the hard, smooth, blue ice of the crevasse wall. Using the ice screws as steps I carefully took each ski off and gingerly reached up and pushed them over the crevasse lip above my head. Then placing one screw at head level I hung a rock climbers ladder on it and carefully tested it to make sure it would hold my weight. I made slow, awkward progress as I inched my way up to the surface, keeping my body close to the wall so t hat I wouldn’t fall backward into the black void below. A deep cold caused by the sunless, icy tomb was penetrating my body to its very core. After what seemed to be an eternity I finally climbed to the top of the crevasse and with a final prayer I reached up and heaved my body over the top. I was out and safe for at least the moment. The meager warmth of the blazing sun felt good. After solidly anchoring my sled and carefully extracting it and its precious load I put my skis on and scanned the snowy slope ahead for more crevasses. I could see one faint line but it was at right angles to my direction of travel so I decided to go straight ahead. An hour later the ridge was behind me and without so much as a backward glance I pressed onward just glad to be alive and away from that deep, yawning chasm that at one point seemed determined to keep me in its grip. I was thankful for all the training I had gone through for such emergencies.

I continued to increase my daily mileage. I was in good health and all of my equipment was working well. I was so optimistic that I decided that the next day, the 22nd day of the expedition, I would increase my work day to 12 hours.

As I skied I often thought back to my magnetic North Pole solo expedition when I traveled alone on foot through a large population of polar bears and compared the journey to this one. I was impressed with the fact that there were no polar bears here to stalk me forcing me to live on the edge of emotional survival. Here the ice was stable, whereas in the Arctic I walked over fragile sea ice that could break up without warning. Overall, in spite of the strong winds and crevasses, the Antarctic journey was safer and to some degree easier than the magnetic North Pole expedition was. Although some have tried, no-one has successfully soloed the magnetic North Pole on foot since my 1988 journey. Perhaps this is an indication of the difficulty factor.

Next morning I set out across a flat area swept by 20 mph winds. I was moving quickly until I reached an area of three to four foot high sastrugi. The wind picked up with stronger gusts reaching 30 mph as I carefully worked my way through trying to avoid the roughest areas. Just as I pulled my sled across a really rugged group of ridges a gust caught my sled turning it into a hurtling missile as it tumbled off the ridge, slamming into my left hip and leg. My leg collapsed in excruciating pain and I suffered a concussion as I was driven forward head first into another rock hard ridge of ice. I couldn’t stand on my left leg and my head was woozy from concussion but I knew that I had to get up. I wouldn’t last long laying on the ice. I finally struggled to my knees knowing that somehow I had to put my tent up for shelter. On hands and knees I got the tent up and dragged my sleeping bag into the tent and lay down out of the cold wind.

Now it was time to reach a decision. Should I wait and hope my injuries would correct themselves or should I call for a plane and withdraw? I knew that if I continued I would be far less th an 100% and would seriously compromise my safety. It didn’t take me long to decide that the only responsible decision was to return to base camp. I didn’t want to become another Mount Everest where people push on through injury, storms and illness, sometimes with fatal results. I had to think of my family and friends who were depending on me to do the right thing. And I couldn’t let the educational program down. It was time to make the right choice. I did so without regret. I had achieved my first ambition to celebrate my 60th birthday trekking in the Antarctic. I had traveled for 22 days and almost 200 miles and had had an extraordinary experience. For 22 days I saw no other living thing, I never even saw an aircraft or heard the sound of another human voic e. I felt as though I was living on the moon. I had met the challenges of solo travel in an extreme climate. As luck would have it this year was an exceptionally windy one with all the problems of gale force winds and sastrugi. But I took these conditions as another challenge and another of life’s experiences. A solo journey on foot is a much different

experience than that of even a small group. It is an experience I shall never forget and shall value for the rest of my life.

After sending an emergency signal via my satellite beacon a Twin Otter aircraft soon arrived and whisked me back to base camp. A doctor attended to my injuries and the next day I was on the Hercules aircraft on my way back to a hospital in Chile.

My injuries have healed and I am back running 10 miles a day in training with Bill preparing together for our next adventure.

In March of 1998 we will trek with the Western Arctic caribou herd as they once more go through their centuries old tradition of migrating from their wintering grounds through The Gates of the Arctic National Park to their calving grounds north of the Brooks Range in the far north of Alaska. This is the largest caribou herd in the world numbering almost half a million animals. We will document the migration with field notes, 35mm and video photography which will be developed into an educational project for schools in the same manner as my solo trek on foot to the magnetic North Pole, our 600 mile trek across the Canadian Y ukon to live with and study wolves, the 1,500 mile Amazon kayak expedition, the 1,500 mile trek through the American and Mexican deserts and the 1,400 mile crossing on foot of the Sahara.

Helen Thayer

December 15, 1997

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高中英语课外阅读材料的选择 发表时间：2009-07-07T10:04:42.170Z 来源：《中学课程辅导·教学研究》2009年第11期供稿作者：王世刚 [导读] 课外阅读是高中英语教学的必要补充。 摘要：课外阅读是高中英语教学的必要补充。本文指出了课外阅读材料选择的基本原则，并根据教学实际阐述了进行课外阅读选材的具体操作过程。 关键词：课外阅读；英语教学；阅读 作者简介：王世刚，任教于安徽省肥西中学。 高中英语大纲明确指出：要提高学生的阅读能力，单纯通过教科书的课文教学是远远不够的，还要根据学生的具体情况，有计划地指导学生在课外阅读一定数量的课外读物。理由是：第一，现行的课文教学篇目少，篇幅短，不能保证充分的阅读活动；第二， 精读教学担负着语言知识教学的任务，所以，课文生词和新的语言结构的密度大，不适用于流畅阅读的训练；第三，精读实际上综合训练，大量的时间用于为语言点的掌握而安排的听、说、读、写操练上，读的专门训练不够。因此，大纲的指出实际上对我们的外语教师提出了更高的、更全面的要求。这里的课外阅读即泛读，让学生独立阅读，但又不是“放羊式”的阅读，而是在教师有计划的指导下进行的课外阅读。因此，笔者认为泛读既是阅读材料的问题，也是阅读方法的问题。 首先，给学生选择时应掌握的原则是：(1)思想性强,内容健康；(2)材料难易适合学生的实际水平；(3)题材涉及面广，趣味性；：(4)文章体载多样化；(5)语言地道、规范。 其次，告诉学生泛读不同于精读。泛读力求广泛、大量、快速。阅读重点是针对问题快速地捕捉信息。主要方法和技巧如下：(1)快速阅读、知其大意；(2)根据上下文猜测词义；(3)根据构词法来猜测词义；(4)注意深层意思的理解；(5)把理解题目作为提纲来读(即带着问题阅读) 下面，笔者根据学生的实际情况谈谈对学生进行课外阅读训练的选材及具体操作过程。 一、人教社出版的与新教材课文相配套的(阅读训练) 书中文章多选自英美出版的英语读物，题材较为广泛。如人物传记、寓言故事、活动记述、社会文化、文史知识、科普小品等。每单元编配三篇阅读训练材料，A篇为Fast Reading，题材和课文基本相同，难度略低于课文，其目的就是为了复习和巩固课堂上所学的语言知识，培养学生对阅读的兴趣，训练快速阅读的技能。B、C两篇材料为Extensive Reading，要求学生在课外完成，教师做适当的检查。这些阅读文章是对课本内容的扩展与延伸，让学生更详细、更全面地了解课本所学的内容。这样让学生们充分利用好身边的资料，不要盲目去选市场上的资料，既节约了费用，也提高了教材的使用率。 二、《新概念英语》中的Practice and Progress 笔者认为这套阅读教材能培养学生的听、说、读、写能力。高一时，我们每周利用40分钟让同学们阅读。第一步，要求学生快速阅读文章，口头回答课后问题；然后让学生认真模仿录音朗读课文；第二步，要求学生利用一些连词把理解题按题目的字数要求连句成文，写在专门的作业本上；第三步，向学生解释Key Structure部分，然后让学生做后面的语言点专题训练。经过一学期的培养，学生对此书的模式有了很好的掌握。所以，笔者让学生利用节假日自学下半册，把课后的练习认真完成，并做好相应的检查和督促。开学时，选择书中比较精彩的文章让学生们重新回顾其中的内容，也顺便检查学生的假期阅读情况。 三、外国小说简写本 高二时，笔者要求每人买一本英文小说简写本(英汉对照)。利用寒暑假、周末等时间与同学交换的办法，每人读1~2本简写本读物，然后写出读后感或故事梗概，字数不限，可根据自己的能力进行充分发挥，待开学时上交作业让教师检查。教师在课堂上讲评学生们的作文或故事梗概。结果，同学们阅读了很多英文小说，《苔丝》、《爱玛》、《鲁宾逊漂流记》、《汤姆索亚历险记》、《三个火枪手》、《简爱》、《艰难时世》、《雾都孤儿》、《忠实的朋友》等等。大家基本上都能按教师的要求完成、上交。大部分同学都写了很多，拥有同一类书的同学阐述了各自不同的观点和体会。一部分同学写的很好，不但有自己的见解和体会，而且在英语语言的表达上也下了很大功夫，可谓刻苦用功。 通过上述课外阅读的分项训练，师生共同感受到：大量的正确的课外阅读，确实会让学生受益匪浅。1）培养了学生的阅读技巧和方法；2）巩固了课文中所学的基本语言知识；3）开阔了学生的视野，培养了学生们学英语的兴趣；4）通过文学简写本的阅读，提高了学生文学欣赏的能力；5）学生潜移默化地受到了思想品德的教育；6）阅读的同时配上笔头练习，大大提高了学生的书写表达能力。7）在阅读的过程中，回顾和加强了课本所学的单词、短语和重点句型。并且也掌握了大量的生词，开拓了学生的视野，逐渐学会了自我阅读自我学习的好习惯好方法，会让学生受益终生。 四、英语影像资料 结合同学们所读的英语小说，动员同学们自己去搜集相关的影像资料，集中大家的智慧去选择出大部分同学感兴趣的电影。在学生们熟悉所阅读过的内容的情况下，共同欣赏一部英文经典电影，共同评价故事中的任务或情节，引导学生进行深入的探究和理解。有时，笔者让学生分析电影中的人物特点、个性特点，并给出相应的原因，让同学们明白：这样的人物特点是符合当时的时代特点的，时代特点会造就出这样鲜明的人物！这样的知识学生们会一生受用。 五、英语新闻 组织同学们适当收看央视九套的英语新闻或收听有关的英语新闻节目，关注时事，扩展学生的视野，特别是热点新闻。同学们在熟悉新闻内容的背景下去收看或收听英语节目，更容易理解和接受其中的内容。收看之后，笔者有时会组织同学们相互用英语适当交流，尽可能运用新闻中所出现的一些单词、短语和术语。这样既调动了学生学习的兴趣，也让学生们明白在收看节目的时候要带着一定任务，集中注意力，认真对待。 在时间允许的情况下，笔者会找一些当前大家很关心的话题，让学生编写英语新闻，然后让学生们自己试着去播报，这样让学生们感