2019高考英语语法专题汇总(四)：情态动词

2019高考英语语法专题汇总（四）：情态动

词

专题四情态动词

一、can和could

1、can的用法

（1）表示体力和脑力方面的能力。

（2）表示对现在的动作或状态进行主观的猜测，主要用在否定句和疑问句中。

（3）表示可能性，理论上的可能性，意为有时候可能会，可用于肯定句。

（4）表示允许，意思与may接近。

（5）表示说话人的推测、怀疑、惊异、猜测或不肯定等，主要用于否定句、疑问句或感叹句中。

（6）can的特殊句型

cannottoo / enough表示无论怎么。。。也不过分。越。。。越好。

cannot but+ do sth.表示不得不，只好。

2、could的用法

（1）表示能力，指的是过去时间。

（2）表示允许，指的是过去时间。

（3）表示可能，可以指过去时间，也可以指现在时间，表示语气缓和。

（4）委婉客气地提出问题或陈述看法，指的是现在时间。主要用于疑问句，回答时用can。

3、can与could的区别

can表推测时只用于否定句和疑问句（could无此限制）。couldn’t的可能性比can’t小。

4、can与be able to的区别

（1）现在时：无区别，但后者不常用。

（2）完成时;can没有完成时，此时要用have（has,had）been able to。

（3）将来时：can没有将来时，要用will be able to。

（4）过去时：could表示一般能力，was/were able to 表示在具体场合通过努力成功做成某事的能力。

二、may 和might

1、may的用法

（1）表示询问或说明一件事可不可以做。

（2）表示一件事或许会发生或某种情况可能会存在，通常用在肯定句和否定句中。

注意：表示可能性时，can’t语气强，表示不可能，may not 语气弱，表示可能不。

2、might的用法

（1）表示询问或允许，指的是过去时间。

（2）表示可能发生的事，可以指过去时间，也可以指现在时间，语气更加不肯定，可能性比may小一些。

3、may与might的特殊用法

（1）may+主语+动词原形表示祝愿。

（2）may/ might well+动词原形表示（完全）能，很可能。

（3）may/ might as well+动词原形表示最好，满可以，倒不如。

（4）may be 是情态动词+系动词be结构，表示可能有，可能在，否定式为may not be。

maybe是一个词，为副词，意为大概，或许，可能，在句中作状

语。

三、must的用法

1、表示必须，多强调说话人的主观看法。

2、must和have to 的区别：

（1）must表示说话人的义务或说话人主观认为必须，应当做某事；have to表示由于某种外界原因而必须，不得不做某事。即must 侧重说明主观看法，have to强调客观需要。

（2）must只有一种形式，可用于现在、过去或将来时，但have to有不同的形式，可用于不同的时态。

（3）在否定句中，don’t need to, don’t have to, needn’t表示没有义务；mustn’t表示禁止。

3、must的否定形式must not/ mustn’t 意为不许，禁止，表示绝对禁止。若表示没必要，不必，应使用needn’t或don’t have to。

注意：对must作否定回答时，不用mustn’t，用needn’t或don’t have to。

4、must 表示偏偏，指令人不快的事情。

5、must用来表示推测，意为i准是，肯定是，一般用于肯定句，肯定程度比may,might大的多。

四、need的用法

1、need用作情态动词，后面接动词原形，通常用在否定句和疑问句中。

2、回答need时，肯定回答用must,否定回答用needn’t 或don’t have to。

3、need用作实义动词时，有时态、人称和数的变化，后面加to do。

4、need to do和need doing

need to do中不定式的逻辑主语就是主句的主语；need doing 是主动形式表示被动含义，即need前的主语就是need后面的动词所表示的动作的承受者。

注意：want和require作需要讲时，和need的用法相同。

5、needn’t have done与didn’t need to do

needn’t have done表示过去本不必做但实际上却做了某事

didn’t need to do表示过去不必做而实际上也没做某事

五、dare的用法

1、dare用作情态动词，后面接动词原形，通常用在否定句和疑问句和条件句中；它没有人称和数的变化，但有过去式（dared）。

2、dare用作实义动词时，有时态、人称和数的变化，后面加to do。

注意：（1）I dare say意为我认为，我相信，很可能。

（2）dare用作实义动词时，表示敢冒（危险），不俱。

（3）dare可用于激将或挑战。例：He dared me to jump down.

六、will和would

1、will的用法

（1）可以表示主观意志、意愿，可用于各种人称。

（2）可以表示经常性、习惯性、倾向性等，意为经常，惯于，总是。

（3）表示命令（说话这确信命令一定会得到执行）或允诺。

（4）will可用于祈使句的附加疑问句。

（5）用于疑问句，表邀请，请求，常与第二人称you连用。

2、would的用法

（1）作为will的过去时态，用于过去时中，表示主观愿望或意志，意为愿意，执意。

（2）用与第二人称，表示谦恭的请求或征求意见，比will更为客气。

（3）表示过去的习惯，后接动词原形，意为总是，总会。

（4）would表意愿用于词组中。

Would like 喜欢，想要（=would love）

Would rather 宁愿。

七、shall和should

1、shall的用法

（1）shall用于第一、三人称陈述句中，表示说话人征求对方的意见或向对方请示。

（2）shall用于第二、第三人称陈述句中，表示说话人给对方的命令、警告、允诺或威胁。

（3）用于所有人称，表示规章、法令、预言等，可译为必须。

2、should的用法

（1）表示义务、责任或劝告、建议、命令等，意为应该。

（2）表示有一定根据的推测、推论或可能性，意为可能，该（肯定的语气没有must表推测时强）。

（3）多用于疑问句中，表示惊讶、难以相信或不应该的事。

（4）ought to和should的比较

A、ought to也可以表示推论、可能性，和should用法一样。

B、在省略回答中，ought to中的to可以省略。

C、should和ought to表示做正确的事情或理应做的事情。

be supposed to 意为被期望，应该，表示被期望发生或根据安排、要求做某事，或认为做某事是正常的。

八、had better

意为最好，’d better 为其缩写形式，其后续跟动词原形。

注意：had better 的否定形式为had better not。

九、used to 过去常常

仅用于过去时态中，通常用于所有人称。

1、used to +动词原形，表示过去（有规律的）习惯或过去某一时期的的状况，但现在已不存在。

2、其反意疑问句简略回答中，也有两种形式：didn’t ，use（d）n’t

3、used to 和would的区别

（1）used to 可表示过去经常发生的动作或存在的状态，而would 仅表示过去习惯性或重复性的动作。

（2）used to 强调过去的行为同现在的对比，含有过去如此，现在已不再这样了之意。Would仅表示过去习惯性动作，没有预先在对比的含义。

（3）used to不能跟表确定时间短的时间状语连用。

（4）used to 可用于无人称句和存在句，而would则不可。

4、used to与be used to do和be used to doing

（1）used to表示过去常常隐含现在不这样了，其中to是不定式符号，后跟动词原形，仅用于过去时态。

（2）be/get/become used to 表示习惯于时，意为变得习惯于或开始习惯于。

（3）be used to do表示被用来。

十、情态动词后的某些动词形式

1、情态动词+have done

（1）must+have+done表示对过去事情的肯定推测，译成一定做过某事，该结构只用于肯定句。

（2）can't+have+done表示对过去事情的否定推测，译成不可能做过某事。

（3）can+have+done表示对过去行为的怀疑，用于疑问句，译成可能做过吗？

（4）could+have+done是虚拟语气，表示对过去事情的假设，意思是本来能够做某事而没有做。

（5）may+have+done表示对发生过的事情的推测，意思是可能已经或也许已经，用于肯定句中。

（6）might+have+done表示对过去事情的推测，might与may意思相同，多用于虚拟语气结构中；还可以表示本来可能。

（7）would+have+done虚拟语气，表示对过去事情的假设，意思是本来会做。

（8）should+have+done意思是本来应该做某事，而实际没做。shouldn't + have+done表示本来不应该做某事，而实际做了。含有指责对方或自责的含意。

（9）ought to+have+done表示过去应该做而实际并没有做，译成理应做，往往表示遗憾。与should+have+done用法基本一样。

（10）need+have+done表示本来需要做某事而没有做。needn't+have+done则表示本来不需要做某事而做了。

2、情态动词+be doing：表示对现在正在做的事情的推测。

十一、含有某些情态动词的反意疑问句

1、must

当must表示命令时，反意疑问句用needn’t。

当must表示推测时，反意疑问句与实际情况保持一致，即与把must删掉后的陈述句的反意疑问句保持一致。

2、can’t

当can’t表示没能力做某事时，反意疑问句用can sb.?

当can’t用于表推测时，反意疑问句由实际情况决定，即由去掉can’t后的真实陈述句决定。

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