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英文介绍中医

英文介绍中医
英文介绍中医

Traditional Chinese medicine (also known as TCM, simplified Chinese: 中医; traditional Chinese: 中医; pinyin: zhōngyī) includes a range of traditional medical practices originating in China. It is considered a Complementary or Alternative Medical system in much of the western world while remaining as a form of primary care throughout most of Asia.

TCM practices include treatments such as herbal medicine, acupuncture, dietary therapy, Tui na and Shiatsu massage; often Qigong and Taiji are also strongly affiliated with TCM.

TCM theory is extremely complex and originated thousands of years ago through meticulous observation of nature, the cosmos, and the human body. Major theories include those of Yin-yang, the Five Phases, the human body Channel system, Zang Fu organ theory, six confirmations, four layers, etc.

0 RADITIONAL- CHINESE MEDICINE WITH A LONG HISTORY

历史悠久的中国传统医学

Traditional Chinese medicine ( TCM)

has a history of several years. Its origin can be traced back to remote antiquity.In a long course of struggling against diseases, TCM evolved into a unique and integrated theoretical systcm of TCM. It is an important part of Chinese culture. More than 2,000 years ago, came out Huangdi's Classic on Medicine( Huang Di Nei jing ), which is the earliest medical classic extant in China. It consists of two parts—Basic Questions ( Su Wen ) and Miraculous Pivot( Ling Shu ), each comprising) nine volumes, each of which, in turn, contains nine chapters, totaling up to 162 chapters.The book gives a complete and systematic exposition to the following various subjects : the relationship between man and nature, the physiology and pathology of the human body, and the diagnosis, treatment and prevention ot diseases. It also uses the theories of yin-yang and the five elements to deal fully with the principles of treatment by 中医有着几千年的历史,

起源可追溯至远古时代。在长期与疾病的斗争中,中医演化并形成了一套独特且完整的理论体系。2000多年前出现的《黄帝内经》是中国现存的最早医著。它由《素问》和《灵枢》两部分组成。每部分包含9卷,每卷又有9章,总计162章。该书对人和自然的关系、人体的生理及病理、疾病的预防和诊治等方面进行了系统全面的说明。同时它运用阴阳和五行理论全面阐述了

因时、因地、因人而异辩证论治的原则并且表达了整体观念的思想

即把人体看作一个整体,把人与其周围的环境看作一个整体。这为中医理论的形成奠定了初步的基础。继《黄帝内经》之后,东汉时期之前出现了《难经》。该书涉及了中医的基础理论如生理、病理和疾病的诊治等。它补充了《黄帝内经》的不足。自此许多不同的学派及经典著作相继出现,各抒己见。

differentiation of syndromes (TDS) according to the climatic and seasonal conditions, geographical localities and individual constitution. Hence( giving expression) to the holistic concept of taking the human body as an organic whole and taking the human body with the surrounding environment as the integrity. It laid a preliminary foundation for the theoretical formation of TCM. After Huangdi's Classic on Medicine another classic of medicine, Classic on Medical Problems ( Nan Jing ), was given birth to the world before the Eastern Han Dynasty. The book deals mainly with the basic theory of TCM, such as physiology, pathology, diagnosis and treatment of diseases and so on. It supplemented what Huangdi's Classic on Medicine lacked. From then on, many medical schools and various classics on medicine were brought into being in succession, each having its own strong points.

Shen Nong's Herbal ( Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing ), also known as Classic on the Herbal (Ben Cao Jing ) or The Herbal ( Ben Cao ), is the earliest book on materia

medica in China, which appeared in about the Qin-Han Period with its authorship unknown. Not only does it list 365 medicinal item —among which 252 are

herbs, 67 are animals, and 46 are minerals, but also divides them into three grades according to their different properties and effects. The book also gives a brief account of pharmacological theories—principal (jun ), adjuvant (chen ), assistant ( zuo ) and guide (shi ); harmony in seven emotions ( qi qing he he ), four properties of medicinal herbs ( si qi ) and five tastes of medicinal herbs ( wu wei ). 《神农本草》(亦称“本草经”

或“本草”)是中国最早的药物学

专著。它出现于秦汉时期,作者不

祥。它不仅罗列了365种药物(其

中草药252种,动物类药67种,矿

物类药46种)而且依药物性质及功

效的不同将其分为三个等级。同时,

该书简述了方剂的基本原则(君、

臣、佐、使)和七情与药物的四气

五味相和的原则。

In the Han Dynasty (3rd century 汉朝(公元前3世纪)的张

AD ), Zhang Zhongjing, an outstanding physician, wrote Treatise on Febrile and Miscellaneous Diseases ( Shang Han Za Bing Lun ), which is divided into two books by later generations, one is entitled " Treatise onFebrile Diseases", ( Shang Han Lun ) , the other Synopsis of

Prescriptions of Golden Cabinet (Jin Kui

Yao Lue ) . The book established the

pnriciple of TDS (Treatment of

Differentiation Syndromes ;Technical

Data System 技术数据系统), thereby

laying a foundation for the development

of clinical medicine.

仲景是一位著名的医家,著有《伤寒杂病论》。该书被后人分为两部分,名为《伤寒论》和《金匱要略》。该书建立了辩证论治的原则及技术数据系统,因此,为临床医学的发展奠定了基础。 In the Western Jin Dynasty. Huang

Fumi, a famous physician, compiled A-B

Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion (Zhen Jiu Jia Yi Jing ) The book consists of 12 volumes with 128 chapters, including 349 acupoints. It is the earliest extant work dealing exclusively with acupuncture and moxibustion and one

of the most influential works in the

history of acupuncture and moxibustion.

西金时期的著名医家皇浦谧编辑的《针灸甲乙经》由12卷128章组成,包括349个穴位。它是现存最早的针灸学专著,也是针灸史上最具影响力的著作之一。 The Sui and Tang Dynasties came

into their own in feudal economy and culture. In 610 AD, Chao Yuanfan et al. compiled General Treatise on the Etiology and Symptomology . The book gave an extensive and minute description of the etiology and symptoms of various diseases. It is the earliest extant classic on etiology and symptoms in China. In 657 AD, Su Jing together with 20 other scholars, compiled Newly-Revised Materia Medica ( Xin Xiu Ben Cao ) , which is the first pharmacopoeia sponsored officially in ancient China, and the earliest pharmacopoeia in the world as well. Sun Simiao (581-682 AD) devoted all his life to writing out the two books: Valuable Prescriptions for Emergencies (Bei Ji Qian Jin Yao Fang ) and Supplement to

隋唐时期形成了自己封建的经济文化制度。公元前610年,巢元方编辑的《诸病源候论》对各种不同疾病的病因及症状进行了广泛而详细的描述。它是现存最早的

病因及症状学著作。公元前657年,苏敬和其他20名医家学者编辑了《新修本草》。它是中国古代官方正式发起编辑的药典,也是世界上

最早的药学著作。孙思邈(公元前581-682年)倾其一生精力撰写了

两部著作,分别是《备急千金药方》和《千金翼方》.书中涉及了医理总论、中药、妇产科、儿科、针灸、方药饮食及养生等医学的不同分支。两本著作都是唐代医学的代表作。孙思邈因此被后世誉为“方药之祖”。

Valuable Prescriptions ( Qian Jin Yi Fang) . The hooks deal with general medical theory, materia medica, gynecology and obstetrics, pediatrics, acupuncture and moxibustion, diet, health preservationand prescriptions for various branches of medicine. Both books are recognized as representative works of medicine in the Tang Dynasty. Sun Simiao was honored by later generations as "the king of herbal medicine".

In the Song Dynasty, more attention was paid to the education of

TCM . The goverment set up"the Imperial Medical Bureau" for training and bringing up qualified TCM workers. In 1057 AD, a special organ named "Bureau for Revising Meidical Books" was set up in order to proofread and correct the medical books from preceding ages, and to publish them one after another. The books revised have been handed down till now and are still the important classics for China and other countries to study TCM. 宋朝更注重的是中医教育。

政府兴办了太医局训练和培养合格的中医师。公元前1057年,一个特殊的组织-校正医书局成立了,其目的是为了对从前的医书进行校正并一一印刷出版。被修改过的医书流传至今并仍是现今中国和全世界学习中医的重要经典著作。

In the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, there appeared four medical schools represented by Liu Wansu ( 1120-1200 AD ), Zhang Congzheng ( 1156-1228 AD), Li Gao ( l180-1251 AD) and Zhu Zhenheng ( 1281-1358 AD). Among them, Liu Wansu believed that "fire and heat" were the main causes of a variety of diseases, and that the diseases should be treated with drugs cold and cool in nature. So he was known as "the school of cold and cool" by later generations, Zhang Congzheng believed that all diseases were caused by exogenous pathogenic factors invading the body, and advocated that pathogenic factors should be driven out by methods of diaphoresis, emesis and purgation. So he was known as the "school of purgation". The third school represented by Li Gao held that "Internal injuries of the 金元时期出现了四个医学

学派代表人物分别为:刘完素(公元前1120-1200)、张从正(公元前1156-1228)、李杲(公元前1180-1251)、朱震亨(公元前1281-1358)。他们中,刘完素认为火热是导致各种疾病的病因,治疗疾病应选择性质寒凉的药,因此被后世称为“寒凉派”。张从正认为外邪侵犯人体是疾病的原因,提倡用“汗、吐、下”等法驱邪外出,所以被称为“攻邪派”。第三个学派以李杲为代表主张“脾胃内伤,百病由生”。因此强调临床中最重要的应为温养脾胃。因为脾在五行中属土,故其被称为“补土派”的奠基人。第四个学派为朱震亨发起的“滋阴派”。他认为“阳常有余,阴常不足。”因此在临床上常用“滋阴泻火”的方法。

spleen and stomach will bring about

various diseases". Therefore, he emphasizeed that the most important thing, clinically, should be to warm and invigorate thespleen and stomach because the spleen is attributed to the earth in the five elements. So he was regarded as the founder of the "school of reinforcing the earth". And the fourth school was known as the "school of nourishing yin" by founded Zhu Zhenheng. He believed: "Yang is usually redundant, while yin is ever deficient". That is why the body "often has enough yang but not enough yin". So he usually used the method to nourish yin and purge fire in clinical

practice.

Li Shizhen (1518-1593 AD), a famous physician and pharmacologist in the Ming Dynasty, wrote The Compendium of

Materia Medica ( Ben Cao Gang Mu ). The book consists of 52 volumes with 1,892 medicinal herbs, including over 10,000 prescriptions and 1,000 illustrations of medicinal items. In addition, his book also deals with botany, zoology,

mineralogy, physics, astronomy,

meteorology, etc. It is really a monumental work in Materia Medica. It is a great contribution to the development of pharmacology both in China and all over the world. During the same period, acupuncture and moxibustion reached their climax. Many literature concerning acupuncture and moxibustion for the ages were summarized and developed. 李时珍(公元前1518-

1593年)是汉朝著名的内科医生及药师,撰写了《本草纲目》。该书共有52卷,记载了1892种药,10000首方剂和1000条医理注释。另外该书还涉及了植物学、动物学、地质学、药理学、天文学、气象学等学科,是一部真正的药物学不朽著作。它对中国乃至全世界药学的发展作出了巨大的贡献。在同一时期,针灸也达到了发展的高潮,许多历代的涉及针灸的文化得到了总结和发

展。

Since the founding of New China, our government has paid great attention to inheriting and developing the heritage of TCM and Materia Medica. A series of policies and measures have been taken for developing TCM. In 1986, the State Administrative Bureau of TCM and Materia Medica was established. This leading body 自从新中国成立以后,我国

政府对继承和发扬中医药遗产予以了高度的重视,制定了一系列利于中医药发展的方针政策和措施。1986年,国家中医药管理局成立了,它成为保证中医药顺利发展的领导主体。中医药从来没有象今天这样繁荣过。在历经了时代的变迁

is the guarantee of developing TCM and Materia Medica smoothly. Never before has TCM been as prosperous as it is today. TCM has experienced many vicissitudes of

times but always remains evergreen . There

is no doubt that TCM will take its place

in medical circles of the world as a

completely new medicine.

和沧桑之后,中医药仍然保持着其鲜活的生命力。毫无疑问,中医药将以崭新的面貌耸立于世界之林。 SPECIFIC AND PROFOUND TCM

中医的独特性与深刻意义

TCM, one of China's splendid

cultural heritages, is the science

dealing with human physiology,

pathology, diagnosis, treatment and

prevention of diseases. TCM summed up

the experience of the Chinese people

in their long struggle against diseases and, under the influence of ancient naive materialism and dialectics, evolved into a unique, integral system of medical theory through long clinical practice. During several thousand years it has made great contributions to the promotion of health, the proliferation and prosperity of the Chinese nation, and the enrichment and development of world medicine as well. The formation of the theoretical system of TCM was greatly influenced by ancient Chinese materialism and

dialectics. The theoretical system

takes the physiology and pathology of

zang-fu organs and meridians as its

basis, and TDS as its diagnostic and

therapeutic features.

中医是中国辉煌的传统文化之一,它是一门涉及人体生理、病理、诊断、治疗和疾病预防的科学。它是在古代朴素的唯物主义和辨证法的影响下对中国人民长期与疾病斗争经验的总结, 并在长期的临床实践中演化成了一套独特完整的医学理论。在过去的几千年里,中医为中华人民健康水平的提高、民族的繁荣昌盛及世界医学的丰富及发展做出了巨大的贡献。中医理论系统的形成受到古代中国的唯物主义和辩证法的极大影响。这套理论系统以脏腑经络的生理病理为基础,以辨证论治为其诊断特色。

TCM has its own specific understanding both in the physiological functions and pathological changes of the human body and in the diagnosis and treatment of 中医在对人体的生理功能、病理改变和诊治疾病方面有其独特的见解。它把人体看作一个以脏腑和经络相互联系的有机整体并认为人体与其外界环境也是息息相关的。中医高度重视

disease. TCM regards the human body itself as an organic whole interconnected by zang-fu organs, meridians and collaterals.And TCM also holds that the human body is closely related to the outside world. In regard to the onset and development of a disease, TCM attaches great importance to the endogenous pathogenic factors, namely the seven emotion, but it by no means excludes

the exogenous pathogenic factors,

namely the six pathogens. In

diagnosis, TCM takes the four

diagnostic methods ( inspection,

auscultation ant olfaction,inquiry,

pulse-taking and palpation as its

principal tcchniques, eight principal

syndromes as its general guideline,

and differentiation of syndrome

according to the zang-fu theory,

differentiation of syndromes

according to the six-meridian theory,

and differentiation of syndromes

according to the theory of wei, qi,

ying and xue as its basic theories of

the differentiation of syndromes. It

also stresses the prevention and

preventive treatment of disease, and

puts forward such therapeutic

principles as "treatment aiding at the

root cause of disease".

"strengthening vital qi and

dispelling pathogens, regulating yin

and yang and treating diseases in

accordance with three conditions" (i.

e. the climatic and seasonal

conditiont, geographic localities and

the patient's constitution).

内因即所谓的“七情”在疾病的发生和发展过程中所起的作用,但也决不排除外因的作用即所谓的“六淫”。在诊断方面,中医以四诊(望、闻、问、切)为技术原则、八纲辨证为指导总纲并把脏腑辨证、六经辨证、卫气营血辨证作为其辨证论治的基础。它强调“未病先防”、“治病求本”、“扶正祛邪”、“调整阴阳”和“三因制宜”(因时、因地、因人制宜)的重要性。 These characteristicts, however, can be generalized as the holistic concept and treatment by differentiation of syndromes (TDS)

然而,对以上的中医特点可以用“整体观念”和“辨证论治”加以概括。 l. The Holistic Concept 1.整体观念

By "the holistic concept" is meant a general idea of, on the one hand, the unity) and integrity within the human body and, on the other, its close relationship with the outer world. The human body is composed of various organs and tissues, each having its own distinct function, which is a

component part of the life activities of the whole body. And in TCM the human body is regarded as an organic whole in which its constituent parts are inseparable in structure, interrelated and interdependent in physiology, and mutually influential in pathology. Meanwhile, man lives in nature, and nature provides the conditions indispensible to man's survival. So it follows that the human body is bound to be affected directly or indirectly by the changes of nature, to which the human body, in turn, makes corresponding responses. TCM says: "Physicians have to know the law of nature and geographical conditions when diagnosing and treating diseases." That's why TCM not only stresses the unity of the human body itself but also attaches great importance to the interrelationship between the body and nature in diagnosing and treating diseases. 整体观念的总思想是一方面认

为人体是一个统一的整体,另一方面认

为人体与其外界环境密切相关。人体由

不同的脏腑组织组成,每个脏腑组织都

有其独特的功能并都是整个人体进行

生命活动的组成部分。中医把人体看作

一个有机人体认为人体的各部分在生

理上相互联系和相互独立,在病理上相

互影响。同时,因为人类生活在自然中,

自然提供给人类赖以生存的环境,所以

人体就会直接或间接的受到自然环境

变化的影响并产生相应的反应。中医认

为医生在诊治疾病时应该熟悉自然规

律和地理环境。这便是中医为何在诊治

疾病时既强调人体为一整体也重视人

体与自然环境相互作用的关系。

2. Treatment by Differentiation of

Syndromes

2.辨证论治

TCM, on the other hand, is

characterized by TDS. Differentiation means comprehensive analysis, while syndrome refere to symptoms and signs. So differentiation of syndromes implies that the patient's symptoms and signs collected by the four diagnostic methods are analyzed and summarized so as to identify the etiology, nature and location of a 中医的另一特色是辨证论治。

“辨证”即综合分析相关的症状,因此辨证意味着将四诊收集到的症状加以分析和总结确定疾病的病理、病性、病位和邪正关系,从而确定疾病的证型。“论治”指的是根据辨证的结果选择相应的治疗。总的来说,辨证论治即在对症状的全面分析基础上进行诊治。

disease, and the relation between vital qi and pathogens, thereby determining what syndrome the disease belongs to. By treatment is meant selecting the corresponding therapy according to the outcome of differentiating syndromes. Taken as a whole, TDS means diagnosis and treatment based on overall analysis of symptoms and signs.

As concerns the relationship between "disease" and "treatment", TCM takes two different clinical ways on the basis of TDS. One is "treating the same disease with different

therapies", by which is meant that the same disease may manifest itself in different syndromes at different stages or under different conditions. Therefore, the therapies of the same diease should be adopted towards different therapies according to the patient's constitution, the geographical environment, the climatic and seasonal changes. Take flu for example, it may be caused by wind-cold,wind-heat, summer-heat and dampness or other pathogens. So is advisable to adopt dispersing

wind-cold, eliminating wind-heat, clearing away summer-heat and dampness respectively. The other is called "treating different diseases with the same therapy", by which is meant that different diseases manifesting themselves in the same syndrome may be treated with the same therapy. For example prolapse of the rectum due to protracted diarrhea and hysteroptosis are two different diseases. However, if they are both marked by themselves in the same syndrome of qi of sinking of the middle energizer, they can be treated in the 关于疾病和治疗的关系,中医

在辨证论治的基础上存在两种治疗途径。一种是“同病异治”,即同一疾病在不同环境、不同阶段下会显示出不同的证候,因此,对同一疾病应根据患者的体质、地理环境的不同和天气季节的变化采取不同的治疗措施。例如流感可以由风寒、风热、暑湿之邪造成,所以治疗应相应的采取祛风散寒、疏散风热和清暑化湿的方法。另一种是“异病同治”,即不同的疾病出现相同的证候可以采取相同的治疗。例如泻泄引起的脱肛和子宫下垂是两种不同的疾病,然而,如果它们都是以中焦之气下陷引起相同的证候为特征的话就可以采取相同的治疗——升提中焦之气。从以上,显而易见,中医并不是注重疾病之间的相似和不相似,而是重视证候的相同与否。总而言之,相同的证候采取相同的治疗方法,不同的证候采取不同的治疗方法。

same therapy by lifting qi of the middie energizer. From the above it becomes obvious that TCM does not focus its attention on similarities or dissimilarities between diseases but on the differences between the syndromes. Generally speaking, the same syndromes are treated with basically same therapies, while different syndromes with different ones.

To sum up, the principle that

different contradictions in essence are handled by different methods in the course of development of a disease is the core of TDS. 总之,原则是在疾病的发展过

程中不同的本质矛盾应采取不同的方

法,这就是辨证论治的核心。

YIN AND YANG-THE LAW OF NATURE

阴阳-自然界的法则

Yin and yang, which come from ancient Chinese philosophy, are a general term for two opposites of interrelated things or phenomena in the natural world. At first, their connotations were quite simple, referring to the two opposite sides of an object. The side facing the sun is yang and the reverse side is yin in the course of long practice and observation, the ancient Chinese people came to understand that the opposition and wax-wane of yin and yang are inherent in all things. Yi Zhuan says, "Yin and yang are what is called Dao", (Dao means the basic law of the unity of opposites in the universe). In other words, "Everything in the universe contains yin and yang." And they further believed that yin and yang can not only represent two opposite objects but also be used to analyze two opposite aspects existing in a single entity. Generally speaking, things or phenomena which are dynamic, bright, hot, functional, etc..., pertain to the category 阴阳来自古代

中国哲学,是自然界中相联系的事物和现象中相互对立面的总称。最初,它们的内涵很简单,指的是事物的对立两方。向阳为阳,背阳则为阴。在长期的观察实践中,古代中国人民开始认识到阴阳的对立和消长存在于一切事物中。《易传》曰:一阳一阴谓之道(道代表宇宙中对立统一的基本规律)。换言之,“宇宙中的每个事物都包含阴阳两方面”。并且他们进一步认为阴阳不仅代表两个对立的事物而且可用于分析一个单独实体中存在的两个对立面。总之,动态的、明亮的、热的、功能的事物或现象属于阳;反之静止的、黑暗的、冷的、实质的事物和现象属于阴。阴阳理论认为宇宙中一切事物的变化发展来自于阴阳的对立统一。《素问》曰:阴阳者,天地之道也,万物之纲纪,变化之父

of yang, while those that are static, dark, cold, substantial , etc. , pertain to that of yin. The yin-yang theory holds that the development and changes of everything in the universe result from the unity of opposites be tween yin and yang. Su Wen says: "yin and yang are the law of heaven

and earth, the principles of all things, the

parents of all changes, the origin of life

and death... " The yin-yang theory is an

important constituent of the theoretical

system of TCM and runs through every aspect

of the system. It is used to explain

physiology and pathology of the body and to

guide clinical diagnosis and treatment. The

basic content of yin-yang theory can be

summarized as follows.

母,生杀之本始。阴阳理论是中医理论系统的重要组成部分并贯穿于该系统的各个方面。它用于解释人体的生理和病理现象并指导临床的诊治。阴阳理论的基本内容可总结为以下几方面。 l. The Unity of Opposition Between Yin and Yang

1.阴阳的对立统一 By the opposition between yin and yang

is meant that all things or phenomena in

nature have two opposite aspects-yin and

yang, such as heaven and earth, motion and

quiescence , ascending and descending,

exiting and entering, day and night, heat and coldness and so on. The former being yang and the latter yin (P29) in every pair above. The unity is the outcome of mutual opposition and restriction between yin and yang. Without opposition, there would be no unity; Without mutual opposition, there would be no mutual complement . It is only through this kind of opposition and restriction that the dynamic equilibrium can be established. For instance, in the nature world, the motions of celestial bodies , the variations of the four seasons, the alternations of days and

nights, as well as sprouting in spring,

growing in summer, reaping in autunm and

storing in winter, are all the concrete

manifestations of the unity of opposites

between yin and yang.

阴阳对立指的是自然界中所有的事物和现象都存在对立两面—阴阳,如天地、动静、升降、进出、日月、寒热等等。以上的每对现象中前者为阳,后者为阴。统一是阴阳对立制约的结果。没有对立就没有统一,没有相互对立就没有相互补充。正是这种对立统一,阴阳才能达到动态平衡。例如,天体运动、四季变迁、昼夜交替、以及春生、夏长、秋收、冬藏的变化,皆为阴阳对立统一的具体表现。

TCM believes that the normal physiological functions of the human body result from the opposite and unified

relationship between yin and yang. Both of them are always in a state of dynamic balance. Even under normal physiological conditions of the human body, yin and yang can not be in a state of absolute balance, but in a state of relative balance. If, for any reason, the relative balance is destroyed, there is bound to be excess or deficiency of yin or yang, and then a disease will arise. As is stated in Su Wen , "Yin in excess causing yang disease, while yang in excess leading to yin disease." It is precisely due to the unity of opposites between yin and yang that all things can develop and change ceaselessly and the natural world is perpetually full of life. 中医认为人体的

正常生理功能是阴阳对立统一的

结果。阴阳总是处在动态平衡的

状态。甚至在人体正常的生理条

件下,阴阳也不可能达到绝对平

衡,而是处于相对平衡的状态。

一旦阴阳的相对平衡被打破就一

定会导致阴阳的偏实偏虚,疾病

也就随之产生了。正如《素问》

所指出的“阴胜则阳病,阳胜则

阴病”。也正是由于阴阳的对立

统一万物才得以发展变化,自然

界才得以永生。

2. Interdependence between yin and yang 2.阴阳相互依存

Yin and yang are opposed to and yet, at the same time, depend on each other. Neither can exist in isolation without its Opponent's existence. In other words, without yin there would be no yang, and it's the same the other way round. So either yin or yang is the prerequisite for the other's existence. And this kind of coexistent relationship is stated in TCM, "solitary yin or yang failing to live." This interdependence is also reflected in the relationship between substances and functions. The substance corresponds to yin and the function, to yang. The function is the result of material motion, and nothing in the world is not in a state of motion. Thereby, there is not any substance which can't produce its function and there is also not any function which doesn't originate from the motion of its substance. Therefore, Neijing says: "Yin in the interior is the basis for yang; while yang in the exterior is the activity for yin." "Yin" refers to the material,basis of 阴阳是对立的但同时又

是相互依存的。缺了对立方,任何一方都不能独立存在。换言之,无阴则阳无以生,反之亦然。所以无论阴或阳都是其对立方存在的先决条件。这种共存关系中医称为“独阳则阴无以化,独阴则阳无以生”。这种相互依存也可在物质于功能的关系上被反映。物质对应阴,功能对应阳。功能是运动的结果,世上的万物都处于运动之中。从而,没有不能产生功能的物质,也没有不从物质产生的功能。因此,《内经》曰:阴在内,阳之守也;阳在外,阴之使也。“阴”指的是物质,是阳功能活动的基础;“阳”指的是功能活动。物质和功能之间是相互依存、不可分离的。这仅仅是一种可以想象的、逼真的言语表述。然而,当物质之间、动能之间或物质和功能之间相互依存的关系异常时,正常的生命活动就会被破坏,从而导致阴阳离绝、

functional activity of yang and "yang"

refers to functional activity. The

substance and function are interdependent

and inseparable. Here is just an imaginable

and vivid figure of speech. However, when

the interdependent relationships between

substances, between functions as well as

between substances and functions are

abnormal, life activities will be broken,

thus bringing about dissociation of yin and

yang, depletion of essence-qi. and even an

end of one's life.

元气损耗,甚至生命的终结。

3. Waning and waxing of yin and yang 3.阴阳消长

Yin and yang always coexist in a dynamic

eqilibrium in which one waxes while the

other wanes. In other words, waning of yin

will lead to(因果关系的词:causing,

inducing,leading to,bring on, give rise to, produce,make,generating) waxing of yang and vice versa. Take the seasonal and climatic variations for example, it gets warm from winter to spring, and hot from spring to sumner. This is the process of "yang waxing and yin waning," Conversely, it gets cool from summer to autumn, and cold from autumn to winter-the process known as "yin waxing and yang waning".Under normnl conditions, the waning-waxing relation of yin and yang is in a state of relative balance.If this relation goes beyond normal limits, the relativc balance of yin and yang will not be maintained, thus resulting in either excess or deficiency of yin or yang and the occurrence of diseasc, so far as to endanger one's life. 阴阳总是共存于此消彼

长的动态平衡中。换言之,阴消

会导致阳长,反之亦然。以四季

和天气的变化为例,冬去春暖、

春去夏热是阳盛阴衰的过程。相

反,夏去秋凉、秋去冬寒是阴盛

阳衰的过程。在正常的条件下,

阴阳的消长处于动态平衡的状态

中。如果这种关系超出了正常范

围,阴阳的相对平衡就无法维持,

结果就会导致阴或阳的偏盛偏衰

和疾病的发生,更甚者致危及生

命。

4. Transformation of yin and yang 4.阴阳转化

In given conditions, either yin or yang may transform into its opposite, i. e. yin may be transformed into yang and yang into yin. If the waning-waxing of yin and yang is said to be a process of quantitative change, then that of their

inter-transformation pertains to a 在特定条件下,阴或阳都

可以向其对立方转化。如阴可以转化成阳,阳也可以转化成阴。如果说阴阳消长是个量变的过程,那么阴阳的相互转化便属于基于量变上的质变。这种过程大多是由量变渐致质变的过程。《素

qualitative change based on the quantitative chang. Such a process is mostly a gradual one from quantitative to qualitative change. Su Wen states: "Extreme yin gives rise to yang, while extreme yang gives rise to yin." "Extreme cold brings on heat, while extreme heat brings on cold". This is termed"Things will develop in the

opposite direction when they become

extreme." Pathologically, the yin

syndromes can be transformmed into yang

syndromes, and vice versa. It must be

pointed out that the decisive factor of the

mutual transformation is the conditions,

including internal and external

conditions, without which such

transformation will be by no means likely

to occur.

问》曰:重阴必阳,重阳必阴。寒极生热,热极生寒。这就是物极必反。在病理上,阴证可以转化成阳证,反之亦然。必须指出的是阴阳相互转化的决定性因素是条件,包括内部和外部条件,不然,转化便不可能发生。 The above statement is the basic

content of yin-yang theory, which is also illustrated by "Taijitu" (Yin-Yang Diagram) below. In the diagram the white part indicates yang, and the black part yin. The relationships between the two are both opposite and complementary to each other. The white spot within yin shows the yang within yin , while the black spot does yin within yang . Meanwhile, they contain the potential for Intertransformation and

inter-wane-wax between yin and yang.

以上所述为阴阳理论的基本内容,它也可以用以下的太极图来说明。在图中,白色部分代表阳 ,黑色代表阴。他们之间存在相互对立、相互补充的关系。阴中的白点表示阴中之阳,黑点表示阳中之阴。同时,他们还包含了阴阳相互转化、此消彼长的意义。 From the above, we can see that the

content of yin-yang theory is composed of

four aspects, among which the opposition and waxing-waning contain the opposite of contradiction ; the interdependence and transformation contain the unity of contradiction; waxing-waning and transformation contain quantitative change and qualitative change. The former is the precondition for the latter, the latter is

the outcome of the former.

从以上我们可以知道阴阳理论的内容由四部分组成。其中阴阳对立和消长代表矛盾对立面,阴阳的相互依存和转化代表矛盾的统一面。消长和转化代表量变和质变。前者为后者的前提,后者为前者的结果。

THE APPLICATION OF THE YIN-YANG THEORY

阴阳学说的应用

The yin-yang theory permeates all aspects of the theoretical system of TCM. The theory is used to explain the organic structure, physiological function and pathological changes of the human body. It also serves as a principle to guide clinical diagnosis 阴阳理论渗

透于中医理论系统的各

个方面。该理论可用于解

释人体的组织结构、生理

功能和病理改变,也是指

导临床诊断的原则之一。l . Explaining the Tissues and Structure of the

Human Body

1.解释人体组织结构

The human body is an integrated whole. All its

tissues and structures are organically connected and may be classified as two opposite aspects-yin and yang. That is why Su wen states,"Man, having a form, can not deviate from yin and yang."In terms of the anatomical locations, the upper part of the body is yang and the lower part is yin; the exterior is yang and the interior, yin; the back is yang and the abdomen, yin; the lateral aspects of the extremities are yang and the medical aspects, yin. Concerning the zang-fu organs, the zang-organs store but not discharge essence-qi and, therefore, they are yin; while the fu-organs transmit and transform food into essence-qi but not store it, and, for this reason, they are yang. Furthermore, each of the zang- or fu-organs can be redivided into yin and yang. For example, heart-yin and heart-yang, kidney-yin and kidney-yang, stomach-yin and stomach-yang, etc. As concerns yin and yang of the meridian-collateral system, there are two categories: yin meridians and yang meridians; yin collaterals and yang collaterals. All of them are opposite pairs. Thus, in line with the yin-yang theory, the unity of opposites between yin and yang exist in the upper and lower, internal and external, front and back parts of the human body, and within all the internal organs as well. 人体是一个

完整的整体。所有的组织

结构都存在着有机联系,

并可被分为阴阳相反的

两类。这就是为什么《素

问》说:人生有形,不离

阴阳。就解剖位置而言,

人体上部为阳,下部为

阴;外为阳,内为阴;背

为阳,腹为阴;四肢末端

为阳,躯干为阴。就脏腑

组织而言,脏藏而不泄,

故为阴;而腑泄而不藏,

故为阳。再者,脏腑的每

一部分又可分阴阳。例

如,心阴和心阳,肾阴和

肾阳,胃阴和胃阳等等。

就经络系统之阴阳而言,

可分为两类:阴经和阳

经,阴络和阳络。以上都

属于阴阳的对立两面。以

此而知,阴阳理论贯穿存

在于人体的上下、内外、

前后部分和内部组织之

间。

2. Explaining the Physiological Functions of the

Human Body

2.解释人体的生理功能

The yin-yang theory believes that the normal life activities of the human body result from the harmonious relation of the unity of 阴阳理论认

为人体的正常生命活动来自于阴阳对立统一关

opposites between yin and yang. Take the relationship between function and matter for example, function pertains to yang while matter, to yin. Physiological activities of the body are based on matter. Without matter, there would be no sustentation for function activities. And functional activities are the motive power for producing matter. In other words, without functional activities, the metabolism of matter would not be performed. In this way, yin and yang within the human body depend on each other for existence. If yin and yang can't complement each other and become separated from each other, life will come to an end. So Su Wen says:"The equilibrium of yin and yang makes the vitality well-conserved; the divorce of yin and yang

essence-qi exhausted."

系的协调。以功能和物质的关系为例,功能属阳,物质属阴。人体的生理活动以物质为基础。没有物质,功能活动就无法维持。功能活动是物质形成的动力。换言之,没有功能活动,物质形态就无法形成。因此,人体阴阳是相互依存的。如果阴阳不能相互补充而是相互分离,生命就将告终。故《素问》曰:阴平阳秘,精神乃治;阴阳离决,精气乃绝。

3. Explaining the Pathological Changes 3.解释病理改变 TCM considers that the imbalance between yin

and yang is one of the basic pathogenesis of a disease. The occurrence and development of a disease are related to both the vital-qi and pathogenic factors. Although the pathologlical changes which occur in diseases are complicated and changeable, they can still be summarized as excess or deficiency of yin or yang. To be more concrete, "yang excess leads to heat syndrome while yin excess causes cold syndrome"; "yang deficiency results in cold syndrome while yin deficiency causes heat syndromes"; "yang deficiency affects yin while yin deficiency

affects yang."

中医认为阴阳不调是疾病的基本病理改变之一。疾病的发生和发展与正邪两方面因素有关。尽管疾病的病理改变变幻复杂,但始终能归结为阴阳的虚实。更具体的说就是“阳盛则热,阴盛则寒;阳虚则寒,阴虚则热;阳损及阴,阴损及阳”。 4. Serving as the Guide to Diagnosis and

Treatment 4.指导诊断与治疗 As the imbalance between yin and yang is the root cause for the occurrence and development of a disease, all clinical manifestations, no matter how complicated and changeable they are, can be explained with the aid of yin-yang theory. So TCM holds, "A skilled diagnostician, first of all, differentiates between yin and yang when observing the complexion and feeling the pulse." In differentiating syndromes, although there are the 由于阴阳不调是疾病发生和发展的根源,所有的临床症状,无论其有多么变幻复杂,都能用阴阳理论加以解释。所以中医认为“善医者,必先察色按脉,以别阴阳”。在辨证中,虽然有八纲即阴阳、表里、寒热、虚实,

eight principal syndromes, namely, yin, yang, interior, exterior, cold, heat, deficiency and excess. Yin and yang are regarded as the general principles among the eight ones. According to the yin-yang theory, exterior, heat and excess pertain to yang; while interior, cold and deficiency pertain to yin. When treating a disease, TCM first determines the therapeutic principles, and then preponderance of yang belongs to excess-heat syndrome. It should be treated with cold-natured drugs in order to inhibit excessive yang, i.e, to cool the heat. Cold syndrome caused by preponderance of yin belongs to cold-excess syndrome. It should be treated with hot-natured drugs so as to restrain excessive yin, i.e., to heat the cold. As both syndromes above are excess syndromes, this therapeutic principle is called "treating excess syndromes with the purgation". Deficiency-cold syndrome caused by yang deficiency, should be treated with the drugs warm and tonic in nature to relieve excessive yin. This is said in TCM, "restraining predominant yin by reinforcing yang," also known as "treating yang

for yin diseases." The interior heat syndrome

resulting from yin deficiency belongs to

Deficiency-heat syndrome, which should be treated

with the drugs of nourishing yin and replenishing

fluids so as to restrict excessive yang, this is

what is known in TCM, "restraining predominant

yang by strengthening (renal 肾) yin," also called

"treating yin for yang diseases."

但总以阴阳为总纲。根据阴阳理论,表、热、实属于阳,里、寒、虚属于阴。中医治疗疾病时首先确定治疗原则。阳盛则产生实热证,应投以寒性药以抑亢阳,如热者寒之。阴盛导致的寒证属于实寒证,应投以热性药,以化实阴,如寒者热之。以上的证候属于实证,治疗原则为“实者泄之”。阳虚导致的虚寒证应投以温补之药以化实阴。这在中医称为“益火之源,以消阴翳”,亦为“阴病治阳”。阴虚引起的内热证属于虚热证,应投以滋补阴液之药以抑亢阳,这就是中医所说的“壮水之主,以制阳光”,亦称为“阳病治阴”。 Zhang Jingyue thought that, in treating deficiency of yin or yang, drugs tonifying both yin and yang should be used, because yin and yang are interdependent. Therefore, reducing the excessive and replenish the deficient can adjust excess or deficiency between yin or yang and restore the balance between them. 张景岳认为,治疗阴虚或阳虚应该同时应用滋阴和扶阳的药物,因为阴阳是相互依存的。因此,补虚泻实适用于阴虚或阳虚之证,从而使阴阳重新建立平衡。

The yin-yang theory is used in not only determining diagnostic principles but summarizing the nature, flavor and action of medicinal herbs. Thus providing a theoretical basis for the clinical application of herbs. 阴阳理论不仅可用于诊断原则的确立,并可用于对药物的性质、气味和功效进行总结,从而为临床用药提供理论基础。

In terms of the medicinal nature, herbs with cold nature belong to yin and those with warm and hot nature pertain to yang. As concerns the flavors, herbs that are sour, bitter and salty belong to yin and those that are acrid, sweet and bland pertain to yang. In terms of actions, herbs with astringen t, descending and sinking actions belong to yin, while those with dispersing, ascending and floating actions pertain to yang. 就药物的性质而

言,寒性药属于阴,温热药属于阳。就气味而言,酸、苦、咸味药属于阴,辛辣、甜、淡味药属于阳。就药物的功效而言,具有收敛、沉降功效的药物属阴,具有发散、升浮功效的药物属阳。

To sum up, the principle of treatment should be established in the light of the excess or deficiency of yin or yang, and then relevant(相关的) herbs should be selected according to the attribution(归因) of yin or yang and their functions. So and so only can imbalance of yin and yang be put right, and eventually, the aim of curing diseases is attained. 总而言之,治疗

原则的确立必须以阴阳

虚实为根据,相应药物的

选择也必须依其阴阳归

属及功效而定。所以,只

有明确阴阳不调,才能最

终达到治愈疾病的目的。Special phrases特殊词组

treating...with... “治法+证名”=“……者……之”

treating excess syndrome with purgation purging

excess

实者泄之

treating deficiency syndrome with invigoration,

(or invigorating deficiency)

虚者补之

treating cold syndrome with hot-natured drugs,

( or heating the cold )

寒者热之

treating heat syndrome with cold-natured drugs,

( or cooling the heat )

热者寒之THE FIVE-ELEMENT THEORY—NATURAL PHILOSOPHY IN ANCIENT CHINA

五行学说-中国古代自然哲学观

The five elements refer to wood, fire, earth,

metal, and water and their motions. The five element theory resulted from the observations and studies of the natural world by the ancient Chinese people in the course of their lives and productive labor. Since ancient time, wood, fire, earth, metal and water have been considered as basic substances to constitute the universe and they are also indispensable for life. Zuo's Interpretation of the Spring and Autumn Annals (Zuo Zhuan) says:" The five kinds of materials in nature are all used by people. None of them cannot be dispensed with". Another classical work Shang shu states: "water and fire are used for cooking, metal and wood are used for cultivating and earth gives birth to all things, which are used by people." These five kinds of substances are of the relationships of generation and restriction and are in constant motion and change. In TCM the five-element theory, as a theoretical tool, is used to explain and expound different kinds of medical problems by analogizing and deducing their properties and interrelations. It also used to guide clinical diagnosis and treatment. The theory, like the theory of yin-yang, has become an important component of the theoretical system

of TCM. 五行指的是

木、火、土、金、水和它们

的运动。五行理论来自于古

代中国人民在生活和生产

劳动中对自然界的观察和

学习。自古代以来,木、火、

土、金、水就被认为是宇宙

组成的基本物质,也是生命

不可缺少的物质。《左传》

曰:天生五材,民并用之,

废一不可。另一部经典著作

《尚书》曰:水火用于炊煮,

金木用于耕耘,土壤用于孕

育万物,一切皆为民所用。

这五种物质存在相生相克

的关系,并处于持续的运动

变化之中。中医的五行理

论,作为一种理论工具,通

过分析和推理用于详细说

明五种不同医学问题的性

质和它们之间的关系。它也

用于指导临床的诊断与治

疗。该理论如阴阳理论一般

已称为中医理论系统的重

要组成部分。

Classification of Things in Light of the

Five-Element Theory.

根据五行理论进行归类

In ancient China, the five-element theory was unceasingly developed and gradually became perfected. In time it came to recognize that everything in nature might be respectively attributed to one of the five elements. For instance, wood has the nature of growing freely and unfolding. So, anything that is similar to the characteristics is attributed to the category of wood. Fire has the nature of flaring up. Thereby the things similar to the nature of fire are classified into the attribute of fire. Earth has the nature of giving birth to all things. Thus, those that possess the nature of earth are attributed to earth. Metal has the

在古代中国,五行理论不断发展渐致完

善。后来,人们认识到自然界中的所有事物都能归属于五行中的一种。例如,木有生发伸展的性质,所以,任何有相似特性的物质都归属于木。火性炎上,因此,任何有相似特性的物质都归属于火。土有孕育万物的性质,因此,具有该性质的物质都属于土。金有净化和沉降的性质,因此,有金的性质的物质都归于金。水曰

nature of purifying and descending. Hence, those with the nature of metal can be attributed to metal category. Water has the nature of moistening and flowing downwards. For this reason, the things that have moistening, downward movement and coldness correspond to

water. The following table shows the

classification of partial things according to

the five-element theory.(See Tab. 1)

润下,因此,具有湿润、向下、寒冷性质的物质都属于水。以下的表格根据五行理论将部分物质进行了归类。(见表1) Among the five-elements, there exist the

relationships of generation, restriction, subjugation and counterrestriction, and mutual affection between mother-organ and child-organ. Generation implies that one kind of thing can promote , aid or bring forth another, i. e., wood generates fire, fire generates earth, earth generates metal, metal generates water, and water, in turn, generates wood. Each of the five elements contains the dual nature -"being generated" and "generating". This relationship of the five elements is called the "mother-child" relationship. The element that generates is called the "mother", while the element that is generated is called the "child". Take wood for example, because wood produces fire, it is the mother of fire; but it is produced by water, so

it's water's child.

五行当中存在生、克、乘、侮和母子相互影响的关系。生意味这一种物质可以促进、援助、产生另外一种物质,例如,木生火、火生土、土生金、金生水、水生木。五行中的任何一行都有生我和我生的双重性质。五行的这种关系叫做“母子”关系。五行中生我者为“母”,我生者为“子”。以木为例,因为木生火,故木为火之母;但是它由水所生,故又为水之子。 Tab. 1 the Classification of Things According to the Five Elements

表1.事物的五行归类 Restriction means bringing under control

or restraint .The order of restriction goes as follows: wood restricts earth, earth does water, water does fire, fire does metal, and metal, in turn, does wood. Any one of the five elements has two aspects-being restricted and restricting. For example, the element restricting wood is metal, and the element that is restricted by wood is earth.

相克意味着控制或抑制。相克的原则如下:木克土、土克水、水克火、火克金、金克木。五行中的任何之一都有克我和我克两方面性质。例如,克木者为金,被木克者为土。

南京中医药大学硕士研究生复试面试英语英文自我介绍

Self-introduction 自我介绍 Name:William Shakespeare Graduated University:××××××××××× Major:English Literature Admission Time:20XX-09-01—20XX-06-30 Telephone:+86×××××××(MP) E-mail:520521××××@https://www.sodocs.net/doc/62593024.html, (后附范文5篇及10类常见问题解答,总有一个适合你!) 20XX年XX月XX日

目录 范文一(英文) (3) 范文一(中文) (4) 范文二(英文) (5) 范文二(中文) (6) 范文三(英文) (7) 范文三(中文) (9) 范文四(英文) (10) 范文四(中文) (11) 范文五(英文) (12) 范文五(中文) (16) 十类常见问题解答 (17) (一)"What can you tell me about ......?". (18) (二)"What would you like to be doing......?" . (19) (三)"What is your greatest strength ?" (19) (四)"What is your greatest weakness?" (20) (五)"How do you feel about your progress to date?" (21) (六)行为面试问题 (21) (七)压力面试问题 (22) (八)案例面试问题 (22) (九)非常规问题 (23) (十)其他常见的英语面试问题 (24)

最新整理关于中医的英语作文范文阅读

关于中医的英语作文范文阅读 中医的英语作文篇一A s t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f s c i e n c e, p e o p l e s m e d i c a l c a r e h a s b e e n i m p r o v e d, w h e n p e o p l e g e t s i c k, t h e y c a n g o t o t h e h o s p i t a l a n d g e t t h e t r e a t m e n t, a n d t h e n t h e y w i l l r e c o v e r s o o n. T o d a y w e s t e r n m e d i c i n e i s p e o p l e s f i r s t c h o i c e,t h e C h i n e s e m e d i c i n e i s b e i n g i g n o r e d b y m o r e a n d m o r e p e o p l e.C o m p a r e d t o w e s t e r n m e d i c i n e,C h i n e s e m e d i c i n e h a s i t s o w n a d v a n t a g e s. F i r s t, C h i n e s e m e d i c i n e w o n t h a v e o r h a v e l e s s s i d e e f f e c t. W e s t e r n c a n w o r k o n p e o p l e s b o d y s o o n, b u t i t i s t r u e t h a t t h e s i d e e f f e c t i s v e r y o b v i o u s, s u c h a s h e a d a c h e, d i z z y a n d g e t s i c k o f t h e f o o d. C h i n e s e m e d i c i n e t a k e s s o m e t i m e t o w o r k,b u t w i t h o u t s i d e e f f e c t.P e o p l e c a n r e c o v e r c o m p l e t e l y. S e c o n d, C h i n e s e m e d i c i n e p a y s s p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n t o t h e f o o d t r e a t m e n t. I t i s b e l i e v e d t h a t t a k i n g p i l l s w i l l h u r t t h e b o d y,b u t t h e f o o d t r e a t m e n t i s d i f f e r e n t, p e o p l e c a n a d j u s t t h e i r d i e t t o g e t

中医学英文介绍

第一步:介绍中医历史 Traditional Chinese medicine ,abbreviated as TCM ,is a broad range of medicine practices sharing common concepts which have been developed in China and are based on a tradition of more than 2,000 years ,including new and traditional medicine practices such as herbal medicine,acupuncture, massage (Tuina),exercise(qigong)and so on. 第二步:介绍中医学治疗的全面性 Under the guidance of this philosophy, TCM regards balancing, eliminating and transforming pathogens as the main principles to treat diseases and maintain health, rather than confronting and killing as methods to conquer diseases. In the fight against viral diseases, chronic inflammation, functional disorders, endocrine disorders and other diseases, TCM plays a good role. 1、TCM puts the occurrence of diseases with these things together, which are climatic changes, environmental variations, emotional fluctuations, imbalance of diet and life. That is, the so-called Three Pathogens Theory. This etiology doctrine based on the macro methodology is entirely different from that of Western medicine which is on the basis of the microscopic and pathologic anatomy. But it is exactly a biological, psychological, social and advanced medical model. 2、TCM relies upon inspection, listening, smelling, inquiry and pulse-taking to directly experience and study the dynamic information of

梅尔维尔

赫尔曼·梅尔维尔(Herman Melville) (1819年8月1日—1891年9月28日) 一、图书馆资源: (一)图书 1、The Irony of Imperial Dream::a Postcolonial Study of Herman Melville's Billy Budd, Sailor 柯少芬著林斌副教授指导厦门:厦门大学外文学院英语语言文学系,2010 帝国梦的反讽:梅尔维尔小说《比利·巴德》的后殖民主义解读 2、The Cambridge introduction to Herman Melville Kevin J. Hayes著; 杨金才导读.上海: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2008. 3、The Cambridge companion to Herman Melville Robert S. Levine编.上海: 上海外语教育出版社, 2001. 4、Herman Melville and Imperialism:A cultural critique of melville's polynesian trilogy (赫尔曼·麦尔维尔与帝国主义) 杨金才著南京:南京大学出版社,2001 5、Herman Melville :the tragedy of mind William Ellery Sedgwick. Cambridge, Mass. : Harvard University Press, 1944. 6、《赫尔曼·梅尔维尔的白鲸》 (美)[L.麦克菲]Laurence MacPhee著王克非等译北京:外语教学与研究出版社,1997 (一)相关期刊193篇 1、张晓毓:《同质异构异趣同旨—从《红字》、《白鲸》比较霍桑、麦尔维尔的罪恶观》,阜阳师范学院学报(社会科学版),2002年第五期; 2、马庆霞:《麦尔维尔的悲剧倾向及其对小说<白鲸> 创作的影响》,文教资料,2007年7月号下旬刊; 3、杨金才:《异域想象与帝国主义—论赫尔曼·麦尔维尔的“波里尼西亚三部曲”》,国外文学( 季刊) ,2000 年第3 期( 总第79 期); 4、曾艳兵:《麦尔维尔与大海》,东方论坛,一九九九年第四期; 5、项伟谊:《求索于海上:< 白鲸> 与西方文明》,国外文学( 季刊) ,2000 年第3 期( 总第79 期);(三)学位论文16篇 (四)英文期刊 1、Stanley Brodwin,Herman Melville's Clarel: An Existential Gospel,PMLA, Vol. 86, No. 3 (May, 1971), pp. 375-387. 2、Ronald Mason, Herman Melville and "Billy Budd" ,Tempo, New Series, No. 21 (Autumn, 1951), pp. 6-8 3、Brian Way and David Corker, Herman Melville: Moby Dick ,Journal of American Studies, Vol. 14, No. 3 (Dec., 1980), pp. 467-468. 4、Henry W. Wells, Herman Melville's Clare, College English, V ol. 4, No. 8 (May, 1943), pp. 478-483. 5、C. Merton Babcock, Herman Melville's Whaling Vocabulary, American Speech, V ol. 29, No. 3 (Oct., 1954), pp. 161-174. 6、Joyce Sparer Adler, Billy Budd and Melville's Philosophy of War , PMLA, Vol. 91, No. 2 (Mar., 1976), pp. 266-278.

英文介绍中医

Traditional Chinese medicine (also known as TCM, simplified Chinese: 中医; traditional Chinese: 中医; pinyin: zhōngyī) includes a range of traditional medical practices originating in China. It is considered a Complementary or Alternative Medical system in much of the western world while remaining as a form of primary care throughout most of Asia. TCM practices include treatments such as herbal medicine, acupuncture, dietary therapy, Tui na and Shiatsu massage; often Qigong and Taiji are also strongly affiliated with TCM. TCM theory is extremely complex and originated thousands of years ago through meticulous observation of nature, the cosmos, and the human body. Major theories include those of Yin-yang, the Five Phases, the human body Channel system, Zang Fu organ theory, six confirmations, four layers, etc. 0 RADITIONAL- CHINESE MEDICINE WITH A LONG HISTORY 历史悠久的中国传统医学 Traditional Chinese medicine ( TCM) has a history of several years. Its origin can be traced back to remote antiquity.In a long course of struggling against diseases, TCM evolved into a unique and integrated theoretical systcm of TCM. It is an important part of Chinese culture. More than 2,000 years ago, came out Huangdi's Classic on Medicine( Huang Di Nei jing ), which is the earliest medical classic extant in China. It consists of two parts—Basic Questions ( Su Wen ) and Miraculous Pivot( Ling Shu ), each comprising) nine volumes, each of which, in turn, contains nine chapters, totaling up to 162 chapters.The book gives a complete and systematic exposition to the following various subjects : the relationship between man and nature, the physiology and pathology of the human body, and the diagnosis, treatment and prevention ot diseases. It also uses the theories of yin-yang and the five elements to deal fully with the principles of treatment by 中医有着几千年的历史, 起 源可追溯至远古时代。在长期与疾病的斗争中,中医演化并形成了一套独特且完整的理论体系。2000 多年前出现的《黄帝内经》是中国现存的最早医著。它由《素问》和《灵枢》两部分组成。每部分包含9卷,每卷又有9章,总计162章。该书对人和自然的关系、人体的生理及病理、疾病的预防和诊治等方面进行了系统全面的说明。同时它运用阴阳和五行理论全面阐述了 因时、因地、因人而异辩证论治的原则并且表达了整体观念的思想 即把人体看作一个整体,把人与其周围的环境看作一个整体。这为中医理论的形成奠定了初步的基础。继《黄帝内经》之后,东汉时期之前出现了《难经》。该书涉及了中医的基础理论如生理、病理和疾病的诊治等。它补充了《黄帝内经》的不足。自此许多不同的学派及经典著作相继出现,各抒己见。

从麦尔维尔的反超验主义看《白鲸》的主题思想

![收稿日期]! ""#"#$$! [基金项目]湖北省教学研究项目(!""$$##)。![作者简介]张立玉($ %&$),女,$%’!年大学毕业,硕士,副教授,现主要从事应用语言学的教学与研究工作。从麦尔维尔的反超验主义看!白鲸"的主题思想 !!张立玉!(中南民族大学外语学院,湖北 武汉!"##$! )#摘要$介绍了麦尔维尔反超验主义形成的历史背景及反超验主义文学的社会基础!讨论了麦尔维尔作品"白鲸#的主要思想和从中受到的启迪$认为浪漫主义文学是不成熟的现实主义文学%是现实主义文学的萌芽$它所包括的现实主义的成份必然会随着人类社会的政治&经济的发展而发展%随着人的认识能力的提高而逐步发展%逐步过渡到现实主义文学阶段$ #关键词$美国文学!浪漫主义!超验派!反超验派!"白鲸##中图分类号$()$!*+)+ #文献标识码$,!#文章编号$$""%""$"%!""#&"!""’+"# !! !!赫尔曼!麦尔维尔是$ %世纪美国的小说家"他以自己独立的思想观察社会#理解人生$参与独立的美国文学的创建"然而他的文学见解$他的创作思想和他的作品所反映的主题都不能为当时的文坛所接受"他的文学巨著%白鲸&被$%世纪美国文学的大潮所淹没"!"世纪$文学评论家在他那里得到了许多论题$得到了许多创作的灵感"麦尔维尔重新受到!"世纪美国文坛的关注" 一、麦尔维尔反超验主义形成的历史背景 !! $%世纪的美国人有理由乐观向上"他们看到$没有费特别大的力气$便摧毁了英国人在北美的统治’不过几十年的功夫$他们就将自己的领土从!""多万平方公里扩展到%""多万平方公里’辽阔的国土为他们的经济发展提供了丰富的自然资源’大西洋的阻隔使他们远离欧洲各国的纷争$顺利地实施( 门罗主义)$保护既得利益$推行区域霸权主义$发展经济$增加财富**"他们相信$上帝特别恩惠美国人$上帝是仁慈的$大自然是美好的"这便是$%世纪美国文学创建之初的浪漫主义和作为美国浪漫主义文学思想基础的超验主义产生 的背景"超验派浪漫主义文学思想所反映的是$%世纪美国社会积极向上的一面$人性善良的一面$大自然美好的一面"而麦尔维尔让读者看到的是它的残缺#险恶和阴暗的一面$自然不被当时(蒸蒸日上)的潮流所重视" 麦尔维尔正视人生与社会的创作思想实际上推动着浪漫主义文学向现实主义文学的转化’他的作品中的人物怀着坚定的信念#勇于冒险#执着奋进#敢于与大自然中的各种艰难险阻抗争到底的精 神在!"世纪许多作家的作品中得到再现$并为全社会所接受$演化成为一种(美国精神)’麦尔维尔小说中的故事惊险曲折又不乏浪漫情调$这已成为当代许多畅销小说共同的写作特点’更重要的是$他在超验主义十分盛行的年代$高举反超验主义的旗帜$对社会#人生#自然等这些当时人们普遍关心的问题提出自己独到的见解"面对社会#人生和大自然的残缺#险恶和阴暗仍然浪漫乐观$奋斗向上"在他的一些作品中这种反超验主义精神得到充分体现$这些都表明麦尔维尔具有!"世纪美 国作家的许多气质"二、反超验主义文学的社会基础 !!赫尔曼!麦尔维尔生于$ ’$%年$由于家庭经营的生意破产$青少年时期他不得不辍学"为养 家$他曾做过海员#律师等$最后从事写作"丰富的生活经历$扩大了他的创作领域"他曾说海上生活的经历是他的(哈佛)和(牛津)"麦尔维尔从事创作之初$声誉很高"他擅长描写海上生活$尤以反映富于浪漫色彩的南方海域奇特的冒险生活著名"他的海上传奇小说虽然充满幻想$但却具有生 活的真实性$因为他把故事背景置于他的生活时代之中"与同时代的心理小说分析家爱伦!坡相比$他的故事更加可信"麦尔维尔的作品在文学技巧方面虽然不如% 红字&的作者内森尼尔!霍桑娴熟$而对人物性格的刻画却比霍桑更加深刻"他的作品反映的反超验主义思想在当时受到了众多非难"特别是他的巨著%白鲸&$在当时倍受冷落$使他的文学地位每况愈下"$’%$年$他实际上是在贫困 和被遗忘之中死去+$, " ! +’!江汉石油学院学报(社科版)!""#年&月第-卷第!期 !"#$%&’"(!)&%* +&%,-.$"’-#/0%1.).#.-(2"3)&’23)-%3-45*)./0*!""#!123*-!42*!

英语国家的社会文化背景

1.他提出的论据相当不充实。 The argument he put forward is pretty thin. (词) 2.我们确信,年轻一代将不会辜负我们的信任。We are confident that the younger generation will prove worthy of our trust.(短语) 3.他七十岁了,可是并不显老。 He was 70, but he carried his years lightly.(句) 4.他这个人优柔寡断,而且总是反复无常。 He was an indecisive sort of person and always capricious.(词) 5.调查结果清清楚楚地显示病人死于心脏病。 The investigation left no doubt that the patient had died of heart disease.(短语) 6.这类举动迟早会被人发觉的。 Such action couldn't long escape notice.(句子) 7.有利必有弊。 There is not any advantage without disadvantage. (双重否定) 8.我们在那个城市从未因为是犹太人而遭受歧视。 In that city, we had never suffered discrimination because we were Jews.(否定转移)

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英语论文白鲸开题报告

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4.1埃哈伯与莫比.迪克线索 4.1.1 埃哈伯的象征意义 4.1.2 莫比.迪克的象征意义 4.1.3 白色的象征意义 4.2伊西梅尔与捕鲸活动线索 4.2.1 伊西梅尔的象征意义 4.2.2 捕鲸活动的象征意义 4.2.3 皮阔得号的象征意义 4.2.4 大海的象征意义 5 结论 on the symbolic meaning in melville’s moby dick ⅰ introduction ⅱ literature review ⅲ the symbolic meaning of the themes 3.1 the symbolic meaning of revenge 3.2 the symbolic meaning of human and nature ⅳ the symbolic meaning of two main clues 4.1 ahab and moby dick 4.1.1 the symbolic meaning of ahab 4.1.2 the symbolic meaning of moby dick 4.1.3 the symbolic meaning of white 4.2 ishmael and the hunting

中医英语介绍

About Basic Theories of TCM(中医基础理论的主要内容) 1.The basic theories of TCM deal primarily with basic theoretical knowledge such as physiology, pathology, and the treatment and prevention of disease.中医基础理论主要阐述人体的生理、病理及疾病的防治等基本理论知识。 includes yin and yang, the five elements, visceral manifestations, qi, blood, body fluid, vitality, meridians, etiology, pathogenesis, and principles of disease prevention and treatment.内容包括阴阳、五行、藏象、气血津液精神、经络、病因与发病、病机、防治原则等。 Yin-Yang and Five Elements(阴阳五行) fall in the category of ancient Chinese philosophy with concept of materialism and dialectics. 阴阳五行本属中国古代哲学范畴,具有唯物主义和辩证法思想。 and five elements were introduced in TCM to elucidate the structure, physiology and pathology of the body, and guide the clinical diagnosis and treatment. 中医运用阴阳学说来阐释人体的结构、生理和病理,并用以指导临床

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中医英语介绍Revised on November 25, 2020

About Basic Theories of TCM(中医基础理论的主要内容) 1.The basic theories of TCM deal primarily with basic theoretical knowledge such as physiology, pathology, and the treatment and prevention of disease.中医基础理论主要阐述人体的生理、病理及疾病的防治等基本理论知识。 includes yin and yang, the five elements, visceral manifestations, qi, blood, body fluid, vitality, meridians, etiology, pathogenesis, and principles of disease prevention and treatment.内容包括阴阳、五行、藏象、气血津液精神、经络、病因与发病、病机、防治原则等。 Yin-Yang and Five Elements(阴阳五行) fall in the category of ancient Chinese philosophy with concept of materialism and dialectics. 阴阳五行本属中国古代哲学范畴,具有唯物主义和辩证法思想。 and five elements were introduced in TCM to elucidate the structure, physiology and pathology of the body, and guide the clinical diagnosis and treatment. 中医运用阴阳学说来阐释人体的结构、生理和病理,并用以指导临床的诊断和治疗。Explanation Of Five Elements Doctrine in TCM(五行) 1. Five elements are indispensable material in human life inter-promotion and inter-restriction.五要素是人类生活中不可缺少的物质,相互促进、相互制约。 2. in TCM—they can explain physiological and pathological changes in human body. 在中医概念中,它们可以解释人体的生理和病理变化。 Explanation Of Yin-Yang Theory in TCM(阴阳学说) structure of the body (Zang-viscera and fu-viscera)体部结构(脏腑、腑) of disease—a relative imbalance between Yin and Yang (Yin syndrome or Yang syndrome)treatment of Yin and Yang to restore its relative balance.阴阳相对失衡的疾病诊断(阴证、阳证)治疗疾病,调节阴阳恢复相对平衡 Visceral Manifestation Theory(藏象学说) 1. This theory deals with the physiological functions, and pathological changes of the viscera, tissues and organs as well as their interrelationship.研究人体各脏腑、组织器官的生理功能、病理变化及其相互关系。 2. It also deal with the mutual relations between the viscera, tissues, organs and the external environment. 以及脏腑、组织器官与外界环境相互关系的学说。 is an important part of TCM’s theoretical system and serves as the theoretical basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment.是中医学理论体系的重要组成部分,也是指导临床各科进行辨证论治的理论基础。 Qi, Blood, Body Fluid and Vitality(气血津液精神) deal primarily with the generation and actions of qi, blood, body fluid and vitality as well as their interrelationship. 主要阐述气、血、津液、精神的生成、作用及其相互关系 tells us that they are not only the products of zang-viscera and fu-viscera activity, but also the material basis on which both the zang-viscera and the fu-viscera function. 说明气、血、津液和精既是脏腑功能活动的产物,又是脏腑功能活动的物质基础。Explanation(解释) 1. Qi—the most essential substance making up the world and that everything in the universe was generated by the motion and change of Qi; the essential substance constituting the body and maintaining the life activities of the body.

英文版中医简介

Application of traditional Chinese medicine in clinic and study According to clinic observations in China and United States, traditional Chinese medicine [TCM] is effective in treating hypertension, menopause, bronchial asthma and urinary tract infection. It does not only relieve signs and symptoms, but also reduce frequent use of harmful medication, such as cortisone and antibiotics. Today TCM is also applied on treating newly diagnosed disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. Although these disorders are never existed in TCM, treatments for these conditions are not impossible. In fact, it has been shown that TCM helped to reduce the disease progress of Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases. Sings and symptoms of Parkinson’s disease [PD] are resting-tremors, delayed-movement, postural instability, limb-rigidity, facial-masking, speech-difficulty and difficult swallowing. Other signs and symptoms include flexed-posture, lack of postural reflexes, depression, disturbing-sleep, dizziness and sexual dysfunction. According to these manifestations, PD is attributed to either liver-repletion or kidney-vacuity in TCM. Practitioners find that using kidney-tonifying and liver-reducing method slows the disease progress of PD. Signs and symptoms of Alzheimer are forgetfulness, such as asking a same question over and over again, repeating same story or words again and again, forgetting how to do regular activities (cooking, playing card, balancing check, et al), getting lost in familiar areas, neglecting bath and wearing same clothe. Other signs and symptoms are, loses spark or zest for life - does not start anything, has shorter attention span and less motivation to stay with an activity, won't make decisions, naps frequently or awakens at night believing it is time to go to work, loses control of bowel and bladder, loses weight and skin becomes thin and tears easily, become unsteady or weak to stand alone, may have seizures, frequent infections, falls and sleeps more. These manifestations indicate patients are kidney-vacuity or qi-and-blood-vacuity. Main complaints of menopause are usually hot flash, night sweating, fatigue, osteoporosis, irritability and insomnia at age 50s. According to the nature and the manifestations of menopause, there are two types of menopause in general, kidney-yang-deficiency and kidney-yin-deficiency. Treatment with TCM, such as acupuncture, moxibustion and herb replaces hormone therapy and had fewer side effects. Main complaint of bronchitis is cough, and that of asthma is wheezing. These two disorders are treated as either repletion pattern or vacuity pattern. Usually repletion pattern is associated with acute bronchitis or acute asthma attack, and vacuity pattern is referred frequently as chronic. Use of TCM

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