外研版必修三Unit2知识点详析和练习(有答案)

重点单词详析

（1）measure

【原句回放】

What does the Human Development Index measure? 人类发展指数是测量什么的？

【点拨】

measure v. 测量；评估；测定；n.尺寸；大小；度量单位；措施

measure表示“(长、宽、高等)”时是系动词，没有被动语态；measure作名词，表示“措施”时是可数名词，常用复数形式。

In a society that tends to measure everything in terms of dollars and cents, we learn from a young age to consider the costs of our decisions in financial terms. 当前的社会，人们趋向于用钱来衡量所有的事情，我们在很小的时候就知道，应该考虑我们决定的经济代价。

In a very real sense, light pollution causes us to lose sight of our true place in the universe, to forget the scale of our being, which is best measured against the dimensions of a deep night with the Milky Way.从非常现实的意义上说，光污染让我们看不到真实的宇宙空间，忘记我们人类的规模，这最好地以银河深夜的规模来衡量。

Measure the length and width of the gap.测量一下这条缝隙的长与宽。

This hand-decorated plate measures 30cm across.这只手工绘制的盘子直径为30厘米。

make clothes to one’s measure 为某人量体裁衣

measure one’s strength against/with sb. 与某人比强弱

get/ take the measure of sb. 估量某人的品格

in some/ any measure 有几分，有一点

in great/ large measure 很，大半，大部分

beyond/above measure 非常地，极其；无可估量

take measures 采取措施

【拓展】

measured adj. 慎重考虑过的

measurable adj. 可测量的；可衡量的

（2）figure

【原句回放】

Complete the chart with figures from the passage. 用短文中的数字完成表格。

【点拨】

figure n. 数字；图形；人物；身材；v. 计算；认为，以为

I wonder how Mary has kept her figure after all these years.

我不知道她这些年怎么保持体形的。

Walk out of our comfort zone and try new things! College is when we should focus on a specific major, but high school is when we have to figure it out.

走出我们的安乐窝，尝试一些新的事物吧！大学是我们聚焦于特别特定的专业，而高中是我们弄明白这个特定的专业的时候。

Your house may have an effect on your figure.你的房子能影响你的身材。

the latest sales figures 最新的销售数字

a square figure 一个方形

a historical figure 一位历史人物

keep one’s figure 保持身材

figure that... 认为……

figure out 想出，理解；弄明白，看透

figure on 期待；指望

His score is now well into double figures.他的得分现在已达到两位数了。

I figured that he was drunk and shouldn’t be allowed to drive.

我认为他喝醉了，不应该让他开车。

Ask some open-end questions, which will allow you to figure out what intention he is hoping to satisfy.问一些开放式的问题，这将使你弄清楚他希望达到什么意图。

National agricultural census figures show that the fastest-growing group of farmers is the part over 65. 全国农业普查数字显示农村人口增长速度最快的是65岁以上的农民。

（3）while

【原句回放】

Norway is at the top of the list, while the U.S. is at number 7.

挪威高居榜首，而美国则名列第七。

【点拨】

while 在此句中作并列连词，意为“然而”，表示一种对比关系。

While the students came from different countries, they got along quite well in the summer camp.

尽管这些学生来自不同的国家，他们在夏令营里相处很好。

With TV Ears wireless technology, you set your own headset volume，while other TV listeners hear the television at a volume level that’s comfortable for them.

有了无线耳机技术，你设置好耳机的音量，其它看电视的人可以以自己舒服的音量收看电视。

And if you want to improve your chances of having a creative idea while you’re daydreaming, try to do it while you are involved in another task.

如果你想提高做白日梦时的创造力，最好在你从事另一个任务时做白日梦。

While I was slow to accept that I would be the one to keep track of her shots, to schedule her vet appointments, to feed and clean her, Misty knew this on day one. 尽管我慢慢接受了这个事实：我是那个跟踪它（小猫）的足迹，跟兽医约定时间，去喂它，清理它的人，Misty一开始就知道这一点。

Most of my classmates wanted to go to a park while I had an idea of going to a nicer place. 我的大部分同学都想去公园而我有去一个更好的地方的想法。

while n. 一会儿

Please wait for a while.请等一会儿。

while做从属连词，意为“在……过程中”，“虽然……但是”；while做并列连词，表示“而，然而”时强调前后对比性，用来引导句子。在作“然而”解时，while不能放在句子前面。while和but有所不同，while用于对比，but表示转折；当主语是同一个时应用but，不用while表示转折。

Why did the writer continue to walk Misty while Joe was in hospital?

The region has plenty of natural resources while this one has none.

那个地区自然资源丰富，这个地区却一点也没有。

（4）similarity

【原句回放】

Which word means the opposite of difference? ...similarity...

哪个单词是“difference” (不同) 的反义词？similarity(相似)

【点拨】

similarity n. 类似；相似

What made it particularly terrifying was its similarity to the mandrake, a plant that was thought to have come from Hell.

令它尤其吓人的是它与一种植物曼德拉草相似，这种植物被认为来自地狱。

similarity between... ……之间的相似

There were significant similarities between mother and son.

母子之间有很多相像的地方。

【拓展】

similar adj. 相似的；类似的

similarly adv. 同样地；类似地

be similar to sb. /sth. 与……相似

be similar in 在……方面相似

He is similar to me in age. 他和我年龄相仿。

（5）exchange

【原句回放】

There are visits and exchanges between schools, theatre groups and sports teams.

双方的学校、戏剧团体和体育代表团队之间进行互访和交流。

【点拨】

exchange v. & n.交换；调换；兑换；交易

exchange A for B 以A 换B

exchange sth. with sb. 与某人交换某物

exchange a word/words with sb. 和某人交谈

in exchange for 作为交换

the exchange rate 兑换率

make an exchange 交换

an exchange of glance 互使眼色

exchange (angry) words 争吵；争论

He exchanged the plough for the sword.他以犁换剑(化干戈为玉帛)。

Will you exchange seats with me?你愿意同我调换座位吗？

An exchange of opinions is helpful.相互交换意见是有益的。

【拓展】

exchangeable adj. 可交(更)换的

注意：

change sb. /sth. for sb./sth.与exchange含义接近，不可相混，是“替换或代替某人/物”之意。change sth. with sb.指“两个人交换位置”。

I’m thinking of changing my car for a bigger one. 我正在考虑换辆大汽车。

Can I change seats with you?我可以和你换个座位吗？

（6）particular

【点拨】

particular adj. 特别的；特殊的；个别的；挑剔的

in particular 特别地

be particular about (over) sth. 对……很讲究/挑剔

take particular care 特别照顾

in that particular way 以那种特殊的方式

At that particular time, I had to turn to others for help.

在那个特殊时期，我不得不求助他人。

I have nothing particular to do this evening.今天晚上我没有什么特殊的事要做。He is very particular about his food.他吃东西很挑剔。

【拓展】

辨别special, especial, particular

special指事物特有的性质、性格或专门的目的、用途。

especial强调重要性，有“优越，好感”之意。

particular 强调“特定的，个别的”，另外还有“讲究的，挑剔的”的意思。particularity n.特性

particularly adv.独特地；显著地；特别地

（7）position

【原句回放】

The UK is in the thirteenth position，while China is in the middle of the list.

英国排在第十三位，而中国排在中间位置。

【点拨】

position n. 位置；姿势；职位；地位；处境；v. 安装；安置

in one’s position/place 处在某人的处境/地位

put sb. in a difficult position使某人陷入困难的处境

in/out of position/place 在/不在适当的位置

hold a position 拥有一个职位

The chairs are all out of position/place.椅子全都放得不是地方。

After being offered the position, I was completely astonished.

被提供这个职位后，我感到非常吃惊。

What would you do in my position/place?你处在我的位置会怎样做呢？You should include your company name and your position.

你应该把你的公司名称以及你的职位包含在内。

（8）crowded

【原句回放】

Is Hong Kong less crowded than Beijing? 香港没有北京那么拥挤吗？【点拨】

crowded adj. 拥挤的

be crowded with 挤满……

The hall was crowded with people. 大厅里挤满了人。

Soon we came to a crowded street.很快我们就来到了一条拥挤的街道。【拓展】

crowd n. 人群；群众；v. 挤满，塞满；使……拥挤

crowds of/a crowd of 许多

crowd into 大批涌入

follow the crowd 随大流

in crowds 成群，大群地

Thousands of people crowded into the narrow streets.

成千上万的人把狭窄的街道挤得水泄不通。

重点短语详析：

（1）make efforts

【原句回放】

The report shows that we are making some progress but that we need to make greater efforts. 报告显示我们一直在进步，但我们还需要付出更大的努力。

【点拨】

effort n. 努力，表示具体某一件事用可数名词；表示努力的程度用作不可数名词。

make a good effort/ many efforts/ every effort to do sth. 尽一切努力做某事

spare no effort 不遗余力

without effort 容易地，不费力地

through one’s effort 通过某人的努力

Finishing the work in one day is a great effort.一天干完这活是很了不起的事。

I firmly believe that with our joint efforts, we can stop globe warming.

我坚信，在我们的共同努力下，我们一定能阻止全球变暖。

（2）up to

【原句回放】

..make sure that all children have education up to the age of 11;

……确保所有的孩子到11岁时都能接受教育；

【点拨】

up to达到；直到；到……为止；高达(程度)；由……决定；忙于

be up to... 打算做/正在做(不好的事) ；胜任

It is up to sb. to do sth ……是某人的责任；应由某人做……

It’s up to you. 由你做主。

What are you up to？你在忙什么？

To then follow those high-energy rehearsals with a busy show schedule of up to five performances a day, I discovered a new meaning of the words “hard work”.

为了配合每天达5场的紧凑的时间表以及高耗能的彩排，我发现了词语“努力工作”的新含义。

（3）agree to

【原句回放】

In the year 2000, 147 world leaders agreed to work together to reduce poverty by 2015 or earlier. 在2000年，147位世界领导人达成协议，争取共同合作，到2015年甚至更早减少贫困。

【点拨】

agree to 同意，赞同

agree to do 同意做某事（to为不定式符号）

agree to sth. 同意（提议、办法等，to为介词）

We’re deeply honoured that you should agree to join us.

想不到您会同意一起来，真是不胜荣幸。

I agree to what you say. 你说的我同意。

【拓展】

agree with sb./one’s words同意的观点，意见，同意某人所说话；与……一致，（气候、事物）适合某人

We all agree with your words/what you said. 我们都同意你的话。

What you did didn’t agree with what you said.你的行为与你所说的话不一致。

I agree with you. You should move back to the south for the climate here doesn’t agree with you.

我赞同你的意见。你应该搬回到南方去，因为这儿的气候不适合你。

注意：

“I couldn’t agree more.”(=I completely agree.) 用于口语中, 表示“完全同意”。

agree只能用于表示“主语同意自己去做某事”，而要表示“同意别人去做某事”要用allow/ permit sb. to do/let sb. do (即“允许某人做某事”) 。

（4）make sure

【原句回放】

The most important goals are to: reduce poverty and hunger; make sure that all children have education up to the age of 11;

最重要的目标是：减少贫困和饥饿；确保达到11岁的孩子都能受教育；……【点拨】

make sure 把事情弄清楚，核实或查明某事物；设法确保出现某事物；务使Make sure to turn off the light before you leave. 临走前一定要熄灯。

Make sure they have safe drinking water.确保他们有安全的饮水。

make sure that/of 弄明白，保证做到

I only came to make sure that everything was all right.

我只是来弄清楚是否一切都没问题。

Have you made sure of the time?你弄清楚时间了吗？

（5）be connected with

【原句回放】

Which word is connected with building? 哪个词和建筑有关？【点拨】

be connected with 与……有联系；与……有关

be connected to与……相连

He was connected with the crime.他与那起犯罪与关。These terminals are connected to our mainframe computer.

这些终端设备都与我们的计算机主机相连接。

connect sth. to/ with sth. 把……连接联结到……connect sb. with sth. 把某人与某事联系在一起

Connect the speakers to the record player and plug it in.

将扬声器连接在唱机上，再插上插头。

【拓展】

connection n. 关系；关联

in connection with关于，与……有关

have a/no connection with与……有无关

表示“与……有关”的相关表达：

have something to do with 与……有关系

be related to与……有关系

be involved in与……有牵连

be associated with与……有关联

Her diligence must have something to do with her success.

她的勤勉和她的成功一定有某种关系。

We only discuss what is related to us.我们只讨论与我们有关的问题。

The reporter wants to know whether the official is involved in the case.

这个记者想知道那位官员是否涉及此案。

重点句型详析：

（1）That/This is because…

【原句回放】

This is because living with a foreign family for one or two weeks means that you have to speak their language, and as a result you improve fast. 这是因为和外国家庭成员生活一两周意味着你必须说他们的语言，这样你会进步很快。

【点拨】

在本句中because引导的从句作表语。where, why, because, how等引导的从句在This is/That is的句型中作表语，表示具体的地点、原因、方式等。

This is why we didn’t come to the meeting. 这就是我们没有到会的原因。

That is where you have made a mistake.那就是你的错误之处。

Tom overslept this morning. That is why he was late for work.

汤姆今天早晨睡过头了，那是他上班迟到的原因。

Tom was late for work this morning. That is because he overslept.

汤姆今天早晨上班迟到了，那是因为他睡过头了。

（2）be of＋抽象名词

【原句回放】

It’s an agreement between towns or cities of similar size and age, and...

它是有着相似的面积和年代的城镇之间的一份协定，而且……

【点拨】

1. be of＋抽象名词＝be＋该名词相对应的形容词，这个结构可用来描述人或事物的特征，在句中作表语或定语。

be of (great) value/importance/use/help/interest =be (very) valuable/ important/ useful/ helpful/ interesting

This dictionary is of great use to learners of English.＝This dictionary is very useful to learners of English.这本词典对英语学习者很有用。

2.“be of＋集合名词或其他类型的名词”相当于“……的”，此时的名词多是表示亲属、血统、种族、国籍及出处等的名词，常用的名词有family/blood/race/origin等。

They are of the same state.＝They belong to the same state.他们属于同一个州。

3. “be of＋物质名词”表示主语是“用某种材料构成或制作的”，相当于be made of 或be built of。

Our building was of bricks.＝Our building was built of bricks.我们的楼房是用砖建的。

4. 还有些抽象名词没有相应的形容词形式，如be of the size /weight /height /depth /length /age /colour /shape /kind /type...。

Her father is a man of short height.她爸爸是一位身材矮小的男人。

Several of the stamps were of the unusual kind.其中几张邮票是不常见的种类。

5.“be＋of＋n.”结构的否定形式一般为“be＋of＋no＋n.”。

What he said is of no importance. = What he said is not important.他说的一点也不重要。

（3）两个（以上）宾语从句的引导词that

【原句回放】

The report shows that we are making some progress but that we need to make greater efforts. 报告显示我们一直在进步，但我们还需要付出更大的努力。

【点拨】

当句中含有两个或两个以上由that引导的宾语从句时，第一个宾语从句的引导词that可以省略，但后面的宾语从句的引导词that就不能省略了。

The doctor suggested (that) the patient was seriously ill and that he should take some medicine as required.医生表示这位病人病情很严重，并建议他按要求吃药。

I wished (that) we could go to Hangzhou this summer and that we could buy some books on our way back.我希望我们今年夏天去杭州，并在返回的路上买些书。

巩固练习

一、用所给词的正确形式填空

1. Tourism is _____________ (importance) to people who live in modern-day Athens.

2. The hotel is _____________ (closely) to the centre of town.

3. We have reached an __________ (agree) with him in terms of the transportation for the goods.

4. Jenny is one of the most _____________ (popularity) girls in the school.

5. The internet is _________ (use) for teaching a foreign language in modern society.

6. She seized every opportunity to practice __________ (speak) English in the class.

7. The ________ (measure) of the room is 20 feet by 15 feet.

8. Though he worked hard, he was still in ________ (poor)．

9. Yesterday I had the films ________ (develop)．

10. John is a highly ________ (educate) man. I expect him to get the position.

11. I saw the ________ (expect) in the children's eyes.

二、根据汉语提示完成句子

1. Our school ____________________ the bus station.

我们的学校离公交车站近。

2. Good friends should ____________________ each other.

好友之间应该分享快乐和忧愁。

3. Please go and ____________________the time of the plane.

请弄清楚飞机的起飞时间。

4. I would like to give you my toy ___________________ your cartoon book.

我愿意用我的玩具换你的动画书。

5. Jane didn’t work hard at his lessons, __________________, he failed in the exam.简没有努力学习，结果就没通过考试。

6. _________________________ (由你决定) who should go first.

7. We should __________________________ (采取有效措施) to improve our work.

8. _________________________ a frightening sound. （用完全倒装）

山谷里传来了一阵吓人的声响。

9. The world __________________________. (渴望和平)

10. These photos __________________________. (这个胶卷没洗好)

三、选用框中词汇完成句子(四川岳池县一中)

measure, position, figure, make efforts, be connected with

1. From his _______ on the cliff top, he had a good view of the harbour.

2. Recent ______ indicate that inflation is rising.

3. Did you ________ the windows before buying the curtains?

4. They _________________ his father’s business in some way.

5. People in these nations are _____________ towards peace.

四、完形填空

Hope in my arms

Last year I was invited to participate in a carnival for Tuesday’s Child, an

organization that helps children with AIDS.

All the children that had 1 at one particular room could paint a square on a piece of cloth. Later the squares would be sewn together to 2 a quilt. The quilt would be 3 to a man who had devoted his life to the 4 and would soon be retiring.

The kids were given paints in bright colors and asked to paint something that would make the quilt 5 . As I looked around at all the 6 , I saw pink hearts, blue clouds, orange sunrises and red flowers. The pictures were all bright and 7 . All except one.

One boy was painting a heart, 8 it was dark and lifeless. It 9 the bright colors that his fellow artists had used.

I asked why. He told me he was very sick and that his 10 was not ever going to get better. He looked straight into my eyes and said. “There is no 11 in my life. ”I told him I was 12 and I could understand why he had made his heart a dark color. I told him that even though we couldn’t make him better, we can give 13 , which can really help when you are feeling 14 . I told him that if he would like, I would be happy to give him one. He crawled(爬)into my lap. I thought my own heart would 15 for this sweet little boy. He sat there for a long time. Finally he 16 down to finish his coloring. As I was getting ready to 17 home, I felt a tug(猛拽)on my jacket. Standing there was the little boy, 18 . He said, “My heart is changing 19 . It is getting brighter, I think those hugs really do 20. ”On my way home I felt my own heart. It too had changed to a brighter color.

1. A. behaved B. gathered C. prayed D. hid

2. A. fold B. dry C. spread D. make

3. A. presented B. sold C. rented D. thrown

4. A. education B. ceremony C. organization D. neighborhood

5. A. expensive B. comfortable C. beautiful D. loose

6. A. squares B. colors C. lights D. kids

7. A. negative B. puzzling C. abstract D. inspiring

8. A. and B. but C. for D. or

9. A. filled B. contained C. lacked D showed

10. A. business B. sickness C. skill D. knowledge

11. A. effect B. loss C. justice D. hope

12. A. sorry B. crazy C. ashamed D. angry

13. A. hugs B. smiles C. prizes D. lessons

14. A. cool B. sad C. energetic D. proud

15. A. choke B. drown C. burst D. wind

16. A. slowed B. fell C slipped D. jumped

17. A. leave B. stay C. head D. flee

18. A smiling B. trembling C. weeping D glaring

19. A. shape B. color C. weight D. temperature

20. A. fit B. hurt C. fail D. work

五、语法填空

阅读下面材料，在空白处填入适当的内容(1个单词)或括号内单词的正确形式。

The following tips will help you to get a girl’s phone number．You need to relax before you approach a girl．Once you’ve calmed 1 ，make eye contact，smile，and come up to her to show her 2 a great guy you are．Give her all of your attention．This doesn’t mean that you should stare into her 3 (eye)．It means that you should make her see that what she says matters 4 you．Once you’ve moved past the introductions，it’s time to get her to like you enough to want to spend time with you again．She doesn’t have to think that you’re the man she 5 (wait) for all her life；all she has to think is，“Hey，this guy is cool．I want more of this.” Have her open up to you．Lean over a little 6 (close)，and encourage her to tell you something about herself that she doesn’t tell anyone．Start building a strong 7 (connect)．Ask for her number at the peak of the conversation，8 you’ll lose．Just when you’re having the most fun 9 (talk) to the girl，or when you’re laughing the hardest，is 10 (exact) when you should ask．

1．________ 2．________ 3．________ 4．________ 5．________

6．________ 7．________ 8．________ 9．________ 10．________

答案与解析

一、用所给词的正确形式填空

1. important

2. close

3. agreement

4. popular

5. useful

6. speaking

7. measurement 8. poverty9. developed

10. educated 11. expectation

二、根据汉语提示完成句子

1. is close to

2. share happiness and sorrow with

3. find out

4. in exchange for

5. as a result

6. It’s up to you to decide

7. take effective measures

8.From the valley came

9. hungers for peace

10. hasn’t been well developed

三、选用框中词汇完成句子

1. position

2. figures

3. measure

4. are connected with

5. making efforts

四、完形填空

1. B。句意：所有的孩子都聚在一个大房间里在一块布上画正方形。behave“使守规矩”；pray“祈祷”和hide“隐藏”均不符合句意；gather“聚集”符合句意。

2. D。句意：把正方形缝在一起做成一床被子。make a quilt“做被子”。故选D项。

3. A。句意：把被子送给把他的一生都用在这个组织的人。present“赠送”符合题意。

4. C。从第一段的An organization that helps children with AIDS看出答案。

5. C。句意：要求孩子们画上东西使被子漂亮。expensive“昂贵的”；comfortable“舒适的”和loose “松散的”均不符合句意；beautiful“美丽的，漂亮的”。

6. A。文章一开始就说，让孩子画正方形，此处指“当我看到所有的正方形时”。故选A项。

7. D。从句中的bright 看出答案，bright与后面的空白内容是并列的。negative“否定的”；puzzling“迷惑的”；abstract“抽象的”；inspiring“令人振奋的”。

8. B。从下文的it was dark and lifeless看出是表示转折。故用but。

9. C。从上文的it was dark and lifeless和下文的the bright colors that his fellow artists had used看出，意思是“缺乏”，lack的意思是“缺乏”符合句意。

10. B。从上一句的he was very sick看出，指他的病情，故用sickness。

11. D。从He told me he was very sick and that his 10 was not ever going to get better看出，他的生活没有希望了。故选D项。

12.A。从I could understand why he had made his heart a dark color看出作者对小男孩的不理解表示“抱歉”。故选A项。

13. A。句意：我们能给拥抱，在你感到难过的时候它会真的有用。hug“拥抱”符合句意。

14.B。结合第13题和下文的I told him that if he would like, I would be happy to give him one. He crawled(爬)into my lap看出答案。

15. C。句意：我的心为这可爱的小男孩而怒放。choke“说不出话来”；drown“淹死”和wind“缠绕”均不符合句意；burst“突发；爆发”符合句意。

16. D。上文提到了He crawled(爬)into my lap，这是小男孩跳下来完成他的画。故选D项。

17. C。句意：当我正准备回家时。leave“离开”；stay“暂住”和flee “逃跑”均不符

合句意；head“出发，朝…走”符合句意。

18. A。从下文的He said，“My heart is changing 19 . It is getting brighter看出：小男孩微笑着。tremble“颤抖”；weep“哭泣”和glare“瞪视”均不符合句意，smile“微笑”符合句意。

19. B。从文章前面的One boy was painting a heart，8it was dark and lifeless. It 9 the bright colors that his fellow artists had used. 看出答案。

20. D。从文章前面的I told him that even though we couldn’t make him better，we can give 13 , which can really help when you are feeling 14. 看出是hug是有效的，起作用了。work“起作用，有效”。

五、语法填空

1．down 考查固定短语。固定短语calm down平静下来。

2．what 考查引导词。分析句子结构可知此处是一个感叹句的结构，根据a great guy可知应用what引导。

3．eyes 考查名词复数。因为人是有两只眼睛的，故用其复数形式。

4．to 考查介词。根据句意可知应该填介词to，意为“对……来说”，matter是动词，matter to sb. 对于某人来说很重要。

5．has been waiting 考查时态。根据语境及句中的时间状语for all her life可知，应该用现在完成进行时。

6．closer 考查副词比较级。根据空前面的修饰语a little可知，此空应该用比较级形式。

7．connection 考查词性转换。所填词被形容词修饰并且前面有不定冠词，由此可知应该填名词。

8．or 考查连词。句意：在交谈高峰时要她的电话号码，则你会错过机会。根据句意可知答案。

9．talking 考查非谓语动词。have fun doing sth．做某事很开心。10．exactly 考查副词。句中副词修饰系动词is。

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第2节内环境稳态的重要性 一、稳态：稳态是指正常机体通过调节作用，使各个器官系统协调活动，共同维持内环境的相对 稳定状态。 二、稳态调节机制的认识和意义 1、认识 ①稳态的基础是各器官系统协调一致地正常运行 ②调节机制：神经-体液-免疫 2、稳态意义：机体进行正常生命活动的必要条件 第2章动物和人体生命活动的调节 第1节通过神经系统的调节 一、神经调节的结构基础和反射 1、神经元 神经元的结构：由细胞体、树突、轴突构成 2、反射：是神经系统的基本活动方式。是指在中枢神经系统参与下，动物体或人体对内外 环境变化作出的规律性应答。 3、反射弧：是反射活动的结构基础和功能单位。 组成：感受器、传入神经、神经中枢、传出神经、效应器 二、兴奋在神经纤维上的传导 1、兴奋传导形式：是以电信号的形式沿着神经纤维传导的，这种电信号也叫神经冲动。 2、兴奋传导过程：静息电位（外正内负）→刺激→兴奋部位（外负内正）→兴奋部位与未 兴奋部位间形成局部电流（膜外：未兴奋部位→兴奋部位；膜内：兴奋部位→未兴奋部位）→兴奋向未兴奋部位传导（注意区分膜内和膜外的变化不一样） 3、兴奋的传导的方向：双向 三、兴奋在神经元之间的传递 （1）神经元之间的兴奋传递就是通过突触实现的 突触：包括突触前膜、突触间隙、突触后膜

人教版高一英语必修三 unit2 知识点复习总结

B3Unit2 补充： pork 猪肉peach 桃子lemon 柠檬cucumber 黄瓜eggplant茄子pea 豌豆mushroom蘑菇bean 豆子pepper 辣椒kebab烤羊肉串protective 给予保护的 vitamin 维生素protein 蛋白质mutton 羊肉kebabs 烧烤mutton 羊肉spaghetti 意大利面nut 坚果vinegar 醋 garlic 蒜 重点单词 1.diet n.日常饮食vi.节食daily diet a healthy diet low-salt diet 2.protect vt.保护 protection n.保护 protective adj.保护的protect...from... protective clothing 3.balance vt. 平衡，权衡 c. 天平，称u.平衡，均衡 weigh v.→ weight n. lose weight put on weight/gain weight keep/lose one’s balance out of balance sense of balance v.（使）保持平衡，（使）均衡，权衡 keep a balanced diet balance the budget

balance between...and... 4.slim vi.变细，减肥 adj.苗条的，纤细的 a slim body/figure体型 slim salary 薪水 a slim chance of success 渺茫的成功的机会 5.sign v.签名，示意 n. 指示牌，标记，手势，迹象signal n.信号v.发信号a road/traffic sign sign language手语 sign to示意 sign up for报名参加，登记注册6.curiosity n. 好奇心curious adj.好奇的curiously adv.好奇地7.hostess n.女主人，女主持人host n.主人v.主持 raw adj.生的，未加工的 raw vegetables 8.lie v.说谎，躺下n.谎言 tell sb a lie lie to sb a white lie 一个善意的谎言 vi. 说谎lie,lied,lied,lying vi 躺lie,lay,lain,laying vt. 放置，下蛋lay,laid,laid,laying 9.customer n.顾客，消费者regular customer常客 custom n.习俗，习惯 customs n.海关 10.discount n.折扣v.打折扣 a discount shop/store discount prices/fares

必修二unit1知识点总结

必修2 Unit 1 Cultural relics 1. in search of…寻找… Search sb 搜身search for 寻找 search sb. / a place for sth. 搜身/搜查某个地方找某事物 2. could not/never have done 不可能做过某事 3. be used to do sth. 被用来做…The wood will be used to make tables and chairs. be used to doing sth. 习惯于做…He is used to living with the farmers now. used to do sth. 过去常常做…She used to come a lot, but now we seldom see her. 4. make it 达到目的，取得成功 5. in the fancy style 以一种奇特的风格 in style 流行out of style 过时 6. decorate. v. 装饰decoration. n. 装饰decorate sth. with sth. be decorated with sth. 7. survive: v. 生存，存活，经历（事故、灾难后）还活着，幸存，比…长寿 survival: n. 生存，幸存survivor: n. 幸存者 8. by design = on purpose 故意地by chance = by accident 偶然地 9. belong to 属于，是…其中的一员或一部分（无被动，无进行时） In our country, land doesn’t belong to any individual. Belonging to the developing countries, China faces many difficulties. 10. in return 作为报答in return for…作为对…的报答 11. Serve v. 服务service n. 服务serve as 担任，充当 He serves as a waiter here. The box can serve as a table. 12. reception desk 接待处give a warm reception to…热情地接待… 13. have/get sth. done 使…被做 I must have/get my homework finished before going out to play. 14. light: v. 点燃，照亮light up 点（烟），照亮，（使）变亮，（脸等）放光彩 Her eyes lit up with joy. light的过去式和过去分词有两种：lit和lighted，作为动词时二者可通用，但作定语时，只能用lighted. He lit/lighted a candle and handed the lighted candle to me. 15. consider doing sth. 考虑做…. be considered to be…被认为… 16. wonder: v. 想知道，感到惊奇，疑惑n. 奇迹，奇人/事 (It’s) no wonder (that)…难怪…He hasn’t slept at all for three days. No wonder (that) he is worn out. 17. at war 处于战争状态 18. remove：v. ①搬开，拿开，移动②去掉，消除③脱掉④搬家，迁移 His name was removed from the list. 19. furniture: n. 家具（不可数） a piece of furniture = an article of furniture They didn’t buy much furniture before they got married. 20. doubt: v. n. 怀疑，疑惑